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Nelson AB, Queathem ED, Puchalska P. Distinguishing Artifactual Fatty Acid Dimers from Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids in Untargeted LC-MS Pipelines. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2855:67-84. [PMID: 39354301 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4116-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics is a powerful profiling tool for the discovery of possible biomarkers of disease onset and progression. Analytical pipelines applying liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods are widely used to survey a broad range of metabolites within various metabolic pathways, including organic acids, amino acids, nucleosides, and lipids. Accurate and complete identification of putative metabolites is an ongoing challenge in untargeted metabolomics studies. Highly sensitive instrumentation can result in the detection of adduct and fragment ions that form reproducibly and contain identifiable ions that are difficult to distinguish from metabolic pathway intermediates, which may result in false-positive identification. At concentrations as low as 10 μM, free fatty acids have been found to form homo- and heterodimers in untargeted metabolomics pipelines that resemble the lipid class fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), resulting in misidentification. This chapter details a protocol for LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) that specifically aids in distinguishing artifactual fatty acid dimers from endogenous FAHFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa B Nelson
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric D Queathem
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Patrycja Puchalska
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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2
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Casula M, Fais G, Manis C, Scano P, Concas A, Cao G, Caboni P. The production of FAHFA is enhanced when Haematococcus pluvialis is grown in CO 2. Food Chem 2024; 449:139165. [PMID: 38574520 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered as a potential source of bioactive compounds to be used in different fields including food and pharmaceutical industry. In this context, fatty acid esters of hydroxy-fatty acids (FAHFA) are emerging as a new class of compounds with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. An existing gap in the field of algal research is the limited knowledge regarding the production of these compounds. Our research questions aimed to determine whether the microalga H. pluvialis can synthesize FAHFA and whether the production levels of these compounds are increased when cultivated in a CO2-rich environment. To answer these questions, we used a LC-QTOF/MS method for the characterization of FAHFA produced by H. pluvialis while an LC-MS/MS method was used for their quantitation. The cultivation conditions of H. pluvialis, which include the utilization of CO2, can result in a 10-50-fold increase in FAHFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Casula
- Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Fais
- Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Manis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Blocco A, SP8 Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Paola Scano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Blocco A, SP8 Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandro Concas
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cao
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d'Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Blocco A, SP8 Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
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3
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Li L, Wang P, Jiao X, Qin S, Liu Z, Ye Y, Song Y, Hou H. Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids: A potential treatment for obesity-related diseases. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13735. [PMID: 38462545 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Obesity, a burgeoning worldwide health system challenge, is associated with multiple chronic diseases, including diabetes and chronic inflammation. Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified lipids with mitigating and anti-inflammatory effects in diabetes. Increasing work has shown that FAHFAs exert antioxidant activity and enhance autophagy in neuronal cells and cardiomyocytes. We systematically summarized the biological activities of FAHFAs, including their regulatory effects on diabetes and inflammation, antioxidant activity, and autophagy augmentation. Notably, the structure-activity relationships and potential biosynthesis of FAHFAs are thoroughly discussed. FAHFAs also showed potential roles as diagnostic biomarkers. FAHFAs are a class of resources with promising applications in the biomedical field that require in-depth research and hotspot development, as their structure has not been fully resolved and their biological activity has not been fully revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xudong Jiao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Zhengyi Liu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Yanrui Ye
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Hu Hou
- Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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4
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Nelson AB, Chow LS, Dengel DR, Pan M, Hughey CC, Han X, Puchalska P, Crawford PA. Gender-based heterogeneity of FAHFAs in trained runners. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300037. [PMID: 38709787 PMCID: PMC11073723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) are anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory lipokines. Recently FAHFAs were also found to predict cardiorespiratory fitness in a cross-sectional study of recreationally trained runners. Here we report the influences of body composition and gender on static FAHFA abundances in circulation. We compared the association between circulating FAHFA concentrations and body composition, determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry, in female recreational runners who were lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2, n = 6), to those who were overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, n = 7). To characterize the effect of gender we also compared circulating FAHFAs in lean male recreational runners (n = 8) to recreationally trained lean female (n = 6) runner group. Circulating FAHFAs were increased in females in a manner that was modulated by specific adipose depot sizes, blood glucose, and lean body mass. As expected, circulating FAHFAs were diminished in the overweight group, but strikingly, within the lean cohort, increases in circulating FAHFAs were promoted by increased fat mass, relative to lean mass, while the overweight group showed a significantly attenuated relationship. These studies suggest multimodal regulation of circulating FAHFAs and raise hypotheses to test endogenous FAHFA dynamic sources and sinks in health and disease, which will be essential for therapeutic target development. Baseline circulating FAHFA concentrations could signal sub-clinical metabolic dysfunction in metabolically healthy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa B. Nelson
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Lisa S. Chow
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Dengel
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Meixia Pan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
- Department of Medicine—Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Curtis C. Hughey
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
- Department of Medicine—Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Patrycja Puchalska
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Crawford
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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Leopold J, Prabutzki P, Engel KM, Schiller J. From Oxidized Fatty Acids to Dimeric Species: In Vivo Relevance, Generation and Methods of Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:7850. [PMID: 38067577 PMCID: PMC10708296 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of free fatty acids (FFAs) and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (HO●) or hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is characteristic of inflammatory diseases, for instance, rheumatoid arthritis. Unsaturated fatty acids react with ROS yielding a variety of important products such as peroxides and chlorohydrins as primary and chain-shortened compounds (e.g., aldehydes and carboxylic acids) as secondary products. These modified fatty acids are either released from phospholipids by phospholipases or oxidatively modified subsequent to their release. There is increasing evidence that oligomeric products are also generated upon these processes. Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are considered as very important products, but chlorinated compounds may be converted into dimeric and (with smaller yields) oligomeric products, as well. Our review is structured as follows: first, the different types of FFA oligomers known so far and the mechanisms of their putative generation are explained. Industrially relevant products as well as compounds generated from the frying of vegetable oils are also discussed. Second, the different opinions on whether dimeric fatty acids are considered as "friends" or "foes" are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Leopold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany; (P.P.); (K.M.E.); (J.S.)
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van de Lavoir M, da Silva KM, Iturrospe E, Robeyns R, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Untargeted hair lipidomics: comprehensive evaluation of the hair-specific lipid signature and considerations for retrospective analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5589-5604. [PMID: 37468753 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipidomics investigates the composition and function of lipids, typically employing blood or tissue samples as the primary study matrices. Hair has recently emerged as a potential complementary sample type to identify biomarkers in early disease stages and retrospectively document an individual's metabolic status due to its long detection window of up to several months prior to the time of sampling. However, the limited coverage of lipid profiling presented in previous studies has hindered its exploitation. This study aimed to evaluate the lipid coverage of hair using an untargeted liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry lipidomics platform. Two distinct three-step exhaustive extraction experiments were performed using a hair metabolomics one-phase extraction technique that has been recently optimized, and the two-phase Folch extraction method which is recognized as the gold standard for lipid extraction in biological matrices. The applied lipidomics workflow improved hair lipid coverage, as only 99 species could be annotated using the one-phase extraction method, while 297 lipid species across six categories were annotated with the Folch method. Several lipids in hair were reported for the first time, including N-acyl amino acids, diradylglycerols, and coenzyme Q10. The study suggests that hair lipids are not solely derived from de novo synthesis in hair, but are also incorporated from sebum and blood, making hair a valuable matrix for clinical, forensic, and dermatological research. The improved understanding of the lipid composition and analytical considerations for retrospective analysis offers valuable insights to contextualize untargeted hair lipidomic analysis and facilitate the use of hair in translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria van de Lavoir
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Katyeny Manuela da Silva
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elias Iturrospe
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rani Robeyns
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Lerner R, Baker D, Schwitter C, Neuhaus S, Hauptmann T, Post JM, Kramer S, Bindila L. Four-dimensional trapped ion mobility spectrometry lipidomics for high throughput clinical profiling of human blood samples. Nat Commun 2023; 14:937. [PMID: 36806650 PMCID: PMC9941096 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipidomics encompassing automated lipid extraction, a four-dimensional (4D) feature selection strategy for confident lipid annotation as well as reproducible and cross-validated quantification can expedite clinical profiling. Here, we determine 4D descriptors (mass to charge, retention time, collision cross section, and fragmentation spectra) of 200 lipid standards and 493 lipids from reference plasma via trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry to enable the implementation of stringent criteria for lipid annotation. We use 4D lipidomics to confidently annotate 370 lipids in reference plasma samples and 364 lipids in serum samples, and reproducibly quantify 359 lipids using level-3 internal standards. We show the utility of our 4D lipidomics workflow for high-throughput applications by reliable profiling of intra-individual lipidome phenotypes in plasma, serum, whole blood, venous and finger-prick dried blood spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Lerner
- Clinical Lipidomics Unit, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dhanwin Baker
- Clinical Lipidomics Unit, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Schwitter
- Clinical Lipidomics Unit, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Neuhaus
- Clinical Lipidomics Unit, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tony Hauptmann
- Data Mining, Institute of Computer Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia M Post
- Clinical Lipidomics Unit, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Kramer
- Data Mining, Institute of Computer Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Bindila
- Clinical Lipidomics Unit, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Wang J, Liang G, Zhao TJ. Adipose triglyceride lipase: the first transacylase for FAHFAs. LIFE METABOLISM 2023; 2:loac016. [PMID: 37168434 PMCID: PMC10168671 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/loac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In a recent article published in Nature, Patel et al. identified adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL, also known as patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2) as the first biosynthetic enzyme of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), further expanding the knowledge on bioactive lipid research and being a potential paradigm shift for ATGL studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guosheng Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Tong-Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Hissong R, Evans KR, Evans CR. Compound Identification Strategies in Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics and Pharmacometabolomics. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 277:43-71. [PMID: 36409330 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The metabolome is composed of a vast array of molecules, including endogenous metabolites and lipids, diet- and microbiome-derived substances, pharmaceuticals and supplements, and exposome chemicals. Correct identification of compounds from this diversity of classes is essential to derive biologically relevant insights from metabolomics data. In this chapter, we aim to provide a practical overview of compound identification strategies for mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, with a particular eye toward pharmacologically-relevant studies. First, we describe routine compound identification strategies applicable to targeted metabolomics. Next, we discuss both experimental (data acquisition-focused) and computational (software-focused) strategies used to identify unknown compounds in untargeted metabolomics data. We then discuss the importance of, and methods for, assessing and reporting the level of confidence of compound identifications. Throughout the chapter, we discuss how these steps can be implemented using today's technology, but also highlight research underway to further improve accuracy and certainty of compound identification. For readers interested in interpreting metabolomics data already collected, this chapter will supply important context regarding the origin of the metabolite names assigned to features in the data and help them assess the certainty of the identifications. For those planning new data acquisition, the chapter supplies guidance for designing experiments and selecting analysis methods to enable accurate compound identification, and it will point the reader toward best-practice data analysis and reporting strategies to allow sound biological and pharmacological interpretation.
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Zhou Z, Li YL, Zhao F, Xin R, Huang XH, Zhang YY, Zhou D, Qin L. Unraveling the Thermal Oxidation Products and Peroxidation Mechanisms of Different Chemical Structures of Lipids: An Example of Molecules Containing Oleic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16410-16423. [PMID: 36520059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipid structures affect lipid oxidation, causing differences in types and contents of volatiles and nonvolatiles in various foods. In this study, the oxidation differences of monoacylglycerol (MAG), triacylglycerol (TAG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) with oleoyl residues and oleic acid (FA) during thermal treatment were investigated. Volatiles and nonvolatiles were monitored by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-Q-Exactive HF-X Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer, respectively. The results showed that the structures of MAG and TAG could delay the chain initiation reaction. The polar heads of PC and PE remarkably influenced the oxidation rate and the formation of the oxidation products probably due to the hydrogen bonds formed with free radicals. Among the volatile oxidation products, aldehydes, acids, and furans with eight or nine carbon atoms accounted for the majority in FA, MAG, TAG, and PC samples, but PE samples mainly generated ketones with nine or 10 carbon atoms. The formation of nonvolatile products in TAG samples possessed significant stage-specific changes. Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids were only produced in the free fatty acid oxidation model. The activity of chemical bonds participating in the truncation reaction decreased to both sides from the double bond position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian116034, China
| | - Yu-Lian Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian116034, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian116034, China
| | - Ran Xin
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian116034, China
| | - Xu-Hui Huang
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian116034, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian116034, China
| | - Dayong Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian116034, China
| | - Lei Qin
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian116034, China
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Olajide TM, Cao W. Exploring foods as natural sources of FAHFAs—A review of occurrence, extraction, analytical techniques and emerging bioactive potential. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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