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Di Schiavi E, Vistoli G, Moretti RM, Corrado I, Zuccarini G, Gervasoni S, Casati L, Bottai D, Merlo GR, Maggi R. Anosmin-1-Like Effect of UMODL1/Olfactorin on the Chemomigration of Mouse GnRH Neurons and Zebrafish Olfactory Axons Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836179. [PMID: 35223856 PMCID: PMC8874799 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of development/migration of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons is the main cause of Kallmann's syndrome (KS), an inherited disorder characterized by hypogonadism, anosmia, and other developmental defects. Olfactorin is an extracellular matrix protein encoded by the UMODL1 (uromodulin-like 1) gene expressed in the mouse olfactory region along the migratory route of GnRH neurons. It shares a combination of WAP and FNIII repeats, expressed in complementary domains, with anosmin-1, the product of the ANOS1 gene, identified as the causative of KS. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of olfactorin in vitro and in vivo models. The results show that olfactorin exerts an anosmin-1-like strong chemoattractant effect on mouse-immortalized GnRH neurons (GN11 cells) through the activation of the FGFR and MAPK pathways. In silico analysis of olfactorin and anosmin-1 reveals a satisfactory similarity at the N-terminal region for the overall arrangement of corresponding WAP and FNIII domains and marked similarities between WAP domains’ binding modes of interaction with the resolved FGFR1–FGF2 complex. Finally, in vivo experiments show that the down-modulation of the zebrafish z-umodl1 gene (orthologous of UMODL1) in both GnRH3:GFP and omp2k:gap-CFPrw034 transgenic zebrafish strains leads to a clear disorganization and altered fasciculation of the neurites of GnRH3:GFP neurons crossing at the anterior commissure and a significant increase in olfactory CFP + fibers with altered trajectory. Thus, our study shows olfactorin as an additional factor involved in the development of olfactory and GnRH systems and proposes UMODL1 as a gene worthy of diagnostic investigation in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Di Schiavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Manuela Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences DISFEB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corrado
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Zuccarini
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Maggi,
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Nie M, Xu H, Chen R, Mao J, Wang X, Xiong S, Zheng J, Yu B, Cui M, Ma W, Huang Q, Zhang H, Wu X. Analysis of genetic and clinical characteristics of a Chinese Kallmann syndrome cohort with ANOS1 mutations. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:389-398. [PMID: 28780519 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze ANOS1 gene mutations in a large Chinese Kallmann syndrome (KS) cohort and to characterize the clinical presentation of the disease in patients with ANOS1 mutations. PATIENTS AND METHODS Chinese patients with KS, including 187 sporadic and 23 pedigree cases were recruited. Patients' ANOS1 gene sequences were analyzed by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified products. In silico analysis was used to assess functional relevance of newly identified missense mutations. Patients' clinical characteristics were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Fifteen nonsynonymous rare ANOS1 variants were found in 13 out of 187 sporadic and 8 out of 23 familial IHH probands. Seven novel (C86F, C90Y, C151W, Y379X, c.1062 + 1G > A, Y579L fs 591X, R597X) and eight recurrent ANOS1 mutations (S38X, R257X, R262X, R423X, R424X, V560I, c.1843-1G > A, p.R631X) were identified. All the novel mutations were predicted to be pathogenic. The prevalence of cryptorchidism was high (38.1%) and occurred in patients with different kind of ANOS1 mutations, while the patients with the same mutation did not present with cryptorchidism uniformly. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ANOS1 gene mutations is low in sporadic KS patients, but is much higher in familial KS patients. In the present study, we identify seven novel ANOS1 mutations, including two mutations in the CR domain, which are probably pathogenic. These mutations expand the ANOS1 mutation spectrum and provide a foundation for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Department of Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Bingqing Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxuan Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wanlu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qibin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key laboratory of Endocrine, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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3
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McCabe MJ, Hu Y, Gregory LC, Gaston-Massuet C, Alatzoglou KS, Saldanha JW, Gualtieri A, Thankamony A, Hughes I, Townshend S, Martinez-Barbera JP, Bouloux PM, Dattani MT. Novel application of luciferase assay for the in vitro functional assessment of KAL1 variants in three females with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 417:63-72. [PMID: 26375424 PMCID: PMC4646839 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
KAL1 is implicated in 5% of Kallmann syndrome cases, a disorder which genotypically overlaps with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). To date, a reporter-based assay to assess the functional consequences of KAL1 mutations is lacking. We aimed to develop a luciferase assay for novel application to functional assessment of rare KAL1 mutations detected in a screen of 422 patients with SOD. Quantitative analysis was performed using L6-myoblasts stably expressing FGFR1, transfected with a luciferase-reporter vector containing elements of the FGF-responsive osteocalcin promoter. The two variants assayed [p.K185N, p.P291T], were detected in three females with SOD (presenting with optic nerve hypoplasia, midline and pituitary defects). Our novel assay revealed significant decreases in transcriptional activity [p.K185N: 21% (p < 0.01); p.P291T: 40% (p < 0.001)]. Our luciferase-reporter assay, developed for assessment of KAL1 mutations, determined that two variants in females with hypopituitarism/SOD are loss-of-function; demonstrating that this assay is suitable for quantitative assessment of mutations in this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McCabe
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Youli Hu
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Royal Free Hospital and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK; Department of Anaesthesiology, Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Louise C Gregory
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Neural Development Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Kyriaki S Alatzoglou
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - José W Saldanha
- Division of Mathematical Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Angelica Gualtieri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Ajay Thankamony
- University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ieuan Hughes
- University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharron Townshend
- Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Pierre-Marc Bouloux
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Royal Free Hospital and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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Wang F, Huang GD, Tian H, Zhong YB, Shi HJ, Li Z, Zhang XS, Wang H, Sun F. Point mutations in KAL1 and the mitochondrial gene MT-tRNA(cys) synergize to produce Kallmann syndrome phenotype. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13050. [PMID: 26278626 PMCID: PMC4642522 DOI: 10.1038/srep13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is an inherited developmental disorder defined as the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. KS has been shown to be a genetically heterogeneous disease with different modes of inheritance. However, variants in any of the causative genes identified so far are only found in approximately one third of KS patients, thus indicating that other genes or pathways remain to be discovered. Here, we report a large Han Chinese family with inherited KS which harbors two novel variants, KAL1 c.146G>T (p.Cys49Phe) and mitochondrial tRNA(cys) (m.5800A>G). Although two variants can't exert obvious effects on the migration of GnRH neurons, they show the synergistic effect, which can account for the occurrence of the disorder in this family. Furthermore, the disturbance of the mitochondrial cysteinyl-tRNA pathway can significantly affect the migration of GnRH cells in vitro and in vivo by influencing the chemomigration function of anosmin-1. Our work highlights a new mode of inheritance underlay the genetic etiology of KS and provide valuable clues to understand the disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guo-Dong Huang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ying-Bin Zhong
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-Juan Shi
- National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xian-Sheng Zhang
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Han Wang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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5
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Gu WJ, Zhang Q, Wang YQ, Yang GQ, Hong TP, Zhu DL, Yang JK, Ning G, Jin N, Chen K, Zang L, Wang AP, Du J, Wang XL, Yang LJ, Ba JM, Lv ZH, Dou JT, Mu YM. Mutation analyses in pedigrees and sporadic cases of ethnic Han Chinese Kallmann syndrome patients. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1480-9. [PMID: 26031747 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215587531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome, a form of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, is characterized by developmental abnormalities of the reproductive system and abnormal olfaction. Despite association of certain genes with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the genetic inheritance and expression are complex and incompletely known. In the present study, seven Kallmann syndrome pedigrees in an ethnic Han Chinese population were screened for genetic mutations. The exons and intron-exon boundaries of 19 idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism)-related genes in seven Chinese Kallmann syndrome pedigrees were sequenced. Detected mutations were also tested in 70 sporadic Kallmann syndrome cases and 200 Chinese healthy controls. In pedigrees 1, 2, and 7, the secondary sex characteristics were poorly developed and the patients' sense of smell was severely or completely lost. We detected a genetic mutation in five of the seven pedigrees: homozygous KAL1 p.R191ter (pedigree 1); homozygous KAL1 p.C13ter (pedigree 2; a novel mutation); heterozygous FGFR1 p.R250W (pedigree 3); and homozygous PROKR2 p.Y113H (pedigrees 4 and 5). No genetic change of the assayed genes was detected in pedigrees 6 and 7. Among the 70 sporadic cases, we detected one homozygous and one heterozygous PROKR2 p.Y113H mutation. This mutation was also detected heterozygously in 2/200 normal controls and its pathogenicity is likely questionable. The genetics and genotype-phenotype relationships in Kallmann syndrome are complicated. Classical monogenic inheritance does not explain the full range of genetic inheritance of Kallmann syndrome patients. Because of stochastic nature of genetic mutations, exome analyses of Kallmann syndrome patients may provide novel insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ying-Qian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guo-Qing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tian-Pei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University the Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Da-Long Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated to Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Nan Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li Zang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - An-Ping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jin Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xian-Ling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li-Juan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jian-Ming Ba
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jing-Tao Dou
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi-Ming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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6
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Wright DW, Perkins SJ. SCT: a suite of programs for comparing atomistic models with small-angle scattering data. J Appl Crystallogr 2015; 48:953-961. [PMID: 26089768 PMCID: PMC4453981 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576715007062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering techniques characterize proteins in solution and complement high-resolution structural studies. They are of particular utility when large proteins cannot be crystallized or when the structure is altered by solution conditions. Atomistic models of the averaged structure can be generated through constrained modelling, a technique in which known domain or subunit structures are combined with linker models to produce candidate global conformations. By randomizing the configuration adopted by the different elements of the model, thousands of candidate structures are produced. Next, theoretical scattering curves are generated for each model for trial-and-error fits to the experimental data. From these, a small family of best-fit models is identified. In order to facilitate both the computation of theoretical scattering curves from atomistic models and their comparison with experiment, the SCT suite of tools was developed. SCT also includes programs that provide sequence-based estimates of protein volume (either incorporating hydration or not) and add a hydration layer to models for X-ray scattering modelling. The original SCT software, written in Fortran, resulted in the first atomistic scattering structures to be deposited in the Protein Data Bank, and 77 structures for antibodies, complement proteins and anionic oligosaccharides were determined between 1998 and 2014. For the first time, this software is publicly available, alongside an easier-to-use reimplementation of the same algorithms in Python. Both versions of SCT have been released as open-source software under the Apache 2 license and are available for download from https://github.com/dww100/sct.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Wright
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen J. Perkins
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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7
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Gödderz D, Heinen C, Marchese FP, Kurz T, Acs K, Dantuma NP. Cdc48-independent proteasomal degradation coincides with a reduced need for ubiquitylation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7615. [PMID: 25556859 PMCID: PMC5154593 DOI: 10.1038/srep07615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin fusion degradation (UFD) substrates are delivered at the proteasome by a handover mechanism involving the ubiquitin-selective chaperone Cdc48 and the ubiquitin shuttle factor Rad23. Here, we show that introduction of a 20 amino acid peptide extension not only rendered degradation independent of Cdc48, in line with the model that this chaperone is involved in early unfolding events of tightly folded substrates, but at the same time relieved the need for efficient polyubiquitylation and the ubiquitin shuttle factor Rad23. Removal of the ubiquitylation sites in the N-terminal UFD signal made the degradation of this substrate strictly dependent on the peptide extension and also on Cdc48 and, importantly the presence of a functional ubiquitylation machinery. This suggests that the extension in the absence of N-terminal ubiquitylation sites is not properly positioned to engage the unfoldase machinery of the proteasome. Thus the need for efficient ubiquitylation and Cdc48 in facilitating proteasomal degradation are tightly linked but can be bypassed in the context of UFD substrates by the introduction of an unstructured extension. Our data suggest that polyubiquitin-binding complexes acting upstream of the proteasome, rather than the proteasome itself, can be primary determinants for the level of ubiquitylation required for protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gödderz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Heinen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco P Marchese
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tilman Kurz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klàra Acs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nico P Dantuma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Kim B, Kim M, Kim AR, Yi M, Choi JH, Park H, Park W, Kim HW. Differences in gene organization between type I and type II crustins in the morotoge shrimp, Pandalopsis japonica. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1176-1184. [PMID: 23891592 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Crustins are cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) found in decapod crustaceans. Six novel crustin genes (Paj-CrusIc, Id, Ie, If, IIb and IIc) were identified in the morotoge shrimp, Pandalopsis japonica. Deduced amino acid sequences of isolated Paj-Crus genes ranged from 99 to 178 amino acid residues (10.6-17.8 kDa). Sequence analysis of nine isolated Paj-Crus genes and 100 different crustins from various decapod crustaceans revealed that a splice site and KXXXCP motif within the WAP domain may be the main criteria for classifying type I and II crustins, suggesting that the two types of crustin genes may have been generated by different processes. We also identified three intron-less crustin I genes (Paj-Crus Id, Ie and If) for the first time, which may have been generated by gene duplication. The tissue distribution profiles showed that Paj-CrusI genes were expressed predominantly in the gill and epidermis, whereas Paj-CrusII genes were expressed ubiquitously, suggesting that the two types of crustins may play different roles in various tissues or under different physiological conditions. Differing from previous results, hemocyte-specific crustin was not isolated from Pandalopsis japonica. This study showed that both types of crustin genes (types I and II) exist in decapod crustaceans and their primary structure and expression profiles differ from each other, suggesting that they may play different biological roles. This will help to extend our knowledge of the crustacean innate immune response, which will provide important basic information of shrimp immunity against various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokwang Kim
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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9
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Abstract
The gene for X-linked Kallmann's syndrome (KAL-1, encoding anosmin-1) was cloned in 1991. Over a decade elapsed before autosomal forms of KS and most of other genetic forms of isolated hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (IHH) became characterized, and the genetic diversity of these disorders fully appreciated. Although KAL-1 mutations appear to cause a more severe reproductive phenotype than other IHH genes, the biology of this multidomain extracellular matrix protein has only been partially characterized. Initial studies suggested a central role of anosmin-1, in GnRH neuron ontogeny - specifically in GnRH neuronal migration from the cribriform plate area into the brain - as well as in olfactory bulb development. Anosmin-1 is expressed extracellularly, with high affinity binding to cell membrane heparan sulphate proteoglycans. It is expressed in the outer layers of the developing olfactory bulb, the neuroretina, the cerebellum, spinal cord and developing kidney. Recent observations have demonstrated an anosmin-1 heparan sulphate dependent functional interaction with the product of the autosomal dominant KAL-2 (FGFR1: anosmin-2) gene, thereby modulating FGFR1 signalling. Although these genes are frequently co-expressed in developing tissues, this may not represent the sole mode of action of anosmin-1, and FGFR1 independent actions of the protein have also been identified. Structural and in vitro functional studies have shown that anosmin-1 may have complex biological actions. Anosmin-1 interactions with FGFR1 have however been best characterized and represent the dominant focus of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli Hu
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2QG, UK.
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10
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Laitinen EM, Vaaralahti K, Tommiska J, Eklund E, Tervaniemi M, Valanne L, Raivio T. Incidence, phenotypic features and molecular genetics of Kallmann syndrome in Finland. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2011; 6:41. [PMID: 21682876 PMCID: PMC3143089 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kallmann syndrome (KS), comprised of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and anosmia, is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Its exact incidence is currently unknown, and a mutation in one of the identified KS genes has only been found in ~30% of the patients. Methods Herein, we investigated epidemiological, clinical, and genetic features of KS in Finland. Results The minimal incidence estimate of KS in Finland was 1:48 000, with clear difference between males (1:30 000) and females (1:125 000) (p = 0.02). The reproductive phenotype of 30 probands (25 men; 5 women) ranged from severe HH to partial puberty. Comprehensive mutation analysis of all 7 known KS genes (KAL1, FGFR1, FGF8, PROK2, PROKR2, CHD7, and WDR11) in these 30 well-phenotyped probands revealed mutations in KAL1 (3 men) and FGFR1 (all 5 women vs. 4/25 men), but not in other genes. Conclusions Our results suggest that Finnish KS men harbor mutations in gene(s) yet-to-be discovered with sex-dependent penetrance of the disease phenotype. In addition, some KS patients without CHD7 mutations display CHARGE-syndrome associated phenotypic features (e.g. ear or eye anomalies), possibly implying that, in addition to CHD7, there may be other genes associated with phenotypes ranging from KS to CHARGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva-Maria Laitinen
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Hu Y, Bouloux PM. Novel insights in FGFR1 regulation: lessons from Kallmann syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:385-93. [PMID: 20117945 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)1 signalling has been shown to cause Kallmann syndrome (KS), a human genetic disorder characterised by olfactory bulb dysgenesis and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Loss-of-function mutations in the KS gene KAL-2/FGFR1 account for roughly 10% of KS cases, leading to the autosomal dominant form of the disease. Anosmin-1, the KAL-1 gene product underlying X-linked KS, modulates FGFR1 signalling via regulation of FGF2/FGFR1/heparin signalling complex assembly and activity. This review covers recent advances in the potential interactions of KS-associated molecules within the FGFR1 signalling complex, and demonstrates a novel mechanism of pre-signalling modulation that mechanistically links an autosomal dominant and sex-linked mode of inheritance of this disease, highlighting the central role of FGFR1 signalling in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli Hu
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2QG, UK.
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12
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A conserved unfoldase activity for the p97 AAA-ATPase in proteasomal degradation. J Mol Biol 2009; 394:732-46. [PMID: 19782090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The multifunctional AAA-ATPase p97 is one of the most abundant and conserved proteins in eukaryotic cells. The p97/Npl4/Ufd1 complex dislocates proteins that fail the protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol where they are subject to degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome system. Substrate dislocation depends on the unfoldase activity of p97. Interestingly, p97 is also involved in the degradation of specific soluble proteasome substrates but the exact mode of action of p97 in this process is unclear. Here, we show that both the central pore and ATPase activity of p97 are necessary for the degradation of cytosolic ubiquitin-fusion substrates. Addition of a flexible extended C-terminal peptide to the substrate relieves the requirement for p97. Deletion mapping reveals a conserved length dependency of 20 residues for the peptide, which allows p97-independent degradation to occur. Our results suggest that initiation of unfolding may be more complex than previously anticipated and that the 19S regulatory complex of the proteasome can require preprocessing of highly folded, ubiquitylated substrates by the p97(Ufd1/Npl4) complex. Our data provide an explanation for the observation that p97 is only essential for a subpopulation of soluble substrates and predict that a common characteristic of soluble p97-dependent substrates is the lack of an initiation site to facilitate unfolding by the 26S proteasome.
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13
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Hu Y, Guimond SE, Travers P, Cadman S, Hohenester E, Turnbull JE, Kim SH, Bouloux PM. Novel mechanisms of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 regulation by extracellular matrix protein anosmin-1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:29905-20. [PMID: 19696444 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.049155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is initiated by a multiprotein complex formation between FGF, FGF receptor (FGFR), and heparan sulfate proteoglycan on the cell membrane. Cross-talk with other factors could affect this complex assembly and modulate the biological response of cells to FGF. We have previously demonstrated that anosmin-1, a glycosylated extracellular matrix protein, interacts with the FGFR1 signaling complex and enhances its activity in an IIIc isoform-specific and HS-dependent manner. The molecular mechanism of anosmin-1 action on FGFR1 signaling, however, remains unknown. Here, we show that anosmin-1 directly binds to FGFR1 with high affinity. This interaction involves domains in the N terminus of anosmin-1 (cysteine-rich region, whey acidic protein-like domain and the first fibronectin type III domain) and the D2-D3 extracellular domains of FGFR1. In contrast, anosmin-1 binds to FGFR2IIIc with much lower affinity and displays negligible binding to FGFR3IIIc. We also show that FGFR1-bound anosmin-1, although capable of binding to FGF2 alone, cannot bind to a FGF2.heparin complex, thus preventing FGFR1.FGF2.heparin complex formation. By contrast, heparin-bound anosmin-1 binds to pre-formed FGF2.FGFR1 complex, generating an anosmin-1.FGFR1.FGF2.heparin complex. Furthermore, a functional interaction between anosmin-1 and the FGFR1 signaling complex is demonstrated by immunofluorescence co-localization and Transwell migration assays where anosmin-1 was shown to induce opposing effects during chemotaxis of human neuronal cells. Our study provides molecular and cellular evidence for a modulatory action of anosmin-1 on FGFR1 signaling, whereby binding of anosmin-1 to FGFR1 and heparin can play a dual role in assembly and activity of the ternary FGFR1.FGF2.heparin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli Hu
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London NW32PF.
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14
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Cotton LM, O'Bryan MK, Hinton BT. Cellular signaling by fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) in male reproduction. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:193-216. [PMID: 18216218 PMCID: PMC2528845 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The major function of the reproductive system is to ensure the survival of the species by passing on hereditary traits from one generation to the next. This is accomplished through the production of gametes and the generation of hormones that function in the maturation and regulation of the reproductive system. It is well established that normal development and function of the male reproductive system is mediated by endocrine and paracrine signaling pathways. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), their receptors (FGFRs), and signaling cascades have been implicated in a diverse range of cellular processes including: proliferation, apoptosis, cell survival, chemotaxis, cell adhesion, motility, and differentiation. The maintenance and regulation of correct FGF signaling is evident from human and mouse genetic studies which demonstrate that mutations leading to disruption of FGF signaling cause a variety of developmental disorders including dominant skeletal diseases, infertility, and cancer. Over the course of this review, we will provide evidence for differential expression of FGFs/FGFRs in the testis, male germ cells, the epididymis, the seminal vesicle, and the prostate. We will show that this signaling cascade has an important role in sperm development and maturation. Furthermore, we will demonstrate that FGF/FGFR signaling is essential for normal epididymal function and prostate development. To this end, we will provide evidence for the involvement of the FGF signaling system in the regulation and maintenance of the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Cotton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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15
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Kim SH, Hu Y, Cadman S, Bouloux P. Diversity in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 regulation: learning from the investigation of Kallmann syndrome. J Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20:141-63. [PMID: 18034870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2007.01627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The unravelling of the genetic basis of the hypogonadotrophic hypogonadal disorders, including Kallmann syndrome (KS), has led to renewed interest into the developmental biology of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones and, more generally, into the molecular mechanisms of reproduction. KS is characterised by the association of GnRH deficiency with diminished olfaction. Until recently, only two KS-associated genes were known: KAL1 and KAL2. KAL1 encodes the cell membrane and extracellular matrix-associated secreted protein anosmin-1 which is implicated in the X-linked form of KS. Anosmin-1 shows high affinity binding to heparan sulphate (HS) and its function remains the focus of ongoing investigation, although a role in axonal guidance and neuronal migration, which are processes essential for normal GnRH ontogeny and olfactory bulb histogenesis, has been suggested. KAL2, identified as the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene, has now been recognised to be the underlying genetic defect for an autosomal dominant form of KS. The diverse signalling pathways initiated upon FGFR activation can elicit pleiotropic cellular responses depending on the cellular context. Signalling through FGFR requires HS for receptor dimerisation and ligand binding. Current evidence supports a HS-dependent interaction between anosmin-1 and FGFR1, where anosmin-1 serves as a co-ligand activator enhancing the signal activity, the finer details of whose mechanism remain the subject of intense investigation. Recently, mutations in the genes encoding prokineticin 2 (PK2) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) were reported in a cohort of KS patients, further reinforcing the view of KS as a multigenic trait involving divergent pathways. Here, we review the historical and current understandings of KS and discuss the latest findings from the molecular and cellular studies of the KS-associated proteins, and describe the evidence that suggests convergence of several of these pathways during normal GnRH and olfactory neuronal ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Kim
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK.
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16
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Neylon C. Small angle neutron and X-ray scattering in structural biology: recent examples from the literature. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2008; 37:531-41. [PMID: 18214466 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-008-0259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Small angle scattering can provide unique structural information on the shape, domain organisation, and interactions of biomacromolecules in solution. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) combined with deuterium labelling makes it possible to define the positions of specific components within a complex while small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) provides more precise data on the overall shape. Here I review four recent publications, three of which were presented at the Neutrons in Biology meeting at the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in July 2007, that utilise SANS, SAXS, and complementary techniques to define the solution structure of large multidomain proteins and macromolecular complexes. These four papers emphasise the critical importance of sample quality and characterisation as well as the important role played by complementary techniques in building structural models based on small angle scattering data. They show the ability of SANS and SAXS in determining solution structures provides an important complementary structural technique for large, flexible, and glycosylated proteins where high resolution structural techniques, such as crystallography and NMR, cannot be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Neylon
- Science and Technology Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX 11 0QX, UK.
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17
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Abstract
X-ray and neutron solution scattering methods provide multiparameter structural and compositional information on proteins that complements high-resolution protein crystallography and NMR studies. We describe the procedures required to (1) obtain validated X-ray and neutron scattering data, (2) perform Guinier analyses of the scattering data to extract the radius of gyration R(G) and intensity parameters, and (3) calculate the distance distribution function P(r). Constrained modeling is important because this confirms the experimental data analysis and produces families of best-fit molecular models for comparison with crystallography and NMR structures. The modeling procedures are described in terms of (4) generating appropriate starting models, (5) randomizing these for trial-and-error scattering fits, (6) identifying the final best-fit models, and (7) applying analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) data to validate the scattering modeling. These procedures and pitfalls in them will be illustrated using work performed in the authors' laboratory on antibodies and the complement proteins of the human immune defense system. Four different types of modeling procedures are distinguished, depending on the number and type of domains in the protein. Examples when comparisons with crystallography and NMR structures are important are described. For multidomain proteins, it is often found that scattering provides essential evidence to validate or disprove a crystal structure. If a large protein cannot be crystallized, scattering provides the only means to obtain a structure.
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18
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Bonner A, Perrier C, Corthésy B, Perkins SJ. Solution structure of human secretory component and implications for biological function. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16969-80. [PMID: 17428798 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701281200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory component (SC) in association with polymeric IgA (pIgA) forms secretory IgA, the major antibody active at mucosal surfaces. SC also exists in the free form, with innate-like neutralizing properties against pathogens. Free SC consists of five glycosylated variable (V)-type Ig domains (D1-D5), whose structure was determined by x-ray and neutron scattering, ultracentrifugation, and modeling. With a radius of gyration of 3.53-3.63 nm, a length of 12.5 nm, and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.0 S, SC possesses an unexpected compact structure. Constrained scattering modeling based on up to 13,000 trial models shows that SC adopts a J-shaped structure in which D4 and D5 are folded back against D2 and D3. The seven glycosylation sites are located on one side of SC, leaving known IgA-binding motifs free to interact with pIgA. This work represents the first analysis of the three-dimensional structure of full-length free SC and paves the way to a better understanding of the association between SC and its potential ligands, i.e. pIgA and pathogenic-associated motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bonner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
The identification of naturally occurring genetic mutations has provided unique insight into the current knowledge of the human hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In the past decade, several monogenic causes have been reported in patients with isolated gonadotropin deficiency. Kallmann Syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder, characterized by isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. To date, loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding anosmin-1 (KAL1) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) have been described in the X-linked and autosomal dominant forms of this syndrome, respectively. More recently, several heterozygous, homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the G protein-coupled prokineticin receptor-2 (PROKR2) and one of its ligands, prokineticin-2 (PROK2) were described in Kallmann syndrome. In addition, complex genetic transmission (digenic inheritance) was recently demonstrated in this condition. Regarding isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism without olfactory abnormalities, loss-of-function mutations in the Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor (GnRH-R) or the G-protein coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) genes, both encoding transmembrane receptors, have been described, as well as FGFR1 mutations. Finally, mutations of the beta sub-units of LH and FSH have been described in patients with selective gonadotropin deficiency. We review the role of these distinct genetic factors in human isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Barbosa Trarbach
- Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Hormone and Molecular Genetic Laboratory LIM/42, Clinical Hospital, São Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil
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20
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Cadman SM, Kim SH, Hu Y, González-Martínez D, Bouloux PM. Molecular pathogenesis of Kallmann's syndrome. HORMONE RESEARCH 2006; 67:231-42. [PMID: 17191030 DOI: 10.1159/000098156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH) is characterized by delayed or absent pubertal development secondary to gonadotrophin deficiency. HH can result from mutations of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor 1, the gonadotrophin beta-subunits, or various transcription factors involved in pituitary gland development. HH occurs in DAX1 mutations when associated with adrenal insufficiency (adrenal hypoplasia congenita), and is also linked with obesity in patients with mutations of leptin and its receptor, as well as mutations in prohormone convertase 1. Rarely, HH has resulted from kisspeptin receptor (GPR54) mutations, a gene implicated in the regulation of pubertal onset. When occurring with anosmia (a lack of sense of smell), HH is referred to as Kallmann's syndrome (KS). Two KS-related loci are currently known: KAL1, encoding anosmin-1, responsible for X-linked KS, and KAL2, encoding the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), mutated in autosomal dominant KS. Anosmin-1 is an extracellular glycoprotein with some unique structural characteristics; it interacts with both urokinase-type plasminogen activator and FGFR1. It has previously been shown that anosmin-1 enhances FGFR1 signalling in a heparan sulphate-dependent manner, and proposed that anosmin-1 fine-tunes FGFR1 signalling during olfactory and GnRH neuronal development. Here, we review the known normosmic causes of HH, and discuss novel developmental and molecular mechanisms underlying KS; finally, we introduce three novel genes (NELF, PKR2, and CHD7) that may be associated with some phenotypic features of KS.
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MESH Headings
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/physiology
- Genes, Dominant
- Genes, X-Linked
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/physiology
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/physiology
- Humans
- Kallmann Syndrome/etiology
- Kallmann Syndrome/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Olfactory Bulb/embryology
- Olfactory Bulb/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/physiology
- Receptors, LHRH/genetics
- Receptors, LHRH/metabolism
- Receptors, LHRH/physiology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Mark Cadman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK.
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21
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Dodé C, Teixeira L, Levilliers J, Fouveaut C, Bouchard P, Kottler ML, Lespinasse J, Lienhardt-Roussie A, Mathieu M, Moerman A, Morgan G, Murat A, Toublanc JE, Wolczynski S, Delpech M, Petit C, Young J, Hardelin JP. Kallmann syndrome: mutations in the genes encoding prokineticin-2 and prokineticin receptor-2. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e175. [PMID: 17054399 PMCID: PMC1617130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome combines anosmia, related to defective olfactory bulb morphogenesis, and hypogonadism due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency. Loss-of-function mutations in KAL1 and FGFR1 underlie the X chromosome-linked form and an autosomal dominant form of the disease, respectively. Mutations in these genes, however, only account for approximately 20% of all Kallmann syndrome cases. In a cohort of 192 patients we took a candidate gene strategy and identified ten and four different point mutations in the genes encoding the G protein-coupled prokineticin receptor-2 (PROKR2) and one of its ligands, prokineticin-2 (PROK2), respectively. The mutations in PROK2 were detected in the heterozygous state, whereas PROKR2 mutations were found in the heterozygous, homozygous, or compound heterozygous state. In addition, one of the patients heterozygous for a PROKR2 mutation was also carrying a missense mutation in KAL1, thus indicating a possible digenic inheritance of the disease in this individual. These findings reveal that insufficient prokineticin-signaling through PROKR2 leads to abnormal development of the olfactory system and reproductive axis in man. They also shed new light on the complex genetic transmission of Kallmann syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Dodé
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U567, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (CD), (JPH)
| | - Luis Teixeira
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U567, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Levilliers
- Unité de Génétique des Déficits Sensoriels, INSERM U587, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Fouveaut
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Génétique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | | | | | - James Lespinasse
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Centre Hospitalier, Chambéry, France
| | | | - Michèle Mathieu
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier, Amiens, France
| | | | | | - Arnaud Murat
- Clinique d'Endocrinologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Edmont Toublanc
- Service d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
| | - Slawomir Wolczynski
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marc Delpech
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U567, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Christine Petit
- Unité de Génétique des Déficits Sensoriels, INSERM U587, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hardelin
- Unité de Génétique des Déficits Sensoriels, INSERM U587, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (CD), (JPH)
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Tsai PS, Gill JC. Mechanisms of Disease: insights into X-linked and autosomal-dominant Kallmann syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:160-71. [PMID: 16932275 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a disorder characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. Although KS is genetically heterogeneous, only two causal genes have been identified to date. These include an X-linked gene that encodes anosmin 1 and an autosomal gene that encodes fibroblast growth factor receptor 1. Mutations in these two genes result in disorders that often include, but are not limited to, severe defects in olfactory and reproductive functions. In this respect, KS can be regarded as a 'human model' for understanding critical factors that regulate olfactory and reproductive development. Here we give an overview of the disorders that stem from mutations in these two genes, with special emphasis on the cellular mechanisms underlying olfactory and reproductive anomalies. Other, less well-known aspects of KS, such as the convergence of symptoms in patients with different genetic forms of KS and the unpredictable manifestation of KS symptoms, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-San Tsai
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA.
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