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Liu M, Song X, Wang B, Li Y, Li A, Zhang J, Zhang H, Xiu R. Pancreatic Microcirculation Profiles in the Progression of Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:100-109. [PMID: 33057586 PMCID: PMC7891252 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates that the pancreas serves as a major source of degrading protease activities and that uncontrolled proteolytic receptor cleavage occurs under hypertensive conditions, which leading to systemic dysfunction and end-organic damage. However, changes in pancreatic microcirculation profiles during the progression of hypertension remain unknown. METHODS Pancreatic microcirculatory blood distribution patterns and microvascular vasomotion of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive control Wistar Kyoto rats at 5, 8, 13, and 18 weeks of age were determined. Wavelet transform analysis was performed to convert pancreatic microhemodynamic signals into time-frequency domains and construct 3-dimensional spectral scalograms. The amplitudes of characteristic oscillators including endothelial, neurogenic, myogenic, respiratory, and cardiac oscillators were compared among groups. Plasma nitrite/nitrate levels were measured using a Griess reaction. Additionally, endothelin-1, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and interleukin-6 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS SHRs exhibited a reduced blood distribution pattern with progressively decreased average blood perfusion, amplitude, and frequency of microvascular vasomotion. Wavelet transform spectral analysis revealed significantly reduced amplitudes of endothelial oscillators from 8- to 18-week-old SHRs. Additionally, the blood microcirculatory chemistry complements explained the microhemodynamic profiles partially, as demonstrated by an increase in plasma nitrite/nitrate, endothelin-1, malondialdehyde, and interleukin-6 levels and a decreased superoxide dismutase level in SHRs. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic microcirculation profiles are abnormal in the progression of hypertension in SHRs, including a disarranged blood distribution pattern, impaired microvascular vasomotion, and reduced amplitudes of endothelial oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Song
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijuan Xiu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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Chan AHW, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Pancreatic source of protease activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and its reduction during temporary food restriction. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12548. [PMID: 30946505 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms underlying cell and organ dysfunctions in hypertension are uncertain. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has elevated levels of unchecked degrading proteases compared to the control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat. The extracellular proteases destroy membrane receptors leading to cell dysfunctions, including arteriolar constriction and elevated blood pressure. Our goal was to identify potential sources of the uncontrolled enzymatic activity. METHODS Zymographic and digital immunohistochemical measurements in SHR pancreas and intestine were obtained as part of the digestive system with high levels of degrading enzymes. OBJECTIVE The results showed that SHRs have significantly higher protease activity than WKY in pancreas (22.04 ± 9.01 vs 13.02 ± 3.92 casein fluorescence intensity unit; P < 0.05) and pancreatic venules (0.011 ± 0.003 vs 0.005 ± 0.003 trypsin absorbance; P < 0.05) as well as in venous blood (71.07 ± 13.92 vs 36.44 ± 16.59 casein fluorescence intensity unit; P < 0.05). The enzymatic activity is contributed by trypsin and chymotrypsin. Furthermore, a decrease of these enzyme activity levels achieved during a short-term fasting period is associated with a reduction in systolic blood pressurein SHR (135 ± 8 mm Hg vs 124 ± 7 mm Hg; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the pancreas of the SHR is a potential source for serine proteases leaking into the circulation and contributing to its protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hsueh Wen Chan
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Geert W Schmid-Schönbein
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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Sylte I, Dawadi R, Malla N, von Hofsten S, Nguyen TM, Solli AI, Berg E, Adekoya OA, Svineng G, Winberg JO. The selectivity of galardin and an azasugar-based hydroxamate compound for human matrix metalloproteases and bacterial metalloproteases. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200237. [PMID: 30075004 PMCID: PMC6075749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors targeting bacterial enzymes should not interfere with enzymes of the host, and knowledge about structural determinants for selectivity is important for designing inhibitors with a therapeutic potential. We have determined the binding strengths of two hydroxamate compounds, galardin and compound 1b for the bacterial zinc metalloproteases, thermolysin, pseudolysin and auerolysin, known to be bacterial virulence factors, and the two human zinc metalloproteases MMP-9 and MMP-14. The active sites of the bacterial and human enzymes have huge similarities. In addition, we also studied the enzyme-inhibitor interactions by molecular modelling. The obtained Ki values of galardin for MMP-9 and MMP-14 and compound 1b for MMP-9 are approximately ten times lower than previously reported. Compound 1b binds stronger than galardin to both MMP-9 and MMP-14, and docking studies indicated that the diphenyl ether moiety of compound 1b obtains more favourable interactions within the S´1-subpocket than the 4-methylpentanoyl moiety of galardin. Both compounds bind stronger to MMP-9 than to MMP-14, which appears to be due to a larger S´1-subpocket in the former enzyme. Galardin, but not 1b, inhibits the bacterial enzymes, but the galardin Ki values were much larger than for the MMPs. The docking indicates that the S´1-subpockets of the bacterial proteases are too small to accommodate the diphenyl ether moiety of 1b, while the 4-methylpentanoyl moiety of galardin enters the pocket. The present study indicates that the size and shape of the ligand structural moiety entering the S´1-subpocket is an important determinant for selectivity between the studied MMPs and bacterial MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rangita Dawadi
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nabin Malla
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Susannah von Hofsten
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tra-Mi Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ann Iren Solli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eli Berg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Olayiwola A. Adekoya
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunbjørg Svineng
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Ferrer MJS, Xu W, Shetty J, Herr J, Oko R. Plasminogen Improves Mouse IVF by Interactions with Inner Acrosomal Membrane-Bound MMP2 and SAMP14. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:88. [PMID: 26935599 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.133496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatozoa must penetrate the outer investments of the oocyte, the cumulus oophorus and the zona pellucida (ZP), in order for fertilization to occur. This may require exposure of enzymes on the sperm's inner acrosomal membrane (IAM), one of which is matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, to factors in oviductal fluid. Plasminogen is present in oviductal fluid and activates MMP2 in somatic tissues. The objectives of this study were: 1) to examine possible interactions between plasminogen and IAM-bound plasminogen activator receptor (SAMP14) and -MMP2, 2) to demonstrate plasminogen's presence in the extracellular environment at the site of fertilization, and 3) to provide evidence that plasminogen plays a role in fertilization. Zymographs of sonicated bull and rat sperm extracts incubated with plasmin and/or plasminogen (plasmin/ogen) showed acceleration of initiation of MMP2 activity in concentrations as low as 1 μg/ml. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis of plasmin/ogen revealed its presence in the cytoplasm of mouse ovarian and oviductal oocytes, oviductal epithelium, around the ZP, and amongst the cumulus cells. We modified the standard in vitro fertilization (IVF) approach to more closely mimic natural fertilization by reducing sperm concentration during insemination by ∼100× and also comparing cumulus-intact and denuded oocytes. In mice, addition of plasminogen in IVF medium significantly improved fertilization, while MMP2 antibody significantly inhibited sperm penetration in these conditions. IVF improvement by plasminogen was blocked by SAMP14 antibody. Furthermore, MMP2 antibody inhibition was coincident with a failure by spermatozoa to disperse the cumulus oophorus. We provide evidence that plasminogen on its own and through an MMP2-related mechanism improves the ability of oocytes to be fertilized, and demonstrate its effect in sperm penetration of oocyte investments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin J S Ferrer
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jagathpala Shetty
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - John Herr
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Richard Oko
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Acquired pellicle as a modulator for dental erosion. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:631-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sira MM, Behairy BE, Abd-Elaziz AM, Abd Elnaby SA, Eltahan EE. Serum Inter-Alpha-Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain 4 (ITIH4) in Children with Chronic Hepatitis C: Relation to Liver Fibrosis and Viremia. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:307942. [PMID: 25295185 PMCID: PMC4177773 DOI: 10.1155/2014/307942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis and viremia are determinant factors for the treatment policy and its outcome in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We aimed to investigate serum level of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) and its relation to liver fibrosis and viremia in children with chronic HCV. ITIH4 was measured by ELISA in 33 treatment-naive children with proved chronic HCV and compared according to different clinical, laboratory and histopathological parameters. Liver histopathological changes were assessed using Ishak score and compared with aspartate transaminase-to-platelet ratio (APRI) and FIB-4 indices as simple noninvasive markers of fibrosis. ITIH4 was measured in a group of 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. ITIH4 was significantly higher in patients than in controls (54.2 ± 30.78 pg/mL versus 37.21 ± 5.39 pg/mL; P = 0.021). ITIH4, but not APRI or FIB-4, had a significant direct correlation with fibrosis stage (P = 0.015, 0.961, and 0.389, resp.), whereas, the negative correlation of ITIH4 with HCV viremia was of marginal significance (P = 0.071). In conclusion, ITIH4 significantly correlated with higher stages of fibrosis indicating a possible relation to liver fibrogenesis. The trend of higher ITIH4 with lower viremia points out a potential antiviral properties and further studies in this regard are worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M. Sira
- 1Department of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Menofiya 32511, Egypt
- *Mostafa M. Sira:
| | - Behairy E. Behairy
- 1Department of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Menofiya 32511, Egypt
| | - Azza M. Abd-Elaziz
- 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Menofiya 32511, Egypt
| | - Sameh A. Abd Elnaby
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Menofiya 32511, Egypt
| | - Ehab E. Eltahan
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Menofiya 32511, Egypt
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Mao Y, Kunapuli SP. Trypsin causes platelet activation independently of known protease-activated receptors. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110:1241-9. [PMID: 24030758 DOI: 10.1160/th13-03-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To identify a physiological agonist of PAR3, we used PAR4 null murine platelets, which were known to express only PAR3. In this study, we tested several proteases and found that trypsin, but not heat-inactivated trypsin, activated PAR4 null murine platelets. Even at high concentrations, trypsin caused shape change without increasing intracellular calcium levels in PAR4 null murine platelets. Consistent with this result, the Gq inhibitor YM-254890 had no effect on trypsin-induced shape change. However, trypsin-induced platelet shape change was abolished by either p160ROCK inhibitor, Y27632 or H1152. Furthermore, trypsin caused phosphorylation of myosin light chain (Thr18), but not Akt or Erk. Surprisingly, trypsin caused a similar shape change in PAR4-desensitised PAR3 null murine platelets as in PAR4null murine platelets, indicating that trypsin did not activate PAR3 to cause shape change. More interestingly, the Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor PP2 abolished trypsin-induced, but not AYPGKF-induced, shape change. Hence, trypsin activated a novel signalling pathway through RhoA/p160ROCK and was regulated by SFKs. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a novel protease signalling pathway in platelets that is independent of PARs. This protease-induced novel signalling pathway regulates platelet shape change through SFKs and p160ROCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Mao
- Satya P. Kunapuli, PhD, Department of Physiology, Temple University, 217MRS, 3420 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA, Tel.: +1 215 707 4615, Fax: +1 215 707 4003, E-mail:
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Power PF, Mak IWY, Singh S, Popovic S, Gladdy R, Ghert M. ETV5 as a regulator of matrix metalloproteinase 2 in human chondrosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:493-501. [PMID: 22968857 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a unique type of bone cancer in that it does not respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and therefore many affected patients die from metastatic disease. Metastasis has been correlated with the upregulation of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of proteases, which can degrade extracellular components. ETV5 is a transcription factor which has shown to be overexpressed in various types of invasive tumors. We hypothesized that ETV5 regulates MMP2 in human chondrosarcoma with the protease acting as a downstream effector. Gene knock-down of ETV5 in human chondrosarcoma cells reduces MMP2 mRNA expression as well as decreased protein production and significantly decreased MMP2 activity. With plasmid transfected ETV5 upregulation, MMP2 expression is similarly upregulated at the gene expression and protein levels. Data from our bone resorption studies revealed that when a matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitor is added to the growth media of chondrosarcoma cells, collagen released from bone chips incubated with the cells decreased by 27%. This data suggests that ETV5 has a significant role in regulating MMP2 expression and therefore matrix resorption in human chondrosarcoma, and thus may be a targetable upstream effector of the metastatic cascade in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia F Power
- Department of Health Science Graduate Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Pratheeshkumar P, Son YO, Budhraja A, Wang X, Ding S, Wang L, Hitron A, Lee JC, Kim D, Divya SP, Chen G, Zhang Z, Luo J, Shi X. Luteolin inhibits human prostate tumor growth by suppressing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated angiogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52279. [PMID: 23300633 PMCID: PMC3534088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vascular beds, is essential for tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Luteolin is a common dietary flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables. We studied the antiangiogenic activity of luteolin using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. In vitro studies using rat aortic ring assay showed that luteolin at non-toxic concentrations significantly inhibited microvessel sprouting and proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation of endothelial cells, which are key events in the process of angiogenesis. Luteolin also inhibited ex vivo angiogenesis as revealed by chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM) and matrigel plug assay. Gelatin zymographic analysis demonstrated the inhibitory effect of luteolin on the activation of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9. Western blot analysis showed that luteolin suppressed VEGF induced phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 and their downstream protein kinases AKT, ERK, mTOR, P70S6K, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in HUVECs. Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α level were significantly reduced by the treatment of luteolin in PC-3 cells. Luteolin (10 mg/kg/d) significantly reduced the volume and the weight of solid tumors in prostate xenograft mouse model, indicating that luteolin inhibited tumorigenesis by targeting angiogenesis. CD31 and CD34 immunohistochemical staining further revealed that the microvessel density could be remarkably suppressed by luteolin. Moreover, luteolin reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, which were correlated with the downregulation of AKT, ERK, mTOR, P70S6K, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expressions. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that luteolin inhibits human prostate tumor growth by suppressing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poyil Pratheeshkumar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Amit Budhraja
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xin Wang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Songze Ding
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lei Wang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hitron
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Donghern Kim
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sasidharan Padmaja Divya
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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MMP2 and acrosin are major proteinases associated with the inner acrosomal membrane and may cooperate in sperm penetration of the zona pellucida during fertilization. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:881-95. [PMID: 22729485 PMCID: PMC3429778 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sperm-zona pellucida (ZP) penetration during fertilization is a process that most likely involves enzymatic digestion of this extracellular coat by spermatozoa. Since the inner acrosomal membrane (IAM) is the leading edge of spermatozoa during penetration and proteins required for secondary binding of sperm to the zona are present on it, the IAM is the likely location of these enzymes. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize proteinases present on the IAM, confirm their localization and provide evidence for their role in fertilization. Gelatin zymography of detergent extracts of the IAM revealed bands of enzymatic activity identified as serine and matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs). Specific inhibitors to MMPs revealed that MMP activity was due to MMP2. Immunoblotting determined that the serine protease activity on the zymogram was due to acrosin and also confirmed the MMP2 activity. Immunogold labeling of spermatozoa at the electron microscope level showed that acrosin and MMP2 were confined to the apical and principal segments of the acrosome in association with the IAM, confirming our IAM isolation technique. Immunohistochemical examination of acrosin and MMP2 during spermiogenesis showed that both proteins originate in the acrosomic granule during the Golgi phase and later redistribute to the acrosomal membrane. Anti-MMP2 antibodies and inhibitors incorporated into in vitro fertilization media significantly decreased fertilization rates. This is the first study to demonstrate that MMP2 and acrosin are associated with the IAM and introduces the possibility of their cooperation in enzymatic digestion of the ZP during penetration.
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Ferrer M, Xu W, Oko R. The composition, protein genesis and significance of the inner acrosomal membrane of eutherian sperm. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:733-48. [PMID: 22592626 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As a consequence of the acrosomal reaction during fertilization, the inner acrosomal membrane (IAM) becomes exposed and forms the leading edge of the sperm for adhesive binding to and subsequent penetration of the zona-pellucida (ZP) of the metaphase-II-arrested oocyte. A premise of this review is that the IAM of spermatozoa anchors receptors and enzymes (on its extracellular side) that are required for sperm attachment to and penetration of the ZP. We propose a sperm cell fractionation strategy that allows for direct access to proteins bound to the extracellular side of the IAM. We review the types of integral and peripheral IAM proteins that have been found by this approach and that have been implicated in ZP recognition and lysis. We also propose a scheme for the origin and assembly of these proteins within the developing acrosome during spermiogenesis. During development, the extravesicular side of the membrane of the acrosomic vesicle is coated by peripheral proteins that transport and bind this secretory vesicle to the spermatid nucleus. The part of the membrane that binds to the nucleus becomes the IAM, while its extravesicular protein coat, which is retained between the IAM and the nuclear envelope of spermatozoa becomes the subacrosomal layer of the perinuclear theca (SAL-PT). Another premise of this review is that the IAM of spermatozoa is bound with proteins (on its intracellular side), namely the SAL-PT proteins, which hold the clue to the mechanism of acrosomal-nuclear docking. We propose a sperm cell fractionation strategy that allows for direct access to SAL-PT proteins. We then review the types of SAL-PT proteins that have been found by this approach and that have been implicated in transporting and binding the acrosome to the sperm nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Ferrer
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Matrix metalloproteinase-3 is activated by HtrA2/Omi in dopaminergic cells: relevance to Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:249-56. [PMID: 22265821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are particularly vulnerable, and their degeneration leads to Parkinson's disease. We have previously reported that matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) activity is involved in dopaminergic neurodegeneration by multiple mechanisms and that this requires activation of MMP-3 from proMMP-3 by an intracellular serine protease. HtrA2/Omi is a mitochondrial serine protease that has been shown in non-dopaminergic cells to translocate into the cytosol where it triggers apoptosis. In the present study we sought to determine whether HtrA2/Omi might cause activation of MMP-3 in dopaminergic neuronal cells using CATH.a cell line. Mitochondrial stress induced by rotenone led to MMP-3 activation and HtrA2/Omi translocation into the cytosol. The MMP-3 activation involved HtrA2/Omi, because both pharmacological inhibition and siRNA-induced knockdown of HtrA2/Omi attenuated the activation induced by rotenone or MPP+. Overexpression of mature HtrA2/Omi, but not mutant HtrA2/Omi, resulted in MMP-3 activity increase and cell death. Addition of recombinant and catalytically active HtrA2/Omi to lysate of untreated cells led to activation of the endogenous MMP-3, and incubation of the HtrA2/Omi with recombinant proMMP-3 caused cleavage of proMMP-3 to a 48kD protein, corresponding to the active form, which was accompanied by an increase in MMP-3 activity. Taken together, the data indicate that HtrA2/Omi, which normally exists in the mitochondria, can cause MMP-3 activation in the cytosol under a cell stress condition, which can ultimately lead to demise of dopaminergic neuronal cells.
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Vernolide-A inhibits tumour specific angiogenesis by regulating proinflammatory cytokines, VEGF, MMPs and TIMP. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 656:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hadler-Olsen E, Fadnes B, Sylte I, Uhlin-Hansen L, Winberg JO. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity in health and disease. FEBS J 2010; 278:28-45. [PMID: 21087458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is regulated at several levels, including enzyme activation, inhibition, complex formation and compartmentalization. Regulation at the transcriptional level is also important, although this is not a subject of the present minireview. Most MMPs are secreted and have their function in the extracellular environment. This is also the case for the membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs). MMPs are also found inside cells, both in the nucleus, cytosol and organelles. The role of intracellular located MMPs is still poorly understood, although recent studies have unraveled some of their functions. The localization, activation and activity of MMPs are regulated by their interactions with other proteins, proteoglycan core proteins and/or their glycosaminoglycan chains, as well as other molecules. Complexes formed between MMPs and various molecules may also include interactions with noncatalytic sites. Such exosites are regions involved in substrate processing, localized outside the active site, and are potential binding sites of specific MMP inhibitors. Knowledge about regulation of MMP activity is essential for understanding various physiological processes and pathogenesis of diseases, as well as for the development of new MMP targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Norway
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Nishihara-Fujihara M, Shoji S, Maeda I, Shimoda T, Nishima S, Okamoto K. Involvement of fibronectin and matrix metalloproteinases in airway smooth muscle cell migration for the process of airway remodeling. Allergol Int 2010; 59:267-275. [PMID: 20495339 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.09-oa-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway remodeling is a repair process occurring after airway injury; its primary histopathological features are subepithelial fibrosis and smooth muscle thickening of the bronchi. These histopathological changes are considered to occur due to bronchial smooth muscle cells (bSMC) that secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, which work as chemoattractants and influence cell migration. Therefore, we examined the interaction between bSMCs and ECM proteins in vitro for understanding the remodeling process in the bronchi. METHODS bSMCs were cultured to collect a bSMC-conditioned medium. Using the bSMC-conditioned medium thus obtained, we performed a cell migration assay, characterized beta integrin expression, and identified ECM proteins and matrix metalloproteinases by western blotting and gelatin zymography, respectively. RESULTS The response of bSMC migration to bSMC-conditioned medium increased with time in culture, and fibronectin (FIB) was detected as a chemoattractant for bSMCs in bSMC-conditioned medium by western blot analysis and a cell migration assay using anti-FIB antibodies. The involvement of beta1 integrin in the migration of bSMCs toward FIB contained in bSMC-conditioned medium was demonstrated by inhibition of cell migration using anti-beta1 integrin antibodies. Expression of beta1 integrin on bSMCs was confirmed by using a beta-integrin-mediated cell adhesion array. In addition, metalloproteinases detected in bSMC-conditioned medium by gelatin zymography were suggested to be matrix metalloproteinase-1 and 2 by western blotting and amino acid sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that FIB and matrix metalloproteinases secreted from bSMCs might play major roles in bSMC migration in the process of airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Nishihara-Fujihara
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology,; Present address: Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka.
| | - Shunsuke Shoji
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iori Maeda
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology
| | - Terufumi Shimoda
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital
| | - Sankei Nishima
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital
| | - Kouji Okamoto
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology
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Equine neutrophil elastase in plasma, laminar tissue, and skin of horses administered black walnut heartwood extract. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 135:181-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu N, Ru YJ, Li FD, Wang JP, Lei XQ. Effect of dietary phytate and phytase on proteolytic digestion and growth regulation of broilers. Arch Anim Nutr 2009; 63:292-303. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390903020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ardito CM, Briggs CD, Crawford HC. Targeting of extracellular proteases required for the progression of pancreatic cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:605-19. [PMID: 18410243 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.5.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Its lethality is due, in large part, to its resistance to traditional chemotherapeutics. As a result, there is an enormous effort being put into basic research to identify proteins that are required for PDA progression so that they may be specifically targeted for therapy. OBJECTIVE To compile and analyze the evidence that suggests that extracellular proteases are significant contributors to PDA progression. METHODS We focus on three different extracellular protease subclasses expressed in PDA: metalloproteases, serine proteases and cathepsins. Based on data from PDA and other cancers, we suggest their probable roles in PDA. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Of the proteases expressed in PDA, many appear to have overlapping functions, based on the substrates they process, making therapeutics complicated. Two protease families most likely to have unique, critical functions during tumor progression, and therefore strong potential as therapeutic targets, are the a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) and the cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Ardito
- Stony Brook University, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, BST 8-140, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
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Yamada M, Sankoda Y, Tatsumi R, Mizunoya W, Ikeuchi Y, Sunagawa K, Allen RE. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 mediates stretch-induced activation of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2183-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lilleeng E, Froystad MK, Ostby GC, Valen EC, Krogdahl A. Effects of diets containing soybean meal on trypsin mRNA expression and activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:25-36. [PMID: 17293147 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon develop subacute enteritis in the distal intestine (DI) when fed diets containing soybean meal (SBM) at high levels, a condition accompanied by increased trypsin activity in the DI intestinal content compared to fish fed conventional fishmeal (FM) based diets. To further investigate the responses of Atlantic salmon to dietary SBM, we measured trypsin activity in intestinal contents, quantified pancreatic trypsin mRNA expression, surveyed trypsin mRNA expression in selected tissues and characterized active forms of trypsin in the intestinal wall and brain. Enzyme measurements showed that trypsin activity in the intestinal content of SBM fed fish was lower in the proximal segments of the intestine, but higher in the DI compared to FM fed fish. The difference in enzyme activity was not reflected in a differential expression of pancreatic trypsin mRNA between fish fed the different diets (FM or SBM). Trypsin mRNA was expressed in 18 different tissues (esophagus, stomach, pancreas, pyloric tissue, midintestine, distal intestine, liver, head kidney, kidney, heart, spleen, thymus, brain, eye, gills, gonads, muscle and skin) but was most prominently expressed in tissues of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and brain. We report for the first time an upregulation of trypsin-like activity in the DI wall using an in-gel trypsin activity assay, as well as modulated activity in the brain of fish fed SBM. The increased activity in the DI wall may contribute to disease severity and higher trypsin activity in the intestinal content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Lilleeng
- Aquaculture Protein Centre, CoE, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, PO Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Barsnes H, Mikalsen SO, Eidhammer I. MassSorter: a tool for administrating and analyzing data from mass spectrometry experiments on proteins with known amino acid sequences. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:42. [PMID: 16438723 PMCID: PMC1403804 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteomics is the study of the proteome, and is critical to the understanding of cellular processes. Two central and related tasks of proteomics are protein identification and protein characterization. Many small laboratories are interested in the characterization of a small number of proteins, e.g., how posttranslational modifications change under different conditions. Results We have developed a software tool called MassSorter for administrating and analyzing data from peptide mass fingerprinting experiments on proteins with known amino acid sequences. It is meant for small scale mass spectrometry laboratories that are interested in posttranslational modifications of known proteins. Several experiments can be compared simultaneously, and the matched and unmatched peak values are clearly indicated. The hits can be sorted according to m/z values (default) or according to the sequence of the protein. Filters defined by the user can mark autolytic protease peaks and other contaminating peaks (keratins, proteins co-migrating with the protein of interest, etc.). Unmatched peaks can be further analyzed for unexpected modifications by searches against a local version of the UniMod database. They can also be analyzed for unexpected cleavages, a highly useful feature for proteins that undergo maturation by proteolytic cleavage, creating new N- or C-terminals. Additional tools exist for visualization of the results, like sequence coverage, accuracy plots, different types of statistics, 3D models, etc. The program and a tutorial are freely available for academic users at . Conclusion MassSorter has a number of useful features that can promote the analysis and administration of MS-data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Barsnes
- Department of informatics, University of Bergen, PB. 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, Bergen Center for Computational Science, UNIFOB/UIB, Thormoehlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Svein-Ole Mikalsen
- Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvar Eidhammer
- Department of informatics, University of Bergen, PB. 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
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Mathisen B, Loennechen T, Gedde-Dahl T, Winberg JO. Fibroblast heterogeneity in collagenolytic response to colchicine. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 71:574-83. [PMID: 16378602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are important in various physiological and pathological conditions, including those that involve homeostasis of collagen. Drug induced regulation of MMP-1, other MMPs and TIMPs is critical in treatment of various diseases, e.g. the use of the plant alkaloid, colchicine. One possible factor that might explain the failure in colchicine-treatment of some patients is interindividual variability on the cellular level. To investigate the possible individual heterogeneity in response to colchicine, we studied the effect of colchicine-induced synthesis of collagenase from 32 different human skin fibroblast strains derived from both healthy individuals as well as individuals with different skin diseases. We showed that colchicine induced an increased synthesis of collagenase in 22 of 32 cases. This heterogeneity occurred in fibroblasts from healthy as well as diseased individuals. To determine if colchicine also affected the fibroblast synthesis of gelatinase, stromelysin and tissue inhibitors of MMPs, we investigated several individuals from a single family. The results showed that both colchicine responsive and non-responsive fibroblasts with respect to collagenase synthesis responded to colchicine by an increased stromelysin synthesis, while the synthesis of gelatinase and TIMP-1 were unaffected. As a whole, our results indicate that individual heterogeneity in collagenase response to colchicine treatment may partly explain some of the controversial results obtained with colchicine as a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Mathisen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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