1
|
Rahman F, Wushur I, Malla N, Åstrand OAH, Rongved P, Winberg JO, Sylte I. Zinc-Chelating Compounds as Inhibitors of Human and Bacterial Zinc Metalloproteases. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010056. [PMID: 35011288 PMCID: PMC8746695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of bacterial virulence is believed to be a new treatment option for bacterial infections. In the present study, we tested dipicolylamine (DPA), tripicolylamine (TPA), tris pyridine ethylene diamine (TPED), pyridine and thiophene derivatives as putative inhibitors of the bacterial virulence factors thermolysin (TLN), pseudolysin (PLN) and aureolysin (ALN) and the human zinc metalloproteases, matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) and matrix metalloprotease-14 (MMP-14). These compounds have nitrogen or sulfur as putative donor atoms for zinc chelation. In general, the compounds showed stronger inhibition of MMP-14 and PLN than of the other enzymes, with Ki values in the lower μM range. Except for DPA, none of the compounds showed significantly stronger inhibition of the virulence factors than of the human zinc metalloproteases. TPA and Zn230 were the only compounds that inhibited all five zinc metalloproteinases with a Ki value in the lower μM range. The thiophene compounds gave weak or no inhibition. Docking indicated that some of the compounds coordinated zinc by one oxygen atom from a hydroxyl or carbonyl group, or by oxygen atoms both from a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group, and not by pyridine nitrogen as in DPA and TPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Rahman
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (F.R.); (I.W.); (N.M.); (J.-O.W.)
| | - Imin Wushur
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (F.R.); (I.W.); (N.M.); (J.-O.W.)
| | - Nabin Malla
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (F.R.); (I.W.); (N.M.); (J.-O.W.)
| | - Ove Alexander Høgmoen Åstrand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; (O.A.H.Å.); (P.R.)
| | - Pål Rongved
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway; (O.A.H.Å.); (P.R.)
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (F.R.); (I.W.); (N.M.); (J.-O.W.)
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (F.R.); (I.W.); (N.M.); (J.-O.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-7764-4705
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rahman F, Nguyen TM, Adekoya OA, Campestre C, Tortorella P, Sylte I, Winberg JO. Inhibition of bacterial and human zinc-metalloproteases by bisphosphonate- and catechol-containing compounds. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:819-830. [PMID: 33757387 PMCID: PMC7993378 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1901088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds containg catechol or bisphosphonate were tested as inhibitors of the zinc metalloproteases, thermolysin (TLN), pseudolysin (PLN) and aureolysin (ALN) which are bacterial virulence factors, and the human matrix metalloproteases MMP-9 and -14. Inhibition of virulence is a putative strategy in the development of antibacterial drugs, but the inhibitors should not interfere with human enzymes. Docking indicated that the inhibitors bound MMP-9 and MMP-14 with the phenyl, biphenyl, chlorophenyl, nitrophenyl or methoxyphenyl ringsystem in the S1'-subpocket, while these ringsystems entered the S2'- or S1 -subpockets or a region involving amino acids in the S1'- and S2'-subpockets of the bacterial enzymes. An arginine conserved among the bacterial enzymes seemed to hinder entrance deeply into the S1'-subpocket. Only the bisphosphonate containing compound RC2 bound stronger to PLN and TLN than to MMP-9 and MMP-14. Docking indicated that the reason was that the conserved arginine (R203 in TLN and R198 in PLN) interacts with phosphate groups of RC2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Rahman
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tra-Mi Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Olayiwola A Adekoya
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Cristina Campestre
- Department of Pharmacy, University of "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Department of Pharmacy, Science of Pharmacy, University "A. Moro" Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hadler-Olsen E, Winberg JO. Method for Determining Gelatinolytic Activity in Tissue: In Situ Gelatin Zymography. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1952:193-199. [PMID: 30825175 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9133-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To explore the physiological or pathological roles of proteases, it is important to be able to detect and precisely localize them in a tissue, to differentiate between inactive and active forms, as well as to quantify and determine the nature of the enzyme that degrades a given substrate. Here we present an in situ gelatin zymography method that allows for a precise localization of active gelatin-degrading enzymes in a tissue section. In this method, dye-quenched gelatin is put on top of a tissue section. During an incubation period, active gelatinolytic enzymes will degrade the substrate and fluorescent signals are emitted from the locations of these enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Dentistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sylte I, Dawadi R, Malla N, von Hofsten S, Nguyen TM, Solli AI, Berg E, Adekoya OA, Svineng G, Winberg JO. The selectivity of galardin and an azasugar-based hydroxamate compound for human matrix metalloproteases and bacterial metalloproteases. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200237. [PMID: 30075004 PMCID: PMC6075749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors targeting bacterial enzymes should not interfere with enzymes of the host, and knowledge about structural determinants for selectivity is important for designing inhibitors with a therapeutic potential. We have determined the binding strengths of two hydroxamate compounds, galardin and compound 1b for the bacterial zinc metalloproteases, thermolysin, pseudolysin and auerolysin, known to be bacterial virulence factors, and the two human zinc metalloproteases MMP-9 and MMP-14. The active sites of the bacterial and human enzymes have huge similarities. In addition, we also studied the enzyme-inhibitor interactions by molecular modelling. The obtained Ki values of galardin for MMP-9 and MMP-14 and compound 1b for MMP-9 are approximately ten times lower than previously reported. Compound 1b binds stronger than galardin to both MMP-9 and MMP-14, and docking studies indicated that the diphenyl ether moiety of compound 1b obtains more favourable interactions within the S´1-subpocket than the 4-methylpentanoyl moiety of galardin. Both compounds bind stronger to MMP-9 than to MMP-14, which appears to be due to a larger S´1-subpocket in the former enzyme. Galardin, but not 1b, inhibits the bacterial enzymes, but the galardin Ki values were much larger than for the MMPs. The docking indicates that the S´1-subpockets of the bacterial proteases are too small to accommodate the diphenyl ether moiety of 1b, while the 4-methylpentanoyl moiety of galardin enters the pocket. The present study indicates that the size and shape of the ligand structural moiety entering the S´1-subpocket is an important determinant for selectivity between the studied MMPs and bacterial MPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rangita Dawadi
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nabin Malla
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Susannah von Hofsten
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tra-Mi Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ann Iren Solli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eli Berg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Olayiwola A. Adekoya
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunbjørg Svineng
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bang BE, Malla N, Bhagwat SS, Aasmoe L, Winberg JO. A Sensitive Assay for Proteases in Bioaerosol Samples: Characterization and Quantification of Airborne Proteases in Salmon Industry Work Environments. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 62:942-952. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Berit Elisabeth Bang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusvegen, Tromsoe, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Nabin Malla
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusvegen, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Sampada Satchidanand Bhagwat
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusvegen, Tromsoe, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Aasmoe
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusvegen, Tromsoe, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg, Tromsoe, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Øya E, Afanou AKJ, Malla N, Uhlig S, Rolen E, Skaar I, Straumfors A, Winberg JO, Bang BE, Schwarze PE, Eduard W, Holme JA. Characterization and pro-inflammatory responses of spore and hyphae samples from various mold species. Indoor Air 2018; 28:28-39. [PMID: 28922584 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mold particles from Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus versicolor, and Stachybotrys chartarum have been linked to respiratory-related diseases. We characterized X-ray-inactivated spores and hyphae fragments from these species by number of particles, morphology, and mycotoxin, β-glucan and protease content/activity. The pro-inflammatory properties of mold particles were examined in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and THP-1 monocytes and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1. Spores from P. chrysogenum and S. chartarum contained some hyphae fragments, whereas the other preparations contained either spores or hyphae. Each mold species produced mainly one gelatin-degrading protease that was either of the metallo- or serine type, while one remains unclassified. Mycotoxin levels were generally low. Detectable levels of β-glucans were found mainly in hyphae particle preparations. PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages were by far the most sensitive model with effects in the order of 10 ng/cm2 . Hyphae preparations of A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum were more potent than respective spore preparations, whereas the opposite seems to be true for A. versicolor and S. chartarum. Hyphae fragments of A. fumigatus, P. chrysogenum, and A. versicolor enhanced the release of metalloprotease (proMMP-9) most markedly. In conclusion, species, growth stage, and characteristics are all important factors for pro-inflammatory potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Øya
- Department of Air and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - A K J Afanou
- Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - N Malla
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - S Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Rolen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Skaar
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Straumfors
- Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - J O Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - B E Bang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - P E Schwarze
- Department of Air and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - W Eduard
- Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - J A Holme
- Department of Air and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tümmler C, Snapkov I, Wickström M, Moens U, Ljungblad L, Maria Elfman LH, Winberg JO, Kogner P, Johnsen JI, Sveinbjørnsson B. Inhibition of chemerin/CMKLR1 axis in neuroblastoma cells reduces clonogenicity and cell viability in vitro and impairs tumor growth in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95135-95151. [PMID: 29221117 PMCID: PMC5707011 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cells, cytokines, and chemokines are essential in promoting a tumor supporting microenvironment. Chemerin is a chemotactic protein and a natural ligand for the receptors CMKLR1, GPR1, and CCRL2. The chemerin/CMKLR1 axis is involved in immunity and inflammation, and it has also been implicated in obesity and cancer. In neuroblastoma, a childhood tumor of the peripheral nervous system we identified correlations between high CMKLR1 and GPR1 expression and reduced overall survival probability. CMKLR1, GPR1, and chemerin RNA and protein were detected in neuroblastoma cell lines and neuroblastoma primary tumor tissue. Chemerin induced calcium mobilization, increased MMP-2 synthesis as well as MAP-kinase- and Akt-mediated signaling in neuroblastoma cells. Stimulation of neuroblastoma cells with serum, TNFα or IL-1β increased chemerin secretion. The small molecule CMKLR1 antagonist α-NETA reduced the clonogenicity and viability of neuroblastoma cell lines indicating the chemerin/CMKLR1 axis as a promoting factor in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. Furthermore, nude mice carrying neuroblastoma SK-N-AS cells as xenografts showed impaired tumor growth when treated daily with α-NETA from day 1 after tumor cell injection. This study demonstrates the potential of the chemerin/CMKLR1 axis as a prognostic factor and possible therapeutic target in neuroblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conny Tümmler
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Igor Snapkov
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Malin Wickström
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Linda Ljungblad
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Helena Maria Elfman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Tumor Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Per Kogner
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Inge Johnsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Magnussen SN, Hadler-Olsen E, Costea DE, Berg E, Jacobsen CC, Mortensen B, Salo T, Martinez-Zubiaurre I, Winberg JO, Uhlin-Hansen L, Svineng G. Cleavage of the urokinase receptor (uPAR) on oral cancer cells: regulation by transforming growth factor - β1 (TGF-β1) and potential effects on migration and invasion. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:350. [PMID: 28526008 PMCID: PMC5438506 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor (uPAR) is up-regulated at the invasive tumour front of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), indicating a role for uPAR in tumour progression. We previously observed elevated expression of uPAR at the tumour-stroma interface in a mouse model for OSCC, which was associated with increased proteolytic activity. The tumour microenvironment regulated uPAR expression, as well as its glycosylation and cleavage. Both full-length- and cleaved uPAR (uPAR (II-III)) are involved in highly regulated processes such as cell signalling, proliferation, migration, stem cell mobilization and invasion. The aim of the current study was to analyse tumour associated factors and their effect on uPAR cleavage, and the potential implications for cell proliferation, migration and invasion. METHODS Mouse uPAR was stably overexpressed in the mouse OSCC cell line AT84. The ratio of full-length versus cleaved uPAR as analysed by Western blotting and its regulation was assessed by addition of different protease inhibitors and transforming growth factor - β1 (TGF-β1). The role of uPAR cleavage in cell proliferation and migration was analysed using real-time cell analysis and invasion was assessed using the myoma invasion model. RESULTS We found that when uPAR was overexpressed a proportion of the receptor was cleaved, thus the cells presented both full-length uPAR and uPAR (II-III). Cleavage was mainly performed by serine proteases and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in particular. When the OSCC cells were stimulated with TGF-β1, the production of the uPA inhibitor PAI-1 was increased, resulting in a reduction of uPAR cleavage. By inhibiting cleavage of uPAR, cell migration was reduced, and by inhibiting uPA activity, invasion was reduced. We could also show that medium containing soluble uPAR (suPAR), and cleaved soluble uPAR (suPAR (II-III)), induced migration in OSCC cells with low endogenous levels of uPAR. CONCLUSIONS These results show that soluble factors in the tumour microenvironment, such as TGF-β1, PAI-1 and uPA, can influence the ratio of full length and uPAR (II-III) and thereby potentially effect cell migration and invasion. Resolving how uPAR cleavage is controlled is therefore vital for understanding how OSCC progresses and potentially provides new targets for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Synnove Norvoll Magnussen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.,Diagnostic Clinic - Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Daniela Elena Costea
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eli Berg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Cristiane Cavalcanti Jacobsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bente Mortensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tuula Salo
- Cancer and Translational Research Medicine Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Oral and Maxillofacial diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, SP-13414-903, Brazil
| | - Inigo Martinez-Zubiaurre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.,Diagnostic Clinic - Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunbjorg Svineng
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sjøli S, Nuti E, Camodeca C, Bilto I, Rossello A, Winberg JO, Sylte I, Adekoya OA. Synthesis, experimental evaluation and molecular modelling of hydroxamate derivatives as zinc metalloproteinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 108:141-153. [PMID: 26638045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes of the M4 family of zinc-metalloproteinases are virulence factors secreted from gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, and putative drug targets in the treatment of bacterial infections. In order to have a therapeutic value such inhibitors should not interfere with endogenous zinc-metalloproteinases. In the present study we have synthesised a series of hydroxamate derivatives and validated the compounds as inhibitors of the M4 enzymes thermolysin and pseudolysin, and the endogenous metalloproteinases ADAM-17, MMP-2 and MMP-9 using experimental binding studies and molecular modelling. In general, the compounds are stronger inhibitors of the MMPs than of the M4 enzymes, however, an interesting exception is LM2. The compounds bound stronger to pseudolysin than to thermolysin, and the molecular modelling studies showed that occupation of the S2(') subpocket by an aromatic group is favourable for strong interactions with pseudolysin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stian Sjøli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Camodeca
- Division of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Irina Bilto
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Armando Rossello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Olayiwola A Adekoya
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hadler-Olsen E, Solli AI, Hafstad A, Winberg JO, Uhlin-Hansen L. Intracellular MMP-2 activity in skeletal muscle is associated with type II fibers. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:160-9. [PMID: 24905939 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) is a proteolytic enzyme implicated in motility, differentiation, and regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers through processing of extracellular substrates. Although MMP-2 has been found to be localized intracellularly in cardiomyocytes where the enzyme is thought to contribute to post-ischemic loss of contractility, little is known about intracellular MMP-2 activity in skeletal muscle fibers. In the present study we demonstrate intracellular MMP-2 in normal skeletal muscle by immunohistochemical staining. Immunogold electron microscopic analyses indicated that the enzyme was concentrated in Z-lines of the sarcomers, in the nuclear membrane, and in mitochondria. By use of in situ zymography, we found that gelatinolytic activity in muscle fibers was co-localized with immunofluorecent staining for MMP-2. Staining for MMP-9, the other member of the gelatinase group of the MMPs, was negative. The broad-spectrum metalloprotease inhibitor EDTA and the selective gelatinase inhibitor CTT2, but not the cysteine inhibitor E64, strongly reduced the gelatinolytic activity. The intracellular gelatinolytic activity was much more prominent in fast twitch type II fibers than in slow twitch type I fibers, and there was a decrease in intracellular gelatinolytic activity and MMP-2 expression in muscles from mice exposed to high intensity interval training. Together our results indicate that MMP-2 is part of the intracellular proteolytic network in normal skeletal muscle, especially in fast twitch type II fibers. Further, the results suggest that intracellular MMP-2 in skeletal muscle fibers is active during normal homeostasis, and affected by the level of physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adekoya OA, Sjøli S, Wuxiuer Y, Bilto I, Marques SM, Santos MA, Nuti E, Cercignani G, Rossello A, Winberg JO, Sylte I. Inhibition of pseudolysin and thermolysin by hydroxamate-based MMP inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 89:340-8. [PMID: 25462250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the inhibition of thermolysin and pseudolysin by a series of compounds previously identified as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors using experimental binding studies and theoretical calculations. The experimental studies showed that some of the compounds were able to inhibit thermolysin and pseudolysin in the low μM range. The studies revealed that, in general, the compounds bound in the order MMPs > pseudolysin > thermolysin, and the strongest pseudolysin and thermolysin binders were compounds 8-12. Furthermore, compounds 8 and 9 were unique in that they bound much stronger to the two bacterial enzymes than to the MMPs. The docking calculations suggested that the phenyl group of the strongest binders (compounds 8 and 9) occupy the S2(')-subpocket, while a second ring system occupy the S1-subpocket in both thermolysin and pseudolysin. When the compounds possess two ring systems, the largest and most electron rich ring system seems to occupy the S1-subpocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olayiwola A Adekoya
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Stian Sjøli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yimingjiang Wuxiuer
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Irina Bilto
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sérgio M Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cercignani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biochimica, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sjøli S, Solli AI, Akselsen Ø, Jiang Y, Berg E, Hansen TV, Sylte I, Winberg JO. PAC-1 and isatin derivatives are weak matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
13
|
Magnussen S, Hadler-Olsen E, Latysheva N, Pirila E, Steigen SE, Hanes R, Salo T, Winberg JO, Uhlin-Hansen L, Svineng G. Tumour microenvironments induce expression of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and concomitant activation of gelatinolytic enzymes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105929. [PMID: 25157856 PMCID: PMC4144900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is associated with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and increased expression of uPAR is often found at the invasive tumour front. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the role of uPAR in invasion and metastasis of OSCC, and the effects of various tumour microenvironments in these processes. Furthermore, we wanted to study whether the cells’ expression level of uPAR affected the activity of gelatinolytic enzymes. Methods The Plaur gene was both overexpressed and knocked-down in the murine OSCC cell line AT84. Tongue and skin tumours were established in syngeneic mice, and cells were also studied in an ex vivo leiomyoma invasion model. Soluble factors derived from leiomyoma tissue, as well as purified extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, were assessed for their ability to affect uPAR expression, glycosylation and cleavage. Activity of gelatinolytic enzymes in the tissues were assessed by in situ zymography. Results We found that increased levels of uPAR did not induce tumour invasion or metastasis. However, cells expressing low endogenous levels of uPAR in vitro up-regulated uPAR expression both in tongue, skin and leiomyoma tissue. Various ECM proteins had no effect on uPAR expression, while soluble factors originating from the leiomyoma tissue increased both the expression and glycosylation of uPAR, and possibly also affected the proteolytic processing of uPAR. Tumours with high levels of uPAR, as well as cells invading leiomyoma tissue with up-regulated uPAR expression, all displayed enhanced activity of gelatinolytic enzymes. Conclusions Although high levels of uPAR are not sufficient to induce invasion and metastasis, the activity of gelatinolytic enzymes was increased. Furthermore, several tumour microenvironments have the capacity to induce up-regulation of uPAR expression, and soluble factors in the tumour microenvironment may have an important role in the regulation of posttranslational modification of uPAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Synnøve Magnussen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nadezhda Latysheva
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Emma Pirila
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sonja E. Steigen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Diagnostic Clinic - Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Robert Hanes
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Diagnostic Clinic - Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunbjørg Svineng
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bhagwat SS, Larsen AK, Winberg JO, Seternes OM, Bang BE. Salmon and king crab trypsin stimulate interleukin-8 and matrix metalloproteinases via protease-activated receptor-2 in the skin keratinocytic HaCaT cell line. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:303-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
Malla N, Berg E, Theocharis AD, Svineng G, Uhlin-Hansen L, Winberg JO. In vitroreconstitution of complexes between pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9 and the proteoglycans serglycin and versican. FEBS J 2013; 280:2870-87. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Malla
- Department of Medical Biology; University of Tromsø; Norway
| | - Eli Berg
- Department of Medical Biology; University of Tromsø; Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wuxiuer Y, Winberg JO, Sylte I. Comparative molecular dynamic simulations of wild type and Thr114Val mutated Scaptodrosophila lebanonensis alcohol dehydrogenase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:465-76. [PMID: 23528031 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2013.776502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme kinetics studies have shown that Scaptodrosophila lebanonensis alcohol dehydrogenase (SlADH) and other drosophilid alcohol dehydrogenases function by a compulsory-ordered mechanism where the coenzyme binds to the free enzyme, and that a proton is released upon formation of the binary enzyme-NAD(+) complex. A proton relay mechanism for the proton abstraction has been suggested that includes an eight-membered chain of water molecules connecting the active site with the bulk solvent. Thr114 bridges between two water molecules in the water chain. In a previous structural and enzyme kinetic study of a Thr114 Val mutant of SlADH, we showed that an intact water chain is essential for full enzyme activity. In the present study, comparative molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of the wild type and the SlADH(T114V) were performed. The simulations showed differences in hydrogen bonding properties and dynamics between the wild type and the SlADH(T114V). Differences in molecular dynamical behaviour were seen in the loop of importance for binding the nicotinamide part of NAD(+), in the region important for binding the adenine part of NAD(+), and in the region of the amino acid at position 114. The substrates also had more freedom for conformational changes in active site of the wild type SlADH than of the SlADH(T114V). The differences in hydrogen bonding properties and MDs between the wild type and mutant could not have been observed from the X-ray crystal structures only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimingjiang Wuxiuer
- a Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology , University of Tromsø , NO-9037, Tromsø , Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Solli AI, Fadnes B, Winberg JO, Uhlin-Hansen L, Hadler-Olsen E. Tissue- and cell-specific co-localization of intracellular gelatinolytic activity and matrix metalloproteinase 2. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:444-61. [PMID: 23482328 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413484765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) is a proteolytic enzyme that degrades extracellular matrix proteins. Recent studies indicate that MMP-2 also has a role in intracellular proteolysis during various pathological conditions, such as ischemic injuries in heart and brain and in tumor growth. The present study was performed to map the distribution of intracellular MMP-2 activity in various mouse tissues and cells under physiological conditions. Samples from normal brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, gonads, oral mucosa, salivary glands, esophagus, intestines, and skin were subjected to high-resolution in situ gelatin zymography and immunohistochemical staining. In hepatocytes, cardiac myocytes, kidney tubuli cells, epithelial cells in the oral mucosa as well as in excretory ducts of salivary glands, and adrenal cortical cells, we found strong intracellular gelatinolytic activity that was significantly reduced by the metalloprotease inhibitor EDTA but not by the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64. Furthermore, the gelatinolytic activity was co-localized with MMP-2. Western blotting and electron microscopy combined with immunogold labeling revealed the presence of MMP-2 in different intracellular compartments of isolated hepatocytes. Our results indicate that MMP-2 takes part in intracellular proteolysis in specific tissues and cells during physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Iren Solli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pettersen I, Baryawno N, Abel F, Bakkelund WH, Zykova SN, Winberg JO, Moens U, Rasmuson A, Kogner P, Johnsen JI, Sveinbjörnsson B. Expression of TWEAK/Fn14 in neuroblastoma: implications in tumorigenesis. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1239-48. [PMID: 23443741 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of cytokines, acts on responsive cells via binding to a cell surface receptor called Fn14. TWEAK binding to an Fn14 receptor or constitutive Fn14 overexpression has been shown to activate nuclear factor κB signaling which is important in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy resistance. In the present study, we demonstrate that TWEAK and Fn14 are expressed in neuroblastoma cell lines and primary tumors, and both are observed at increased levels in high-stage tumors. The treatment of neuroblastoma cell lines with recombinant TWEAK in vitro causes increased survival, and this effect is partially due to the activation of NF-κB signaling. Moreover, TWEAK induces the release of matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) in neuroblastoma cells, suggesting that TWEAK may play a role in the invasive phase of neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. TWEAK-induced cell survival was significantly reduced by silencing the TWEAK and Fn14 gene functions by siRNA. Thus, the expression of TWEAK and Fn14 in neuroblastoma suggests that TWEAK functions as an important regulator of primary neuroblastoma growth, invasion and survival and that the therapeutic intervention of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway may be an important clinical strategy in neuroblastoma therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Pettersen
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wuxiuer Y, Morgunova E, Cols N, Popov A, Karshikoff A, Sylte I, Gonzàlez-Duarte R, Ladenstein R, Winberg JO. An intact eight-membered water chain in drosophilid alcohol dehydrogenases is essential for optimal enzyme activity. FEBS J 2012; 279:2940-56. [PMID: 22741949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
All drosophilid alcohol dehydrogenases contain an eight-member water chain connecting the active site with the solvent at the dimer interface. A similar water chain has also been shown to exist in other short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) enzymes, including therapeutically important SDRs. The role of this water chain in the enzymatic reaction is unknown, but it has been proposed to be involved in a proton relay system. In the present study, a connecting link in the water chain was removed by mutating Thr114 to Val114 in Scaptodrosophila lebanonensis alcohol dehydrogenase (SlADH). This threonine is conserved in all drosophilid alcohol dehydrogenases but not in other SDRs. X-ray crystallography of the SlADH(T114V) mutant revealed a broken water chain, the overall 3D structure of the binary enzyme-NAD(+) complex was almost identical to the wild-type enzyme (SlADH(wt) ). As for the SlADH(wt) , steady-state kinetic studies revealed that catalysis by the SlADH(T114V) mutant was consistent with a compulsory ordered reaction mechanism where the co-enzyme binds to the free enzyme. The mutation caused a reduction of the k(on) velocity for NAD(+) and its binding strength to the enzyme, as well as the rate of hydride transfer (k) in the ternary enzyme-NAD(+) -alcohol complex. Furthermore, it increased the pK(a) value of the group in the binary enzyme-NAD(+) complex that regulates the k(on) velocity of alcohol and alcohol-competitive inhibitors. Overall, the results indicate that an intact water chain is essential for optimal enzyme activity and participates in a proton relay system during catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimingjiang Wuxiuer
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hadler-Olsen E, Wetting HL, Ravuri C, Omair A, Rikardsen O, Svineng G, Kanapathippillai P, Winberg JO, Uhlin-Hansen L. Organ specific regulation of tumour invasiveness and gelatinolytic activity at the invasive front. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:305-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
The activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is regulated at several levels, including enzyme activation, inhibition, complex formation and compartmentalization. Regulation at the transcriptional level is also important, although this is not a subject of the present minireview. Most MMPs are secreted and have their function in the extracellular environment. This is also the case for the membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs). MMPs are also found inside cells, both in the nucleus, cytosol and organelles. The role of intracellular located MMPs is still poorly understood, although recent studies have unraveled some of their functions. The localization, activation and activity of MMPs are regulated by their interactions with other proteins, proteoglycan core proteins and/or their glycosaminoglycan chains, as well as other molecules. Complexes formed between MMPs and various molecules may also include interactions with noncatalytic sites. Such exosites are regions involved in substrate processing, localized outside the active site, and are potential binding sites of specific MMP inhibitors. Knowledge about regulation of MMP activity is essential for understanding various physiological processes and pathogenesis of diseases, as well as for the development of new MMP targeting drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hadler-Olsen E, Ravuri C, Ljones H, Rikardsen O, Steigen S, Svineng G, Winberg JO, Uhlin-Hansen L. Abstract 543: Stromal impact on tumor invasiveness and gelatinolytic activity at the invasive front. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the impact of tumor stroma on invasiveness and expression of gelatinases in xenograft carcinomas.
Xenograft tumors of various human carcinoma cells were established either in the tongue or the skin of BALB/c Nude mice. Cell lines originating from oral and skin SCCs were used, as well as a cell line foreign to both organs. Gelatinolytic activity in the tumors was investigated by a novel in situ zymography technique which enables high image resolution. In vivo and in vitro expression of various proteolytic enzymes were analyzed at transcriptional and protein level using RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and SDS-PAGE substrate zymography.
Tongue tumors showed an invasive growth pattern, whereas the skin tumors established from the same cell lines were non-invasive. Although the repertoire of proteolytic enzymes differed between the cell lines, the tongue tumors of all cell lines showed strong gelatinolytic activity, especially at the invasive front. In contrast, the skin tumors showed only weak gelatinolytic activity.
Our results suggest that invasiveness as well as activity of proteolytic enzymes in the tumors is more dependent on the tumor microenvironment than on inherent properties of the cancer cells.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 543.
Collapse
|
23
|
Magnussen S, Haustreis S, Uhlin-Hansen L, Winberg JO, Svineng G. Abstract 2343: Overexpression of uPAR in the murine oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line AT84. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancers of the oral cavity are associated with bad prognosis and have been so for the last 20-30 years. Almost half of the patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) will die from the disease. When comparing oral SCC to its counterpart in skin, one of the main features that differ between the two is the ability of the oral SCC to metastasize. A prerequisite for metastasis is the capability to invade the surrounding tissue and penetrate into the nearest blood- or lymphatic vessel. This initial step in metastasis requires several extracellular matrix degrading enzymes. One such enzyme is uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator), involved in pericellular proteolysis, where high levels are known to be correlated to bad prognosis in several cancers. Pro-uPA binds to its extracellularly located receptor uPAR. Upon binding, pro-uPA is cleaved and activated, and ample evidence shows that binding of uPA triggers uPAR-mediated cellular signalling. Being that uPAR has no membrane spanning domain, the signal transduction has to be mediated through one or several membrane partners. uPARs role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration and proliferation have been dedicated to its interplay with membrane partners such as integrins, chemokine receptors, EGFR, G-protein coupled receptors and caveolin. To better understand the role of uPAR in the metastasis of oral SCCs, a mouse oral SCC cell line, AT84, was stably transfected with uPAR. AT84 was initially obtained from a spontaneously originating oral SCC of the C3H mouse (Lou et al., 2003; Schultz-Hector and Haghayegh, 1993). Characterization of these cell lines with respect to adhesion, migration, invasion, and effects on gene expression and activation of other proteolytic enzymes will be presented.
Lou, E., R.M. Kellman, R. Hutchison, and E.J. Shillitoe. 2003. Clinical and pathological features of the murine AT-84 orthotopic model of oral cancer. Oral Dis. 9:305-12.
Schultz-Hector, S., and S. Haghayegh. 1993. Beta-fibroblast growth factor expression in human and murine squamous cell carcinomas and its relationship to regional endothelial cell proliferation. Cancer Res. 53:1444-9.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2343.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gharagozlian S, Svennevig K, Bangstad HJ, Winberg JO, Kolset SO. Matrix metalloproteinases in subjects with type 1 diabetes. BMC Clin Pathol 2009; 9:7. [PMID: 19758433 PMCID: PMC2753592 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nephropathy is serious complication of diabetes. We have previously shown that level of the proteoglycan syndecan-1 in blood is associated with ultrastructural kidney changes in young persons with type 1 diabetes. Dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) may contribute to the development of nephropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate if the levels of MMPs in blood samples are potential markers of early nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Methods Blood samples were collected from type 1 diabetes patients after 11 years of diabetes (n = 15) and healthy volunteers (n = 12) and stored at ÷80°C until measurement. Levels and activities of serum MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP- 2 were analyzed and compared to those of control individuals using ELISA, SDS-PAGE gelatin zymography, and Western blot analysis. Results The serum levels of both MMP-9 and MMP-2 were significantly higher in subjects with type 1 diabetes, compared to controls (p = 0.016 and p = 0.008 respectively). Western blotting revealed no differences between the two groups in the levels of TIMP-1 or TIMP-2, respectively. Conclusion Our MMP analysis of serum from a limited number of patients with type 1 diabetes suggest that such analysis is potentially useful as markers in studies of people at risk of progression to chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sedegheh Gharagozlian
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hadler-Olsen E, Kanapathippillai P, Berg E, Svineng G, Winberg JO, Uhlin-Hansen L. Gelatin in situ zymography on fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue: zinc and ethanol fixation preserve enzyme activity. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 58:29-39. [PMID: 19755718 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.954354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ zymography is a method for the detection and localization of enzymatic activity in tissue sections. This method is used with frozen sections because routine fixation of tissue in neutral-buffered formalin inhibits enzyme activity. However, frozen sections present with poor tissue morphology, making precise localization of enzymatic activity difficult to determine. Ethanol- and zinc-buffered fixative (ZBF) are known to preserve both morphological and functional properties of the tissue well, but it has not previously been shown that these fixatives preserve enzyme activity. In the present study, we show that in situ zymography can be performed on ethanol- and ZBF-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Compared with snap-frozen tissue, ethanol- and ZBF-fixed tissue showed stronger signals and superior morphology, allowing for a much more precise detection of gelatinolytic activity. Gelatinolytic enzymes could also be extracted from both ethanol- and ZBF-fixed tissue. The yield, as analyzed by SDS-PAGE gelatin zymography and Western blotting, was influenced by the composition of the extraction buffer, but was generally lower than that obtained from unfixed tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Elenjord R, Allen JB, Johansen HT, Kildalsen H, Svineng G, Maelandsmo GM, Loennechen T, Winberg JO. Collagen I regulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation in osteosarcoma cells independent of S100A4. FEBS J 2009; 276:5275-86. [PMID: 19682073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the effect of cell-collagen I interactions on the synthesis and activation of MMP-2, as well as synthesis of MT1-MMP and TIMP-1, by using an in vitro model with 3D fibrillar and 2D monomeric collagen. In order to reveal whether the metastasis-associated protein S100A4 can influence the cell's response to the two forms of collagen, osteosarcoma cell lines with high and low endogenous levels of S100A4 were used. Attachment of osteosarcoma cells to 3D fibrillar and 2D monomeric collagen resulted in opposite effects on MMP-2 activation. Attachment to 3D fibrillar collagen decreased activation of proMMP-2, with a corresponding reduction in MT1-MMP. By contrast, attachment to monomeric collagen increased the amount of fully active MMP-2. This was caused by a reduction in TIMP-1 levels when cells were attached to monomeric 2D collagen. The effect of collagen on proMMP-2 activation was independent of endogenous S100A4 levels, whereas synthesis of TIMP-1 was dependent on S100A4. When cells were attached to monomeric collagen, cells with a high level of S100A4 showed a greater reduction in the synthesis of TIMP-1 than did those with a low level of S100A4. Taken together, this study shows that synthesis and activation of MMP-2 is affected by interactions between osteosarcoma cells and collagen I in both fibrillar and monomeric form.
Collapse
|
27
|
Malla N, Berg E, Uhlin-Hansen L, Winberg JO. Interaction of pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9/proteoglycan heteromer with gelatin and collagen. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13652-65. [PMID: 18359769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709140200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that THP-1 cells synthesize matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) where a fraction of the enzyme is strongly linked to a proteoglycan (PG) core protein. In the present work we show that these pro-MMP-9.PG heteromers have different biochemical properties compared with the monomeric form of pro-MMP-9. In these heteromers, the fibronectin II-like domain in the catalytic site of the enzyme is hidden, and the fibronectin II-like-mediated binding to gelatin and collagen is prevented. However, a fraction of the pro-MMP-9.PG heteromers interacted with gelatin and collagen. This interaction was not through the chondroitin sulfate (CS) part of the PG molecule but, rather, through a region in the PG core protein, a new site induced by the interaction of pro-MMP-9 and the PG core protein, or a non-CS glycosaminoglycan part of the PG molecule. The interaction between pro-MMP-9.PG heteromers and gelatin was weaker than the interaction between pro-MMP-9 and gelatin. In contrast, collagen I bound to pro-MMP-9.PG heteromers and pro-MMP-9 with approximately the same affinity. Removal of CS chains from the PG part of the heteromers did not affect the binding to gelatin and collagen. Although the identity of the PG core protein is not known, this does not have any impact on the described biochemical properties of the heteromer or its pro-MMP-9 component. It is also shown that a small fraction of the PG, which is not a part of the pro-MMP-9.PG heteromer, can bind gelatin. As for the pro-MMP-9.PG heteromers, this was independent of the CS chains. The structure that mediates the binding of free PG to gelatin is different from the corresponding structure in the pro-MMP-9.PG heteromer, because they were eluted from gelatin-Sepharose columns under totally different conditions. Although only a small amount of pro-MMP-9.PG heteromer is formed, the heteromer may have fundamental physiological importance, because only catalytic amounts of the enzyme are required to digest physiological targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Malla
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, MH Building, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Svineng G, Ravuri C, Rikardsen O, Huseby NE, Winberg JO. The role of reactive oxygen species in integrin and matrix metalloproteinase expression and function. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:197-202. [PMID: 18661342 DOI: 10.1080/03008200802143166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion and migration is largely dependent on integrin binding to extracellular matrix, and several signalling pathways involved in these processes have been shown to be modified by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In fact, integrin activation is linked to increased ROS production by NADPH-oxidases, 5-lipoxygenase, and release from mitochondria. Cell migration is intimately linked to degradation of the extracellular matrix, and activated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a prerequisite for cancer cell invasion and metastasis. In this minireview, we focus on the interplay between integrin-mediated ROS production and MMP expression as well as its biological and pathobiological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunbjørg Svineng
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The two matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, are known to form various dimer complexes. In the present review, some of these complexes are described along with their biological and pathobiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Malla
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bruckner-Tuderman L, Høyheim B, Winberg JO. Tobias Gedde-Dahl Jr. (1934–2006). J Invest Dermatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, which do not normally express the proteoglycan (PG) serglycin, were stably transfected with cDNA for human serglycin fused to a polyhistidine tag (His-tag). Clones with different levels of serglycin mRNA expression were generated. One clone with lower and one with higher serglycin mRNA expression were selected for this study. 35S-labelled serglycin in cell fractions and conditioned media was isolated using HisTrap affinity chromatography. Serglycin could also be detected in conditioned media using western blotting. To investigate the possible importance of serglycin linked to protease secretion, enzyme activities using chromogenic substrates and zymography were measured in cell fractions and serum-free conditioned media of the different clones. Cells were cultured in both the absence and presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). In general, enzyme secretion was strongly enhanced by treatment with PMA. Our analyses revealed that the clone with the highest serglycin mRNA expression, level of HisTrap isolated 35S-labelled serglycin, and amount of serglycin core protein as detected by western blotting, also showed the highest secretion of proteases. Transfection of serglycin into MDCK cells clearly leads to changes in secretion levels of secreted endogenous proteases, and could provide further insight into the biosynthesis and secretion of serglycin and potential partner molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Zernichow
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mathisen B, Loennechen T, Gedde-Dahl T, Winberg JO. Fibroblast heterogeneity in collagenolytic response to colchicine. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 71:574-83. [PMID: 16378602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are important in various physiological and pathological conditions, including those that involve homeostasis of collagen. Drug induced regulation of MMP-1, other MMPs and TIMPs is critical in treatment of various diseases, e.g. the use of the plant alkaloid, colchicine. One possible factor that might explain the failure in colchicine-treatment of some patients is interindividual variability on the cellular level. To investigate the possible individual heterogeneity in response to colchicine, we studied the effect of colchicine-induced synthesis of collagenase from 32 different human skin fibroblast strains derived from both healthy individuals as well as individuals with different skin diseases. We showed that colchicine induced an increased synthesis of collagenase in 22 of 32 cases. This heterogeneity occurred in fibroblasts from healthy as well as diseased individuals. To determine if colchicine also affected the fibroblast synthesis of gelatinase, stromelysin and tissue inhibitors of MMPs, we investigated several individuals from a single family. The results showed that both colchicine responsive and non-responsive fibroblasts with respect to collagenase synthesis responded to colchicine by an increased stromelysin synthesis, while the synthesis of gelatinase and TIMP-1 were unaffected. As a whole, our results indicate that individual heterogeneity in collagenase response to colchicine treatment may partly explain some of the controversial results obtained with colchicine as a drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berit Mathisen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lindstad RI, Sylte I, Mikalsen SO, Seglen PO, Berg E, Winberg JO. Pancreatic trypsin activates human promatrix metalloproteinase-2. J Mol Biol 2005; 350:682-98. [PMID: 15950241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the prevalent view in the literature hitherto, the present study shows that pancreatic trypsin can activate human promatrix metalloproteinase-2 (proMMP-2). It is shown that trypsin's ability to activate proMMP-2 is dependent on various environmental factors such as the level of exogenously added Ca(2+) and Brij-35, temperature, as well as trypsin concentration. The activation occurred as a sequential processing of the proenzyme, initially generating an active 62kDa species. This was followed by successive truncation of the C-terminal domain, giving rise to active species of 56kDa, 52kDa and 50kDa. Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) prevented the trypsin-mediated C-terminal truncation, without affecting the generation of the 62kDa species, while the presence of EDTA increased the rate of the trypsin-mediated activation of proMMP-2. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the 50kDa form indicated that trypsin generated active forms with either Lys87 or Trp90 as the N-terminal residue and Arg538 as a C-terminal residue. The trypsin-activated MMP-2 was active in solution against both synthetic and physiologic substrates, and the steady-state kinetic coefficients k(cat), K(m) and k(cat)/K(m) were determined for the enzyme activated either by APMA, membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) or trypsin. The trypsin-activated MMP-2 exhibited slightly lower k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) values as well as a slightly higher K(i) value against TIMP-1 compared to the enzyme activated by APMA or MT1-MMP. Docking studies of TIMP-1 revealed that the slightly weaker binding of the inhibitor to the trypsin-activated MMP-2 could be attributed to its shorter N terminus (Lys87/Trp90 versus Tyr81), as Phe83 and Arg86 interacted directly with the inhibitor. Our results suggest that the trypsin-activated MMP-2 possesses the catalytic and regulatory potential to be of significance in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rune I Lindstad
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lødemel JB, Maehre HK, Winberg JO, Olsen RL. Tissue distribution, inhibition and activation of gelatinolytic activities in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 137:363-71. [PMID: 15050523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Revised: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 12/31/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gelatinolytic activities in fish tissues with properties like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been paid little attention. However, they have been proposed to participate in post mortem degradation during storage and the disintegration of pericellular connective tissue during spawning. In this paper the distribution of gelatinolytic activities in liver, heart, muscle, gill, and male and female gonad of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was studied by using gelatin SDS-PAGE, proteinase inhibitors, gelatin and lentil lectin Sepharose affinity chromatography. The amount of gelatin degrading enzymes varied from tissue to tissue. Most of the gelatin binding enzymes were found to be matrix metalloproteinases by adding galardin, a broad range MMP inhibitor, to the incubation buffer. A 72 kDa form of cod gelatin degrading enzyme had properties similar to human proMMP-2, as it could be activated by p-aminophenylmercuric acetate and trypsin. Like the human MMP-2 it did not bind to lentil lectin. An 83 kDa cod gelatin degrading enzyme had properties similar to the 92 kDa progelatinase B (proMMP-9). These properties were also similar to that of the 72 kDa form, except that the 83 kDa cod gelatinase was bound to lentil lectin, showing that it is a glycoprotein like MMP-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen B Lødemel
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Benach J, Winberg JO, Svendsen JS, Atrian S, Gonzàlez-Duarte R, Ladenstein R. Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase: acetate-enzyme interactions and novel insights into the effects of electrostatics on catalysis. J Mol Biol 2005; 345:579-98. [PMID: 15581900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (DADH) is an NAD+-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes/ketones and that is also able to further oxidize aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. The structure of the ternary enzyme-NADH-acetate complex of the slow alleloform of Drosophila melanogaster ADH (DmADH-S) was solved at 1.6 A resolution by X-ray crystallography. The coenzyme stereochemistry of the aldehyde dismutation reaction showed that the obtained enzyme-NADH-acetate complex reflects a productive ternary complex although no enzymatic reaction occurs. The stereochemistry of the acetate binding in the bifurcated substrate-binding site, along with previous stereochemical studies of aldehyde reduction and alcohol oxidation shows that the methyl group of the aldehyde in the reduction reaction binds to the R1 and in the oxidation reaction to the R2 sub-site. NMR studies along with previous kinetic studies show that the formed acetaldehyde intermediate in the oxidation of ethanol to acetate leaves the substrate site prior to the reduced coenzyme, and then binds to the newly formed enzyme-NAD+ complex. Here, we compare the three-dimensional structure of D.melanogaster ADH-S and a previous theoretically built model, evaluate the differences with the crystal structures of five Drosophila lebanonensis ADHs in numerous complexed forms that explain the substrate specificity as well as subtle kinetic differences between these two enzymes based on their crystal structures. We also re-examine the electrostatic influence of charged residues on the surface of the protein on the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Benach
- Center for Structural Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tchougounova E, Lundequist A, Fajardo I, Winberg JO, Abrink M, Pejler G. A Key Role for Mast Cell Chymase in the Activation of Pro-matrix Metalloprotease-9 and Pro-matrix Metalloprotease-2. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:9291-6. [PMID: 15615702 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410396200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymases, serine proteases exclusively expressed by mast cells, have been implicated in various pathological conditions. However, the basis for these activities is not known, i.e. the in vivo substrate(s) for mast cell chymase has not been identified. In this study we show that mice lacking the chymase mouse mast cell protease 4 (mMCP-4) fail to process pro-matrix metalloprotease 9 (pro-MMP-9) to its active form in vivo, whereas both the pro and active form of MMP-9 was found in tissues of wild type mice. Moreover, the processing of pro-MMP-2 into active enzyme was markedly defective in mMCP-4 null animals. Histological analysis revealed an increase in collagen in the ear tissue of mMCP-4-deficient animals accompanied by increased ear thickness and a higher content of hydroxyproline. Furthermore, both lung and ear tissue from the knock-out animals showed a markedly increased staining for fibronectin. MMP-9 and MMP-2 are known to have a range of important activities, but the mechanisms for their activation in vivo have not been clarified previously. The present study thus indicates a key role for mast cell chymase in the regulation of pro-MMP-2 and -9 activities. Moreover, the results suggest an important role for mast cell chymase in regulating connective tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tchougounova
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, BMC, Box 575, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li X, Mikkelsen IM, Mortensen B, Winberg JO, Huseby NE. Butyrate reduces liver metastasis of rat colon carcinoma cells in vivo and resistance to oxidative stress in vitro. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004; 21:331-8. [PMID: 15554389 DOI: 10.1023/b:clin.0000046134.80393.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Injection of the rat colon carcinoma cell line CC531 into spleen of syngeneic rats results in considerable amounts of liver metastases within 14 days. We investigated whether preincubation of the cells with butyrate reduced their metastatic ability in vivo and whether this was accompanied by reduction in related properties such as secretion of metalloproteinases and their ability to withstand oxidative stress. Butyrate incubation reduced cell growth rate and initiated apoptosis in a dose- and time-related manner, but proliferation was retrieved when cultivation was continued in medium without butyrate. Splenic injection of butyrate treated, proliferating cells resulted in significantly reduced amounts of tumor mass compared to untreated cells. The butyrate treated cells were more susceptible to oxidative stress than control cells, as demonstrated by increased number of apoptotic cells and reduced cell growth after exposure to menadione. A reduction in cellular glutathione was found after prolonged incubation with butyrate. Butyrate appeared not to alter the secretion of active metalloproteinases from the cells although an apparent increase in proforms was demonstrated. Neither did butyrate alter the synthesis of metalloproteinase inhibitors. Lastly, a reduced adhesion of the tumor cells to collagen coated matrix was found after butyrate treatment. Thus, the inhibitory effects of butyrate on tumor malignancy are caused by a diversity of mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mathisen B, Lindstad RI, Hansen J, El-Gewely SA, Maelandsmo GM, Hovig E, Fodstad O, Loennechen T, Winberg JO. S100A4 regulates membrane induced activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in osteosarcoma cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004. [PMID: 14713104 DOI: 10.1023/b: clin.0000006819.21361.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To study the role of the metastasis associated protein S100A4, an osteosarcoma cell line (OHS) with a high level of this protein was transfected with a vector containing a ribozyme that degrades S100A4 mRNA and, as controls, OHS cells were transfected with the vector alone. We have followed up our previous investigation (Bjørnland et al. 1999) by a detailed investigation of these cell lines' synthesis of MMP and TIMP proteins at different cell densities. It is shown that the cell lines with a low S100A4 level produced a reduced amount of immunoreactive MMP-2 at cellular subconfluence, while at confluence there was no difference compared to the control cells. The cell lines with a reduced S100A4 level produced less of the activated form of MMP-2 (62-kDa) and less TIMP-1 than the corresponding control cells, independent of cell density. Isolated cell membranes from cell lines with a reduced S100A4 level contained less MT1-MMP, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 compared to the control cells. Activation of exogenously added proMMP-2 was less effective with the former membrane preparations. It appeared that the mechanism behind the S100A4 dependent activation of proMMP-2 varied with cell density, as SN50, a peptide inhibitor of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation reduced the activation of MMP-2 at low cell density, but had no effect at high cell density. Thus, one of the mechanisms by which S100A4 may exert its effect on metastasis of some tumors is by regulating the MMP-2 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berit Mathisen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Loennechen T, Mathisen B, Hansen J, Lindstad RI, El-Gewely SA, Andersen K, Maelandsmo GM, Winberg JO. Colchicine induces membrane-associated activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in osteosarcoma cells in an S100A4-independent manner. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 66:2341-53. [PMID: 14637192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Like the metastasis-associated protein S100A4, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are important in physiological and pathological conditions. Previously, we showed that S100A4 is involved in the regulation of MMPs and TIMPs, and in the present work we have investigated whether the anti-inflammatory and microtubule-disrupting drug colchicine has an effect on the expression of these proteins in osteosarcoma cell lines (OHS) with high and low levels of S100A4. Colchicine treatment of the various OHS cells resulted in an increased expression of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 mRNA, and a corresponding increase of these two proteins in isolated cell membranes. Colchicine-treated cells produced more of the activated form of MMP-2 than control cells. However, the drug did not affect the amount of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 mRNA or protein, and it reduced the S100A4 mRNA expression. Isolated cell membranes from the colchicine-treated cells were more effective in activating exogenous proMMP-2 than membranes from control cells, and inhibitory studies indicated that it was the colchicine-induced increase in MT1-MMP that caused the increased activation of endogenous MMP-2. A peptide inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB nuclear translocation, SN50, blocked the colchicine-induced activation of proMMP-2 and reduced the synthesis of MMP-2 in colchicine-treated cells, but not in control cells. It can be concluded that colchicine modulates the expression of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 and hence the activation of proMMP-2 independently of the S100A4 level in osteosarcoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thrina Loennechen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Winberg JO, Berg E, Kolset SO, Uhlin-Hansen L. Calcium-induced activation and truncation of promatrix metalloproteinase-9 linked to the core protein of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:3996-4007. [PMID: 14511382 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the leukemic macrophage cell-line THP-1, a fraction of the secreted matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is linked to the core protein of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG). Unlike the monomeric and homodimeric forms of MMP-9, the addition of exogenous CaCl2 to the proMMP-9/CSPG complex resulted in an active gelatinase due to the induction of an autocatalytic removal of the N-terminal prodomain. In addition, the MMP-9 was released from the CSPG through a process that appeared to be a stepwise truncation of both the CSPG core protein and a part of the C-terminal domain of the gelatinase. The calcium-induced activation and truncation of the MMP-9/CSPG complex was independent of the concentration of the complex, inhibited by the MMP inhibitors EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline and TIMP-1, but not by general inhibitors of serine, thiol and acid proteinases. This indicated that the activation and truncation process was not due to a bimolecular reaction, but more likely an intramolecular reaction. The negatively charged chondroitin sulfate chains in the proteoglycan were not involved in this process. Other metal-containing compounds like amino-phenylmercuric acetate (APMA), NaCl, ZnCl2 and MgCl2 were not able to induce activation and truncation of the proMMP-9 in this heterodimer. On the contrary, APMA inhibited the calcium-induced process, whereas high concentrations of either MgCl2 or NaCl had no effect. Our results indicate that the interaction between the MMP-9 and the core protein of the CSPG was the causal factor in the calcium-induced activation and truncation of the gelatinase, and that this process was not due to a general electrostatic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pejler G, Winberg JO, Vuong TT, Henningsson F, Uhlin-Hansen L, Kimata K, Kolset SO. Secretion of macrophage urokinase plasminogen activator is dependent on proteoglycans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:3971-80. [PMID: 14511379 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of proteoglycans for secretion of proteolytic enzymes was studied in the murine macrophage cell line J774. Untreated or 4beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated macrophages were treated with hexyl-beta-d-thioxyloside to interfere with the attachment of glycosaminoglycan chains to their respective protein cores. Activation of the J774 macrophages with PMA resulted in increased secretion of trypsin-like serine proteinase activity. This activity was completely inhibited by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and by amiloride, identifying the activity as urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). Treatment of both the unstimulated or PMA-stimulated macrophages with xyloside resulted in decreased uPA activity and Western blotting analysis revealed an almost complete absence of secreted uPA protein after xyloside treatment of either control- or PMA-treated cells. Zymography analyses with gels containing both gelatin and plasminogen confirmed these findings. The xyloside treatment did not reduce the mRNA levels for uPA, indicating that the effect was at the post-translational level. Treatment of the macrophages with xylosides did also reduce the levels of secreted matrix metalloproteinase 9. Taken together, these findings indicate a role for proteoglycans in the secretion of uPA and MMP-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Veterinary Medical Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Andreassen K, Mortensen B, Winberg JO, Huseby NE. Increased resistance towards oxidative stress accompanies enhancement of metastatic potential obtained by repeated in vivo passage of colon carcinoma cells in syngeneic rats. Clin Exp Metastasis 2003; 19:623-9. [PMID: 12498392 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020978411846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The colon carcinoma cell line CC531 is metastatic to liver after splenic injection in syngeneic rats. After repeated in vivo passages, a subline was selected that produced liver metastases at a considerably higher rate than the original cell line. These cells were characterized by increased intracellular glutathione, proliferation and ability to restore glutathione after exposure to oxidative stress, thus indicating an elevated resistance to oxidative stress. Furthermore, the increased metastatic ability was also accompanied by increased proliferation rate, adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and endothelial cells, and secretion of a 60 kD matrix metalloproteinase. When cultured in vitro for a prolonged time (more than 30 trypsinizations), the cells showed a reduced in vivo metastatic ability, reduced secretion of three metalloproteinases including the 60 kD proteinase, and reduced intracellular glutathione. These results indicate that metastatic ability can be influenced through several adaptive mechanisms, and that the cell's ability to resist oxidative stress and maintain intracellular glutathione are of central importance.
Collapse
|
43
|
Mathisen B, Lindstad RI, Hansen J, El-Gewely SA, Maelandsmo GM, Hovig E, Fodstad O, Loennechen T, Winberg JO. S100A4 regulates membrane induced activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in osteosarcoma cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2003; 20:701-11. [PMID: 14713104 DOI: 10.1023/b:clin.0000006819.21361.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To study the role of the metastasis associated protein S100A4, an osteosarcoma cell line (OHS) with a high level of this protein was transfected with a vector containing a ribozyme that degrades S100A4 mRNA and, as controls, OHS cells were transfected with the vector alone. We have followed up our previous investigation (Bjørnland et al. 1999) by a detailed investigation of these cell lines' synthesis of MMP and TIMP proteins at different cell densities. It is shown that the cell lines with a low S100A4 level produced a reduced amount of immunoreactive MMP-2 at cellular subconfluence, while at confluence there was no difference compared to the control cells. The cell lines with a reduced S100A4 level produced less of the activated form of MMP-2 (62-kDa) and less TIMP-1 than the corresponding control cells, independent of cell density. Isolated cell membranes from cell lines with a reduced S100A4 level contained less MT1-MMP, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 compared to the control cells. Activation of exogenously added proMMP-2 was less effective with the former membrane preparations. It appeared that the mechanism behind the S100A4 dependent activation of proMMP-2 varied with cell density, as SN50, a peptide inhibitor of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation reduced the activation of MMP-2 at low cell density, but had no effect at high cell density. Thus, one of the mechanisms by which S100A4 may exert its effect on metastasis of some tumors is by regulating the MMP-2 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berit Mathisen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Winberg JO, Kolset SO, Berg E, Uhlin-Hansen L. Macrophages secrete matrix metalloproteinase 9 covalently linked to the core protein of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans. J Mol Biol 2000; 304:669-80. [PMID: 11099388 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) secreted from the leukemic macrophage cell-line THP-1 have been investigated. Under serum-free conditions, this cell-line synthesizes and secretes proMMP-9, which was detected in the culture medium as a monomer of 92 kDa, and in dimeric forms, including a homodimer of approximately 225 kDa. In addition, a new heterodimer complex is described, in which proMMP-9 is covalently linked to the core protein of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) through one or more disulphide bridges. After SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, at least two forms of this complex were detected, a large form in the stacking gel and a smaller form with an estimated size of 300 kDa. When the CS chains were removed by chondroitin ABC lyase treatment, heterodimers of proMMP-9/CSPG core protein of approximately 145, 127 and 109 kDa were found, based on zymography and Western blots. Since as much as 10-15 % of the total proMMP-9 secreted from THP-1 cells was covalently linked to CSPG, this association may have important implications for transport, targetting and regulation of the enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J O Winberg
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Winberg JO, Brendskag MK, Sylte I, Lindstad RI, McKinley-McKee JS. The catalytic triad in Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase: pH, temperature and molecular modelling studies. J Mol Biol 1999; 294:601-16. [PMID: 10610783 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase belongs to the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family which lack metal ions in their active site. In this family, it appears that the three amino acid residues, Ser138, Tyr151 and Lys155 have a similar function as the catalytic zinc in medium chain dehydrogenases. The present work has been performed in order to obtain information about the function of these residues. To obtain this goal, the pH and temperature dependence of various kinetic coefficients of the alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila lebanonensis was studied and three-dimensional models of the ternary enzyme-coenzyme-substrate complexes were created from the X-ray crystal coordinates of the D. lebanonensis ADH complexed with either NAD(+) or the NAD(+)-3-pentanone adduct. The kon velocity for ethanol and the ethanol competitive inhibitor pyrazole increased with pH and was regulated through the ionization of a single group in the binary enzyme-NAD(+) complex, with a DeltaHion value of 74(+/-4) kJ/mol (18(+/-1) kcal/mol). Based on this result and the constructed three-dimensional models of the enzyme, the most likely candidate for this catalytic residue is Ser138. The present kinetic study indicates that the role of Lys155 is to lower the pKa values of both Tyr151 and Ser138 already in the free enzyme. In the binary enzyme-NAD(+) complex, the positive charge of the nicotinamide ring in the coenzyme further lowers the pKa values and generates a strong base in the two negatively charged residues Ser138 and Tyr151. With the OH group of an alcohol close to the Ser138 residue, an alcoholate anion is formed in the ternary enzyme NAD(+) alcohol transition state complex. In the catalytic triad, along with their effect on Ser138, both Lys155 and Tyr151 also appear to bind and orient the oxidized coenzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J O Winberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bjørnland K, Winberg JO, Odegaard OT, Hovig E, Loennechen T, Aasen AO, Fodstad O, Maelandsmo GM. S100A4 involvement in metastasis: deregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases in osteosarcoma cells transfected with an anti-S100A4 ribozyme. Cancer Res 1999; 59:4702-8. [PMID: 10493528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The biological function of the metastasis-associated gene S100A4 is not fully understood, although there is evidence indicating interactions between the gene product and the cytoskeleton. We have examined whether an association could exist between S100A4 and the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors (TIMPs). For these studies, three clones of a highly metastatic human osteosarcoma cell line (OHS) transfected with a hammerhead ribozyme directed against the S100A4 gene transcript were used. The clones demonstrated different expression levels of S100A4 and also different metastatic capacity. In the clone with the most prominent down-regulation of S100A4, the mRNA levels of MMP2, membrane type (MT) 1-MMP, and TIMP-1 were significantly reduced in exponentially growing cultures. Western blots, gelatin zymography, and ELISA showed similar expression patterns of MMPs and TIMPs at the protein level. In the clones with an intermediate expression of S100A4, reduced expression of MT1-MMP and TIMP-1 was detected, whereas the expression of MMP-2 was at the same level as in the control cells. In contrast to the other factors, TIMP-2 was up-regulated in all of the clones independent of the extent of ribozyme-induced down-regulation of S100A4. The transwell chamber assay demonstrated that the capacity of the ribozyme-transfected cells to cross uncoated filters was reduced, relative to control cells, according to the reduction in the S100A4 expression level. The clone with the lowest reduction in S100A4 did not demonstrate different motility compared with control cells, whereas transfectants with only 5% S100A4 mRNA showed a 50% reduction in motility. Interestingly, this trend was even more striking when the capacity to cross Matrigel-coated filters was analyzed, as all the clones demonstrated between 40 and 75% reduced invasion. It is concluded that S100A4 may exert its effect on metastasis formation not only by stimulating the motility of tumor cells but also by affecting their invasive properties through influencing the expression of MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Bjørnland
- Institute for Surgical Research, The National Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kaaber Brendskag M, McKinley-McKee JS, Winberg JO. Drosophila lebanonensis alcohol dehydrogenase: pH dependence of the kinetic coefficients. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1431:74-86. [PMID: 10209281 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Drosophila lebanonensis shows 82% positional identity to the alcohol dehydrogenases from Drosophila melanogaster. These insect ADHs belong to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family which lack metal ions in their active site. In this family, it appears that the function of zinc in medium chain dehydrogenases has been replaced by three amino acids, Ser138, Tyr151 and Lys155. The present work on D. lebanonensis ADH has been performed in order to obtain information about reaction mechanism, and possible differences in topology and electrostatic properties in the vicinity of the catalytic residues in ADHs from various species of Drosophila. Thus the pH dependence of various kinetic coefficients has been studied. Both in the oxidation of alcohols and in the reduction of aldehydes, the reaction mechanism of D. lebanonensis ADH in the pH 6-10 region was consistent with a compulsory ordered pathway, with the coenzymes as the outer substrates. Over the entire pH region, the rate limiting step for the oxidation of secondary alcohols such as propan-2-ol was the release of the coenzyme product from the enzyme-NADH complex. In the oxidation of ethanol at least two steps were rate limiting, the hydride transfer step and the dissociation of NADH from the binary enzyme-NADH product complex. In the reduction of acetaldehyde, the rate limiting step was the dissociation of NAD+ from the binary enzyme-NAD+ product complex. The pH dependences of the kon velocity curves for the two coenzymes were the opposite of each other, i.e. kon increased for NAD+ and decreased for NADH with increasing pH. The two curves appeared complex and the kon velocity for the two coenzymes seemed to be regulated by several groups in the free enzyme. The kon velocity for ethanol and the ethanol competitive inhibitor pyrazole increased with pH and was regulated through the ionization of a single group in the binary enzyme-NAD+ complex, with a pKa value of 7.1. The kon velocity for acetaldehyde was pH independent and showed that in the enzyme-NADH complex, the pKa value of the catalytic residue must be above 10. The koff velocity of NAD+ appeared to be partly regulated by the catalytic residue, and protonation resulted in an increased dissociation rate. The koff velocity for NADH and the hydride transfer step was pH independent. In D. lebanonensis ADH, the pKa value of the catalytic residue was 0.5 pH units lower than in the ADHS alleloenzyme from D. melanogaster. Thus it can be concluded that while most of the topology of the active site is mainly conserved in these two distantly related enzymes, the microenvironment and electrostatic properties around the catalytic residues differ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kaaber Brendskag
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromso, 9037, Tromso, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Andersen K, Maelandsmo GM, Hovig E, Fodstad O, Loennechen T, Winberg JO. Interleukin-1 alpha and basic fibroblast growth factor induction of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in osteosarcoma cells is modulated by the metastasis associated protein CAPL. Anticancer Res 1998; 18:3299-303. [PMID: 9858899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several recent investigations have shown that the expression of the CAPL protein seems to be of importance in the metastatic potential in some types of cancer. However, the mechanisms behind this and other biological functions of CAPL are still largely unknown. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether CAPL could affect the expression of candidate proteolytic facilitators of the metastatic process, i.e. matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS A highly metastatic osteosarcoma cell-line with a high expression of CAPL was transfected with either a vector containing a ribozyme against this transcript, or with the vector alone as a control. The expression of MMPs and TIMPs was investigated with ELISA and gelatin zymography. RESULTS The cell-line with a low CAPL expression (III-14) responded to bFGF treatment by an increased synthesis of MMP-1 and MMP-9 and to Il-1 alpha treatment by an increased synthesis of MMP-9. In contrast, the cell-line with a high CAPL expression (pH beta-1) did not respond with an altered expression of these MMPs. Neither of these two cell-lines responded with an altered expression of MMP-2. bFGF treatment resulted in an increased expression of TIMP-1 in both cell-lines, while Il-1 alpha treatment resulted in a decreased production of TIMP-1 in pH beta-1 cells, and III-14 cells were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS The CAPL protein expressed in cell-cultures appear to block the MMP induction by bFGF and Il-1 alpha. However, the induction of TIMP-1 by bFGF must proceed through a pathway different from the MMP induced pathway, i.e. a pathway unaffected by CAPL. In addition, CAPL appeared to act in synergy with Il-1 alpha to reduce the synthesis of TIMP-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Aasmoe L, Winberg JO, Aarbakke J. The role of liver alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the oxidation of glycolethers in male and female rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 150:86-90. [PMID: 9630456 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The glycolethers 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME), 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE), and 2-butoxyethanol (2-BE) are used as solvents and have teratogenic, spermatotoxic, and hematotoxic effects. These glycolethers are oxidized to their corresponding alkoxyacetic acids, probably by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). This metabolic conversion of the glycolethers is a prerequisite for development of toxicity, as the toxic effects have been shown to be due to the alkoxyacetic acid metabolites. Three isoenzymes of ADH have been detected in rat tissues. The liver contains two of these isoenzymes, ADH-2 and ADH-3. It has also been shown that the activity level of ADH is strongly sex dependent, with higher activity in females than in males. In the present study, we have investigated whether one or both of the ADH isoenzymes in male and female rat livers were able to oxidize 2-ME, 2-EE, and 2-BE and whether one or both of the ADH isoenzymes in male rat liver were able to oxidize 2-pentyloxyethanol and 2-hexyloxyethanol. Our results indicated that only the ADH-3 isoenzyme effectively oxidized the glycolethers in rat liver. Both ADH-2 and ADH-3 were able to oxidize medium chain aliphatic alcohols with a chain length corresponding to the glycolethers. The activity of ADH is higher in female than in male rat liver. However, it was the same ADH isoenzyme (ADH-3) that oxidized the different glycolethers tested in both male and female rat livers, and the substrate specificity was 2-BE > 2-EE > 2-ME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Aasmoe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) catalyses the oxidation of both alcohols and aldehydes. In the latter case, the oxidation is followed by a reduction of the aldehyde, i.e. a dismutation reaction. At high pH, dismutation is accompanied by a small release of NADH, which is not observed at neutral pH. Previously it has been emphasized that kinetic coefficients obtained by measuring the increase in A340, i.e. the release of NADH at high pH is not a direct measure of the aldehyde oxidation reaction and these values cannot be compared with those for alcohol dehydrogenation. In this article we demonstrate that this is not entirely true, and that the coefficients phiB and phiAB, where B is the aldehyde and A is NAD+, are the same for a dismutation reaction and a simple aldehyde dehydrogenase reaction. Thus the substrate specificity of the aldehyde oxidation reaction can be determined by simply measuring the NADH release. The coefficients for oxidation and dehydrogenation reactions (phi0d and phiAd respectively) are complex and involve the constants for the dismutation reaction. However, dead-end inhibitors can be used to determine the quantitative contribution of the kinetic constants for the aldehyde oxidation and reduction pathways to the phi0d and phiAd coefficients. The combination of dead-end and product inhibitors can be used to determine the reaction mechanism for the aldehyde oxidation pathway. Previously, we showed that with Drosophila Adh, the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes followed a strictly compulsory ordered pathway, although aldehydes and ketones formed binary complexes with the enzyme. This raised the question regarding the reaction mechanism for the oxidation of aldehydes, i.e. whether a random ordered pathway was followed. In the present work, the mechanism for the oxidation of different aldehydes and the accompanying dismutation reaction with the slow alleloenzyme (AdhS) from Drosophila melanogaster has been studied. To obtain reliable results for the liberation of NADH during the initial-rate phase, the reaction was measured with a sensitive recording filter fluorimeter, and the complexes formed with the different dead-end and product inhibitors have been interpreted on the basis of a full dismutation reaction. The results are only consistent with a compulsory ordered reaction mechanism, with the formation of a dead-end binary enzyme-aldehyde complex. Under initial-velocity conditions, the rate of acetate release was calculated to be larger than 2.5 s-1, which is more than ten times that of NADH. The substrate specificity constant (kcat/Km or 1/phiB) with respect to the oxidation of substrates was propan-2-ol>ethanol>acetaldehyde>trimethylacetaldehyde.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J O Winberg
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromso, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|