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Carrillo-Muro O, Rodríguez-Cordero D, Hernández-Briano P, Correa-Aguado PI, Medina-Flores CA, Huerta-López LA, Rodríguez-Valdez FJ, Rivera-Villegas A, Plascencia A. Enzymic Activity, Metabolites, and Hematological Responses in High-Risk Newly Received Calves for "Clinical Health" Reference Intervals. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2342. [PMID: 39199876 PMCID: PMC11350765 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymic activity, metabolites, and hematological responses for reference intervals (RIs) establish ranges of physiological normality, which are useful for diagnosing diseases and physiological alterations. Within the same species, RIs vary according to age, gender, productive and physiological states, and environmental factors including health management and nutrition. RIs have been extensively studied in dairy calves during a critical stage of life (from birth up to first 90 days of age). A critical stage for feedlot calves is their arrival at the feedlot, but no reports determine RIs for different enzymic activity, metabolites, and hematological responses during their initial period at the feedlot. Consequently, a total of 461 high-risk crossbreed beef calves, received on three different dates, were examined upon arrival at the feedlot. Of these, 320 calves (148.3 ± 1.3 kg body weight) whose "clinical health" was evaluated were included in the study. Blood samples were taken upon arrival and on days 14, 28, 42, and 56 to determine the following parameters: enzymic activity, metabolites, electrolytes, white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells. Enzymic activity, metabolites, and complete blood count were determined by automated analyzers. The freeware Reference Value Advisor Software was used to calculate the non-parametric values of RIs. This study is the first to establish RIs for different enzymic activity, metabolites, and hematological responses in high-risk newly received calves during their initial period at the feedlot. This information will be useful for veterinary clinical practice and research related to the health and welfare of high-risk newly received calves during their initial period at the feedlot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Carrillo-Muro
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada 98500, Mexico; (O.C.-M.); (P.I.C.-A.); (C.A.M.-F.); (L.A.H.-L.); (F.J.R.-V.); (A.R.-V.)
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Cordero
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada 98500, Mexico; (O.C.-M.); (P.I.C.-A.); (C.A.M.-F.); (L.A.H.-L.); (F.J.R.-V.); (A.R.-V.)
| | - Pedro Hernández-Briano
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada 98500, Mexico; (O.C.-M.); (P.I.C.-A.); (C.A.M.-F.); (L.A.H.-L.); (F.J.R.-V.); (A.R.-V.)
| | - Paola Isaira Correa-Aguado
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada 98500, Mexico; (O.C.-M.); (P.I.C.-A.); (C.A.M.-F.); (L.A.H.-L.); (F.J.R.-V.); (A.R.-V.)
| | - Carlos Aurelio Medina-Flores
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada 98500, Mexico; (O.C.-M.); (P.I.C.-A.); (C.A.M.-F.); (L.A.H.-L.); (F.J.R.-V.); (A.R.-V.)
| | - Luis Arturo Huerta-López
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada 98500, Mexico; (O.C.-M.); (P.I.C.-A.); (C.A.M.-F.); (L.A.H.-L.); (F.J.R.-V.); (A.R.-V.)
| | - Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Valdez
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada 98500, Mexico; (O.C.-M.); (P.I.C.-A.); (C.A.M.-F.); (L.A.H.-L.); (F.J.R.-V.); (A.R.-V.)
| | - Alejandro Rivera-Villegas
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada 98500, Mexico; (O.C.-M.); (P.I.C.-A.); (C.A.M.-F.); (L.A.H.-L.); (F.J.R.-V.); (A.R.-V.)
| | - Alejandro Plascencia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80260, Mexico;
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Matienko LI, Mil EM, Albantova AA, Goloshchapov AN. The Role H-Bonding and Supramolecular Structures in Homogeneous and Enzymatic Catalysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16874. [PMID: 38069195 PMCID: PMC10707003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The article analyzes the role of hydrogen bonds and supramolecular structures in enzyme catalysis and model systems. Hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in many enzymatic reactions. However, scientists have only recently attempted to harness the power of hydrogen bonds in homogeneous catalytic systems. One of the newest directions is associated with attempts to control the properties of catalysts by influencing the "second coordination sphere" of metal complexes. The role H-bonding, and the building of stable supramolecular nanostructures due to intermolecular H-bonds, based on catalytic active heteroligand iron (Fe) or nickel (Ni) complexes formed during hydrocarbon oxidations were assessed via the AFM (Atomic-force microscopy) method, which was proposed and applied by authors of this manuscript. Th is article also discusses the roles of hydrogen bonds and supramolecular structures in oxidation reactions catalyzed by heteroligand Ni and Fe complexes, which are not only effective homogeneous catalysts but also structural and functional models of Oxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila I. Matienko
- N.M. Emanuel Institution of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Science, 4 Kosygin Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.M.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.G.)
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Fresch E, Collini E. The Role of H-Bonds in the Excited-State Properties of Multichromophoric Systems: Static and Dynamic Aspects. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083553. [PMID: 37110786 PMCID: PMC10141795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Given their importance, hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) have been the subject of intense investigation since their discovery. Indeed, H-bonds play a fundamental role in determining the structure, the electronic properties, and the dynamics of complex systems, including biologically relevant materials such as DNA and proteins. While H-bonds have been largely investigated for systems in their electronic ground state, fewer studies have focused on how the presence of H-bonds could affect the static and dynamic properties of electronic excited states. This review presents an overview of the more relevant progress in studying the role of H-bond interactions in modulating excited-state features in multichromophoric biomimetic complex systems. The most promising spectroscopic techniques that can be used for investigating the H-bond effects in excited states and for characterizing the ultrafast processes associated with their dynamics are briefly summarized. Then, experimental insights into the modulation of the electronic properties resulting from the presence of H-bond interactions are provided, and the role of the H-bond in tuning the excited-state dynamics and the related photophysical processes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fresch
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Collini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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FitzHugh ZT, Schiller MR. Systematic Assessment of Protein C-Termini Mutated in Human Disorders. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020355. [PMID: 36830724 PMCID: PMC9953674 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
All proteins have a carboxyl terminus, and we previously summarized eight mutations in binding and trafficking sequence determinants in the C-terminus that, when disrupted, cause human diseases. These sequence elements for binding and trafficking sites, as well as post-translational modifications (PTMs), are called minimotifs or short linear motifs. We wanted to determine how frequently mutations in minimotifs in the C-terminus cause disease. We searched specifically for PTMs because mutation of a modified amino acid almost always changes the chemistry of the side chain and can be interpreted as loss-of-function. We analyzed data from ClinVar for disease variants, Minimotif Miner and the C-terminome for PTMs, and RefSeq for protein sequences, yielding 20 such potential disease-causing variants. After additional screening, they include six with a previously reported PTM disruption mechanism and nine with new hypotheses for mutated minimotifs in C-termini that may cause disease. These mutations were generally for different genes, with four different PTM types and several different diseases. Our study helps to identify new molecular mechanisms for nine separate variants that cause disease, and this type of analysis could be extended as databases grow and to binding and trafficking motifs. We conclude that mutated motifs in C-termini are an infrequent cause of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. FitzHugh
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Martin R. Schiller
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- Heligenics Inc., 833 Las Vegas Blvd. North, Suite B, Las Vegas, NV 89101, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-702-895-5546; Fax: +1-702-895-5728
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Efstathiou A, Boutou E, Teli A, Drikos I, Balassopoulou A, Theodoridou S. A New Hemoglobin Variant, Hb Natal ( HBA1: c.423C>A), Found in a Greek Family. Hemoglobin 2022; 46:132-136. [PMID: 36000508 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2022.2086134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The rare hemoglobin (Hb) variant Hb Natal [α140(HC2)Tyr-Arg→0 (HBA2: c.423C>A)], detected on the α2-globin gene, is characterized by a shortened polypeptide chain because of a premature stop codon formation in codon 140. Here, we report identification of the same genetic variation but in the corresponding position of the α1-globin gene, in a heterozygous state, in five members of a Greek family. All carriers of Hb Natal (ααNatal/αα) present with mild hematological and no clinical findings. This innocuous Hb variant was initially detected, in the context of the national prevention program for hemoglobinopathies, by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Identification of the variant was performed by molecular analysis of the α-globin genes. This is the first description of a heterozygous Hb Natal in a Greek family, and the first description of this genetic variant on the HBA1 gene, worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Efstathiou
- Haemoglobinopathy Prevention Unit, Hippokration Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Effrossyni Boutou
- Thalassaemia National Center of Greece, Laikon General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Teli
- Haemoglobinopathy Prevention Unit, Hippokration Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Angeliki Balassopoulou
- Thalassaemia National Center of Greece, Laikon General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Theodoridou
- Haemoglobinopathy Prevention Unit, Hippokration Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Selim NS, El-Marakby SM. In-vitro study of the radioprotective effect of palladium α-lipoic acid nano-complex on hemoglobin molecule. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 258:119842. [PMID: 33940572 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work is intended to study the radioprotective effect of palladium α-lipoic acid nano-complex (PLAC) on hemoglobin molecule in vitro. Blood samples were obtained from adult male rats weighing 120-150 g after dissection, using heparinized needles. Each blood sample was divided into four groups; the first group was kept untreated as control, palladium α-lipoic acid (PLAC) was added to the second group at concentration 2% v/v, the third group was exposed to 100 Gy gamma radiation and the forth group was irradiated with the addition of PLAC. Hemoglobin was extracted and prepared for measurement. The effects on the hemoglobin molecule were evaluated by FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy. The results showed that PLAC increases the optical energy gap of the transition of the amino acid side chains and affects the spatial distribution of the globin part. Gamma radiation affects mainly the globin part, results in unfolding of the protein structure and perturbation in the relative orientation of the transition dipole moments. Addition of PLAC to the blood samples prior to irradiation was shown to provide protective effects which can be attributed to its ability to neutralize the free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila S Selim
- Molecular Biophysics Lab, Radiation Physics Depart, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, POB 29 Madinat Nasr, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Seham M El-Marakby
- Molecular Biophysics Lab, Radiation Physics Depart, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, POB 29 Madinat Nasr, Cairo, Egypt.
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Devyatkin V, Mishurov A, Kolodina E. Probiotic effect of Bacillus subtilis B-2998D, B-3057D, and Bacillus licheniformis B-2999D complex on sheep and lambs. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:146-157. [PMID: 33860025 PMCID: PMC8043341 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Probiotics are well documented for their health benefits by developing a balanced intestinal microbiota and boosting immunity. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of a probiotic preparation EnzimsporinTM (consisting of spore-forming bacteria Bacillus subtilis B-2998D, B-3057D, and Bacillus licheniformis B-2999D) on the biochemical, hematological, immunological parameters, intestinal microbiota, and growth dynamics of sheep and lambs. Materials and Methods: Enzimsporin was fed to lambs and sheep at different doses to determine the bacteria’s probiotic effects. Sheep were divided into three groups (six each), which received 0, 1, and 3 gm of Enzimsporin/per head/day, respectively, and two groups of lambs (10 each), who received 0 gm and 1 gm of Enzimsporin/per head/day for 30 days in addition to their regular ration. On day 30, blood samples were collected, followed by the determination of biochemical, hematological, and natural resistance indicators. Fecal samples were examined to determine the intestinal microflora, and animals were weighed daily to determine their growth dynamics. Results: Supplementation of probiotics (EnzimsporinTM) improved the lambs’ body weight gain by 18.8%. Analysis of the clinical parameters showed improvements in the levels of total protein, globulins, and urea by 5.3%, 10.8%, and 6.2%, respectively, in the blood of probiotic-supplemented lambs. Similarly, an increment in the total protein, albumins, and globulins was observed in the sheep with EnzimsporinTM supplementation. The decrease in bilirubin and cholesterol levels in the blood and increased bactericidal and phagocytic index in the sheep and lambs with probiotic supplementation indicated a positive influence of EnzimsporinTM on the liver function and natural resistance. Furthermore, an increase in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and a decrease in the Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Yeast in the fecal contents of experimental sheep and lambs indicated the potentiality of EnzimsporinTM on maintaining good gut health. Conclusion: Spore-forming bacteria B. subtilis B-2998D, B-3057D, and B. licheniformis B-2999D can be used in feeding sheep and lambs of 2 months of age to increase body weight gain, improve intestinal microbiota, strengthen the immune system, and maintain normal metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Devyatkin
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Podolsk, Russia
| | - Alexey Mishurov
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Podolsk, Russia
| | - Evgenia Kolodina
- Laboratory of Microbiology of L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Podolsk, Russia
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9
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Buhrke D, Hildebrandt P. Probing Structure and Reaction Dynamics of Proteins Using Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2019; 120:3577-3630. [PMID: 31814387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic understanding of protein functions requires insight into the structural and reaction dynamics. To elucidate these processes, a variety of experimental approaches are employed. Among them, time-resolved (TR) resonance Raman (RR) is a particularly versatile tool to probe processes of proteins harboring cofactors with electronic transitions in the visible range, such as retinal or heme proteins. TR RR spectroscopy offers the advantage of simultaneously providing molecular structure and kinetic information. The various TR RR spectroscopic methods can cover a wide dynamic range down to the femtosecond time regime and have been employed in monitoring photoinduced reaction cascades, ligand binding and dissociation, electron transfer, enzymatic reactions, and protein un- and refolding. In this account, we review the achievements of TR RR spectroscopy of nearly 50 years of research in this field, which also illustrates how the role of TR RR spectroscopy in molecular life science has changed from the beginning until now. We outline the various methodological approaches and developments and point out current limitations and potential perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Buhrke
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Chang S, Mizuno M, Ishikawa H, Mizutani Y. Tertiary dynamics of human adult hemoglobin fixed in R and T quaternary structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:3363-3372. [PMID: 29260810 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein dynamics of human adult hemoglobin and its mutants restricted in R and T quaternary states following ligand photolysis were studied by time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy. In the time-resolved spectra, we observed spectral changes of in-plane stretching modes of heme and the iron-histidine stretching mode of the Fe-His bond for all the hemoglobin samples. The βD99N mutant, which adopts the R state in both the ligand-bound and the deoxy forms, showed similar temporal behaviors in time-resolved resonance Raman spectra as wild-type recombinant hemoglobin until 10 μs, consistent with the fact that the mutant undergoes only the tertiary structural changes in the R state. The βN102T mutant, which adopts the T state in both the ligand-bound and the deoxy forms, showed much slower tertiary structural changes, suggesting that the EF helical motion is decelerated by the change of the intersubunit interactions. The present data indicate that the allosteric kinetic response between the interhelical hydrogen bonds of the EF helices and the intersubunit hydrogen bonds is bidirectional. The implications of these results for understanding the allosteric pathway of Hb are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyan Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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Nagatomo S, Saito K, Yamamoto K, Ogura T, Kitagawa T, Nagai M. Heterogeneity between Two α Subunits of α2β2 Human Hemoglobin and O2 Binding Properties: Raman, 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Terahertz Spectra. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6125-6136. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Nagatomo
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuya Saito
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamamoto
- Research
Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region, University of Fukui, Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogura
- Picobiology
Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, RSC-UH Leading
Program Center, Sayo, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Teizo Kitagawa
- Picobiology
Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masako Nagai
- Research
Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-0003, Japan
- School
of
Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
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12
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Nagatomo S, Okumura M, Saito K, Ogura T, Kitagawa T, Nagai M. Interrelationship among Fe-His Bond Strengths, Oxygen Affinities, and Intersubunit Hydrogen Bonding Changes upon Ligand Binding in the β Subunit of Human Hemoglobin: The Alkaline Bohr Effect. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1261-1273. [PMID: 28199095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the oxygen affinity of human adult hemoglobin (Hb A) at high pH, known as the alkaline Bohr effect, is essential for its physiological function. In this study, structural mechanisms of the alkaline Bohr effect and pH-dependent O2 affinity changes were investigated via 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and visible and UV resonance Raman spectra of mutant Hbs, Hb M Iwate (αH87Y) and Hb M Boston (αH58Y). It was found that even though the binding of O2 to the α subunits is forbidden in the mutant Hbs, the O2 affinity was higher at alkaline pH than at neutral pH, and concomitantly, the Fe-His stretching frequency of the β subunits was shifted to higher values. Thus, it was confirmed for the β subunits that the stronger the Fe-His bond, the higher the O2 affinity. It was found in this study that the quaternary structure of α(Fe3+)β(Fe2+-CO) of the mutant Hb is closer to T than to the ordinary R at neutral pH. The retained Aspβ94-Hisβ146 hydrogen bond makes the extent of proton release smaller upon ligand binding from Hisβ146, known as one of residues contributing to the alkaline Bohr effect. For these T structures, the Aspα94-Trpβ37 hydrogen bond in the hinge region and the Tyrα42-Aspβ99 hydrogen bond in the switch region of the α1-β2 interface are maintained but elongated at alkaline pH. Thus, a decrease in tension in the Fe-His bond of the β subunits at alkaline pH causes a substantial increase in the change in global structure upon binding of CO to the β subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Nagatomo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Miki Okumura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuya Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogura
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo , 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Teizo Kitagawa
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo , 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masako Nagai
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University , Koganei, Tokyo 184-0003, Japan.,School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
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The Penultimate Tyrosine Residues are Critical for the Genotoxic Effect of Human Hemoglobin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 977:351-357. [PMID: 28685465 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55231-6_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) is a potent oxidant outside the erythrocyte. The tyrosines α140 and β145 play an important role in the structure and function of Hb by forming switch and hinge contacts. These carboxy-terminal residues of the alpha and beta chains, respectively, were replaced to phenylalanine and several different methods were used to characterize the obtained mutants including a comet and plasmid DNA cleavage assay. It was observed that the genotoxic effect was 40% higher for αY140F compared with the wildtype, the βY145F and the double (αY140/β145F) mutants as determined by the comet assay. Cleavage of purified plasmid DNA after Hb application also revealed that the αY140F mutant showed 2-fold higher activity, while the βY145F and αY140/β145F mutants reduced the activity compared to wildtype Hb. This study clearly indicates that the penultimate tyrosines are involved in the genotoxicity of Hb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ming F. Tam
- Department of Biological Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Virgil Simplaceanu
- Department of Biological Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Chien Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Towards label-free and site-specific probing of the local pH in proteins: pH-dependent deep UV Raman spectra of histidine and tyrosine. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jones EM, Monza E, Balakrishnan G, Blouin GC, Mak PJ, Zhu Q, Kincaid JR, Guallar V, Spiro TG. Differential control of heme reactivity in alpha and beta subunits of hemoglobin: a combined Raman spectroscopic and computational study. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10325-39. [PMID: 24991732 PMCID: PMC4353013 DOI: 10.1021/ja503328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The use of hybrid hemoglobin (Hb), with mesoheme substituted for protoheme, allows separate monitoring of the α or β hemes along the allosteric pathway. Using resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy in silica gel, which greatly slows protein motions, we have observed that the Fe-histidine stretching frequency, νFeHis, which is a monitor of heme reactivity, evolves between frequencies characteristic of the R and T states, for both α or β chains, prior to the quaternary R-T and T-R shifts. Computation of νFeHis, using QM/MM and the conformational search program PELE, produced remarkable agreement with experiment. Analysis of the PELE structures showed that the νFeHis shifts resulted from heme distortion and, in the α chain, Fe-His bond tilting. These results support the tertiary two-state model of ligand binding (Henry et al., Biophys. Chem. 2002, 98, 149). Experimentally, the νFeHis evolution is faster for β than for α chains, and pump-probe rR spectroscopy in solution reveals an inflection in the νFeHis time course at 3 μs for β but not for α hemes, an interval previously shown to be the first step in the R-T transition. In the α chain νFeHis dropped sharply at 20 μs, the final step in the R-T transition. The time courses are fully consistent with recent computational mapping of the R-T transition via conjugate peak refinement by Karplus and co-workers (Fischer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108, 5608). The effector molecule IHP was found to lower νFeHis selectively for α chains within the R state, and a binding site in the α1α2 cleft is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Emanuele Monza
- Joint
BSC-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gurusamy Balakrishnan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - George C. Blouin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Piotr J. Mak
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Qianhong Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - James R. Kincaid
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint
BSC-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas G. Spiro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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17
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Drescher D, Büchner T, McNaughton D, Kneipp J. SERS reveals the specific interaction of silver and gold nanoparticles with hemoglobin and red blood cell components. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5364-73. [PMID: 23426381 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp43883j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of nanoparticles with hemoglobin (Hb), a major constituent of red blood cells, is important in nanotoxicity research. We report SERS spectra of Hb using gold and silver nanoparticles at very small nanoparticle : Hb molecule ratios, that is, under conditions relevant for SERS-based nanotoxicity experiments with red blood cells at high sensitivity. We show that the structural information obtained from the experiment is highly dependent on the type of SERS substrate and the conditions under which the interaction of nanoparticles with Hb molecules takes place. In experiments with isolated red blood cells, we demonstrate that the dependence of the spectra on the type of nanoparticle used as the SERS substrate extends to whole red blood cells and red blood cell components. Regarding the applicability of SERS to red blood cells in vivo, evidence is provided that the molecular information contained in the spectra is highly dependent on the material and size of the nanoparticles. The results indicate specific interactions of gold and silver nanoparticles with Hb and the red blood cell membrane, and reflect the hemolytic activity of silver nanoparticles. The results of this study help improve our understanding of the interactions of silver and gold nanoparticles with red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Drescher
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Jones EM, Balakrishnan G, Spiro TG. Heme reactivity is uncoupled from quaternary structure in gel-encapsulated hemoglobin: a resonance Raman spectroscopic study. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3461-71. [PMID: 22263778 PMCID: PMC3307588 DOI: 10.1021/ja210126j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation of hemoglobin (Hb) in silica gel preserves structure and function but greatly slows protein motion, thereby providing access to intermediates along the allosteric pathway that are inaccessible in solution. Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy with visible and ultraviolet laser excitation provides probes of heme reactivity and of key tertiary and quaternary contacts. These probes were monitored in gels after deoxygenation of oxyHb and after CO binding to deoxyHb, which initiate conformational change in the R-T and T-R directions, respectively. The spectra establish that quaternary structure change in the gel takes a week or more but that the evolution of heme reactivity, as monitored by the Fe-histidine stretching vibration, ν(FeHis), is completed within two days, and is therefore uncoupled from the quaternary structure. Within each quaternary structure, the evolving ν(FeHis) frequencies span the full range of values between those previously associated with the high- and low-affinity end states, R and T. This result supports the tertiary two-state (TTS) model, in which the Hb subunits can adopt high- and low-affinity tertiary structures, r and t, within each quaternary state. The spectra also reveal different tertiary pathways, involving the breaking and reformation of E and F interhelical contacts in the R-T direction but not the T-R direction. In the latter, tertiary motions are restricted by the T quaternary contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle Washington 98195-1700 USA
| | - Gurusamy Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle Washington 98195-1700 USA
| | - Thomas G. Spiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle Washington 98195-1700 USA
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19
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Cooperative macromolecular device revealed by meta-analysis of static and time-resolved structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:107-12. [PMID: 22171006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109213108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a meta-analysis of a large collection of static structures of a protein in the Protein Data Bank in order to extract the progression of structural events during protein function. We apply this strategy to the homodimeric hemoglobin HbI from Scapharca inaequivalvis. We derive a simple dynamic model describing how binding of the first ligand in one of the two chemically identical subunits facilitates a second binding event in the other partner subunit. The results of our ultrafast time-resolved crystallographic studies support this model. We demonstrate that HbI functions like a homodimeric mechanical device, such as pliers or scissors. Ligand-induced motion originating in one subunit is transmitted to the other via conserved pivot points, where the E and F' helices from two partner subunits are "bolted" together to form a stable dimer interface permitting slight relative rotation but preventing sliding.
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20
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Nagatomo S, Nagai M, Kitagawa T. A New Way To Understand Quaternary Structure Changes of Hemoglobin upon Ligand Binding On the Basis of UV-Resonance Raman Evaluation of Intersubunit Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10101-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ja111370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Nagatomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Masako Nagai
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-0003, Japan
| | - Teizo Kitagawa
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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21
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Oladepo SA, Xiong K, Hong Z, Asher SA. Elucidating Peptide and Protein Structure and Dynamics: UV Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2011; 2:334-344. [PMID: 21379371 PMCID: PMC3046861 DOI: 10.1021/jz101619f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
UV resonance Raman spectroscopy (UVRR) is a powerful method that has the requisite selectivity and sensitivity to incisively monitor biomolecular structure and dynamics in solution. In this perspective, we highlight applications of UVRR for studying peptide and protein structure and the dynamics of protein and peptide folding. UVRR spectral monitors of protein secondary structure, such as the Amide III(3) band and the C(α)-H band frequencies and intensities can be used to determine Ramachandran Ψ angle distributions for peptide bonds. These incisive, quantitative glimpses into conformation can be combined with kinetic T-jump methodologies to monitor the dynamics of biomolecular conformational transitions. The resulting UVRR structural insight is impressive in that it allows differentiation of, for example, different α-helix-like states that enable differentiating π- and 3(10)- states from pure α-helices. These approaches can be used to determine the Gibbs free energy landscape of individual peptide bonds along the most important protein (un)folding coordinate. Future work will find spectral monitors that probe peptide bond activation barriers that control protein (un)folding mechanisms. In addition, UVRR studies of sidechain vibrations will probe the role of side chains in determining protein secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sanford A. Asher
- To whom correspondence should be addressed Phone: 412-624-8570 Fax: 412-624-0588
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22
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Structural Dynamics of Clamshell Rotation during the Incipient Relaxation Process of Photodissociated Carbonmonoxy Myoglobin: Statistical Analysis by the Perturbation Ensemble Method. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:12340-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Knee KM, Mukerji I. Real Time Monitoring of Sickle Cell Hemoglobin Fiber Formation by UV Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2009; 48:9903-11. [DOI: 10.1021/bi901352m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Knee
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Molecular Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459
| | - Ishita Mukerji
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Molecular Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459
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24
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Balakrishnan G, Ibrahim M, Mak PJ, Hata J, Kincaid JR, Spiro TG. Linking conformation change to hemoglobin activation via chain-selective time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy of protoheme/mesoheme hybrids. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14:741-50. [PMID: 19288145 PMCID: PMC2880192 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved resonance Raman (RR) spectra are reported for hemoglobin (Hb) tetramers, in which the alpha and beta chains are selectively substituted with mesoheme. The Soret absorption band shift in mesoheme relative to protoheme permits chain-selective recording of heme RR spectra. The evolution of these spectra following HbCO photolysis shows that the geminate recombination rates and the yields are the same for the two chains, consistent with recent results on (15)N-heme isotopomer hybrids. The spectra also reveal systematic shifts in the deoxyheme nu (4) and nu (Fe-His) RR bands, which are anticorrelated. These shifts are resolved for the successive intermediates in the protein structure, which have previously been determined from time-resolved UV RR spectra. Both chains show Fe-His bond compression in the immediate photoproduct, which relaxes during the formation of the first intermediate, R(deoxy) (0.07 micros), in which the proximal F-helix is proposed to move away from the heme. Subsequently, the Fe-His bond weakens, more so for the alpha chains than for the beta chains. The weakening is gradual for the beta chains, but is abrupt for the alpha chains, coinciding with completion of the R-T quaternary transition, at 20 micros. Since the transition from fast- to slow-rebinding Hb also occurs at 20 micros, the drop in the alpha chain nu (Fe-His) supports the localization of ligation restraint to tension in the Fe-His bond, at least in the alpha chains. The mechanism is more complex in the beta chains.
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25
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Juška A. Minimal models of multi-site ligand-binding kinetics. J Theor Biol 2008; 255:396-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Balakrishnan G, Weeks CL, Ibrahim M, Soldatova AV, Spiro TG. Protein dynamics from time resolved UV Raman spectroscopy. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2008; 18:623-9. [PMID: 18606227 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy can provide unique information on the evolution of structure in proteins over a wide range of time scales; the picosecond to millisecond range can be accessed with pump-probe techniques. Specific parts of the molecule are interrogated by tuning the probe laser to a resonant electronic transition, including the UV transitions of aromatic residues and of the peptide bond. Advances in laser technology have enabled the characterization of transient species at an unprecedented level of structural detail. Applications to protein unfolding and allostery are reviewed.
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27
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Kubo M, Uchida T, Nakashima S, Kitagawa T. Construction of a subnanosecond time-resolved, high-resolution ultraviolet resonance Raman measurement system and its application to reveal the dynamic structures of proteins. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:30-37. [PMID: 18230205 DOI: 10.1366/000370208783412573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A subnanosecond time-resolved ultraviolet (UV) resonance Raman system has been developed to study protein structural dynamics. The system is based on a 1 kHz Nd:YLF-pumped Ti:Sapphire regenerative amplifier with harmonic generation that can deliver visible (412, 440, 458, and 488 nm) and UV (206, 220, 229, and 244 nm) pulses. A subnanosecond (0.2 ns) tunable near-infrared pulse from a custom-made Ti:Sapphire oscillator is used to seed the regenerative amplifier. A narrow linewidth of the subnanosecond pulse offers the advantage of high resolution of UV resonance Raman spectra, which is critical to obtain site-specific information on protein structures. By combination with a 1 m single spectrograph equipped with a 3600 grooves/mm holographic grating and a custom-made prism prefilter, the present system achieves excellent spectral (<10 cm(-1)) and frequency (approximately 1 cm(-1)) resolutions with a relatively high temporal resolution (<0.5 ns). We also report the application of this system to two heme proteins, hemoglobin A and CooA, with the 440 nm pump and 220 nm probe wavelengths. For hemoglobin A, a structural change during the transition to the earliest intermediate upon CO photodissociation is successfully observed, specifically, nanosecond cleavage of the A-E interhelical hydrogen bonds within each subunit at Trpalpha14 and Trpbeta15 residues. For CooA, on the other hand, rapid structural distortion (<0.5 ns) by CO photodissociation and nanosecond structural relaxation following CO geminate recombination are observed through the Raman bands of Phe and Trp residues located near the heme. These results demonstrate the high potential of this instrument to detect local protein motions subsequent to photoreactions in their active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Kubo
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Spiro
- Chemistry Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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29
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30
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Smalley JW, Birss AJ, Szmigielski B, Potempa J. Sequential action of R- and K-specific gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the generation of the haem-containing pigment from oxyhaemoglobin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 465:44-9. [PMID: 17577572 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The arginine- and lysine-specific gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis have been implicated in the degradation of haemoglobin from which the black mu-oxo haem dimer-containing pigment is generated. Here, we examined interactions of oxyhaemoglobin (oxyHb) with the Arg-(R)-specific (HRgpA) and Lys-(K)-specific (Kgp) gingipains. Incubation of oxyHb with HRgpA resulted in formation of methaemoglobin (metHb), which could be prevented by the R-gingipain specific inhibitor leupeptin. oxyHb-Kgp interactions resulted in formation of a haemoglobin haemichrome. This was inhibited by the lysine-specific protease inhibitor Z-Phe-Lys-acyloxymethylketone (Z-FKck). metHb, formed by treatment of oxyHb with either NaNO(2) or by pre-incubation with HRgpA, was rapidly degraded by Kgp compared to oxyHb. metHb degradation by Kgp was also inhibited Z-FKck. Together these data show that R-gingipain activity is crucial for converting oxyHb into the metHb form which is rendered more susceptible to Kgp degradation for the eventual release of iron(III) protoporphyrin IX and production of the mu-oxo haem dimer. This explains previous observations [J.W. Smalley, M.F. Thomas, A.J. Birss, R. Withnall, J. Silver, Biochem. J. 379 (2004) 833-840.] of the requirement for a combination of both R- and K-gingipains for pigment production from oxyhaemoglobin by P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Smalley
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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