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Pandey KK, Sahoo BR, Pattnaik AK. Protein Nanoparticles as Vaccine Platforms for Human and Zoonotic Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:936. [PMID: 38932228 PMCID: PMC11209504 DOI: 10.3390/v16060936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most effective medical interventions, playing a pivotal role in treating infectious diseases. Although traditional vaccines comprise killed, inactivated, or live-attenuated pathogens that have resulted in protective immune responses, the negative consequences of their administration have been well appreciated. Modern vaccines have evolved to contain purified antigenic subunits, epitopes, or antigen-encoding mRNAs, rendering them relatively safe. However, reduced humoral and cellular responses pose major challenges to these subunit vaccines. Protein nanoparticle (PNP)-based vaccines have garnered substantial interest in recent years for their ability to present a repetitive array of antigens for improving immunogenicity and enhancing protective responses. Discovery and characterisation of naturally occurring PNPs from various living organisms such as bacteria, archaea, viruses, insects, and eukaryotes, as well as computationally designed structures and approaches to link antigens to the PNPs, have paved the way for unprecedented advances in the field of vaccine technology. In this review, we focus on some of the widely used naturally occurring and optimally designed PNPs for their suitability as promising vaccine platforms for displaying native-like antigens from human viral pathogens for protective immune responses. Such platforms hold great promise in combating emerging and re-emerging infectious viral diseases and enhancing vaccine efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush K. Pandey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (K.K.P.); (B.R.S.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Bikash R. Sahoo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (K.K.P.); (B.R.S.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Asit K. Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (K.K.P.); (B.R.S.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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2
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Yang ZC, Wang WL, Jing ZB, Jiang YQ, Zhang HQ, Lee MY, Peng L, Wu QY. Ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxymonosulfate disinfection of MS2 coliphage in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:824-831. [PMID: 38323647 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00527e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The control of viruses in water is critical to preventing the spread of infectious viral diseases. Many oxidants can inactivate viruses, and this study aims to systematically compare the disinfection effects of ozone (O3), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on MS2 coliphage. The effects of oxidant dose and contact time on disinfection were explored, as were the disinfection effects of three oxidizing agents in secondary effluent. The 4-log inactivation of MS2 coliphage required 0.05 mM O3, 0.5 mM PMS, or 25 mM H2O2 with a contact time of 30 min. All three oxidants achieved at least 4-log disinfection within 30 min, and O3 required only 0.5 min. In secondary effluent, all three oxidants also achieved 4-log inactivation of MS2 coliphage. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) results indicate that all three oxidants removed dissolved organic matter synchronously and O3 oxidized dissolved organic matter more thoroughly while maintaining disinfection efficacy. Considering the criteria of oxidant dose, contact time, and disinfection efficacy in secondary effluent, O3 is the best choice for MS2 coliphage disinfection among the three oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zi-Bo Jing
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yi-Qing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - He-Qing Zhang
- CSCEC Scimee Sci.&Tech. Co., Ltd., Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- National Institute of Environment Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Lu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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3
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Martinez FG, Zielke RA, Fougeroux CE, Li L, Sander AF, Sikora AE. Development of a Tag/Catcher-mediated capsid virus-like particle vaccine presenting the conserved Neisseria gonorrhoeae SliC antigen that blocks human lysozyme. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0024523. [PMID: 37916806 PMCID: PMC10715030 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00245-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising nanotools for the development of subunit vaccines due to high immunogenicity and safety. Herein, we explored the versatile and effective Tag/Catcher-AP205 capsid VLP (cVLP) vaccine platform to address the urgent need for the development of an effective and safe vaccine against gonorrhea. The benefits of this clinically validated cVLP platform include its ability to facilitate unidirectional, high-density display of complex/full-length antigens through an effective split-protein Tag/Catcher conjugation system. To assess this modular approach for making cVLP vaccines, we used a conserved surface lipoprotein, SliC, that contributes to the Neisseria gonorrhoeae defense against human lysozyme, as a model antigen. This protein was genetically fused at the N- or C-terminus to the small peptide Tag enabling their conjugation to AP205 cVLP, displaying the complementary Catcher. We determined that SliC with the N-terminal SpyTag, N-SliC, retained lysozyme-blocking activity and could be displayed at high density on cVLPs without causing aggregation. In mice, the N-SliC-VLP vaccines, adjuvanted with AddaVax or CpG, induced significantly higher antibody titers compared to controls. In contrast, similar vaccine formulations containing monomeric SliC were non-immunogenic. Accordingly, sera from N-SliC-VLP-immunized mice also had significantly higher human complement-dependent serum bactericidal activity. Furthermore, the N-SliC-VLP vaccines administered subcutaneously with an intranasal boost elicited systemic and vaginal IgG and IgA, whereas subcutaneous delivery alone failed to induce vaginal IgA. The N-SliC-VLP with CpG (10 µg/dose) induced the most significant increase in total serum IgG and IgG3 titers, vaginal IgG and IgA, and bactericidal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian G. Martinez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Ryszard A. Zielke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Lixin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Adam F. Sander
- AdaptVac Aps, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aleksandra E. Sikora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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4
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Keshavarz-Joud P, Zhao L, Bobe D, Hernandez C, Kopylov M, Yen LY, Djeddar N, Thompson B, Connors C, Gibson G, Bryksin A, Finn M. Exploring the Landscape of the PP7 Virus-like Particle for Peptide Display. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18470-18480. [PMID: 37669408 PMCID: PMC10540251 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling virus-like particles (VLPs) can tolerate a wide degree of genetic and chemical manipulation to their capsid protein to display a foreign molecule polyvalently. We previously reported the successful incorporation of foreign peptide sequences in the junction loop and onto the C-terminus of PP7 dimer VLPs, as these regions are accessible for surface display on assembled capsids. Here, we report the implementation of a library-based approach to test the assembly tolerance of PP7 dimer capsid proteins to insertions or terminal extensions of randomized 15-mer peptide sequences. By performing two iterative rounds of assembly-based selection, we evaluated the degree of favorability of all 20 amino acids at each of the 15 randomized positions. Deep sequencing analysis revealed a distinct preference for the inclusion of hydrophilic peptides and negatively charged amino acids (Asp and Glu) and the exclusion of positively charged peptides and bulky and hydrophobic amino acid residues (Trp, Phe, Tyr, and Cys). Within the libraries tested here, we identified 4000 to 22,000 unique 15-mer peptide sequences that can successfully be displayed on the surface of the PP7 dimer capsid. Overall, the use of small initial libraries consisting of no more than a few million members yielded a significantly larger number of unique and assembly-competent VLP sequences than have been previously characterized for this class of nucleoprotein particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Keshavarz-Joud
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
| | - Liangjun Zhao
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
| | - Daija Bobe
- New
York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Carolina Hernandez
- New
York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mykhailo Kopylov
- New
York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Laura Y. Yen
- New
York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Naima Djeddar
- Parker
H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
| | - Brianna Thompson
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
| | - Caleb Connors
- School
of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
| | - Greg Gibson
- School
of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
| | - Anton Bryksin
- Parker
H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
| | - M.G. Finn
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
- School
of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, United States
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5
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San Emeterio J, Pollack L. Visualizing a viral genome with contrast variation small angle X-ray scattering. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15923-15932. [PMID: 32913117 PMCID: PMC7681021 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the threat to human health posed by some single-stranded RNA viruses, little is understood about their assembly. The goal of this work is to introduce a new tool for watching an RNA genome direct its own packaging and encapsidation by proteins. Contrast variation small-angle X-ray scattering (CV-SAXS) is a powerful tool with the potential to monitor the changing structure of a viral RNA through this assembly process. The proteins, though present, do not contribute to the measured signal. As a first step in assessing the feasibility of viral genome studies, the structure of encapsidated MS2 RNA was exclusively detected with CV-SAXS and compared with a structure derived from asymmetric cryo-EM reconstructions. Additional comparisons with free RNA highlight the significant structural rearrangements induced by capsid proteins and invite the application of time-resolved CV-SAXS to reveal interactions that result in efficient viral assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue San Emeterio
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lois Pollack
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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6
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Watts S, Julian TR, Maniura-Weber K, Graule T, Salentinig S. Colloidal Transformations in MS2 Virus Particles: Driven by pH, Influenced by Natural Organic Matter. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1879-1887. [PMID: 32027487 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses, such as enterovirus, norovirus, and rotavirus, are among the leading causes of disease outbreaks due to contaminated drinking and recreational water. Viruses are difficult to remove from water through filtration based on physical size exclusion-for example by gravity-driven filters-due to their nanoscale size. To understand virus removal in drinking water treatment systems, the colloidal nanostructure of a model virus, the MS2 bacteriophage, has been investigated in relation to the effect of pH and natural organic matter in water. Dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the water pH has a major influence on the colloidal structure of the virus: The bacteriophage MS2's structure in water in the range pH = 7.0 to 9.0 was found to be spherical with core-shell-type structure with a total diameter of 27 nm and a core radius of around 8 nm. Reversible transformations from 27 nm particles at pH = 7.0 to micrometer-sized aggregates at pH = 3.0 were observed. In addition, the presence of natural organic matter that simulates the organic components present in surface water was found to enhance repulsion between virus particles, reduce the size of aggregates, and promote disaggregation upon pH increase. These findings allow a better understanding of virus interactions in water and have implications for water treatment using filtration processes and coagulation. The results will further guide the comprehensive design of advanced virus filter materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Watts
- Biointerfaces Lab , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Timothy R Julian
- Eawag , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , 4002 Basel , Switzerland
- University of Basel , 4003 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Biointerfaces Lab , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Graule
- High Performance Ceramics Lab , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Stefan Salentinig
- Biointerfaces Lab , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry , University of Fribourg , Chemin du Musée 9 , 1700 Fribourg , Switzerland
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7
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Aves KL, Goksøyr L, Sander AF. Advantages and Prospects of Tag/Catcher Mediated Antigen Display on Capsid-Like Particle-Based Vaccines. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020185. [PMID: 32041299 PMCID: PMC7077247 DOI: 10.3390/v12020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsid-like particles (CLPs) are multimeric, repetitive assemblies of recombinant viral capsid proteins, which are highly immunogenic due to their structural similarity to wild-type viruses. CLPs can be used as molecular scaffolds to enable the presentation of soluble vaccine antigens in a similar structural format, which can significantly increase the immunogenicity of the antigen. CLP-based antigen display can be obtained by various genetic and modular conjugation methods. However, these vary in their versatility as well as efficiency in achieving an immunogenic antigen display. Here, we make a comparative review of the major CLP-based antigen display technologies. The Tag/Catcher-AP205 platform is highlighted as a particularly versatile and efficient technology that offers new qualitative and practical advantages in designing modular CLP vaccines. Finally, we discuss how split-protein Tag/Catcher conjugation systems can help to further propagate and enhance modular CLP vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara-Lee Aves
- Faculty of Health Science, Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.-L.A.); (L.G.)
| | - Louise Goksøyr
- Faculty of Health Science, Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.-L.A.); (L.G.)
- AdaptVac Aps, Agern Alle 1, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Adam F. Sander
- Faculty of Health Science, Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.-L.A.); (L.G.)
- AdaptVac Aps, Agern Alle 1, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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8
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Zhao L, Kopylov M, Potter CS, Carragher B, Finn MG. Engineering the PP7 Virus Capsid as a Peptide Display Platform. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4443-4454. [PMID: 30912918 PMCID: PMC6991139 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As self-assembling polyvalent nanoscale structures that can tolerate substantial genetic and chemical modification, virus-like particles are useful in a variety of fields. Here we describe the genetic modification and structural characterization of the Leviviridae PP7 capsid protein as a platform for the presentation of functional polypeptides. This particle was shown to tolerate the display of sequences from 1 kDa (a cell penetrating peptide) to 14 kDa (the Fc-binding double Z-domain) on its exterior surface as C-terminal genetic fusions to the coat protein. In addition, a dimeric construct allowed the presentation of exogenous loops between capsid monomers and the simultaneous presentation of two different peptides at different positions on the icosahedral structure. The PP7 particle is thereby significantly more tolerant of these types of polypeptide additions than Qβ and MS2, the other Leviviridae-derived VLPs in common use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mykhailo Kopylov
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Clinton S. Potter
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Bridget Carragher
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - M. G. Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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9
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Abstract
When a virus infects a host cell, it hijacks the biosynthetic capacity of the cell to produce virus progeny, a process that may take less than an hour or more than a week. The overall time required for a virus to reproduce depends collectively on the rates of multiple steps in the infection process, including initial binding of the virus particle to the surface of the cell, virus internalization and release of the viral genome within the cell, decoding of the genome to make viral proteins, replication of the genome, assembly of progeny virus particles, and release of these particles into the extracellular environment. For a large number of virus types, much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms and rates of the various steps. However, in only relatively few cases during the last 50 years has an attempt been made-using mathematical modeling-to account for how the different steps contribute to the overall timing and productivity of the infection cycle in a cell. Here we review the initial case studies, which include studies of the one-step growth behavior of viruses that infect bacteria (Qβ, T7, and M13), human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus, poliovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, baculovirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, and herpes simplex virus. Further, we consider how such models enable one to explore how cellular resources are utilized and how antiviral strategies might be designed to resist escape. Finally, we highlight challenges and opportunities at the frontiers of cell-level modeling of virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacob Redovich
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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10
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Cala-De Paepe D, Stanek J, Jaudzems K, Tars K, Andreas LB, Pintacuda G. Is protein deuteration beneficial for proton detected solid-state NMR at and above 100 kHz magic-angle spinning? SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2017; 87:126-136. [PMID: 28802890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
1H-detection in solid-state NMR of proteins has been traditionally combined with deuteration for both resolution and sensitivity reasons, with the optimal level of proton dilution being dependent on MAS rate. Here we present 1H-detected 15N and 13C CP-HSQC spectra on two microcrystalline samples acquired at 60 and 111 kHz MAS and at ultra-high field. We critically compare the benefits of three labeling schemes yielding different levels of proton content in terms of resolution, coherence lifetimes and feasibility of scalar-based 2D correlations under these experimental conditions. We observe unexpectedly high resolution and sensitivity of aromatic resonances in 2D 13C-1H correlation spectra of protonated samples. Ultrafast MAS reduces or even removes the necessity of 1H dilution for high-resolution 1H-detection in biomolecular solid-state NMR. It yields 15N,1H and 13C,1H fingerprint spectra of exceptional resolution for fully protonated samples, with notably superior 1H and 13C lineshapes for side-chain resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Cala-De Paepe
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jan Stanek
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kaspars Tars
- Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rātsupītes 1, LV1067, Riga, Latvia
| | - Loren B Andreas
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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11
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Gopmandal PP, Ohshima H. Importance of pH-regulated charge density on the electrophoresis of soft particles. Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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ElSawy KM. The impact of viral RNA on the association free energies of capsid protein assembly: bacteriophage MS2 as a case study. J Mol Model 2017; 23:47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Stanek J, Andreas LB, Jaudzems K, Cala D, Lalli D, Bertarello A, Schubeis T, Akopjana I, Kotelovica S, Tars K, Pica A, Leone S, Picone D, Xu ZQ, Dixon NE, Martinez D, Berbon M, Mammeri NE, Noubhani A, Saupe S, Habenstein B, Loquet A, Pintacuda G. Zuordnung der Rückgrat- und Seitenketten-Protonen in vollständig protonierten Proteinen durch Festkörper-NMR-Spektroskopie: Mikrokristalle, Sedimente und Amyloidfibrillen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stanek
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne Frankreich
| | - Loren B. Andreas
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne Frankreich
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne Frankreich
| | - Diane Cala
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne Frankreich
| | - Daniela Lalli
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne Frankreich
| | - Andrea Bertarello
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne Frankreich
| | - Tobias Schubeis
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne Frankreich
| | - Inara Akopjana
- Biomedical Research and Study Centre; Rātsupītes 1 LV1067 Riga Lettland
| | | | - Kaspars Tars
- Biomedical Research and Study Centre; Rātsupītes 1 LV1067 Riga Lettland
| | - Andrea Pica
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Via Cintia 80126 Naples Italien
| | - Serena Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Via Cintia 80126 Naples Italien
| | - Delia Picone
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Via Cintia 80126 Naples Italien
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xu
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; NSW 2522 Australien
| | | | - Denis Martinez
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN - CNRS; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP), All. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire; 33600 Pessac Frankreich
| | - Mélanie Berbon
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN - CNRS; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP), All. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire; 33600 Pessac Frankreich
| | - Nadia El Mammeri
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN - CNRS; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP), All. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire; 33600 Pessac Frankreich
| | - Abdelmajid Noubhani
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN - CNRS; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP), All. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire; 33600 Pessac Frankreich
| | - Sven Saupe
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire (UMR 5095, CNRS -; Université de Bordeaux); 33077 Bordeaux Frankreich
| | - Birgit Habenstein
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN - CNRS; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP), All. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire; 33600 Pessac Frankreich
| | - Antoine Loquet
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN - CNRS; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP), All. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire; 33600 Pessac Frankreich
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne Frankreich
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14
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Stanek J, Andreas LB, Jaudzems K, Cala D, Lalli D, Bertarello A, Schubeis T, Akopjana I, Kotelovica S, Tars K, Pica A, Leone S, Picone D, Xu ZQ, Dixon NE, Martinez D, Berbon M, El Mammeri N, Noubhani A, Saupe S, Habenstein B, Loquet A, Pintacuda G. NMR Spectroscopic Assignment of Backbone and Side-Chain Protons in Fully Protonated Proteins: Microcrystals, Sedimented Assemblies, and Amyloid Fibrils. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15504-15509. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stanek
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Loren B. Andreas
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Diane Cala
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Daniela Lalli
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Andrea Bertarello
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Tobias Schubeis
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Inara Akopjana
- Biomedical Research and Study Centre; Rātsupītes 1 LV1067 Riga Latvia
| | | | - Kaspars Tars
- Biomedical Research and Study Centre; Rātsupītes 1 LV1067 Riga Latvia
| | - Andrea Pica
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Via Cintia 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Serena Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Via Cintia 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Delia Picone
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Via Cintia 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xu
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; NSW 2522 Australia
| | | | - Denis Martinez
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN - CNRS; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP), All. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire; 33600 Pessac France
| | - Mélanie Berbon
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN - CNRS; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP), All. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire; 33600 Pessac France
| | - Nadia El Mammeri
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN - CNRS; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP), All. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire; 33600 Pessac France
| | - Abdelmajid Noubhani
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN - CNRS; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP), All. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire; 33600 Pessac France
| | - Sven Saupe
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire (UMR 5095, CNRS -; Université de Bordeaux); 33077 Bordeaux France
| | - Birgit Habenstein
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN - CNRS; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP), All. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire; 33600 Pessac France
| | - Antoine Loquet
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR 5248 CBMN - CNRS; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP), All. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire; 33600 Pessac France
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1); Université de Lyon; 5 rue de la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
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15
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Shishovs M, Rumnieks J, Diebolder C, Jaudzems K, Andreas LB, Stanek J, Kazaks A, Kotelovica S, Akopjana I, Pintacuda G, Koning RI, Tars K. Structure of AP205 Coat Protein Reveals Circular Permutation in ssRNA Bacteriophages. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:4267-4279. [PMID: 27591890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AP205 is a single-stranded RNA bacteriophage that has a coat protein sequence not similar to any other known single-stranded RNA phage. Here, we report an atomic-resolution model of the AP205 virus-like particle based on a crystal structure of an unassembled coat protein dimer and a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the assembled particle, together with secondary structure information from site-specific solid-state NMR data. The AP205 coat protein dimer adopts the conserved Leviviridae coat protein fold except for the N-terminal region, which forms a beta-hairpin in the other known single-stranded RNA phages. AP205 has a similar structure at the same location formed by N- and C-terminal beta-strands, making it a circular permutant compared to the other coat proteins. The permutation moves the coat protein termini to the most surface-exposed part of the assembled particle, which explains its increased tolerance to long N- and C-terminal fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihails Shishovs
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Rātsupītes 1, LV1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Rumnieks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Rātsupītes 1, LV1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Christoph Diebolder
- Netherlands Centre for Electron Nanoscopy, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Loren B Andreas
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jan Stanek
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Andris Kazaks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Rātsupītes 1, LV1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Svetlana Kotelovica
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Rātsupītes 1, LV1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inara Akopjana
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Rātsupītes 1, LV1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Université de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Roman I Koning
- Netherlands Centre for Electron Nanoscopy, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postal Zone S1-P, P.O.Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kaspars Tars
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Rātsupītes 1, LV1067 Riga, Latvia; Faculty of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia.
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16
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Structure of fully protonated proteins by proton-detected magic-angle spinning NMR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9187-92. [PMID: 27489348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602248113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein structure determination by proton-detected magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR has focused on highly deuterated samples, in which only a small number of protons are introduced and observation of signals from side chains is extremely limited. Here, we show in two fully protonated proteins that, at 100-kHz MAS and above, spectral resolution is high enough to detect resolved correlations from amide and side-chain protons of all residue types, and to reliably measure a dense network of (1)H-(1)H proximities that define a protein structure. The high data quality allowed the correct identification of internuclear distance restraints encoded in 3D spectra with automated data analysis, resulting in accurate, unbiased, and fast structure determination. Additionally, we find that narrower proton resonance lines, longer coherence lifetimes, and improved magnetization transfer offset the reduced sample size at 100-kHz spinning and above. Less than 2 weeks of experiment time and a single 0.5-mg sample was sufficient for the acquisition of all data necessary for backbone and side-chain resonance assignment and unsupervised structure determination. We expect the technique to pave the way for atomic-resolution structure analysis applicable to a wide range of proteins.
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17
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Brune KD, Leneghan DB, Brian IJ, Ishizuka AS, Bachmann MF, Draper SJ, Biswas S, Howarth M. Plug-and-Display: decoration of Virus-Like Particles via isopeptide bonds for modular immunization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19234. [PMID: 26781591 PMCID: PMC4725971 DOI: 10.1038/srep19234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are non-infectious self-assembling nanoparticles, useful in medicine and nanotechnology. Their repetitive molecularly-defined architecture is attractive for engineering multivalency, notably for vaccination. However, decorating VLPs with target-antigens by genetic fusion or chemical modification is time-consuming and often leads to capsid misassembly or antigen misfolding, hindering generation of protective immunity. Here we establish a platform for irreversibly decorating VLPs simply by mixing with protein antigen. SpyCatcher is a genetically-encoded protein designed to spontaneously form a covalent bond to its peptide-partner SpyTag. We expressed in E. coli VLPs from the bacteriophage AP205 genetically fused to SpyCatcher. We demonstrated quantitative covalent coupling to SpyCatcher-VLPs after mixing with SpyTag-linked to malaria antigens, including CIDR and Pfs25. In addition, we showed coupling to the VLPs for peptides relevant to cancer from epidermal growth factor receptor and telomerase. Injecting SpyCatcher-VLPs decorated with a malarial antigen efficiently induced antibody responses after only a single immunization. This simple, efficient and modular decoration of nanoparticles should accelerate vaccine development, as well as other applications of nanoparticle devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl D. Brune
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Iona J. Brian
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- University Institute of Immunology, University of Bern, Sahli Haus 2, Inselspital, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | | | - Sumi Biswas
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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18
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Geraets JA, Dykeman EC, Stockley PG, Ranson NA, Twarock R. Asymmetric genome organization in an RNA virus revealed via graph-theoretical analysis of tomographic data. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004146. [PMID: 25793998 PMCID: PMC4368512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy permits 3-D structures of viral pathogens to be determined in remarkable detail. In particular, the protein containers encapsulating viral genomes have been determined to high resolution using symmetry averaging techniques that exploit the icosahedral architecture seen in many viruses. By contrast, structure determination of asymmetric components remains a challenge, and novel analysis methods are required to reveal such features and characterize their functional roles during infection. Motivated by the important, cooperative roles of viral genomes in the assembly of single-stranded RNA viruses, we have developed a new analysis method that reveals the asymmetric structural organization of viral genomes in proximity to the capsid in such viruses. The method uses geometric constraints on genome organization, formulated based on knowledge of icosahedrally-averaged reconstructions and the roles of the RNA-capsid protein contacts, to analyse cryo-electron tomographic data. We apply this method to the low-resolution tomographic data of a model virus and infer the unique asymmetric organization of its genome in contact with the protein shell of the capsid. This opens unprecedented opportunities to analyse viral genomes, revealing conserved structural features and mechanisms that can be targeted in antiviral drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Geraets
- York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Eric C Dykeman
- York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Stockley
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Ranson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Reidun Twarock
- York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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19
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Hovlid ML, Lau JL, Breitenkamp K, Higginson CJ, Laufer B, Manchester M, Finn MG. Encapsidated atom-transfer radical polymerization in Qβ virus-like nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8003-14. [PMID: 25073013 PMCID: PMC4148144 DOI: 10.1021/nn502043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are unique macromolecular structures that hold great promise in biomedical and biomaterial applications. The interior of the 30 nm-diameter Qβ VLP was functionalized by a three-step process: (1) hydrolytic removal of endogenously packaged RNA, (2) covalent attachment of initiator molecules to unnatural amino acid residues located on the interior capsid surface, and (3) atom-transfer radical polymerization of tertiary amine-bearing methacrylate monomers. The resulting polymer-containing particles were moderately expanded in size; however, biotin-derivatized polymer strands were only very weakly accessible to avidin, suggesting that most of the polymer was confined within the protein shell. The polymer-containing particles were also found to exhibit physical and chemical properties characteristic of positively charged nanostructures, including the ability to easily enter mammalian cells and deliver functional small interfering RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa L. Hovlid
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jolene L. Lau
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kurt Breitenkamp
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cody J. Higginson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Burkhardt Laufer
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - M. G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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20
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Dika C, Gantzer C, Perrin A, Duval JFL. Impact of the virus purification protocol on aggregation and electrokinetics of MS2 phages and corresponding virus-like particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5691-700. [PMID: 23474807 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44128h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous experimental and theoretical studies have established that electrokinetic and aggregation properties of soft MS2 phages are not only governed by the physico-chemical features of their proteinaceous outer surface but are also significantly impacted by those of their inner RNA component (Dika et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2011, 14, 4939-4948). These conclusions contradict the recent findings of Nguyen et al. (Soft Matter, 2011, 7, 10449-10456) who reported identical electrokinetic and aggregation characteristics for MS2 and corresponding virus like particles (VLPs) that lack the internal RNA component. We demonstrate here that this contradiction originates from the different purification methods adopted prior to measurements. More generally, we show that stability and electrohydrodynamics of viruses differ according to purification by (i) dialysis, (ii) isopycnic centrifugation in the cesium chloride gradient, and (iii) precipitation using polyethylene glycol (PEG). Methods (i) and (iii) lead to aggregation of MS2 phages at pH ≤ 4 and pH ≤ 6 in 1-100 mM NaNO3 solutions, respectively, while under such conditions aggregation is not observed for MS2 and VLP suspensions prepared according to (ii). In addition, VLPs prepared following methods (i) and (iii) aggregate only at the isoelectric point (pH ~ 3-4) in 1 mM NaNO3 solution. Electrophoretic mobility data of stable MS2 and VLP particles were further examined using a recent formalism for electrokinetics of soft multilayered colloids. The analysis qualitatively shows how the purification protocol may affect either the outer particle surface properties and/or the inner particle content. Finally, the non-DLVO aggregation behavior of MS2 and VLPs purified via the above protocols is discussed in terms of the possible change in corresponding interparticular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dika
- Université de Lorraine, LCPME (Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
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21
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Dykeman EC, Stockley PG, Twarock R. Packaging signals in two single-stranded RNA viruses imply a conserved assembly mechanism and geometry of the packaged genome. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:3235-49. [PMID: 23763992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current paradigm for assembly of single-stranded RNA viruses is based on a mechanism involving non-sequence-specific packaging of genomic RNA driven by electrostatic interactions. Recent experiments, however, provide compelling evidence for sequence specificity in this process both in vitro and in vivo. The existence of multiple RNA packaging signals (PSs) within viral genomes has been proposed, which facilitates assembly by binding coat proteins in such a way that they promote the protein-protein contacts needed to build the capsid. The binding energy from these interactions enables the confinement or compaction of the genomic RNAs. Identifying the nature of such PSs is crucial for a full understanding of assembly, which is an as yet untapped potential drug target for this important class of pathogens. Here, for two related bacterial viruses, we determine the sequences and locations of their PSs using Hamiltonian paths, a concept from graph theory, in combination with bioinformatics and structural studies. Their PSs have a common secondary structure motif but distinct consensus sequences and positions within the respective genomes. Despite these differences, the distributions of PSs in both viruses imply defined conformations for the packaged RNA genomes in contact with the protein shell in the capsid, consistent with a recent asymmetric structure determination of the MS2 virion. The PS distributions identified moreover imply a preferred, evolutionarily conserved assembly pathway with respect to the RNA sequence with potentially profound implications for other single-stranded RNA viruses known to have RNA PSs, including many animal and human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Dykeman
- Departments of Mathematics and Biology and York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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22
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Stockley PG, Ranson NA, Twarock R. A new paradigm for the roles of the genome in ssRNA viruses. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent work with RNA phages and an ssRNA plant satellite virus challenges the widely held view that the sequences and structures of genomic RNAs are unimportant for virion assembly. In the T=3 phages, RNA–coat protein interactions occur throughout the genome, defining the quasiconformers of their protein shells. In the plant virus, there are multiple packaging signals dispersed throughout the genome that overcome electrostatic barriers to protein self-assembly. Both viral coat proteins cause the solution structures of their cognate genomes to collapse into a form that is readily encapsidated in a two-stage assembly process. Such similar behavior in two structurally unrelated viral protein folds implies that this might be a conserved feature of many viral assembly reactions. These results suggest a highly defined structure for the RNA in the virions, consistent with recent structural studies. They also have implications both for subsequent genome release during infection and for the evolution of viral sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Stockley
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Neil A Ranson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Reidun Twarock
- Departments of Biology & Mathematics, York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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23
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Dykeman EC, Stockley PG, Twarock R. Building a viral capsid in the presence of genomic RNA. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:022717. [PMID: 23496558 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.022717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Virus capsid assembly has traditionally been considered as a process that can be described primarily via self-assembly of the capsid proteins, neglecting interactions with other viral or cellular components. Our recent work on several ssRNA viruses, a major class of viral pathogens containing important human, animal, and plant viruses, has shown that this protein-centric view is too simplistic. Capsid assembly for these viruses relies strongly on a number of cooperative roles played by the genomic RNA. This realization requires a new theoretical framework for the modeling and prediction of the assembly behavior of these viruses. In a seminal paper Zlotnick [J. Mol. Biol. 241, 59 (1994)] laid the foundations for the modeling of capsid assembly as a protein-only self-assembly process, illustrating his approach using the example of a dodecahedral study system. We describe here a generalized framework for modeling assembly that incorporates the regulatory functions provided by cognate protein-nucleic-acid interactions between capsid proteins and segments of the genomic RNA, called packaging signals, into the model. Using the same dodecahedron system we demonstrate, using a Gillespie-type algorithm to deal with the enhanced complexity of the problem instead of a master equation approach, that assembly kinetics and yield strongly depend on the distribution and nature of the packaging signals, highlighting the importance of the crucial roles of the RNA in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Dykeman
- Department of Biology, York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, University of York, York, YO10 5DD United Kingdom
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24
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Keef T, Wardman JP, Ranson NA, Stockley PG, Twarock R. Structural constraints on the three-dimensional geometry of simple viruses: case studies of a new predictive tool. Acta Crystallogr A 2013; 69:140-50. [PMID: 23403965 DOI: 10.1107/s0108767312047150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental principles of virus architecture is one of the most important challenges in biology and medicine. Crick and Watson were the first to propose that viruses exhibit symmetry in the organization of their protein containers for reasons of genetic economy. Based on this, Caspar and Klug introduced quasi-equivalence theory to predict the relative locations of the coat proteins within these containers and classified virus structure in terms of T-numbers. Here it is shown that quasi-equivalence is part of a wider set of structural constraints on virus structure. These constraints can be formulated using an extension of the underlying symmetry group and this is demonstrated with a number of case studies. This new concept in virus biology provides for the first time predictive information on the structural constraints on coat protein and genome topography, and reveals a previously unrecognized structural interdependence of the shapes and sizes of different viral components. It opens up the possibility of distinguishing the structures of different viruses with the same T-number, suggesting a refined viral structure classification scheme. It can moreover be used as a basis for models of virus function, e.g. to characterize the start and end configurations of a structural transition important for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Keef
- York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, Departments of Mathematics and Biology, University of York, York, England
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25
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Mahalik JP, Muthukumar M. Langevin dynamics simulation of polymer-assisted virus-like assembly. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:135101. [PMID: 22482588 DOI: 10.1063/1.3698408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from a coarse grained representation of the building units of the minute virus of mice and a flexible polyelectrolyte molecule, we have explored the mechanism of assembly into icosahedral structures with the help of Langevin dynamics simulations and the parallel tempering technique. Regular icosahedra with appropriate symmetry form only in a narrow range of temperature and polymer length. Within this region of parameters where successful assembly would proceed, we have systematically investigated the growth kinetics. The assembly of icosahedra is found to follow the classical nucleation and growth mechanism in the absence of the polymer, with the three regimes of nucleation, linear growth, and slowing down in the later stage. The calculated average nucleation time obeys the laws expected from the classical nucleation theory. The linear growth rate is found to obey the laws of secondary nucleation as in the case of lamellar growth in polymer crystallization. The same mechanism is seen in the simulations of the assembly of icosahedra in the presence of the polymer as well. The polymer reduces the nucleation barrier significantly by enhancing the local concentration of subunits via adsorbing them on their backbone. The details of growth in the presence of the polymer are also found to be consistent with the classical nucleation theory, despite the smallness of the assembled structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Mahalik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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26
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Stagno JR, Ma B, Li J, Altieri AS, Byrd RA, Ji X. Crystal structure of a plectonemic RNA supercoil. Nat Commun 2012; 3:901. [PMID: 22692544 PMCID: PMC3518024 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome packaging is an essential housekeeping process in virtually all organisms for proper storage and maintenance of genetic information. Although the extent and mechanisms of packaging vary, the process involves the formation of nucleic-acid superstructures. Crystal structures of DNA coiled coils indicate that their geometries can vary according to sequence and/or the presence of stabilizers such as proteins or small molecules. However, such superstructures have not been revealed for RNA. Here we report the crystal structure of an RNA supercoil, which displays one level higher molecular organization than previously reported structures of DNA coiled coils. In the presence of an RNA-binding protein, two interlocking RNA coiled coils of double-stranded RNA, a ‘coil of coiled coils’, form a plectonemic supercoil. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that protein-RNA interaction is required for the stability of the supercoiled RNA. This study provides structural insight into higher-order packaging mechanisms of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Stagno
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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27
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Pastori C, Tudor D, Diomede L, Drillet AS, Jegerlehner A, Röhn TA, Bomsel M, Lopalco L. Virus like particle based strategy to elicit HIV-protective antibodies to the alpha-helic regions of gp41. Virology 2012; 431:1-11. [PMID: 22658900 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural antibodies to gp41 inhibit HIV-1 replication through the recognition of two different regions, corresponding to the leucine zipper motif in the HR1 alpha-helix and to another motif within HR2 region, hosting 2F5 and 4E10 epitope. This study aimed at reproducing such protective responses through VLP vaccination. Six regions covering the alpha-helical regions of gp41 were conjugated to the surface of AP205 phage-based VLPs. Once administered in mice via systemic or mucosal route, these immunogens elicited high titers of gp41-specific IgG. Immunogenicity and HIV infectivity reduction were obtained either with HR2 regions or with peptides where aminoacid strings were added to either the C-terminus or N-terminus of core epitope in HR1 region. Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity was induced by one of the HR2 epitopes only. These results may have relevant implications for the development of new vaccinal approaches against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pastori
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy
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28
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Bakker SE, Ford RJ, Barker AM, Robottom J, Saunders K, Pearson AR, Ranson NA, Stockley PG. Isolation of an asymmetric RNA uncoating intermediate for a single-stranded RNA plant virus. J Mol Biol 2012; 417:65-78. [PMID: 22306464 PMCID: PMC4330335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the three-dimensional structures of both native and expanded forms of turnip crinkle virus (TCV), using cryo-electron microscopy, which allows direct visualization of the encapsidated single-stranded RNA and coat protein (CP) N-terminal regions not seen in the high-resolution X-ray structure of the virion. The expanded form, which is a putative disassembly intermediate during infection, arises from a separation of the capsid-forming domains of the CP subunits. Capsid expansion leads to the formation of pores that could allow exit of the viral RNA. A subset of the CP N-terminal regions becomes proteolytically accessible in the expanded form, although the RNA remains inaccessible to nuclease. Sedimentation velocity assays suggest that the expanded state is metastable and that expansion is not fully reversible. Proteolytically cleaved CP subunits dissociate from the capsid, presumably leading to increased electrostatic repulsion within the viral RNA. Consistent with this idea, electron microscopy images show that proteolysis introduces asymmetry into the TCV capsid and allows initial extrusion of the genome from a defined site. The apparent formation of polysomes in wheat germ extracts suggests that subsequent uncoating is linked to translation. The implication is that the viral RNA and its capsid play multiple roles during primary infections, consistent with ribosome-mediated genome uncoating to avoid host antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia E Bakker
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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29
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Bunka DHJ, Lane SW, Lane CL, Dykeman EC, Ford RJ, Barker AM, Twarock R, Phillips SEV, Stockley PG. Degenerate RNA packaging signals in the genome of Satellite Tobacco Necrosis Virus: implications for the assembly of a T=1 capsid. J Mol Biol 2011; 413:51-65. [PMID: 21839093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using a recombinant, T=1 Satellite Tobacco Necrosis Virus (STNV)-like particle expressed in Escherichia coli, we have established conditions for in vitro disassembly and reassembly of the viral capsid. In vivo assembly is dependent on the presence of the coat protein (CP) N-terminal region, and in vitro assembly requires RNA. Using immobilised CP monomers under reassembly conditions with "free" CP subunits, we have prepared a range of partially assembled CP species for RNA aptamer selection. SELEX directed against the RNA-binding face of the STNV CP resulted in the isolation of several clones, one of which (B3) matches the STNV-1 genome in 16 out of 25 nucleotide positions, including across a statistically significant 10/10 stretch. This 10-base region folds into a stem-loop displaying the motif ACAA and has been shown to bind to STNV CP. Analysis of the other aptamer sequences reveals that the majority can be folded into stem-loops displaying versions of this motif. Using a sequence and secondary structure search motif to analyse the genomic sequence of STNV-1, we identified 30 stem-loops displaying the sequence motif AxxA. The implication is that there are many stem-loops in the genome carrying essential recognition features for binding STNV CP. Secondary structure predictions of the genomic RNA using Mfold showed that only 8 out of 30 of these stem-loops would be formed in the lowest-energy structure. These results are consistent with an assembly mechanism based on kinetically driven folding of the RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H J Bunka
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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30
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Dykeman EC, Grayson NE, Toropova K, Ranson NA, Stockley PG, Twarock R. Simple rules for efficient assembly predict the layout of a packaged viral RNA. J Mol Biol 2011; 408:399-407. [PMID: 21354423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, which include major human pathogens, package their genomes as they assemble their capsids. We show here that the organization of the viral genomes within the capsids provides intriguing insights into the highly cooperative nature of the assembly process. A recent cryo-electron microscopy structure of bacteriophage MS2, determined with only 5-fold symmetry averaging, has revealed the asymmetric distribution of its encapsidated genome. Here we show that this RNA distribution is consistent with an assembly mechanism that follows two simple rules derived from experiment: (1) the binding of the MS2 maturation protein to the RNA constrains its conformation into a loop, and (2) the capsid must be built in an energetically favorable way. These results provide a new level of insight into the factors that drive efficient assembly of ssRNA viruses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Dykeman
- York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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31
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Rolfsson Ó, Toropova K, Ranson NA, Stockley PG. Mutually-induced conformational switching of RNA and coat protein underpins efficient assembly of a viral capsid. J Mol Biol 2010; 401:309-322. [PMID: 20684044 PMCID: PMC4793595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-stranded RNA viruses package their genomes into capsids enclosing fixed volumes. We assayed the ability of bacteriophage MS2 coat protein to package large, defined fragments of its genomic, single-stranded RNA. We show that the efficiency of packaging into a T=3 capsid in vitro is inversely proportional to RNA length, implying that there is a free-energy barrier to be overcome during assembly. All the RNAs examined have greater solution persistence lengths than the internal diameter of the capsid into which they become packaged, suggesting that protein-mediated RNA compaction must occur during assembly. Binding ethidium bromide to one of these RNA fragments, which would be expected to reduce its flexibility, severely inhibited packaging, consistent with this idea. Cryo-EM structures of the capsids assembled in these experiments with the sub-genomic RNAs show a layer of RNA density beneath the coat protein shell but lack density for the inner RNA shell seen in the wild-type virion. The inner layer is restored when full-length virion RNA is used in the assembly reaction, implying that it becomes ordered only when the capsid is filled, presumably because of the effects of steric and/or electrostatic repulsions. The cryo-EM results explain the length dependence of packaging. In addition, they show that for the sub-genomic fragments the strongest ordered RNA density occurs below the coat protein dimers forming the icosahedral 5-fold axes of the capsid. There is little such density beneath the proteins at the 2-fold axes, consistent with our model in which coat protein dimers binding to RNA stem-loops located at sites throughout the genome leads to switching of their preferred conformations, thus regulating the placement of the quasi-conformers needed to build the T=3 capsid. The data are consistent with mutual chaperoning of both RNA and coat protein conformations, partially explaining the ability of such viruses to assemble so rapidly and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óttar Rolfsson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Katerina Toropova
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Neil A. Ranson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peter G. Stockley
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Morton VL, Dykeman EC, Stonehouse NJ, Ashcroft AE, Twarock R, Stockley PG. The Impact of Viral RNA on Assembly Pathway Selection. J Mol Biol 2010; 401:298-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Spohn G, Jennings GT, Martina BE, Keller I, Beck M, Pumpens P, Osterhaus AD, Bachmann MF. A VLP-based vaccine targeting domain III of the West Nile virus E protein protects from lethal infection in mice. Virol J 2010; 7:146. [PMID: 20604940 PMCID: PMC2914671 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since its first appearance in the USA in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has spread in the Western hemisphere and continues to represent an important public health concern. In the absence of effective treatment, there is a medical need for the development of a safe and efficient vaccine. Live attenuated WNV vaccines have shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies but might carry inherent risks due to the possibility of reversion to more virulent forms. Subunit vaccines based on the large envelope (E) glycoprotein of WNV have therefore been explored as an alternative approach. Although these vaccines were shown to protect from disease in animal models, multiple injections and/or strong adjuvants were required to reach efficacy, underscoring the need for more immunogenic, yet safe DIII-based vaccines. Results We produced a conjugate vaccine against WNV consisting of recombinantly expressed domain III (DIII) of the E glycoprotein chemically cross-linked to virus-like particles derived from the recently discovered bacteriophage AP205. In contrast to isolated DIII protein, which required three administrations to induce detectable antibody titers in mice, high titers of DIII-specific antibodies were induced after a single injection of the conjugate vaccine. These antibodies were able to neutralize the virus in vitro and provided partial protection from a challenge with a lethal dose of WNV. Three injections of the vaccine induced high titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies, and completely protected mice from WNV infection. Conclusions The immunogenicity of DIII can be strongly enhanced by conjugation to virus-like particles of the bacteriophage AP205. The superior immunogenicity of the conjugate vaccine with respect to other DIII-based subunit vaccines, its anticipated favourable safety profile and low production costs highlight its potential as an efficacious and cost-effective prophylaxis against WNV.
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Basnak G, Morton VL, Rolfsson Ó, Stonehouse NJ, Ashcroft AE, Stockley PG. Viral genomic single-stranded RNA directs the pathway toward a T=3 capsid. J Mol Biol 2010; 395:924-36. [PMID: 19913556 PMCID: PMC4785722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms controlling genome packaging by single-stranded RNA viruses are still largely unknown. It is necessary in most cases for the protein to adopt different conformations at different positions on the capsid lattice in order to form a viral capsid from multiple copies of a single protein. We showed previously that such quasi-equivalent conformers of RNA bacteriophage MS2 coat protein dimers (CP(2)) can be switched by sequence-specific interaction with a short RNA stem-loop (TR) that occurs only once in the wild-type phage genome. In principle, multiple switching events are required to generate the phage T=3 capsid. We have therefore investigated the sequence dependency of this event using two RNA aptamer sequences selected to bind the phage coat protein and an analogous packaging signal from phage Qbeta known to be discriminated against by MS2 coat protein both in vivo and in vitro. All three non-cognate stem-loops support T=3 shell formation, but none shows the kinetic-trapping effect seen when TR is mixed with equimolar CP(2). We show that this reflects the fact that they are poor ligands compared with TR, failing to saturate the coat protein under the assay conditions, ensuring that sufficient amounts of both types of dimer required for efficient assembly are present in these reactions. Increasing the non-cognate RNA concentration restores the kinetic trap, confirming this interpretation. We have also assessed the effects of extending the TR stem-loop at the 5' or 3' end with short genomic sequences. These longer RNAs all show evidence of the kinetic trap, reflecting the fact that they all contain the TR sequence and are more efficient at promoting capsid formation than TR. Mass spectrometry has shown that at least two pathways toward the T=3 shell occur in TR-induced assembly reactions: one via formation of a 3-fold axis and another that creates an extended 5-fold complex. The longer genomic RNAs suppress the 5-fold pathway, presumably as a consequence of steric clashes between multiply bound RNAs. Reversing the orientation of the extension sequences with respect to the TR stem-loop produces RNAs that are poor assembly initiators. The data support the idea that RNA-induced protein conformer switching occurs throughout assembly of the T=3 shell and show that both positional and sequence-specific effects outside the TR stem-loop can have significant impacts on the precise assembly pathway followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Basnak
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Victoria L. Morton
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Óttar Rolfsson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicola J. Stonehouse
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alison E. Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peter G. Stockley
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Langlet J, Gaboriaud F, Gantzer C, Duval JFL. Impact of chemical and structural anisotropy on the electrophoretic mobility of spherical soft multilayer particles: the case of bacteriophage MS2. Biophys J 2008; 94:3293-312. [PMID: 18192368 PMCID: PMC2275710 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.115477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a theoretical investigation of the electrohydrodynamic properties of spherical soft particles composed of permeable concentric layers that differ in thickness, soft material density, chemical composition, and flow penetration degree. Starting from a recent numerical scheme developed for the computation of the direct-current electrophoretic mobility (mu) of diffuse soft bioparticles, the dependence of mu on the electrolyte concentration and solution pH is evaluated taking the known three-layered structure of bacteriophage MS2 as a supporting model system (bulk RNA, RNA-protein bound layer, and coat protein). The electrokinetic results are discussed for various layer thicknesses, hydrodynamic flow penetration degrees, and chemical compositions, and are discussed on the basis of the equilibrium electrostatic potential and hydrodynamic flow field profiles that develop within and around the structured particle. This study allows for identifying the cases where the electrophoretic mobility is a function of the inner structural and chemical specificity of the particle and not only of its outer surface properties. Along these lines, we demonstrate the general inapplicability of the notions of zeta potential (zeta) and surface charge for quantitatively interpreting electrokinetic data collected for such systems. We further shed some light on the physical meaning of the isoelectric point. In particular, numerical and analytical simulations performed on structured soft layers in indifferent electrolytic solution demonstrate that the isoelectric point is a complex ionic strength-dependent signature of the flow permeation properties and of the chemical and structural details of the particle. Finally, the electrophoretic mobilities of the MS2 virus measured at various ionic strength levels and pH values are interpreted on the basis of the theoretical formalism aforementioned. It is shown that the electrokinetic features of MS2 are to a large extent determined not only by the external proteic capsid but also by the chemical composition and hydrodynamic flow permeation of/within the inner RNA-protein bound layer and bulk RNA part of the bacteriophage. The impact of virus aggregation, as revealed by decreasing diffusion coefficients for decreasing pH values, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Langlet
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Microbiology for the Environment, Nancy-University, CNRS, France
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Toropova K, Basnak G, Twarock R, Stockley PG, Ranson NA. The three-dimensional structure of genomic RNA in bacteriophage MS2: implications for assembly. J Mol Biol 2007; 375:824-36. [PMID: 18048058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Using cryo-electron microscopy, single particle image processing and three-dimensional reconstruction with icosahedral averaging, we have determined the three-dimensional solution structure of bacteriophage MS2 capsids reassembled from recombinant protein in the presence of short oligonucleotides. We have also significantly extended the resolution of the previously reported structure of the wild-type MS2 virion. The structures of recombinant MS2 capsids reveal clear density for bound RNA beneath the coat protein binding sites on the inner surface of the T=3 MS2 capsid, and show that a short extension of the minimal assembly initiation sequence that promotes an increase in the efficiency of assembly, interacts with the protein capsid forming a network of bound RNA. The structure of the wild-type MS2 virion at approximately 9 A resolution reveals icosahedrally ordered density encompassing approximately 90% of the single-stranded RNA genome. The genome in the wild-type virion is arranged as two concentric shells of density, connected along the 5-fold symmetry axes of the particle. This novel RNA fold provides new constraints for models of viral assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Toropova
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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