1
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Kiefer A, Prüfer M, Röder J, Pfeifer Serrahima J, Bodden M, Kühnel I, Oberoi P, Wels WS. Dual Targeting of Glioblastoma Cells with Bispecific Killer Cell Engagers Directed to EGFR and ErbB2 (HER2) Facilitates Effective Elimination by NKG2D-CAR-Engineered NK Cells. Cells 2024; 13:246. [PMID: 38334638 PMCID: PMC10854564 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor of natural killer cells that recognizes stress-induced ligands (NKG2DL) expressed by many tumor cells. Nevertheless, NKG2DL downregulation or shedding can still allow cancer cells to evade immune surveillance. Here, we used lentiviral gene transfer to engineer clinically usable NK-92 cells with a chimeric antigen receptor (NKAR) which contains the extracellular domain of NKG2D for target recognition, or an NKAR, together with the IL-15 superagonist RD-IL15, and combined these effector cells with recombinant NKG2D-interacting bispecific engagers that simultaneously recognize the tumor-associated antigens epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or ErbB2 (HER2). Applied individually, in in vitro cell-killing assays, these NKAB-EGFR and NKAB-ErbB2 antibodies specifically redirected NKAR-NK-92 and NKAR_RD-IL15-NK-92 cells to glioblastoma and other cancer cells with elevated EGFR or ErbB2 levels. However, in mixed glioblastoma cell cultures, used as a model for heterogeneous target antigen expression, NKAR-NK cells only lysed the EGFR- or ErbB2-expressing subpopulations in the presence of one of the NKAB molecules. This was circumvented by applying NKAB-EGFR and NKAB-ErbB2 together, resulting in effective antitumor activity similar to that against glioblastoma cells expressing both target antigens. Our results demonstrate that combining NK cells carrying an activating NKAR receptor with bispecific NKAB antibodies allows for flexible targeting, which can enhance tumor-antigen-specific cytotoxicity and prevent immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kiefer
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maren Prüfer
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jasmin Röder
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jordi Pfeifer Serrahima
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malena Bodden
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ines Kühnel
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pranav Oberoi
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Winfried S. Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, a Partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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2
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Dakhel S, Galbiati A, Migliorini F, Comacchio C, Oehler S, Prati L, Scheuermann J, Cazzamalli S, Neri D, Bassi G, Favalli N. Isolation of a Natural Killer Group 2D Small-Molecule Ligand from DNA-Encoded Chemical Libraries. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200350. [PMID: 35929380 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer Group 2D (NKG2D) is a homo-dimeric transmembrane protein which is typically expressed on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, gamma delta T (γδT) cells, activated CD8 positive T-cells and activated macrophages. Bispecific molecules, capable of bridging NKG2D with a target protein expressed on the surface of tumor cells, may be used to redirect the cytotoxic activity of NK-cells towards antigen-positive malignanT-cells. In this work, we report the discovery of a novel NKG2D small molecule binder [K D = (410±60) nM], isolated from a DNA-Encoded Chemical Library (DEL). The discovery of small organic NKG2D ligands may facilitate the generation of fully synthetic bispecific adaptors, which may serve as an alternative to bispecific antibody products and which may benefit from better tumor targeting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luca Prati
- Philogen SpA, R&D (Philochem), SWITZERLAND
| | - Jörg Scheuermann
- ETH Zürich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich, chemistry and applied biosciences, SWITZERLAND
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas Favalli
- Philogen SpA, R&D (Philochem), Libernstrasse 3, 8112, Otelfingen, SWITZERLAND
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3
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Banerjee A, Li D, Guo Y, Mei Z, Lau C, Chen K, Westwick J, Klauda JB, Schrum A, Lazear ER, Krupnick AS. A reengineered common chain cytokine augments CD8+ T cell–dependent immunotherapy. JCI Insight 2022; 7:158889. [PMID: 35603788 PMCID: PMC9220948 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine therapy is limited by undesirable off-target side effects as well as terminal differentiation and exhaustion of chronically stimulated T cells. Here, we describe the signaling properties of a potentially unique cytokine by design, where T cell surface binding and signaling are separated between 2 different families of receptors. This fusion protein cytokine, called OMCPmutIL-2, bound with high affinity to the cytotoxic lymphocyte-defining immunoreceptor NKG2D but signaled through the common γ chain cytokine receptor. In addition to precise activation of cytotoxic T cells due to redirected binding, OMCPmutIL-2 resulted in superior activation of both human and murine CD8+ T cells by improving their survival and memory cell generation and decreasing exhaustion. This functional improvement was the direct result of altered signal transduction based on the reorganization of surface membrane lipid rafts that led to Janus kinase-3–mediated phosphorylation of the T cell receptor rather than STAT/AKT signaling intermediates. This potentially novel signaling pathway increased CD8+ T cell response to low-affinity antigens, activated nuclear factor of activated T cells transcription factors, and promoted mitochondrial biogenesis. OMCPmutIL-2 thus outperformed other common γ chain cytokines as a catalyst for in vitro CD8+ T cell expansion and in vivo CD8+ T cell–based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dongge Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yizhan Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhongcheng Mei
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine Lau
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jeffery B. Klauda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Schrum
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery, and Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Eric R. Lazear
- Courier Therapeutics, Houston, Texas, USA
- Valo Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander S. Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Courier Therapeutics, Houston, Texas, USA
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4
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Zhang C, Röder J, Scherer A, Bodden M, Pfeifer Serrahima J, Bhatti A, Waldmann A, Müller N, Oberoi P, Wels WS. Bispecific antibody-mediated redirection of NKG2D-CAR natural killer cells facilitates dual targeting and enhances antitumor activity. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002980. [PMID: 34599028 PMCID: PMC8488744 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) is an activating receptor of natural killer (NK) cells and other lymphocytes that mediates lysis of malignant cells through recognition of stress-induced ligands such as MICA and MICB. Such ligands are broadly expressed by cancer cells of various origins and serve as targets for adoptive immunotherapy with effector cells endogenously expressing NKG2D or carrying an NKG2D-based chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). However, shedding or downregulation of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) can prevent NKG2D activation, resulting in escape of cancer cells from NKG2D-dependent immune surveillance. METHODS To enable tumor-specific targeting of NKG2D-expressing effector cells independent of membrane-anchored NKG2DLs, we generated a homodimeric recombinant antibody which harbors an N-terminal single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody domain for binding to NKG2D, linked via a human IgG4 Fc region to a second C-terminal scFv antibody domain for recognition of the tumor-associated antigen ErbB2 (HER2). The ability of this molecule, termed NKAB-ErbB2, to redirect NKG2D-expressing effector cells to ErbB2-positive tumor cells of different origins was investigated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells, ex vivo expanded NK cells, and NK and T cells engineered with an NKG2D-based chimeric receptor. RESULTS On its own, bispecific NKAB-ErbB2 increased lysis of ErbB2-positive breast carcinoma cells by peripheral blood-derived NK cells endogenously expressing NKG2D more effectively than an ErbB2-specific IgG1 mini-antibody able to induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity via activation of CD16. Furthermore, NKAB-ErbB2 synergized with NK-92 cells or primary T cells engineered to express an NKG2D-CD3ζ chimeric antigen receptor (NKAR), leading to targeted cell killing and greatly enhanced antitumor activity, which remained unaffected by soluble MICA known as an inhibitor of NKG2D-mediated natural cytotoxicity. In an immunocompetent mouse glioblastoma model mimicking low or absent NKG2DL expression, the combination of NKAR-NK-92 cells and NKAB-ErbB2 effectively suppressed outgrowth of ErbB2-positive tumors, resulting in treatment-induced endogenous antitumor immunity and cures in the majority of animals. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that combining an NKAB antibody with effector cells expressing an activating NKAR receptor represents a powerful and versatile approach to simultaneously enhance tumor antigen-specific as well as NKG2D-CAR and natural NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity, which may be particularly useful to target tumors with heterogeneous target antigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jasmin Röder
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anne Scherer
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malena Bodden
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Anita Bhatti
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja Waldmann
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Müller
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pranav Oberoi
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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5
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Song AY, Kim H, Kim JM, Hwang SH, Ko DH, Kim HS. Bispecific Antibody Designed for Targeted NK Cell Activation and Functional Assessment for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:42370-42381. [PMID: 34486371 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells serve as key innate effectors and their activity has been considered a prognostic biomarker in diverse human diseases. Currently, NK cell functional assays have several problems primarily related to adequate preparation, labeling, or treatment of target cells, which are cumbersome and often hamper consistent sensitivity for NK cells. Here, bispecific antibodies (BsAb's) targeting NKG2D and 2B4 receptors, whose combination mounts selective cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production of NK cells, are developed as acellular, consistent, and easy-to-use strategies for assessing NK cell functions. These NK cell activator BsAb's (NKABs) are constructed in symmetric dual bivalent formats with different interdomain spacings [immunoglobulin G (IgG)-single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and dual-variable domain (DVD)-Ig] and kappa constant (Cκ)-scFv format linking two scFv's with a Cκ domain. These NKABs are specific and superior to a combination of monospecific antibodies for NK cell activation. NKAB elicits both direct cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production via integration of NKG2D and 2B4 signals. Moreover, stimulation with NKAB IgG-scFv and Cκ-scFv reveals defective NK cell functions in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease involving 2B4 dysfunction in NK cells and multiple myeloma in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and whole blood, respectively. Hence, this work provides a proof of concept that NKAB facilitates the reliable and comprehensive measurement of NK cell function in clinical settings for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyori Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Ko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center (SCIRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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6
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Raynaud A, Desrumeaux K, Vidard L, Termine E, Baty D, Chames P, Vigne E, Kerfelec B. Anti-NKG2D single domain-based antibodies for the modulation of anti-tumor immune response. Oncoimmunology 2020; 10:1854529. [PMID: 33457075 PMCID: PMC7781768 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1854529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor is a C-type lectin-like activating receptor mainly expressed by cytotoxic immune cells including NK, CD8+ T, γδ T and NKT cells and in some pathological conditions by a subset of CD4+ T cells. It binds a variety of ligands (NKG2DL) whose expressions is finely regulated by stress-related conditions. The NKG2DL/NKG2D axis plays a central and complex role in the regulation of immune responses against diverse cellular threats such as oncogene-mediated transformations or infections. We generated a panel of seven highly specific anti-human NKG2D single-domain antibodies targeting various epitopes. These single-domain antibodies were integrated into bivalent and bispecific antibodies using a versatile plug-and-play Fab-like format. Depending on the context, these Fab-like antibodies exhibited activating or inhibitory effects on the immune response mediated by the NKG2DL/NKG2D axis. In solution, the bivalent anti-NKG2D antibodies that compete with NKG2DL potently blocked the activation of NK cells seeded on immobilized MICA, thus constituting antagonizing candidates. Bispecific anti-NKG2DxHER2 antibodies that concomitantly engage HER2 on tumor cells and NKG2D on NK cells elicited cytotoxicity of unstimulated NK in a tumor-specific manner, regardless of their apparent affinities and epitopes. Importantly, the bispecific antibodies that do not compete with ligands binding retained their full cytotoxic activity in the presence of ligands, a valuable property to circumvent immunosuppressive effects induced by soluble ligands in the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Raynaud
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Sanofi Oncology, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | | | | | - Elise Termine
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Baty
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Chames
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - Brigitte Kerfelec
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
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7
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Affinity-matured variants derived from nimotuzumab keep the original fine specificity and exhibit superior biological activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1194. [PMID: 31988343 PMCID: PMC6985160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nimotuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor with a long history of therapeutic use, recognizing an epitope different from the ones targeted by other antibodies against the same antigen. It is also distinguished by much less toxicity resulting in a better safety profile, which has been attributed to its lower affinity compared to these other antibodies. Nevertheless, the ideal affinity window for optimizing the balance between anti-tumor activity and toxic effects has not been determined. In the current work, the paratope of the phage-displayed nimotuzumab Fab fragment was evolved in vitro to obtain affinity-matured variants. Soft-randomization of heavy chain variable region CDRs and phage selection resulted in mutated variants with improved binding ability. Two recombinant antibodies were constructed using these variable regions, which kept the original fine epitope specificity and showed moderate affinity increases against the target (3-4-fold). Such differences were translated into a greatly enhanced inhibitory capacity upon ligand-induced receptor phosphorylation on tumor cells. The new antibodies, named K4 and K5, are valuable tools to explore the role of affinity in nimotuzumab biological properties, and could be used for applications requiring a fine-tuning of the balance between binding to tumor cells and healthy tissues.
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8
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Wilson HD, Li X, Peng H, Rader C. A Sortase A Programmable Phage Display Format for Improved Panning of Fab Antibody Libraries. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4387-4400. [PMID: 30213726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phage display of combinatorial antibody libraries is a versatile tool in the field of antibody engineering, with diverse applications including monoclonal antibody (mAb) discovery, affinity maturation, and humanization. To improve the selection efficiency of antibody libraries, we developed a new phagemid display system that addresses the complication of bald phage propagation. The phagemid facilitates the biotinylation of fragment of antigen binding (Fab) antibody fragments displayed on phage via Sortase A catalysis and the subsequent enrichment of Fab-displaying phage during selections. In multiple contexts, this selection approach improved the enrichment of target-reactive mAbs by depleting background phage. Panels of cancer cell line-reactive mAbs with high diversity and specificity were isolated from a naïve chimeric rabbit/human Fab library using this approach, highlighting its potential to accelerate antibody engineering efforts and to empower concerted antibody drug and target discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry D Wilson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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9
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Chan WK, Kang S, Youssef Y, Glankler EN, Barrett ER, Carter AM, Ahmed EH, Prasad A, Chen L, Zhang J, Benson DM, Caligiuri MA, Yu J. A CS1-NKG2D Bispecific Antibody Collectively Activates Cytolytic Immune Cells against Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:776-787. [PMID: 29769244 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematologic malignancy of plasma cells, with an estimated 30,000 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States, signifying the need for new therapeutic approaches. We hypothesized that targeting MM using a bispecific antibody (biAb) to simultaneously engage both innate and adaptive cytolytic immune cells could present potent antitumor activity. We engineered a biAb by fusing an anti-CS1 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and an anti-NKG2D scFv (CS1-NKG2D biAb). Although NKG2D is a potent activation receptor ubiquitously expressed on mostly cytolytic immune cells including NK cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, and NKT cells, the CS1 tumor-associated antigen on MM represents a promising target. CS1-NKG2D biAb engaged human MM cell lines and NKG2D+ immune cells, forming immune synapses. In effector cells, CS1-NKG2D biAb triggered the phosphorylation of AKT, a downstream protein kinase of the activated NKG2D-DAP10 complex. The EC50 values of CS1-NKG2D biAb for CS1high and for CS1low MM cell lines with effector PBMCs were 10-12 and 10-9 mol/L, respectively. CS1-NKG2D biAb acted through multiple types of immune cells, and this induced cytotoxicity was both CS1- and NKG2D-specific. In vivo, survival was significantly prolonged using CS1-NKG2D biAb in a xenograft NOD-SCIDIL2γc-/- (NSG) mouse model engrafted with both human PBMCs and MM cell lines. Collectively, we demonstrated that the CS1-NKG2D biAb facilitated an enhanced immune synapse between CS1+ MM cells and NKG2D+ cytolytic innate and antigen-specific effector cells, which, in turn, activated these immune cells for improved clearance of MM. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(7); 776-87. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Keung Chan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Siwen Kang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Youssef Youssef
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Erin N Glankler
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emma R Barrett
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alex M Carter
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Elshafa H Ahmed
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Aman Prasad
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Luxi Chen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Don M Benson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
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10
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Peng H, Nerreter T, Chang J, Qi J, Li X, Karunadharma P, Martinez GJ, Fallahi M, Soden J, Freeth J, Beerli RR, Grawunder U, Hudecek M, Rader C. Mining Naïve Rabbit Antibody Repertoires by Phage Display for Monoclonal Antibodies of Therapeutic Utility. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2954-2973. [PMID: 28818634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their high affinities and specificities, rabbit monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have demonstrated value and potential primarily as basic research and diagnostic reagents, but, in some cases, also as therapeutics. To accelerate access to rabbit mAbs bypassing immunization, we generated a large naïve rabbit antibody repertoire represented by a phage display library encompassing >10 billion independent antibodies in chimeric rabbit/human Fab format and validated it by next-generation sequencing. Panels of rabbit mAbs selected from this library against two emerging cancer targets, ROR1 and ROR2, revealed high diversity, affinity, and specificity. Moreover, ROR1- and ROR2-targeting rabbit mAbs demonstrated therapeutic utility as components of chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells, further corroborating the value of the naïve rabbit antibody library as a rich and virtually unlimited source of rabbit mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas Nerreter
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jing Chang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Junpeng Qi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | | | - Mohammad Fallahi
- Informatics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jo Soden
- Retrogenix Ltd, Whaley Bridge, High Peak, SK23 7LY, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Freeth
- Retrogenix Ltd, Whaley Bridge, High Peak, SK23 7LY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael Hudecek
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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11
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Campbell AR, Duggan MC, Suarez-Kelly LP, Bhave N, Opheim KS, McMichael EL, Trikha P, Parihar R, Luedke E, Lewis A, Yung B, Lee R, Raulet D, Tridandapani S, Groh V, Yu L, Yildiz V, Byrd JC, Caligiuri MA, Carson WE. MICA-Expressing Monocytes Enhance Natural Killer Cell Fc Receptor-Mediated Antitumor Functions. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:778-789. [PMID: 28724544 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes that promote the antitumor response via communication with other cell types in the tumor microenvironment. Previously, we have shown that NK cells secrete a profile of immune stimulatory factors (e.g., IFNγ, MIP-1α, and TNFα) in response to dual stimulation with the combination of antibody (Ab)-coated tumor cells and cytokines, such as IL12. We now demonstrate that this response is enhanced in the presence of autologous monocytes. Monocyte enhancement of NK cell activity was dependent on cell-to-cell contact as determined by a Transwell assay. It was hypothesized that NK cell effector functions against Ab-coated tumor cells were enhanced via binding of MICA on monocytes to NK cell NKG2D receptors. Strategies to block MICA-NKG2D interactions resulted in reductions in IFNγ production. Depletion of monocytes in vivo resulted in decreased IFNγ production by murine NK cells upon exposure to Ab-coated tumor cells. In mice receiving trastuzumab and IL12 therapy, monocyte depletion resulted in significantly greater tumor growth in comparison to mock-depleted controls (P < 0.05). These data suggest that NK cell-monocyte interactions enhance NK cell antitumor activity in the setting of monoclonal Ab therapy for cancer. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(9); 778-89. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Campbell
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Medical Scientist Training Program and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Megan C Duggan
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Medical Scientist Training Program and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Neela Bhave
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kallan S Opheim
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth L McMichael
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Medical Scientist Training Program and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Prashant Trikha
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robin Parihar
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Eric Luedke
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Adrian Lewis
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bryant Yung
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Susheela Tridandapani
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Veronika Groh
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Vedat Yildiz
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John C Byrd
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - William E Carson
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio. .,Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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12
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Cai X, Caballero-Benitez A, Gewe MM, Jenkins IC, Drescher CW, Strong RK, Spies T, Groh V. Control of Tumor Initiation by NKG2D Naturally Expressed on Ovarian Cancer Cells. Neoplasia 2017; 19:471-482. [PMID: 28499126 PMCID: PMC5429243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells may co-opt the NKG2D lymphocyte receptor to complement the presence of its ligands for autonomous stimulation of oncogenic signaling. Previous studies raise the possibility that cancer cell NKG2D may induce high malignancy traits, but its full oncogenic impact is unknown. Using epithelial ovarian cancer as model setting, we show here that ex vivo NKG2D+ cancer cells have stem-like capacities, and provide formal in vivo evidence linking NKG2D stimulation with the development and maintenance of these functional states. NKG2D+ ovarian cancer cell populations harbor substantially greater capacities for self-renewing in vitro sphere formation and in vivo tumor initiation in immunodeficient (NOD scid gamma) mice than NKG2D− controls. Sphere formation and tumor initiation are impaired by NKG2D silencing or ligand blockade using antibodies or a newly designed pan ligand-masking NKG2D multimer. In further support of pathophysiological significance, a prospective study of 47 high-grade serous ovarian cancer cases revealed that the odds of disease recurrence were significantly greater and median progression-free survival rates higher among patients with above and below median NKG2D+ cancer cell frequencies, respectively. Collectively, our results define cancer cell NKG2D as an important regulator of tumor initiation in ovarian cancer and presumably other malignancies and thus challenge current efforts in immunotherapy aimed at enhancing NKG2D function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
| | - Andrea Caballero-Benitez
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
| | - Mesfin M Gewe
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
| | - Isaac C Jenkins
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
| | - Charles W Drescher
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
| | - Roland K Strong
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
| | - Thomas Spies
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
| | - Veronika Groh
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
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13
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Lazear E, Ghasemi R, Hein SM, Westwick J, Watkins D, Fremont DH, Krupnick AS. Targeting of IL-2 to cytotoxic lymphocytes as an improved method of cytokine-driven immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1265721. [PMID: 28344875 PMCID: PMC5353927 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1265721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) has fallen out of favor due to severe life-threatening side effects. We have recently described a unique way of directly targeting IL-2 to cytotoxic lymphocytes using a virally encoded immune evasion protein and an IL-2 mutant that avoids off-target side effects such as activation of regulatory T cells and vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lazear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Reza Ghasemi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Daved H Fremont
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO, USA
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14
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Selection and application of broad-specificity human domain antibody for simultaneous detection of Bt Cry toxins. Anal Biochem 2016; 512:70-77. [PMID: 27544649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bt Cry toxin is a kind of bio-toxins that used for genetically modified crops (GMC) transformation widely. In this study, total 15 positive clones could bind the Bt Cry toxins which isolated from a human domain antibody library by 5 rounds affinity selection. According to analyzing of PCR amplification and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the most positive phage domain antibody (named F5) gene was cloned into the pET26b vector and expressed in E. coli BL21. The purified antibody was used to develop an indirect competitive ELISA (IC-ELISA) for Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1B, Cry1C and Cry1F toxins, respectively. The working range of detection for standard curves in IC-ELISA were 0.258-1.407 μg/mL, the medium inhibition concentration (IC50) were 0.727-0.892 μg/mL and detection limit (IC10) were 0.029-0.074 μg/mL for those Bt Cry toxins. The affinity of F5 domain antibody with Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1B, Cry1C and Cry1F toxins were 1.21-5.94 × 10(7) M(-1). The average recoveries of the 5 kinds of Bt Cry toxins from spiked wheat samples were ranged from 81.2%-100.8% with a CV at 2.5%-9.4%. The results showed that we successfully obtained the broad-specificity human domain antibody for simultaneous detection of Bt Cry toxins in agricultural product samples.
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15
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Grönwall C, Charles ED, Dustin LB, Rader C, Silverman GJ. Selection of apoptotic cell specific human antibodies from adult bone marrow. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95999. [PMID: 24760047 PMCID: PMC3997490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive antibodies that recognize neo-determinants on apoptotic cells in mice have been proposed to have protective, homeostatic and immunoregulatory properties, although our knowledge about the equivalent antibodies in humans has been much more limited. In the current study, human monoclonal antibodies with binding specificity for apoptotic cells were isolated from the bone marrow of healthy adults using phage display technology. These antibodies were shown to recognize phosphorylcholine (PC)-associated neo-determinants. Interestingly, three of the four identified apoptotic cell-specific antibody clones were encoded by VH3 region rearrangements with germline or nearly germline configuration without evidence of somatic hypermutation. Importantly, the different identified antibody clones had diverse heavy chain CDR3 and deduced binding surfaces as suggested by structure modeling. This may suggest a potentially great heterogeneity in human antibodies recognizing PC-related epitopes on apoptotic cells. To re-construct the postulated structural format of the parental anti-PC antibody, the dominant clone was also expressed as a recombinant human polymeric IgM, which revealed a substantially increased binding reactivity, with dose-dependent and antigen-inhibitable binding of apoptotic cells. Our findings may have implication for improved prognostic testing and therapeutic interventions in human inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grönwall
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Edgar D. Charles
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Cancer Biology and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gregg J. Silverman
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Ayoglu B, Häggmark A, Neiman M, Igel U, Uhlén M, Schwenk JM, Nilsson P. Systematic antibody and antigen-based proteomic profiling with microarrays. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 11:219-34. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Engineering the male-specificity of Fab against SDM antigen by chain shuffling. Theriogenology 2013; 79:1162-70. [PMID: 23561854 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High-titer serologically detected male (SDM) antibody fragments are essential for specific binding to the SDM antigen and promoting its application. The A8 clone previously obtained from an original phage antibody library was further affinity-matured by light- and high-chain shuffling respectively, to generate the end product B9 clone. The binding capacity of B9 phage Fabs to male splenocytes doubled the value of its parental A8 clone (determined using ELISA). Based on immunofluorescent staining, B9-Fabs mainly bound to the surface antigen of male splenocytes and recognized testicular cells. The resulting B9-Fabs detected a single protein (approximately 40 kDa determined using Western blot analysis of male splenocytes and testis); its high SDM antigen binding ability might have been because of mutation sites and varied lengths of the amino acid sequences in the complementarity determining regions-3 of the κ and Fd chains. The new recombinant clones of Fab that were phage-enhanced using chain shuffling were candidate molecules for investigating molecular mechanisms of SDM antigens specific binding and applications.
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18
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Tillotson BJ, de Larrinoa IF, Skinner CA, Klavas DM, Shusta EV. Antibody affinity maturation using yeast display with detergent-solubilized membrane proteins as antigen sources. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:101-12. [PMID: 23109730 PMCID: PMC3542525 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen preparations in the form of detergent-solubilized cell lysates could, in principle, render membrane proteins (MPs) compatible with in vitro antibody engineering technologies. To this end, detergent-solubilized cell lysates were coupled with the yeast surface display platform to affinity mature an anti-transferrin receptor (TfR) single-chain antibody (scFv). Lysates were generated from TfR-expressing HEK293 cells by solubilization with detergent-containing buffer after undergoing plasma membrane-restricted biotinylation. Lysate-resident TfR was then combined with a mutagenic anti-TfR scFv library in a competitive, dissociation rate screen, and scFvs were identified with up to 4-fold improved dissociation rates on the surface of yeast. Importantly, although the lysates contained a complex mixture of biotinylated proteins, the engineered scFvs retained their TfR binding specificity. When secreted by yeast as soluble proteins, mutant scFvs bound to cell surface TfR with 3-7-fold improvements in equilibrium binding affinity. Although a known MP antigen was targeted for purposes of this study, employing biotin tagging as a means of antigen detection makes the lysate-based approach particularly flexible. We have previously shown that yeast display can be used to identify lead antibodies using cell lysate-resident MP antigens, and combined with this work showing that antibodies can also be quantitatively engineered using cell lysates, these approaches may provide a high-throughput platform for generation and optimization of antibodies against MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Tillotson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Iñigo F. de Larrinoa
- Departamento de Quimica Aplicada, Universidad del País Vasco, P M. Lardizabal 3, San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Colin A. Skinner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Derek M. Klavas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eric V. Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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19
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Abstract
This protocol describes the selection of human antibody libraries in Fab format by phage display. It includes panning against immobilized antigens, biotinylated antigens in solution, and cell surface antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rader
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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20
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Abstract
This protocol describes the generation of human antibody libraries in Fab format from 2.5 × 10(7) human peripheral blood or bone marrow mononuclear cells for their subsequent selection by phage display. Although it can be applied to the mining of both human naïve and immune antibody repertoires, the procedure is primarily intended for the generation of fully human monoclonal antibodies from patients with endogenous antibody responses of interest and limited availability of clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rader
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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21
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Yang J, Baskar S, Kwong KY, Kennedy MG, Wiestner A, Rader C. Therapeutic potential and challenges of targeting receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 with monoclonal antibodies in B-cell malignancies. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21018. [PMID: 21698301 PMCID: PMC3115963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on its selective cell surface expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 has recently emerged as a promising target for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). To further assess the suitability of ROR1 for targeted therapy of CLL and MCL, a panel of mAbs was generated and its therapeutic utility was investigated. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A chimeric rabbit/human Fab library was generated from immunized rabbits and selected by phage display. Chimeric rabbit/human Fab and IgG1 were investigated for their capability to bind to human and mouse ROR1, to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and internalization, and to agonize or antagonize apoptosis using primary CLL cells from untreated patients as well as MCL cell lines. A panel of mAbs demonstrated high affinity and specificity for a diverse set of epitopes that involve all three extracellular domains of ROR1, are accessible on the cell surface, and mediate internalization. The mAb with the highest affinity and slowest rate of internalization was found to be the only mAb that mediated significant, albeit weak, ADCC. None of the mAbs mediated CDC. Alone, they did not enhance or inhibit apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Owing to its relatively low cell surface density, ROR1 may be a preferred target for armed rather than naked mAbs. Provided is a panel of fully sequenced and thoroughly characterized anti-ROR1 mAbs suitable for conversion to antibody-drug conjugates, immunotoxins, chimeric antigen receptors, and other armed mAb entities for preclinical and clinical studies.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Apoptosis
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Rabbits
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors/chemistry
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors/immunology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yang
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sivasubramanian Baskar
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ka Yin Kwong
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Kennedy
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christoph Rader
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become drugs of choice for the management of an increasing number of human diseases. Human antibody repertoires provide a rich source for human mAbs. Here we review the characteristics of natural and non-natural human antibody repertoires and their mining with non-combinatorial and combinatorial strategies. In particular, we discuss the selection of human mAbs from naïve, immune, transgenic, and synthetic human antibody repertoires using methods based on hybridoma technology, clonal expansion of peripheral B cells, single-cell PCR, phage display, yeast display, and mammalian cell display. Our reliance on different strategies is shifting as we gain experience and refine methods to the efficient generation of human mAbs with superior pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Rader
- 2Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
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23
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Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become drugs of choice for the management of an increasing number of human diseases. Human antibody repertoires provide a rich source for human mAbs. Here we review the characteristics of natural and non-natural human antibody repertoires and their mining with non-combinatorial and combinatorial strategies. In particular, we discuss the selection of human mAbs from naïve, immune, transgenic, and synthetic human antibody repertoires using methods based on hybridoma technology, clonal expansion of peripheral B cells, single-cell PCR, phage display, yeast display, and mammalian cell display. Our reliance on different strategies is shifting as we gain experience and refine methods to the efficient generation of human mAbs with superior pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Rader
- 2Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
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24
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Grading the commercial optical biosensor literature-Class of 2008: 'The Mighty Binders'. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:1-64. [PMID: 20017116 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical biosensor technology continues to be the method of choice for label-free, real-time interaction analysis. But when it comes to improving the quality of the biosensor literature, education should be fundamental. Of the 1413 articles published in 2008, less than 30% would pass the requirements for high-school chemistry. To teach by example, we spotlight 10 papers that illustrate how to implement the technology properly. Then we grade every paper published in 2008 on a scale from A to F and outline what features make a biosensor article fabulous, middling or abysmal. To help improve the quality of published data, we focus on a few experimental, analysis and presentation mistakes that are alarmingly common. With the literature as a guide, we want to ensure that no user is left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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25
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A human monoclonal antibody drug and target discovery platform for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia based on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and phage display. Blood 2009; 114:4494-502. [PMID: 19667400 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-222786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) is the only potentially curative treatment available for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Here, we show that post-alloHSCT antibody repertoires can be mined for the discovery of fully human monoclonal antibodies to B-CLL cell-surface antigens. Sera collected from B-CLL patients at defined times after alloHSCT showed selective binding to primary B-CLL cells. Pre-alloHSCT sera, donor sera, and control sera were negative. To identify post-alloHSCT serum antibodies and subsequently B-CLL cell-surface antigens they recognize, we generated a human antibody-binding fragment (Fab) library from post-alloHSCT peripheral blood mononuclear cells and selected it on primary B-CLL cells by phage display. A panel of Fab with B-CLL cell-surface reactivity was strongly enriched. Selection was dominated by highly homologous Fab predicted to bind the same antigen. One Fab was converted to immunoglobulin G1 and analyzed for reactivity with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from B-CLL patients and healthy volunteers. Cell-surface antigen expression was restricted to primary B cells and up-regulated in primary B-CLL cells. Mining post-alloHSCT antibody repertoires offers a novel route to discover fully human monoclonal antibodies and identify antigens of potential therapeutic relevance to B-CLL and possibly other cancers. Trials described herein were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as nos. NCT00055744 and NCT00003838.
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26
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Steigerwald J, Raum T, Pflanz S, Cierpka R, Mangold S, Rau D, Hoffmann P, Kvesic M, Zube C, Linnerbauer S, Lumsden J, Sriskandarajah M, Kufer P, Baeuerle PA, Volkland J. Human IgG1 antibodies antagonizing activating receptor NKG2D on natural killer cells. MAbs 2009; 1:115-27. [PMID: 20061825 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.1.2.7630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is a surface receptor expressed on NK cells but also on CD8(+) T cells, gammadelta T cells, and auto-reactive CD4(+)/CD28(-) T cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Various studies suggested that NKG2D plays a critical role in autoimmune diseases, e.g., in diabetes, celiac disease and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), rendering the activating receptor a potential target for antibody-based therapies. Here, we describe the generation and characteristics of a panel of human, high-affinity anti-NKG2D IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived by phage display. The lead molecule mAb E4 bound with an affinity (KD) of 2.7 +/- 1.4 x 10(-11) M to soluble and membrane-bound human NKG2D, and cross-reacted with NKG2D from cynomolgus macaque, indicating potential suitability for studies in a relevant primate model. MAb E4 potently antagonized the cytolytic activity of NKL cells against BaF/3-MICA cells expressing NKG2D ligand, and blocked the NKG2D ligand-induced secretion of TNFalpha, IFNgamma and GM-CSF, as well as surface expression of CRTAM by NK cells cultured on immobilized MICA or ULBP-1 ligands. The antibody did not show a detectable loss of binding to NKG2D after seven days in human serum at 37 degrees C, and resisted thermal inactivation up to 70 degrees C. Based on these results, anti-human NKG2D mAb E4 provides an ideal candidate for development of a novel therapeutic agent antagonizing a key receptor of NK and cytotoxic T cells with implications in autoimmune diseases.
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