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Guisier F, Barros-Filho MC, Rock LD, Strachan-Whaley M, Marshall EA, Dellaire G, Lam WL. Janus or Hydra: The Many Faces of T Helper Cells in the Human Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1224:35-51. [PMID: 32036603 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35723-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (TH) cells are key regulators in the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME), mediating the adaptive immunological response towards cancer, mainly through the activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. After antigen recognition and proper co-stimulation, naïve TH cells are activated, undergo clonal expansion, and release cytokines that will define the differentiation of a specific effector TH cell subtype. These different subtypes have different functions, which can mediate both anti- and pro-tumour immunological responses. Here, we present the dual role of TH cells restraining or promoting the tumour, the factors controlling their homing and differentiation in the TIME, their influence on immunotherapy, and their use as prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Guisier
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Pneumology, Thoracic Oncology and Intensive Respiratory Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | - Mateus Camargo Barros-Filho
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leigha D Rock
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Oral and Biological Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Erin A Marshall
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Canadian Environmental Exposures in Cancer (CE2C) Network (CE2C.ca), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Canadian Environmental Exposures in Cancer (CE2C) Network (CE2C.ca), Halifax, NS, Canada
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2
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Bower EKM, Cooper LP, Roberts GA, White JH, Luyten Y, Morgan RD, Dryden DTF. A model for the evolution of prokaryotic DNA restriction-modification systems based upon the structural malleability of Type I restriction-modification enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:9067-9080. [PMID: 30165537 PMCID: PMC6158711 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Restriction Modification (RM) systems prevent the invasion of foreign genetic material into bacterial cells by restriction and protect the host's genetic material by methylation. They are therefore important in maintaining the integrity of the host genome. RM systems are currently classified into four types (I to IV) on the basis of differences in composition, target recognition, cofactors and the manner in which they cleave DNA. Comparing the structures of the different types, similarities can be observed suggesting an evolutionary link between these different types. This work describes the ‘deconstruction’ of a large Type I RM enzyme into forms structurally similar to smaller Type II RM enzymes in an effort to elucidate the pathway taken by Nature to form these different RM enzymes. Based upon the ability to engineer new enzymes from the Type I ‘scaffold’, an evolutionary pathway and the evolutionary pressures required to move along the pathway from Type I RM systems to Type II RM systems are proposed. Experiments to test the evolutionary model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K M Bower
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Laurie P Cooper
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Gareth A Roberts
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - John H White
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Yvette Luyten
- New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938-2723, USA
| | - Richard D Morgan
- New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938-2723, USA
| | - David T F Dryden
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Bialevich V, Sinha D, Shamayeva K, Guzanova A, Řeha D, Csefalvay E, Carey J, Weiserova M, Ettrich RH. The helical domain of the EcoR124I motor subunit participates in ATPase activity and dsDNA translocation. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2887. [PMID: 28133570 PMCID: PMC5248579 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I restriction-modification enzymes are multisubunit, multifunctional molecular machines that recognize specific DNA target sequences, and their multisubunit organization underlies their multifunctionality. EcoR124I is the archetype of Type I restriction-modification family IC and is composed of three subunit types: HsdS, HsdM, and HsdR. DNA cleavage and ATP-dependent DNA translocation activities are housed in the distinct domains of the endonuclease/motor subunit HsdR. Because the multiple functions are integrated in this large subunit of 1,038 residues, a large number of interdomain contacts might be expected. The crystal structure of EcoR124I HsdR reveals a surprisingly sparse number of contacts between helicase domain 2 and the C-terminal helical domain that is thought to be involved in assembly with HsdM. Only two potential hydrogen-bonding contacts are found in a very small contact region. In the present work, the relevance of these two potential hydrogen-bonding interactions for the multiple activities of EcoR124I is evaluated by analysing mutant enzymes using in vivo and in vitro experiments. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to provide structural interpretation of the functional data. The results indicate that the helical C-terminal domain is involved in the DNA translocation, cleavage, and ATPase activities of HsdR, and a role in controlling those activities is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Bialevich
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Dhiraj Sinha
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Katsiaryna Shamayeva
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Guzanova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Řeha
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Csefalvay
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Jannette Carey
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Chemistry Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Marie Weiserova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rüdiger H. Ettrich
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- College of Medical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
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Roberts GA, Houston PJ, White JH, Chen K, Stephanou AS, Cooper LP, Dryden DTF, Lindsay JA. Impact of target site distribution for Type I restriction enzymes on the evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) populations. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:7472-84. [PMID: 23771140 PMCID: PMC3753647 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A limited number of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones are responsible for MRSA infections worldwide, and those of different lineages carry unique Type I restriction-modification (RM) variants. We have identified the specific DNA sequence targets for the dominant MRSA lineages CC1, CC5, CC8 and ST239. We experimentally demonstrate that this RM system is sufficient to block horizontal gene transfer between clinically important MRSA, confirming the bioinformatic evidence that each lineage is evolving independently. Target sites are distributed randomly in S. aureus genomes, except in a set of large conjugative plasmids encoding resistance genes that show evidence of spreading between two successful MRSA lineages. This analysis of the identification and distribution of target sites explains evolutionary patterns in a pathogenic bacterium. We show that a lack of specific target sites enables plasmids to evade the Type I RM system thereby contributing to the evolution of increasingly resistant community and hospital MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth A Roberts
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK and Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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5
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Taylor JE, Swiderska A, Geoff Kneale G. A rapid purification procedure for the HsdM protein of EcoR124I and biophysical characterization of the purified protein. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 87:136-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chmelnitsky I, Shklyar M, Hermesh O, Navon-Venezia S, Edgar R, Carmeli Y. Unique genes identified in the epidemic extremely drug-resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 258. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:74-83. [PMID: 23042812 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clone, sequence type (ST) 258, has emerged and spread worldwide. This study aimed to identify putative genes that may contribute to the extraordinary dissemination of the KPC-producing ST258 clone. METHODS A suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) library was constructed using two KPC-producing strains: an epidemic ST258 and a non-epidemic ST376. The fragments obtained were sequenced, analysed and their presence among 27 additional ST258 isolates and 21 isolates of non-epidemic STs was determined. The functions of the putative proteins were extracted from NCBI databases. Localization to plasmid/chromosome was determined by PCR after transformation and by Southern hybridization. In silico homologues for the subtractive fragments were searched among sequences available in the NCBI database. RESULTS SSH yielded 42 fragments (50 proteins) specific to the ST258 isolate tested, 30 of them located on various plasmids. The ST258 strains examined could be divided into two groups, one in which all 50 genes were ubiquitous and another group that lost 11 fragments, all located on one of the plasmids. This group of 50 genes was absent among other STs tested. Nineteen genes were unique to ST258 strains and 17 to CC258 (where CC stands for clonal complex). Most of the deduced proteins belonged to two major functional groups: 15 to the cell motility and secretion group, and 14 to the DNA repair and modification group. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies unique genes in ST258 bacteria that may contribute to its epidemiological success as compared with other KPC-producing STs. Conservation of plasmid-encoded genes among ST258 isolates, despite plasmid variation, supports their importance in the success of this clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chmelnitsky
- Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory, Division of Epidemiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
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Taylor JE, Swiderska A, Artero JB, Callow P, Kneale G. Structural and functional analysis of the symmetrical Type I restriction endonuclease R.EcoR124I NT. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35263. [PMID: 22493743 PMCID: PMC3320862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I restriction-modification (RM) systems are comprised of two multi-subunit enzymes, the methyltransferase (∼160 kDa), responsible for methylation of DNA, and the restriction endonuclease (∼400 kDa), responsible for DNA cleavage. Both enzymes share a number of subunits. An engineered RM system, EcoR124I(NT), based on the N-terminal domain of the specificity subunit of EcoR124I was constructed that recognises the symmetrical sequence GAAN(7)TTC and is active as a methyltransferase. Here, we investigate the restriction endonuclease activity of R. EcoR124I(NT)in vitro and the subunit assembly of the multi-subunit enzyme. Finally, using small-angle neutron scattering and selective deuteration, we present a low-resolution structural model of the endonuclease and locate the motor subunits within the multi-subunit enzyme. We show that the covalent linkage between the two target recognition domains of the specificity subunit is not required for subunit assembly or enzyme activity, and discuss the implications for the evolution of Type I enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Taylor
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Swiderska
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Baptiste Artero
- Partnership for Structural Biology, Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
- Macromolecular Structure Research Group, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Callow
- Partnership for Structural Biology, Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | - Geoff Kneale
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Kennaway CK, Taylor JE, Song CF, Potrzebowski W, Nicholson W, White JH, Swiderska A, Obarska-Kosinska A, Callow P, Cooper LP, Roberts GA, Artero JB, Bujnicki JM, Trinick J, Kneale GG, Dryden DT. Structure and operation of the DNA-translocating type I DNA restriction enzymes. Genes Dev 2012; 26:92-104. [PMID: 22215814 PMCID: PMC3258970 DOI: 10.1101/gad.179085.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Type I DNA restriction/modification (RM) enzymes are molecular machines found in the majority of bacterial species. Their early discovery paved the way for the development of genetic engineering. They control (restrict) the influx of foreign DNA via horizontal gene transfer into the bacterium while maintaining sequence-specific methylation (modification) of host DNA. The endonuclease reaction of these enzymes on unmethylated DNA is preceded by bidirectional translocation of thousands of base pairs of DNA toward the enzyme. We present the structures of two type I RM enzymes, EcoKI and EcoR124I, derived using electron microscopy (EM), small-angle scattering (neutron and X-ray), and detailed molecular modeling. DNA binding triggers a large contraction of the open form of the enzyme to a compact form. The path followed by DNA through the complexes is revealed by using a DNA mimic anti-restriction protein. The structures reveal an evolutionary link between type I RM enzymes and type II RM enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Kennaway
- Astbury Centre, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Taylor
- Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
| | - Chun Feng Song
- Astbury Centre, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech Potrzebowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, PL-02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - William Nicholson
- Astbury Centre, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - John H. White
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Swiderska
- Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Obarska-Kosinska
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, PL-02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Philip Callow
- Partnership for Structural Biology, Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurie P. Cooper
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth A. Roberts
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Baptiste Artero
- Partnership for Structural Biology, Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
- EPSAM and ISTM, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Janusz M. Bujnicki
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, PL-02-109 Warsaw, Poland
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, PL-61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - John Trinick
- Astbury Centre, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - G. Geoff Kneale
- Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
| | - David T.F. Dryden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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Gao P, Tang Q, An X, Yan X, Liang D. Structure of HsdS subunit from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis sheds lights on mechanism of dynamic opening and closing of type I methyltransferase. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17346. [PMID: 21399684 PMCID: PMC3047542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I DNA methyltransferases contain one specificity subunit (HsdS) and two modification subunits (HsdM). The electron microscopy model of M.EcoKI-M2S1 methyltransferase shows a reasonable closed state of this clamp-like enzyme, but the structure of the open state is still unclear. The 1.95 Å crystal structure of the specificity subunit from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis (TTE-HsdS) shows an unreported open form inter-domain orientation of this subunit. Based on the crystal structure of TTE-HsdS and the closed state model of M.EcoKI-M2S1, we constructed a potential open state model of type I methyltransferase. Mutational studies indicated that two α-helices (aa30-59 and aa466-495) of the TTE-HsdM subunit are important inter-subunit interaction sites in the TTE-M2S1 complex. DNA binding assays also highlighted the importance of the C-terminal region of TTE-HsdM for DNA binding by the TTE-M2S1 complex. On the basis of structural analysis, biochemical experiments and previous studies, we propose a dynamic opening and closing mechanism for type I methyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Gao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Tang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoMin An
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoXue Yan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XXY); (DCL)
| | - DongCai Liang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XXY); (DCL)
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