1
|
Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8130-8232. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gómez S, Ambrosetti M, Giovannini T, Cappelli C. Close-Up Look at Electronic Spectroscopic Signatures of Common Pharmaceuticals in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2432-2446. [PMID: 38416564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Simulating electronic properties and spectral signals requires robust computational approaches that need tuning with the system's peculiarities. In this paper, we test implicit and fully atomistic solvation models for the calculation of UV-vis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra of two pharmaceutically relevant molecules, namely, (2S)-captopril and (S)-naproxen, dissolved in aqueous solution. Room temperature molecular dynamics simulations reveal that these two drugs establish strong contacts with the surrounding solvent molecules via hydrogen bonds. Such specific interactions, which play a major role in the spectral response and are neglected in implicit approaches, are further characterized and quantified with natural bond orbital methods. Our calculations show that simulated spectra, and especially ECD, are in good agreement with experiments solely when conformational and configurational dynamics, mutual polarization, and solute-solvent repulsion effects are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Matteo Ambrosetti
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Tommaso Giovannini
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Chiara Cappelli
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa 56126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shahin AI, Zaib S, Zaraei SO, Kedia RA, Anbar HS, Younas MT, Al-Tel TH, Khoder G, El-Gamal MI. Design and synthesis of novel anti-urease imidazothiazole derivatives with promising antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286684. [PMID: 37267378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urease enzyme is a known therapeutic drug target for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection due to its role in settlement and growth in gastric mucosa. In this study, we designed a new series of sulfonates and sulfamates bearing imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole scaffold that exhibit a potent inhibitory activity of urease enzyme. The most potent compound 2c inhibited urease with an IC50 value of 2.94 ± 0.05 μM, which is 8-fold more potent than the thiourea positive control (IC50 = 22.3 ± 0.031 μM). Enzyme kinetics study showed that compound 2c is a competitive inhibitor of urease. Molecular modeling studies of the most potent inhibitors in the urease active site suggested multiple binding interactions with different amino acid residues. Phenotypic screening of the developed compounds against H. pylori delivered molecules of that possess high potency (1a, 1d, 1h, 2d, and 2f) in comparison to the positive control, acetohydroxamic acid. Additional studies to investigate the selectivity of these compounds against AGS gastric cell line and E. coli were performed. Permeability of the most promising derivatives (1a, 1d, 1h, 2d, and 2f) in Caco-2 cell line, was investigated. As a result, compound 1d presented itself as a lead drug candidate since it exhibited a promising inhibition against urease with an IC50 of 3.09 ± 0.07 μM, MIC value against H. pylori of 0.031 ± 0.011 mM, and SI against AGS of 6.05. Interestingly, compound 1d did not show activity against urease-negative E. coli and exhibited a low permeability in Caco-2 cells which supports the potential use of this compound for GIT infection without systemic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afnan I Shahin
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Seyed-Omar Zaraei
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reena A Kedia
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hanan S Anbar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Younas
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghalia Khoder
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arer V, Kar D. Biochemical exploration of β-lactamase inhibitors. Front Genet 2023; 13:1060736. [PMID: 36733944 PMCID: PMC9888030 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1060736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The alarming rise of microbial resistance to antibiotics has severely limited the efficacy of current treatment options. The prevalence of β-lactamase enzymes is a significant contributor to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. There are four classes of β-lactamases: A, B, C, and D. Class B is the metallo-β-lactamase, while the rest are serine β-lactamases. The clinical use of β-lactamase inhibitors began as an attempt to combat β-lactamase-mediated resistance. Although β-lactamase inhibitors alone are ineffective against bacteria, research has shown that combining inhibitors with antibiotics is a safe and effective treatment that not only prevents β-lactamase formation but also broadens the range of activity. These inhibitors may cause either temporary or permanent inhibition. The development of new β-lactamase inhibitors will be a primary focus of future research. This study discusses recent advances in our knowledge of the biochemistry behind β-lactam breakdown, with special emphasis on the mechanism of inhibitors for β-lactam complexes with β-lactamase. The study also focuses on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of all inhibitors and then applies them in clinical settings. Our analysis and discussion of the challenges that exist in designing inhibitors might help pharmaceutical researchers address root issues and develop more effective inhibitors.
Collapse
|
5
|
Georgiadis D, Skoulikas N, Papakyriakou A, Stratikos E. Phosphinic Peptides as Tool Compounds for the Study of Pharmacologically Relevant Zn-Metalloproteases. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1228-1253. [PMID: 36524013 PMCID: PMC9745897 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphinic peptides constitute an important class of bioactive compounds that have found a wide range of applications in the field of biology and pharmacology of Zn-metalloproteases, the largest family of proteases in humans. They are designed to mimic the structure of natural substrates during their proteolysis, thus acting as mechanism-based, transition state analogue inhibitors. A combination of electrostatic interactions between the phosphinic acid group and the Zn cation as well as optimal noncovalent enzyme-ligand interactions can result in both high binding affinity for the desired target and selectivity against other proteases. Due to these unique properties, phosphinic peptides have been mainly employed as tool compounds for (a) the purposes of rational drug design by serving as ligands in X-ray crystal structures of target enzymes and allowing the identification of crucial interactions that govern optimal molecular recognition, and (b) the delineation of biological pathways where Zn-metalloproteases are key regulators. For the latter objective, inhibitors of the phosphinopeptidic type have been used either unmodified or after being transformed to probes of various types, thus expanding the arsenal of functional tools available to researchers. The aim of this review is to summarize all recent research achievements in which phosphinic peptides have played a central role as tool compounds in the understanding of the mechanism and biological functions of Zn-metalloproteases in both health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Georgiadis
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Skoulikas
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Papakyriakou
- National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi GR-15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
- National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi GR-15341 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng W, Tian E, Liu Z, Zhou C, Yang P, Tian K, Liao W, Li J, Ren C. Small molecule angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:968104. [PMID: 36386190 PMCID: PMC9664202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.968104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a zinc metalloprotein, is a central component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). It degrades bradykinin and other vasoactive peptides. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors, ACEIs) decrease the formation of angiotensin II and increase the level of bradykinin, thus relaxing blood vessels as well as reducing blood volume, lowering blood pressure and reducing oxygen consumption by the heart, which can be used to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases and kidney diseases. Nevertheless, ACEIs are associated with a range of adverse effects such as renal insufficiency, which limits their use. In recent years, researchers have attempted to reduce the adverse effects of ACEIs by improving the selectivity of ACEIs for structural domains based on conformational relationships, and have developed a series of novel ACEIs. In this review, we have summarized the research advances of ACE inhibitors, focusing on the development sources, design strategies and analysis of structure-activity relationships and the biological activities of ACE inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Zheng
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Health Management Center, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Erkang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changhan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Health Management Center, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Keyue Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bezerra EM, de Alvarenga ÉC, dos Santos RP, de Sousa JS, Fulco UL, Freire VN, Albuquerque EL, da Costa RF. Losartan as an ACE inhibitor: a description of the mechanism of action through quantum biochemistry. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28395-28404. [PMID: 36320533 PMCID: PMC9533318 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04340h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Losartan (LST) is a potent and selective angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist widely used in the treatment of hypertension. The formation of Ang II is catalyzed by the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) through proteolytic cleavage of angiotensin I (Ang I), which is involved in the control of blood pressure. Despite the vast literature on the relationship of losartan with the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the actions of losartan on the sACE enzyme are so far poorly understood. In view of this, we investigated how losartan can interact with the sACE enzyme to block its activity and intracellular signaling. After performing docking assays following quantum biochemistry calculations using losartan and sACE crystallographic data, we report that their interaction results reveal a new mechanism of action with important implications for understanding its effects on hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline M. Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais (PPgCEM), Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA)CEP 59625-900MossoróRNBrazil,Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC)CEP 60440-900FortalezaCEBrazil
| | - Érika C. de Alvarenga
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ)CEP 36307-352São João del-ReiMGBrazil
| | - Ricardo P. dos Santos
- Engenharia da Computação, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC)CEP 62010-560SobralCEBrazil
| | - Jeanlex S. de Sousa
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC)CEP 60440-900FortalezaCEBrazil
| | - Umberto L. Fulco
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN)CEP 59064-741NatalRNBrazil
| | - Valder N. Freire
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC)CEP 60440-900FortalezaCEBrazil
| | - Eudenilson L. Albuquerque
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN)CEP 59064-741NatalRNBrazil
| | - Roner F. da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais (PPgCEM), Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA)CEP 59625-900MossoróRNBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Egan BM, Scharf A, Pohl F, Kornfeld K. Control of aging by the renin–angiotensin system: a review of C. elegans, Drosophila, and mammals. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:938650. [PMID: 36188619 PMCID: PMC9518657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.938650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The free-living, non-parasitic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a premier model organism for the study of aging and longevity due to its short lifespan, powerful genetic tools, and conservation of fundamental mechanisms with mammals. Approximately 70 percent of human genes have homologs in C. elegans, including many that encode proteins in pathways that influence aging. Numerous genetic pathways have been identified in C. elegans that affect lifespan, including the dietary restriction pathway, the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway, and the disruption of components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. C. elegans is also a powerful system for performing drug screens, and many lifespan-extending compounds have been reported; notably, several FDA-approved medications extend the lifespan in C. elegans, raising the possibility that they can also extend the lifespan in humans. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in mammals is an endocrine system that regulates blood pressure and a paracrine system that acts in a wide range of tissues to control physiological processes; it is a popular target for drugs that reduce blood pressure, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Emerging evidence indicates that this system influences aging. In C. elegans, decreasing the activity of the ACE homolog acn-1 or treatment with the ACE-inhibitor Captopril significantly extends the lifespan. In Drosophila, treatment with ACE inhibitors extends the lifespan. In rodents, manipulating the RAS with genetic or pharmacological interventions can extend the lifespan. In humans, polymorphisms in the ACE gene are associated with extreme longevity. These results suggest the RAS plays a conserved role in controlling longevity. Here, we review studies of the RAS and aging, emphasizing the potential of C. elegans as a model for understanding the mechanism of lifespan control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Egan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrea Scharf
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States
| | - Franziska Pohl
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kerry Kornfeld
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Kerry Kornfeld,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maroli N, Bhasuran B, Natarajan J, Kolandaivel P. The potential role of procyanidin as a therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2: a text mining, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:1230-1245. [PMID: 32960159 PMCID: PMC7544928 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1823887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a major outbreak in human all over the world. There are several proteins interplay during the entry and replication of this virus in human. Here, we have used text mining and named entity recognition method to identify co-occurrence of the important COVID 19 genes/proteins in the interaction network based on the frequency of the interaction. Network analysis revealed a set of genes/proteins, highly dense genes/protein clusters and sub-networks of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Helicase, spike (S) protein (trimeric), membrane (M) protein, envelop (E) protein, and the nucleocapsid (N) protein. The isolated proteins are screened against procyanidin-a flavonoid from plants using molecular docking. Further, molecular dynamics simulation of critical proteins such as ACE2, Mpro and spike proteins are performed to elucidate the inhibition mechanism. The strong network of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions along with van der Waals interactions inhibit receptors, which are essential to the entry and replication of the SARS-CoV-2. The binding energy which largely arises from van der Waals interactions is calculated (ACE2=-50.21 ± 6.3, Mpro=-89.50 ± 6.32 and spike=-23.06 ± 4.39) through molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area also confirm the affinity of procyanidin towards the critical receptors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Maroli
- Computational Biology Division, DRDO Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Balu Bhasuran
- Computational Biology Division, DRDO Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Genome-Wide Analysis in Drosophila Reveals the Genetic Basis of Variation in Age-Specific Physical Performance and Response to ACE Inhibition. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010143. [PMID: 35052483 PMCID: PMC8775566 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite impressive results in restoring physical performance in rodent models, treatment with renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, such as Lisinopril, have highly mixed results in humans, likely, in part, due to genetic variation in human populations. To date, the genetic determinants of responses to drugs, such as RAS inhibitors, remain unknown. Given the complexity of the relationship between physical traits and genetic background, genomic studies which predict genotype- and age-specific responses to drug treatments in humans or vertebrate animals are difficult. Here, using 126 genetically distinct lines of Drosophila melanogaster, we tested the effects of Lisinopril on age-specific climbing speed and endurance. Our data show that functional response and sensitivity to Lisinopril treatment ranges from significant protection against physical decline to increased weakness depending on genotype and age. Furthermore, genome-wide analyses led to identification of evolutionarily conserved genes in the WNT signaling pathway as being significantly associated with variations in physical performance traits and sensitivity to Lisinopril treatment. Genetic knockdown of genes in the WNT signaling pathway, Axin, frizzled, nemo, and wingless, diminished or abolished the effects of Lisinopril treatment on climbing speed traits. Our results implicate these genes as contributors to the genotype- and age-specific effects of Lisinopril treatment and because they have orthologs in humans, they are potential therapeutic targets for improvement of resiliency. Our approach should be widely applicable for identifying genomic variants that predict age- and sex-dependent responses to any type of pharmaceutical treatment.
Collapse
|
11
|
Herrera P, Cauchi RJ. ACE and ACE2: insights from Drosophila and implications for COVID-19. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08555. [PMID: 34901515 PMCID: PMC8648576 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and its homologue ACE2 are key regulators of the renin-angiotensin system and thereby cardiovascular function through their zinc-metallopeptidase activity on vasoactive peptides. ACE2 also serves as the receptor for the cellular entry of various coronaviruses including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The unprecedented scale of the COVID-19 pandemic has spurred the use of mammalian models to investigate the SARS-ACE2 relationship and knowledge gained from such research has accelerated development of vaccines and therapeutics. Recent studies have just started to underscore the utility of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to study virus-host interactions and pathogenicity. Notably, the remarkable existence of catalytically functional ACE and ACE2 orthologues in Drosophila, discovered more than two decades ago, provides a unique opportunity for further developing this model organism to better understand COVID-19 in addition to identifying coronavirus preventative and therapeutic interventions targeting ACE2. Here, we review the studies that revealed crucial insights on the biochemistry and physiology of Ance and Acer, two out of the six Drosophila ACE family members with the greatest homology to human ACE and ACE2. We highlight shared in vivo functions outside of the renin-angiotensin system, which is not conserved in flies. Importantly, we identify knowledge gaps that can be filled by further research and outline ways that can raise Drosophila to a powerful model system to combat SARS-CoV-2 and its threatening vaccine-evading variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Herrera
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Ruben J. Cauchi
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang Z, Twidale RM, Gervasoni S, Suardíaz R, Colenso CK, Lang EJM, Spencer J, Mulholland AJ. Multiscale Workflow for Modeling Ligand Complexes of Zinc Metalloproteins. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:5658-5672. [PMID: 34748329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zinc metalloproteins are ubiquitous, with protein zinc centers of structural and functional importance, involved in interactions with ligands and substrates and often of pharmacological interest. Biomolecular simulations are increasingly prominent in investigations of protein structure, dynamics, ligand interactions, and catalysis, but zinc poses a particular challenge, in part because of its versatile, flexible coordination. A computational workflow generating reliable models of ligand complexes of biological zinc centers would find broad application. Here, we evaluate the ability of alternative treatments, using (nonbonded) molecular mechanics (MM) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) at semiempirical (DFTB3) and density functional theory (DFT) levels of theory, to describe the zinc centers of ligand complexes of six metalloenzyme systems differing in coordination geometries, zinc stoichiometries (mono- and dinuclear), and the nature of interacting groups (specifically the presence of zinc-sulfur interactions). MM molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can overfavor octahedral geometries, introducing additional water molecules to the zinc coordination shell, but this can be rectified by subsequent semiempirical (DFTB3) QM/MM MD simulations. B3LYP/MM geometry optimization further improved the accuracy of the description of coordination distances, with the overall effectiveness of the approach depending upon factors, including the presence of zinc-sulfur interactions that are less well described by semiempirical methods. We describe a workflow comprising QM/MM MD using DFTB3 followed by QM/MM geometry optimization using DFT (e.g., B3LYP) that well describes our set of zinc metalloenzyme complexes and is likely to be suitable for creating accurate models of zinc protein complexes when structural information is more limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongfan Yang
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, U.K.,School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Rebecca M Twidale
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, U.K
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, U.K.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli, 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Reynier Suardíaz
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, U.K
| | - Charlotte K Colenso
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, U.K.,School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Eric J M Lang
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, U.K
| | - James Spencer
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Adrian J Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A UPLC-DAD-Based Bio-Screening Assay for the Evaluation of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Potential of Plant Extracts and Compounds: Pyrroquinazoline Alkaloids from Adhatoda vasica as a Case Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226971. [PMID: 34834066 PMCID: PMC8617709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure in the human body. Identification of potential ACE inhibitors from medicinal plants supported the idea of repurposing these medicinal plants against hypertension. A method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with a diode array detector (DAD) was used for the rapid screening of plant extracts and purified compounds to determine their ACE inhibitory activity. Hippuryl-histidiyl-leucine (HHL) was used as a substrate, which is converted into hippuric acid (HA) by the action of ACE. A calibration curve of the substrate HHL was developed with the linear regression 0.999. The limits of detection and quantification of this method were found to be 0.134 and 0.4061 mM, respectively. Different parameters of ACE inhibitory assay were optimized, including concentration, incubation time and temperature. The ACE inhibition potential of Adhatoda vasica (methanolic-aqueous extract) and its isolated pyrroquinazoline alkaloids, vasicinol (1), vasicine (2) and vasicinone (3) was evaluated. Compounds 1–3 were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The IC50 values of vasicinol (1), vasicine (2) and vasicinone (3) were found to be 6.45, 2.60 and 13.49 mM, respectively. Molecular docking studies of compounds 1–3 were also performed. Among these compounds, vasicinol (1) binds as effectively as captopril, a standard drug of ACE inhibition.
Collapse
|
14
|
Llull R, Montalbán G, Vidal I, Gomila RM, Bauzá A, Frontera A. Theoretical study of spodium bonding in the active site of three Zn-proteins and several model systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16888-16896. [PMID: 34328165 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02150h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript, three examples retrieved from the PDB are selected to demonstrate the existence and relevance of spodium bonding (SpB) in biological systems. SpB is defined as an attractive noncovalent interaction between elements of group 12 of the periodic table acting as a Lewis acid and any atom or group of atoms acting as an electron donor. The utilization of this term (SpB) is convenient to differentiate classical coordination bonds from noncovalent interactions. In the latter, the distance between the electron rich and the spodium atoms is longer than the sum of the covalent radii but shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii. In most Zn-dependent metalloenzymes, the spodium atom is bonded to three imidazole moieties belonging to the side chains of histidine amino-acids. Herein, in addition to the investigation of the SpB in the active site of three exemplifying enzymes, theoretical models where the Zn(ii) atom is bonded either to three imidazole or triazole ligands are used in order to investigate the strength of the SpB and its competition with hydrogen bonding. A series of Lewis bases and anions have been used as SpB acceptors combined with six SpB donors (receptors) of general formula [ZnY3X]+ (Y = imidazole and triazole and X = Cl, N3 and SCH3). In addition to the investigation of the energetic and geometric features of the complexes, the SpB interactions have been further characterized using the natural bond orbital (NBO) method, quantum theory of "atoms-in-molecules" and the noncovalent interaction plot (NCI plot).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Llull
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kiew LV, Chang CY, Huang SY, Wang PW, Heh CH, Liu CT, Cheng CH, Lu YX, Chen YC, Huang YX, Chang SY, Tsai HY, Kung YA, Huang PN, Hsu MH, Leo BF, Foo YY, Su CH, Hsu KC, Huang PH, Ng CJ, Kamarulzaman A, Yuan CJ, Shieh DB, Shih SR, Chung LY, Chang CC. Development of flexible electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based biosensing platform for rapid screening of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 183:113213. [PMID: 33857754 PMCID: PMC8018905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the cells through the binding of its spike protein (S-protein) to the cell surface-expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Thus, inhibition of S-protein-ACE2 binding may impede SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and attenuate the progression of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based biosensing platform consisting of a recombinant ACE2-coated palladium nano-thin-film electrode as the core sensing element was fabricated for the screening of potential inhibitors against S-protein-ACE2 binding. The platform could detect interference of small analytes against S-protein-ACE2 binding at low analyte concentration and small volume (0.1 μg/mL and ~1 μL, estimated total analyte consumption < 4 pg) within 21 min. Thus, a few potential inhibitors of S-protein-ACE2 binding were identified. This includes (2S,3aS,6aS)-1-((S)–N-((S)-1-Carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)alanyl)tetrahydrocyclopenta[b] pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (ramiprilat) and (2S,3aS,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-Carboxybutyl]amino]propanoyl]-2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid (perindoprilat) that reduced the binding affinity of S-protein to ACE2 by 72% and 67%; and SARS-CoV-2 in vitro infectivity to the ACE2-expressing human oral cavity squamous carcinoma cells (OEC-M1) by 36.4 and 20.1%, respectively, compared to the PBS control. These findings demonstrated the usefulness of the developed biosensing platform for the rapid screening of modulators for S-protein-ACE2 binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lik-Voon Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan; Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS(2)B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkuo Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan; Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Choon-Han Heh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung-Te Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11696, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Xiang Lu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Xuan Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yun Chang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkuo Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Bachelor Program in Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Yu Tsai
- Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Kung
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkuo Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Nien Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkuo Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hua Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, 50007, Taiwan
| | - Bey-Fen Leo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yiing-Yee Foo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chien-Hao Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | | | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11121, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chirk-Jenn Ng
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chiun-Jye Yuan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan; Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan; Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkuo Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan.
| | - Lip-Yong Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Chia-Ching Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan; Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS(2)B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan; Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan; Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Terrazas-López M, Lobo-Galo N, Aguirre-Reyes LG, Bustos-Jaimes I, Marcos-Víquez JÁ, González-Segura L, Díaz-Sánchez ÁG. Interaction of N-succinyl diaminopimelate desuccinylase with orphenadrine and disulfiram. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
ACE2 and ACE: structure-based insights into mechanism, regulation and receptor recognition by SARS-CoV. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2851-2871. [PMID: 33146371 PMCID: PMC7642307 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is well-known for its role in blood pressure regulation via the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) but also functions in fertility, immunity, haematopoiesis and diseases such as obesity, fibrosis and Alzheimer’s dementia. Like ACE, the human homologue ACE2 is also involved in blood pressure regulation and cleaves a range of substrates involved in different physiological processes. Importantly, it is the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2 responsible for the 2020, coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 is crucial for the design of therapies to combat this disease. This review provides a comparative analysis of methodologies and findings to describe how structural biology techniques like X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy have enabled remarkable discoveries into the structure–function relationship of ACE and ACE2. This, in turn, has enabled the development of ACE inhibitors for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and candidate therapies for the treatment of COVID-19. However, despite these advances the function of ACE homologues in non-human organisms is not yet fully understood. ACE homologues have been discovered in the tissues, body fluids and venom of species from diverse lineages and are known to have important functions in fertility, envenoming and insect–host defence mechanisms. We, therefore, further highlight the need for structural insight into insect and venom ACE homologues for the potential development of novel anti-venoms and insecticides.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bojarska J, Remko M, Breza M, Madura I, Fruziński A, Wolf WM. A Proline-Based Tectons and Supramolecular Synthons for Drug Design 2.0: A Case Study of ACEI. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E338. [PMID: 33114370 PMCID: PMC7692516 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline is a unique, endogenous amino acid, prevalent in proteins and essential for living organisms. It is appreciated as a tecton for the rational design of new bio-active substances. Herein, we present a short overview of the subject. We analyzed 2366 proline-derived structures deposited in the Cambridge Structure Database, with emphasis on the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. The latter are the first-line antihypertensive and cardiological drugs. Their side effects prompt a search for improved pharmaceuticals. Characterization of tectons (molecular building blocks) and the resulting supramolecular synthons (patterns of intermolecular interactions) involving proline derivatives, as presented in this study, may be useful for in silico molecular docking and macromolecular modeling studies. The DFT, Hirshfeld surface and energy framework methods gave considerable insight into the nature of close inter-contacts and supramolecular topology. Substituents of proline entity are important for the formation and cooperation of synthons. Tectonic subunits contain proline moieties characterized by diverse ionization states: -N and -COOH(-COO-), -N+ and -COOH(-COO-), -NH and -COOH(-COO-), -NH+ and -COOH(-COO-), and -NH2+ and -COOH(-COO-). Furthermore, pharmacological profiles of ACE inhibitors and their impurities were determined via an in silico approach. The above data were used to develop comprehensive classification, which may be useful in further drug design studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bojarska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.F.); (W.M.W.)
| | - Milan Remko
- Remedika, Luzna 9, 85104 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Breza
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Slovak Technical University, Radlinskeho 9, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Izabela Madura
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Fruziński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.F.); (W.M.W.)
| | - Wojciech M. Wolf
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.F.); (W.M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Crystal structures of angiotensin-converting enzyme from Anopheles gambiae in its native form and with a bound inhibitor. Biochem J 2020; 476:3505-3520. [PMID: 31682720 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mosquitoes of the Anopheles and Aedes genus are some of the most deadly insects to humans because of their effectiveness as vectors of malaria and a range of arboviruses, including yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, West Nile and Zika. The use of insecticides from different chemical classes is a key component of the integrated strategy against An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti, but the problem of insecticide resistance means that new compounds with different modes of action are urgently needed to replace chemicals that fail to control resistant mosquito populations. We have previously shown that feeding inhibitors of peptidyl dipeptidase A to both An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae lead to stunted growth and mortality. However, these compounds were designed to inhibit the mammalian form of the enzyme (angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE) and hence can have lower potency and lack selectivity as inhibitors of the insect peptidase. Thus, for the development of inhibitors of practical value in killing mosquito larvae, it is important to design new compounds that are both potent and highly selective. Here, we report the first structures of AnoACE2 from An. gambiae in its native form and with a bound human ACE inhibitor fosinoprilat. A comparison of these structures with human ACE (sACE) and an insect ACE homologue from Drosophila melanogaster (AnCE) revealed that the AnoACE2 structure is more similar to AnCE. In addition, important elements that differ in these structures provide information that could potentially be utilised in the design of chemical leads for selective mosquitocide development.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abdou MM. Synopsis of recent synthetic methods and biological applications of phosphinic acid derivatives. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
21
|
Sharma RP, Verma UK, Kapoor KK. TAPSO** : A Highly Efficient and Ecofriendly Catalyst for the Synthesis of α‐Aminophosphonates and Tetrahydropyridines **3‐[N‐Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]‐2‐hydroxypropanesulfonic acid. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh P. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry University of Jammu, Jammu Jammu and Kashmir INDIA 180006
| | - Usha K. Verma
- Department of Chemistry University of Jammu, Jammu Jammu and Kashmir INDIA 180006
| | - Kamal K. Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry University of Jammu, Jammu Jammu and Kashmir INDIA 180006
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Youssef MM, Abd El-Latif HA, El-Yamany MF, Georgy GS. Aliskiren and captopril improve cognitive deficits in poorly controlled STZ-induced diabetic rats via amelioration of the hippocampal P-ERK, GSK3β, P-GSK3β pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 394:114954. [PMID: 32171570 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Learning and memory deficits are obvious symptoms that develop over time in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is directly associated with β-cell dysfunction and diabetic complications, including cognitive impairment. Here, we investigated the protective and molecular effects of two RAS modifiers, aliskiren; renin inhibitor and captopril; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, on cognitive deficits in the rat hippocampus. Injection of low dose streptozotocin for 4 days resulted in type 1 diabetes. Then, poorly controlled diabetes was mimicked with ineffective daily doses of insulin for 4 weeks. The hyperglycaemia and pancreatic atrophy caused memory disturbance that were identifiable in behavioural tests, hippocampal neurodegeneration, and the following significant changes in the hippocampus, increases in the inflammatory marker interleukin 1β, cholinesterase, the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde and protein expression of phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta versus decrease in the antioxidant reduced glutathione and protein expression of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. Blocking RAS with either drugs along with insulin amended all previously mentioned parameters. Aliskiren stabilized the blood glucose level and restored normal pancreatic integrity and hippocampal malondialdehyde level. Aliskiren showed superior protection against the hippocampal degeneration displayed in the earlier behavioural modification in the passive avoidance test, and the aliskiren group outperformed the control group in the novel object recognition test. We therefore conclude that aliskiren and captopril reversed the diabetic state and cognitive deficits in rats with poorly controlled STZ-induced diabetes through reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and modulating protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madonna M Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, National organization for drug control and research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt.
| | - H A Abd El-Latif
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - M F El-Yamany
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Gehan S Georgy
- Department of Pharmacology, National organization for drug control and research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Evaluating the benefits of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors as cancer treatments. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107527. [PMID: 32173557 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and most diverse group of cellular membrane receptors identified and characterized. It is estimated that 30 to 50% of marketed drugs target these receptors. The angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) is a GPCR which signals in response to systemic alterations of the peptide hormone angiotensin II (AngII) in circulation. The enzyme responsible for converting AngI to AngII is the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Specific inhibitors for the AT1R (more commonly known as AT1R blockers or antagonists) and ACE are well characterized for their effects on the cardiovascular system. Combined with the extensive clinical data available on patient tolerance of AT1R blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), as well as their non-classical roles in cancer, the notion of repurposing this class of medications as cancer treatment(s) is explored in the current review. Given that AngII-dependent AT1R activity directly regulates angiogenesis, remodeling of vasculature, pro-inflammatory responses, stem cell programming and hematopoiesis, and electrolyte balance; the modulation of these processes with pharmacologically well characterized medications could present a valuable complementary treatment option for cancer patients.
Collapse
|
24
|
Đorđević IS, Popadić M, Sarvan M, Petković-Benazzouz M, Janjić GV. Supramolecular insight into the substitution of sulfur by selenium, based on crystal structures, quantum-chemical calculations and biosystem recognition. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2020; 76:122-136. [PMID: 32831247 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520619016287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Statistical analysis of data from crystal structures extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) has shown that S and Se atoms display a similar tendency towards specific types of interaction if they are part of a fragment that corresponds to the side chains of cysteine (Cys), methionine (Met) selenocysteine (Sec) and selenomethionine (Mse). The most numerous are structures with C-H...Se and C-H...S interactions (∼80%), notably less numerous are structures with Se...Se and S...S interactions (∼5%), and Se...π and S...π interactions are the least numerous. The results of quantum-chemical calculations have indicated that C-H...Se (∼-0.8 kcal mol-1) and C-H...S interactions are weaker than the most stable parallel interaction (∼-3.3 kcal mol-1) and electrostatic interactions of σ/π type (∼-2.6 kcal mol-1). Their significant presence can be explained by the abundance of CH groups compared with the numbers of Se and S atoms in the crystal structures, and also by the influence of substituents bonded to the Se or S atom that further reduce their possibilities for interacting with species from the environment. This can also offer an explanation as to why O-H...Se (∼-4.4 kcal mol-1) and N-H...Se interactions (∼-2.2 kcal mol-1) are less numerous. Docking studies revealed that S and Se rarely participate in interactions with the amino acid residues of target enzymes, mostly because those residues preferentially interact with the substituents bonded to Se and S. The differences between Se and S ligands in the number and positions of their binding sites are more pronounced if the substituents are polar and if there are more Se/S atoms in the ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana S Đorđević
- SI Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Popadić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Sarvan
- Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Goran V Janjić
- SI Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
AL-Tikrity NY, Ulrazzaq FSHA, Beyatli A. Synthesis, biochemical and histological study of captopril derivatives as a possible drug for diabetes. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2020 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING, MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0030689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
26
|
Gabrawy MM, Campbell S, Carbone MA, Morozova TV, Arya GH, Turlapati LB, Walston JD, Starz-Gaiano M, Everett L, Mackay TFC, Leips J, Abadir PM. Lisinopril Preserves Physical Resilience and Extends Life Span in a Genotype-Specific Manner in Drosophila melanogaster. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 74:1844-1852. [PMID: 31197356 PMCID: PMC7329186 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical resiliency declines with age and comorbid conditions. In humans, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been associated with attenuation of the decline in physical performance with age. ACE-inhibitor compounds, commonly prescribed for hypertension, often have beneficial effects on physical performance however the generality of these effects are unclear. Here, we tested the effects of the ACE-inhibitor Lisinopril on life span, and age-specific speed, endurance, and strength using three genotypes of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel. We show that age-related decline in physical performance and survivorship varies with genetic background. Lisinopril treatment increased mean life span in all Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel lines, but its effects on life span, speed, endurance, and strength depended on genotype. We show that genotypes with increased physical performance on Lisinopril treatment experienced reduced age-related protein aggregation in muscle. Knockdown of skeletal muscle-specific Ance, the Drosophila ortholog of ACE, abolished the effects of Lisinopril on life span, implying a role for skeletal muscle Ance in survivorship. Using transcriptome profiling, we identified genes involved in stress response that showed expression changes associated with genotype and age-dependent responsiveness to Lisinopril. Our results demonstrate that Ance is involved in physical decline and demonstrate genetic variation in phenotypic responses to an ACE inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariann M Gabrawy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore
- Biology of Healthy Aging Program, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
| | - Sarah Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Mary Anna Carbone
- Program in Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | - Tatiana V Morozova
- Program in Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | - Gunjan H Arya
- Program in Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | - Lavanya B Turlapati
- Program in Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Biology of Healthy Aging Program, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
| | | | - Logan Everett
- Program in Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Program in Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | - Jeff Leips
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Peter M Abadir
- Biology of Healthy Aging Program, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Polakovičová M, Jampílek J. Advances in Structural Biology of ACE and Development of Domain Selective ACE-inhibitors. Med Chem 2019; 15:574-587. [PMID: 31084594 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190514081132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) is one of the most important components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system controlling blood pressure and renal functions. Inhibitors of ACE are first line therapeutics used in the treatment of hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases. Somatic ACE consists of two homologous catalytic domains, the C- and N-domains. Recent findings have shown that although both domains are highly homologous in structure, they may have different physiological functions. The C-domain is primarily involved in the control of blood pressure, in contrast to the N-domain that is engaged in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. The currently available ACE inhibitors have some adverse effects that can be attributed to the non-selective inhibition of both domains. In addition, specific Ndomain inhibitors have emerged as potential antifibrotic drugs. Therefore, ACE is still an important drug target for the development of novel domain-selective drugs not only for the cardiovascular system but also for other systems. OBJECTIVE Detailed structural information about interactions in the protein-ligand complex is crucial for rational drug design. This review highlights the structural information available from crystallographic data which is essential for the development of domain selective inhibitors of ACE. METHODS Over eighty crystal complexes of ACE are placed into the Protein Database. An overview of X-ray ACE complexes with various inhibitors in C- and N-domains and an analysis of their binding mode have given mechanistic explanation of the structural determinants of selective ligand binding. In addition, ACE domain selective inhibitors with dual modes of action in complexes with ACE are also discussed. CONCLUSION Selectivity of ACE inhibitors for the N- and C-domain is controlled by subtle differences in the amino-acids forming the active site. Reported studies of crystal complexes of inhibitors in the C- and N-domains revealed that most selective inhibitors interact with non-conserved amino-acids between domains and have distinct interactions with the residues in the S2 and S2' subsites of the ACE catalytic site. Moreover, unusual binding of the second molecule of inhibitors in the binding cavity opens new possibilities of exploiting more distant regions of the catalytic center in structure-based design of novel drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mája Polakovičová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Josef Jampílek
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jiang Z, Zhang H, Bian X, Li J, Li J, Zhang H. Insight into the binding of ACE-inhibitory peptides to angiotensin-converting enzyme: a molecular simulation. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1557327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hansi Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Bian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hardwick T, Ahmed N. Memory of Chirality as a Prominent Pathway for the Synthesis of Natural Products through Chiral Intermediates. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:484-487. [PMID: 29938160 PMCID: PMC6010782 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a chiral molecule to be able to transform from one structure to another, whilst remembering its original molecular information by means of an appropriate transition state is an abstract notion that may very well play a key role in important synthetic processes, and has thus attracted a considerable amount of attention among the chemistry community. Here, we have highlighted this concept of "memory of chirality" (MOC) and extended it beyond the case of a simple molecule to larger and more complex natural products. Updated approaches that have recently been elucidated to obtain these asymmetric natural products are described, some of which may, until now, have been overcomplicated or overlooked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hardwick
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, main buildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, main buildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kim AR, Choi EB, Kim MY, Choi KW. Angiotensin-converting enzyme Ance is cooperatively regulated by Mad and Pannier in Drosophila imaginal discs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13174. [PMID: 29030610 PMCID: PMC5640665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is an evolutionarily conserved peptidyl dipeptidase. Mammalian ACE converts angiotensin I to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, thus playing a critical role for homeostasis of the renin-angiotensin system. In Drosophila, the ACE homolog Ance is expressed in specific regions of developing organs, but its regulatory mechanism has not been identified. Here we provide evidence that Ance expression is regulated by a combination of Mad and Pannier (Pnr) in imaginal discs. We demonstrate that Ance expression in eye and wing discs depends on Dpp signaling. The Mad binding site of Ance regulatory region is essential for Ance expression. Ance expression in imaginal discs is also regulated by the GATA family transcription factor Pnr. Pnr directly regulates Ance expression by binding to a GATA site of Ance enhancer. In addition, Pnr and Mad physically and genetically interact. Ance null mutants are morphologically normal but show genetic interaction with dpp mutants. Furthermore, we show that human SMAD2 and GATA4 physically interact and ACE expression in HEK293 cells is regulated by SMAD2 and GATA4. Taken together, this study reveals a cooperative mechanism of Ance regulation by Mad and Pnr. Our data also suggest a conserved transcriptional regulation of human ACE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Ram Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Bee Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
The toxicity of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to larvae of the disease vectors Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45409. [PMID: 28345667 PMCID: PMC5366949 DOI: 10.1038/srep45409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of mosquitoes is threatened by the appearance of insecticide resistance and therefore new control chemicals are urgently required. Here we show that inhibitors of mosquito peptidyl dipeptidase, a peptidase related to mammalian angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), are insecticidal to larvae of the mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. ACE inhibitors (captopril, fosinopril and fosinoprilat) and two peptides (trypsin-modulating oostatic factor/TMOF and a bradykinin-potentiating peptide, BPP-12b) were all inhibitors of the larval ACE activity of both mosquitoes. Two inhibitors, captopril and fosinopril (a pro-drug ester of fosinoprilat), were tested for larvicidal activity. Within 24 h captopril had killed >90% of the early instars of both species with 3rd instars showing greater resistance. Mortality was also high within 24 h of exposure of 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars of An. gambiae to fosinopril. Fosinopril was also toxic to Ae. aegypti larvae, although the 1st instars appeared to be less susceptible to this pro-drug even after 72 h exposure. Homology models of the larval An. gambiae ACE proteins (AnoACE2 and AnoACE3) reveal structural differences compared to human ACE, suggesting that structure-based drug design offers a fruitful approach to the development of selective inhibitors of mosquito ACE enzymes as novel larvicides.
Collapse
|
32
|
Measurement, Interpretation and Use of Free Ligand Solution Conformations in Drug Discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016; 55:45-147. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
33
|
Harrison C, Acharya KR. A new high-resolution crystal structure of the Drosophila melanogaster angiotensin converting enzyme homologue, AnCE. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:661-7. [PMID: 26380810 PMCID: PMC4556727 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-dependent dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase with an essential role in blood pressure homeostasis in mammals. ACE has long been targeted in the treatment of hypertension through ACE inhibitors, however current inhibitors are known to cause severe side effects. Therefore, there is a requirement for a new generation of ACE inhibitors and structural information will be invaluable in their development. ACE is a challenging enzyme to work with due to its extensive glycosylation. As such, the Drosophila melanogaster ACE homologue, AnCE, which shares ∼60% sequence similarity with human ACE, can be used as a model for studying inhibitor binding. The presence of ligands originating from the crystallisation condition at the AnCE active site has proved an obstacle to studying the binding of new inhibitor precursors. Here we present the crystal structure of AnCE (in a new crystal form) at 1.85 Å resolution, using crystals grown under different conditions. This new structure may be more suitable for studying the binding of new compounds, with the potential of developing a new generation of improved ACE inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - K. Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wu X, Zhang D, Zhou S, Gao F, Liu H. Site-specific indolation of proline-based peptides via copper(ii)-catalyzed oxidative coupling of tertiary amine N-oxides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:12571-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first site-specific and purely chemical method for modifying proline-based peptides was developedviaa convenient, copper-catalyzed oxidative coupling of tertiary amineN-oxides with indoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- P. R. China
| | - Dengyou Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- P. R. China
| | - Shengbin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Harrison C, Acharya KR. ACE for all - a molecular perspective. J Cell Commun Signal 2014; 8:195-210. [PMID: 25027949 PMCID: PMC4165820 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-014-0236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) is a zinc dependent dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase with an essential role in mammalian blood pressure regulation as part of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). As such, it has long been targeted in the treatment of hypertension through the use of ACE inhibitors. Although ACE has been studied since the 1950s, only recently have the full range of functions of this enzyme begun to truly be appreciated. ACE homologues have been found in a host of other organisms, and are now known to be conserved in insects. Insect ACE homologues typically share over 30 % amino acid sequence identity with human ACE. Given that insects lack a mammalian type circulatory system, they must have crucial roles in other physiological processes. The first ACE crystal structures were reported during the last decade and have enabled these enzymes to be studied from an entirely different perspective. Here we review many of these key developments and the implications that they have had on our understanding of the diverse functions of these enzymes. Specifically, we consider how structural information is being used in the design of a new generation of ACE inhibitors with increased specificity, and how the structures of ACE homologues are related to their functions. The Anopheles gambiae genome is predicted to code for ten ACE homologues, more than any genome studied so far. We have modelled the active sites of some of these as yet uncharacterised enzymes to try and infer more about their potential roles at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Harrison
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - K. Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Regulska K, Stanisz B, Regulski M, Murias M. How to design a potent, specific, and stable angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1731-1743. [PMID: 24997281 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) are a valuable class of antihypertensive drugs used in the treatment of cardiovascular system-related diseases. Hence, constant research into, and the development of, such compounds remain within the priorities of modern medical sciences. In this respect, a thorough understanding of their chemistry and biology is an important aspect of drug design; therefore, we present here available data on the pharmaceutical properties of ACE-Is. We also review the structural and biochemical features of the molecular target of ACE-Is and demonstrate several known enzyme-inhibitor complexes. Finally, we attempt to create a mathematical model describing the relation between the potency and/or stability of ACE-Is and their structural characteristics using quantitative structure-activity relation (QSAR), and quantitative structure-property relation (QSPR) techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Regulska
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 6th Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; Greater Poland Oncology Center, 15th Garbary Street, 61-866 Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Stanisz
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 6th Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Miłosz Regulski
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Chair and Department of Toxicology, 30th Dojazd Street, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Murias
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Chair and Department of Toxicology, 30th Dojazd Street, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Michaud A, Acharya KR, Masuyer G, Quenech'du N, Gribouval O, Morinière V, Gubler MC, Corvol P. Absence of cell surface expression of human ACE leads to perinatal death. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:1479-91. [PMID: 24163131 PMCID: PMC3929087 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD) is a recessive autosomal disease characterized most often by perinatal death. It is due to the inactivation of any of the major genes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), one of which is the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). ACE is present as a tissue-bound enzyme and circulates in plasma after its solubilization. In this report, we present the effect of different ACE mutations associated with RTD on ACE intracellular trafficking, secretion and enzymatic activity. One truncated mutant, R762X, responsible for neonatal death was found to be an enzymatically active, secreted form, not inserted in the plasma membrane. In contrast, another mutant, R1180P, was compatible with life after transient neonatal renal insufficiency. This mutant was located at the plasma membrane and rapidly secreted. These results highlight the importance of tissue-bound ACE versus circulating ACE and show that the total absence of cell surface expression of ACE is incompatible with life. In addition, two missense mutants (W594R and R828H) and two truncated mutants (Q1136X and G1145AX) were also studied. These mutants were neither inserted in the plasma membrane nor secreted. Finally, the structural implications of these ACE mutations were examined by molecular modelling, which suggested some important structural alterations such as disruption of intra-molecular non-covalent interactions (e.g. salt bridges).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Michaud
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris F-75005, France
- INSERM U 1050, Paris F-75005, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Sciences Lettres and
| | - K. Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Geoffrey Masuyer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Nicole Quenech'du
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris F-75005, France
- INSERM U 1050, Paris F-75005, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Sciences Lettres and
| | - Olivier Gribouval
- INSERM U983, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Morinière
- AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence MARHEA, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France and
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de L'Enfant et de L'Adulte, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claire Gubler
- INSERM U983, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de L'Enfant et de L'Adulte, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Corvol
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris F-75005, France
- INSERM U 1050, Paris F-75005, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Sciences Lettres and
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Munawar A, Trusch M, Georgieva D, Hildebrand D, Kwiatkowski M, Behnken H, Harder S, Arni R, Spencer P, Schlüter H, Betzel C. Elapid snake venom analyses show the specificity of the peptide composition at the level of genera Naja and Notechis. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:850-68. [PMID: 24590383 PMCID: PMC3968365 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6030850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elapid snake venom is a highly valuable, but till now mainly unexplored, source of pharmacologically important peptides. We analyzed the peptide fractions with molecular masses up to 10 kDa of two elapid snake venoms—that of the African cobra, N. m. mossambica (genus Naja), and the Peninsula tiger snake, N. scutatus, from Kangaroo Island (genus Notechis). A combination of chromatographic methods was used to isolate the peptides, which were characterized by combining complimentary mass spectrometric techniques. Comparative analysis of the peptide compositions of two venoms showed specificity at the genus level. Three-finger (3-F) cytotoxins, bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs) and a bradykinin inhibitor were isolated from the Naja venom. 3-F neurotoxins, Kunitz/basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI)-type inhibitors and a natriuretic peptide were identified in the N. venom. The inhibiting activity of the peptides was confirmed in vitro with a selected array of proteases. Cytotoxin 1 (P01467) from the Naja venom might be involved in the disturbance of cellular processes by inhibiting the cell 20S-proteasome. A high degree of similarity between BPPs from elapid and viperid snake venoms was observed, suggesting that these molecules play a key role in snake venoms and also indicating that these peptides were recruited into the snake venom prior to the evolutionary divergence of the snakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Munawar
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, c/o DESY, Notkestreet 85, Building 22a, Hamburg 22603, Germany.
| | - Maria Trusch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg 20146, Germany.
| | - Dessislava Georgieva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, c/o DESY, Notkestreet 85, Building 22a, Hamburg 22603, Germany.
| | - Diana Hildebrand
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
| | - Marcel Kwiatkowski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
| | - Henning Behnken
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg 20146, Germany.
| | - Sönke Harder
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
| | - Raghuvir Arni
- Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto CEP 15054-000, SP Brazil.
| | - Patrick Spencer
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Avenue Lineu Prestes 2242, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
| | - Christian Betzel
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, c/o DESY, Notkestreet 85, Building 22a, Hamburg 22603, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Masuyer G, Akif M, Czarny B, Beau F, Schwager SLU, Sturrock ED, Isaac RE, Dive V, Acharya KR. Crystal structures of highly specific phosphinic tripeptide enantiomers in complex with the angiotensin-I converting enzyme. FEBS J 2014; 281:943-56. [PMID: 24289879 PMCID: PMC4154125 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human somatic angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-dependent dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase and a central component of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). Its involvement in the modulation of physiological actions of peptide hormones has positioned ACE as an important therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular disorders. Here, we report the crystal structures of the two catalytic domains of human ACE (N- and C-) in complex with FI, the S enantiomer of the phosphinic ACE/ECE-1 (endothelin converting enzyme) dual inhibitor FII, to a resolution of 1.91 and 1.85 Å, respectively. In addition, we have determined the structure of AnCE (an ACE homologue from Drosophila melanogaster) in complex with both isomers. The inhibitor FI (S configuration) can adapt to the active site of ACE catalytic domains and shows key differences in its binding mechanism mostly through the reorientation of the isoxazole phenyl side group at the P₁' position compared with FII (R configuration). Differences in binding are also observed between FI and FII in complex with AnCE. Thus, the new structures of the ACE-inhibitor complexes presented here provide useful information for further exploration of ACE inhibitor pharmacophores involving phosphinic peptides and illustrate the role of chirality in enhancing drug specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Akif
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of HyderabadIndia
| | - Bertrand Czarny
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des ProtéinesCEAiBiTecSGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Fabrice Beau
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des ProtéinesCEAiBiTecSGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Sylva L. U. Schwager
- Division of Medical BiochemistryInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa
| | - Edward D. Sturrock
- Division of Medical BiochemistryInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa
| | | | - Vincent Dive
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des ProtéinesCEAiBiTecSGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Parashiva Prabhu C, Phadnis PP, Wadawale A, Priyadarsini KI, Jain VK. One-pot synthesis of phenylseleno N-acetyl α-amino acids: Supra-molecular self-assembling in organoselenium compounds. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
42
|
Zhang C, Wu S, Xu D. Catalytic Mechanism of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Effects of the Chloride Ion. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:6635-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp400974n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical&Testing Center and ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Analytical&Testing Center and ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Dingguo Xu
- Analytical&Testing Center and ‡MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Remko M, Bojarska J, Ježko P, Maniukiewicz W, Olczak A. Molecular structure of antihypertensive drug perindopril, its active metabolite perindoprilat and impurity F. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
44
|
Sagardia I, Roa-Ureta RH, Bald C. A new QSAR model, for angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory oligopeptides. Food Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
45
|
Akif M, Masuyer G, Bingham RJ, Sturrock ED, Isaac RE, Acharya KR. Structural basis of peptide recognition by the angiotensin-1 converting enzyme homologue AnCE from Drosophila melanogaster. FEBS J 2012; 279:4525-34. [PMID: 23082758 PMCID: PMC3564407 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human somatic angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-dependent exopeptidase, that catalyses the conversion of the decapeptide angiotensin I to the octapeptide angiotensin II, by removing a C-terminal dipeptide. It is the principal component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that regulates blood pressure. Hence it is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular disorders. Here, we report the structures of an ACE homologue from Drosophila melanogaster (AnCE; a proven structural model for the more complex human ACE) co-crystallized with mammalian peptide substrates (bradykinin, Thr(6) -bradykinin, angiotensin I and a snake venom peptide inhibitor, bradykinin-potentiating peptide-b). The structures determined at 2-Å resolution illustrate that both angiotensin II (the cleaved product of angiotensin I by AnCE) and bradykinin-potentiating peptide-b bind in an analogous fashion at the active site of AnCE, but also exhibit significant differences. In addition, the binding of Arg-Pro-Pro, the cleavage product of bradykinin and Thr(6) - bradykinin, provides additional detail of the general peptide binding in AnCE. Thus the new structures of AnCE complexes presented here improves our understanding of the binding of peptides and the mechanism by which peptides inhibit this family of enzymes. DATABASE The atomic coordinates and structure factors for AnCE-Ang II (code 4AA1), AnCE-BPPb (code 4AA2), AnCE-BK (code 4ASQ) and AnCE-Thr6-BK (code 4ASR) complexes have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank, Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (http://www.rcsb.org/) STRUCTURED DIGITAL ABSTRACT • AnCE cleaves Ang I by enzymatic study (View interaction) • Bradykinin and AnCE bind by x-ray crystallography (View interaction) • BPP and AnCE bind by x-ray crystallography (View interaction) • AnCE cleaves Bradykinin by enzymatic study (View interaction) • Ang II and AnCE bind by x-ray crystallography (View interaction).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Akif
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathUK
| | | | - Richard J Bingham
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of LeedsUK
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownSouth Africa
| | - R Elwyn Isaac
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of LeedsUK
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathUK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Molecular mechanism of the interactions between inhibitory tripeptides and angiotensin-converting enzyme. Biophys Chem 2012; 168-169:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
47
|
Ni H, Li L, Liu G, Hu SQ. Inhibition mechanism and model of an angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory hexapeptide from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). PLoS One 2012; 7:e37077. [PMID: 22606330 PMCID: PMC3351391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important function in blood pressure regulation. ACE-inhibitory peptides can lower blood pressure by inhibiting ACE activity. Based on the sequence of an ACE-inhibitory hexapeptide (TPTQQS) purified from yeast, enzyme kinetics experiments, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and a docking simulation were performed. The hexapeptide was found to inhibit ACE in a non-competitive manner, as supported by the structural model. The hexapeptide bound to ACE via interactions of the N-terminal Thr1, Thr3, and Gln4 residues with the residues on the lid structure of ACE, and the C-terminal Ser6 attracted the zinc ion, which is vital for ACE catalysis. The displacement of the zinc ion from the active site resulted in the inhibition of ACE activity. The structural model based on the docking simulation was supported by experiments in which the peptide was modified. This study provides a new inhibitory mechanism of ACE by a peptide which broads our knowledge for drug designing against enzyme targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Ni
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bhuyan BJ, Mugesh G. Antioxidant activity of peptide-based angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2237-47. [PMID: 22307539 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are important for the treatment of hypertension as they can decrease the formation of vasopressor hormone angiotensin II (Ang II) and elevate the levels of vasodilating hormone bradykinin. It is observed that bradykinin contains a Ser-Pro-Phe motif near the site of hydrolysis. The selenium analogues of captopril represent a novel class of ACE inhibitors as they also exhibit significant antioxidant activity. In this study, several di- and tripeptides containing selenocysteine and cysteine residues at the N-terminal were synthesized. Hydrolysis of angiotensin I (Ang I) to Ang II by ACE was studied in the presence of these peptides. It is observed that the introduction of L-Phe to Sec-Pro and Cys-Pro peptides significantly increases the ACE inhibitory activity. On the other hand, the introduction of L-Val or L-Ala decreases the inhibitory potency of the parent compounds. The presence of an L-Pro moiety in captopril analogues appears to be important for ACE inhibition as the replacement of L-Pro by L-piperidine 2-carboxylic acid decreases the ACE inhibition. The synthetic peptides were also tested for their ability to scavenge peroxynitrite (PN) and to exhibit glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activity. All the selenium-containing peptides exhibited good PN-scavenging and GPx activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar J Bhuyan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Munawar A, Trusch M, Georgieva D, Spencer P, Frochaux V, Harder S, Arni RK, Duhalov D, Genov N, Schlüter H, Betzel C. Venom peptide analysis of Vipera ammodytes meridionalis (Viperinae) and Bothrops jararacussu (Crotalinae) demonstrates subfamily-specificity of the peptidome in the family Viperidae. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:3298-307. [PMID: 21959992 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05309d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom peptidomes are valuable sources of pharmacologically active compounds. We analyzed the peptidic fractions (peptides with molecular masses < 10,000 Da) of venoms of Vipera ammodytes meridionalis (Viperinae), the most toxic snake in Europe, and Bothrops jararacussu (Crotalinae), an extremely poisonous snake of South America. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), direct infusion electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) were applied to characterize the peptides of both snake venoms. 32 bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs) were identified in the Crotalinae venom and their sequences determined. 3 metalloproteinase inhibitors, 10 BPPs and a Kunitz-type inhibitor were observed in the Viperinae venom peptidome. Variability in the C-terminus of homologous BPPs was observed, which can influence the pharmacological effects. The data obtained so far show a subfamily specificity of the venom peptidome in the Viperidae family: BPPs are the major peptide component of the Crotalinae venom peptidome lacking Kunitz-type inhibitors (with one exception) while the Viperinae venom, in addition to BPPs, can contain peptides of the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor family. We found indications for a post-translational phosphorylation of serine residues in Bothrops jararacussu venom BPP (S[combining low line]QGLPPGPPIP), which could be a regulatory mechanism in their interactions with ACE, and might influence the hypotensive effect. Homology between venom BPPs from Viperidae snakes and venom natriuretic peptide precursors from Elapidae snakes suggests a structural similarity between the respective peptides from the peptidomes of both snake families. The results demonstrate that the venoms of both snakes are rich sources of peptides influencing important physiological systems such as blood pressure regulation and hemostasis. The data can be used for pharmacological and medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Munawar
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Notkestr 85, Build 22a, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Akif M, Masuyer G, Schwager SLU, Bhuyan BJ, Mugesh G, Isaac RE, Sturrock ED, Acharya KR. Structural characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme in complex with a selenium analogue of captopril. FEBS J 2011; 278:3644-50. [PMID: 21810173 PMCID: PMC3328747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human somatic angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), a zinc-dependent dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, is central to the regulation of the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system. It is a well-known target for combating hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases. In a recent study by Bhuyan and Mugesh [Org. Biomol. Chem. (2011) 9, 1356–1365], it was shown that the selenium analogues of captopril (a well-known clinical inhibitor of ACE) not only inhibit ACE, but also protect against peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of peptides and proteins. Here, we report the crystal structures of human testis ACE (tACE) and a homologue of ACE, known as AnCE, from Drosophila melanogaster in complex with the most promising selenium analogue of captopril (SeCap) determined at 2.4 and 2.35 Å resolution, respectively. The inhibitor binds at the active site of tACE and AnCE in an analogous fashion to that observed for captopril and provide the first examples of a protein–selenolate interaction. These new structures of tACE–SeCap and AnCE–SeCap inhibitor complexes presented here provide important information for further exploration of zinc coordinating selenium-based ACE inhibitor pharmacophores with significant antioxidant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Akif
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|