1
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Cifuente JO, Colleoni C, Kalscheuer R, Guerin ME. Architecture, Function, Regulation, and Evolution of α-Glucans Metabolic Enzymes in Prokaryotes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4863-4934. [PMID: 38606812 PMCID: PMC11046441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria have acquired sophisticated mechanisms for assembling and disassembling polysaccharides of different chemistry. α-d-Glucose homopolysaccharides, so-called α-glucans, are the most widespread polymers in nature being key components of microorganisms. Glycogen functions as an intracellular energy storage while some bacteria also produce extracellular assorted α-glucans. The classical bacterial glycogen metabolic pathway comprises the action of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and glycogen synthase, whereas extracellular α-glucans are mostly related to peripheral enzymes dependent on sucrose. An alternative pathway of glycogen biosynthesis, operating via a maltose 1-phosphate polymerizing enzyme, displays an essential wiring with the trehalose metabolism to interconvert disaccharides into polysaccharides. Furthermore, some bacteria show a connection of intracellular glycogen metabolism with the genesis of extracellular capsular α-glucans, revealing a relationship between the storage and structural function of these compounds. Altogether, the current picture shows that bacteria have evolved an intricate α-glucan metabolism that ultimately relies on the evolution of a specific enzymatic machinery. The structural landscape of these enzymes exposes a limited number of core catalytic folds handling many different chemical reactions. In this Review, we present a rationale to explain how the chemical diversity of α-glucans emerged from these systems, highlighting the underlying structural evolution of the enzymes driving α-glucan bacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier O. Cifuente
- Instituto
Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of
the Basque Country, E-48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University
of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF -Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale
et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Structural
Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Sedzicki J, Ni D, Lehmann F, Stahlberg H, Dehio C. Structure-function analysis of the cyclic β-1,2-glucan synthase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1844. [PMID: 38418509 PMCID: PMC10901819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of complex sugars is a key aspect of microbial biology. Cyclic β-1,2-glucan (CβG) is a circular polysaccharide critical for host interactions of many bacteria, including major pathogens of humans (Brucella) and plants (Agrobacterium). CβG is produced by the cyclic glucan synthase (Cgs), a multi-domain membrane protein. So far, its structure as well as the mechanism underlining the synthesis have not been clarified. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and functional approaches to study Cgs from A. tumefaciens. We determine the structure of this complex protein machinery and clarify key aspects of CβG synthesis, revealing a distinct mechanism that uses a tyrosine-linked oligosaccharide intermediate in cycles of polymerization and processing of the glucan chain. Our research opens possibilities for combating pathogens that rely on polysaccharide virulence factors and may lead to synthetic biology approaches for producing complex cyclic sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongchun Ni
- Laboratory of Biological Electron Microscopy (LBEM), IPHYS, SB, EPFL, and Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Frank Lehmann
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Laboratory of Biological Electron Microscopy (LBEM), IPHYS, SB, EPFL, and Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Dehio
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland.
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3
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Wen Z, Aleem MT, Aimulajiang K, Chen C, Liang M, Song X, Xu L, Li X, Yan R. The GT1-TPS Structural Domain Protein From Haemonchus contortus Could Be Suppressive Antigen of Goat PBMCs. Front Immunol 2022; 12:787091. [PMID: 35058927 PMCID: PMC8764253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS), a key enzyme in trehalose synthesis, is not present in mammals but critical to the viability of a wide range of lower organisms. However, almost nothing is known about the function of Hc-TPS (GT1-TPS structural domain protein from Haemonchus contortus). In this study, Hc-TPS gene was cloned and the recombinant protein (rHc-TPS) was expressed and purified. The quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results showed that Hc-TPS was transcribed at different stages of H. contortus, with higher levels of transcription at the molting and embryo stages. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that Hc-TPS was widely distributed in adults, but the expression was mainly localized on the mucosal surface of the intestine as well as in the embryos of female worms. The impacts of rHc-TPS on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) generation, transcriptional expression of cytokines, and related pathways were examined by co-incubating rHc-TPS with goat PBMCs. The results showed that rHc-TPS significantly inhibited PBMC proliferation and NO secretion in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that rHc-TPS activated the interleukin (IL)-10/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (IL-10/STAT3/SOCS3) axis and significantly promoted SOCS3 expression, while inhibiting interferon-gamma (INF-γ), IL-4, IL-9, and IL-2 pathways. Our findings may contribute to understanding the immune evasion mechanism for the parasite during host-parasite interactions and also help to provide ideas for discovering new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Wen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Liang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Kalera K, Stothard AI, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. The role of chemoenzymatic synthesis in advancing trehalose analogues as tools for combatting bacterial pathogens. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11528-11547. [PMID: 32914793 PMCID: PMC7919099 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04955g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose, a disaccharide of glucose, is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to virulence in major bacterial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Clostridioides difficile, and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Accordingly, bacterial trehalose metabolic pathways that are not present in humans have gained traction as targets for antibiotic and diagnostic development. Toward this goal, trehalose can be modified through a combination of rational design and synthesis to produce functionalized trehalose analogues, which can be deployed to probe or inhibit bacterial trehalose metabolism. However, the unique α,α-1,1-glycosidic bond and C2 symmetry of trehalose make analogue synthesis via traditional chemical methods very challenging. We and others have turned to the creation of chemoenzymatic synthesis methods, which in principle allow the use of nature's trehalose-synthesizing enzymes to stereo- and regioselectively couple simple, unprotected substrates to efficiently and conveniently generate trehalose analogues. Here, we provide a contextual account of our team's development of a trehalose analogue synthesis method that employs a highly substrate-tolerant, thermostable trehalose synthase enzyme, TreT from Thermoproteus tenax. Then, in three vignettes, we highlight how chemoenzymatic synthesis has accelerated the development of trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors that target trehalose-utilizing bacterial pathogens. We describe the role of TreT catalysis and related methods in the development of (i) tools for in vitro and in vivo imaging of mycobacteria, (ii) anti-biofilm compounds that sensitize drug-tolerant mycobacteria to clinical anti-tubercular compounds, and (iii) degradation-resistant trehalose analogues that block trehalose metabolism in C. difficile and potentially other trehalose-utilizing bacteria. We conclude by recapping progress and discussing priorities for future research in this area, including improving the scope and scale of chemoenzymatic synthesis methods to support translational research and expanding the functionality and applicability of trehalose analogues to study and target diverse bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Kalera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Alicyn I Stothard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
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5
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Mestrom L, Marsden SR, van der Eijk H, Laustsen JU, Jeffries CM, Svergun DI, Hagedoorn PL, Bento I, Hanefeld U. Anomeric Selectivity of Trehalose Transferase with Rare l-Sugars. ACS Catal 2020; 10:8835-8839. [PMID: 32953231 PMCID: PMC7493220 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Retaining
LeLoir glycosyltransferases catalyze the formation of
glycosidic bonds between nucleotide sugar donors and carbohydrate
acceptors. The anomeric selectivity of trehalose transferase from Thermoproteus uzoniensis was investigated for both d- and l-glycopyranose acceptors. The enzyme couples a wide
range of carbohydrates, yielding trehalose analogues with conversion
and enantioselectivity of >98%. The anomeric selectivity inverts
from
α,α-(1 → 1)-glycosidic bonds for d-glycopyranose
acceptors to α,β-(1 → 1)-glycosidic bonds for l-glycopyranose acceptors, while (S)-selectivity
was retained for both types of sugar acceptors. Comparison of protein
crystal structures of trehalose transferase in complex with α,α-trehalose
and an unnatural α,β-trehalose analogue highlighted the
mechanistic rationale for the observed inversion of anomeric selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Mestrom
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan R Marsden
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hessel van der Eijk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jesper U Laustsen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL, Hamburg Unit, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cy M Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL, Hamburg Unit, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL, Hamburg Unit, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Bento
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL, Hamburg Unit, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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6
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Mestrom L, Marsden SR, McMillan DGG, Schoevaart R, Hagedoorn P, Hanefeld U. Comparison of Enzymes Immobilised on Immobeads and Inclusion Bodies: A Case Study of a Trehalose Transferase. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Mestrom
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van Der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Stefan R. Marsden
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van Der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Duncan G. G. McMillan
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van Der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Rob Schoevaart
- ChiralVisionHoog-Harnasch 44 2635 DL Den Hoorn The Netherlands
| | - Peter‐Leon Hagedoorn
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van Der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling BiotechnologieTechnische Universiteit Delft Van Der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
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7
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Uddin R, Siddiqui QN, Sufian M, Azam SS, Wadood A. Proteome-wide subtractive approach to prioritize a hypothetical protein of XDR-Mycobacterium tuberculosis as potential drug target. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:1281-1292. [PMID: 31388979 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the resistant isolates of MTB, multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) have been the areas of growing concern. The genomic analysis showed that the respective genomic pool of the XDR-MTB proteome contains more than 30% of the hypothetical proteins for which no functions have been annotated yet. This class of proteins presumably have their own importance to complete genome and proteome information. The bioinformatics advancements have helped to annotate those hypothetical proteins by using various computational tools and have potential to classify them functionally. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to propose a new and unique drug target against the deadly Mycobacterium tuberculosis using Bioinformatics approaches to characterize the hypothetical proteins. RESULTS We stepwise reduced the hypothetical proteins (total number: 1256) out of the complete proteome to only 26 essential hypothetical proteins. Out of those 26 proteins, the protein WP_003401246.1 was computationally characterized as the druggable target. CONCLUSION The study proposed a hypothetical protein from complete proteome of the XDR-MTB as a new drug target against which new drug candidates can be proposed. Hence, the study opens up the new avenues in the areas of drug discovery against deadly M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reaz Uddin
- Lab 103 PCMD ext. Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Quratulain Nehal Siddiqui
- Lab 103 PCMD ext. Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sufian
- Lab 103 PCMD ext. Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sikander Azam
- National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
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8
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Artificial Fusion of mCherry Enhances Trehalose Transferase Solubility and Stability. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.03084-18. [PMID: 30737350 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03084-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LeLoir glycosyltransferases are important biocatalysts for the production of glycosidic bonds in natural products, chiral building blocks, and pharmaceuticals. Trehalose transferase (TreT) is of particular interest since it catalyzes the stereo- and enantioselective α,α-(1→1) coupling of a nucleotide sugar donor and monosaccharide acceptor for the synthesis of disaccharide derivatives. Heterologously expressed thermophilic trehalose transferases were found to be intrinsically aggregation prone and are mainly expressed as catalytically active inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli To disfavor protein aggregation, the thermostable protein mCherry was explored as a fluorescent protein tag. The fusion of mCherry to trehalose transferase from Pyrobaculum yellowstonensis (PyTreT) demonstrated increased protein solubility. Chaotropic agents like guanidine or the divalent cations Mn(II), Ca(II), and Mg(II) enhanced the enzyme activity of the fusion protein. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant, K eq, for the reversible synthesis of trehalose from glucose and a nucleotide sugar was determined in both the synthesis and hydrolysis directions utilizing UDP-glucose and ADP-glucose, respectively. UDP-glucose was shown to achieve higher conversions than ADP-glucose, highlighting the importance of the choice of nucleotide sugars for LeLoir glycosyltransferases under thermodynamic control.IMPORTANCE The heterologous expression of proteins in Escherichia coli is of great relevance for their functional and structural characterization and applications. However, the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies is observed in approximately 70% of all cases, and the subsequent effects can range from reduced soluble protein yields to a complete failure of the expression system. Here, we present an efficient methodology for the production and analysis of a thermostable, aggregation-prone trehalose transferase (TreT) from Pyrobaculum yellowstonensis via its fusion with mCherry as a thermostable fluorescent protein tag. This fusion strategy allowed for increased enzyme stability and solubility and could be applied to other (thermostable) proteins, allowing rapid visualization and quantification of the mCherry-fused protein of interest. Finally, we have demonstrated that the enzymatic synthesis of trehalose from glucose and a nucleotide sugar is reversible by approaching the thermodynamic equilibrium in both the synthesis and hydrolysis directions. Our results show that uridine establishes an equilibrium constant which is more in favor of the product trehalose than when adenosine is employed as the nucleotide under identical conditions. The influence of different nucleotides on the reaction can be generalized for all LeLoir glycosyltransferases under thermodynamic control as the position of the equilibrium depends solely on the reaction conditions and is not affected by the nature of the catalyst.
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9
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O'Neill MK, Piligian BF, Olson CD, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. Tailoring Trehalose for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications. PURE APPL CHEM 2017; 89:1223-1249. [PMID: 29225379 PMCID: PMC5718624 DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar whose ability to stabilize biomolecules has brought about its widespread use in biological preservation applications. Trehalose is also an essential metabolite in a number of pathogens, most significantly the global pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though it is absent in humans and other mammals. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in modifying the structure of trehalose to generate analogues that have applications in biomedical research and biotechnology. Non-degradable trehalose analogues could have a number of advantages as bioprotectants and food additives. Trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors are already useful as research tools and may have future value in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, among other uses. Underlying the advancements made in these areas are novel synthetic methods that facilitate access to and evaluation of trehalose analogues. In this review, we focus on both aspects of the development of this class of molecules. First, we consider the chemical and chemoenzymatic methods that have been used to prepare trehalose analogues and discuss their prospects for synthesis on commercially relevant scales. Second, we describe ongoing efforts to develop and deploy detectable trehalose analogues, trehalose-based inhibitors, and non-digestible trehalose analogues. The current and potential future uses of these compounds are discussed, with an emphasis on their roles in understanding and combatting mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara K O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Brent F Piligian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Claire D Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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10
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Szpryngiel S, Mäler L. Insights into the Membrane Interacting Properties of the C-Terminal Domain of the Monotopic Glycosyltransferase DGD2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6776-6786. [PMID: 27951648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are responsible for regulating the membrane composition of plants. The synthesis of one of the main lipids in the membrane, the galactolipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol, is regulated by the enzyme digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 2 (atDGD2) under starving conditions, such as phosphate shortage. The enzyme belongs to the GT-B fold, characterized by two β/α/β Rossmann domains that are connected by a flexible linker. atDGD2 has previously been shown to attach to lipid membranes by the N-terminal domain via interactions with negatively charged lipids. The role of the C-terminal domain in the membrane interaction is, however, not known. Here we have used a combination of in silico prediction methods and biophysical experimental techniques to shed light on the membrane interacting properties of the C-terminal domain. Our results demonstrate that there is an amphipathic sequence, corresponding to residues V240-E258, that interacts with lipids in a charge-dependent way. A second sequence was identified as being potentially important, with a high charge density, but no amphipathic character. The features of the plant atDGD2 observed here are similar in prokaryotic glycosyltransferases. On the basis of our results, and by analogy to other glycosyltransferases, we propose that atDGD2 interacts with the membrane through the N-terminus and with parts of the C-terminus acting as a switch, allowing for a dynamic interaction with the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett Szpryngiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Biomembrane Research, The Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Mäler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Biomembrane Research, The Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Janoš P, Kozmon S, Tvaroška I, Koca J. Three-dimensional homology model of GlcNAc-TV glycosyltransferase. Glycobiology 2016; 26:757-771. [PMID: 26821880 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: α-d-mannoside β-1-6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) catalyzes the transfer of GlcNAc from the UDP-GlcNAc donor to the α-1-6-linked mannose of the trimannosyl core structure of glycoproteins to produce the β-1-6-linked branching of N-linked oligosaccharides. β-1-6-GlcNAc-branched N-glycans are associated with cancer growth and metastasis. Therefore, the inhibition of GnT-V represents a key target for anti-cancer drug development. However, the development of potent and specific inhibitors of GnT-V is hampered by the lack of information on the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and on the binding characteristics of its substrates. Here we present the first 3D structure of GnT-V as a result of homology modeling. Various alignment methods, docking the donor and acceptor substrates, and molecular dynamics simulation were used to construct seven homology models of GnT-V and characterize the binding of its substrates. The best homology model is consistent with available experimental data. The three-dimensional model, the structure of the enzyme catalytic site and binding information obtained for the donor and acceptor can be useful in studies of the catalytic mechanism and design of inhibitors of GnT-V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Janoš
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,Faculty of Science-National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,Faculty of Science-National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Tvaroška
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Koca
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,Faculty of Science-National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Jiang L, Lin M, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xu X, Li S. Identification and characterization of a novel trehalose synthase gene derived from saline-alkali soil metagenomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77437. [PMID: 24146994 PMCID: PMC3797794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel trehalose synthase (TreS) gene was identified from a metagenomic library of saline-alkali soil by a simple activity-based screening system. Sequence analysis revealed that TreS encodes a protein of 552 amino acids, with a deduced molecular weight of 63.3 kDa. After being overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified, the enzymatic properties of TreS were investigated. The recombinant TreS displayed its optimal activity at pH 9.0 and 45 °C, and the addition of most common metal ions (1 or 30 mM) had no inhibition effect on the enzymatic activity evidently, except for the divalent metal ions Zn2+ and Hg2+. Kinetic analysis showed that the recombinant TreS had a 4.1-fold higher catalytic efficientcy (Kcat/Km) for maltose than for trehalose. The maximum conversion rate of maltose into trehalose by the TreS was reached more than 78% at a relatively high maltose concentration (30%), making it a good candidate in the large-scale production of trehalsoe after further study. In addition, five amino acid residues, His172, Asp201, Glu251, His318 and Asp319, were shown to be conserved in the TreS, which were also important for glycosyl hydrolase family 13 enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Panek A, Pietrow O, Synowiecki J, Filipkowski P. Immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles of the recombinant trehalose synthase from Deinococcus geothermalis. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cloning, expression, properties, and functional amino acid residues of new trehalose synthase from Thermomonospora curvata DSM 43183. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Greenfield LK, Richards MR, Vinogradov E, Wakarchuk WW, Lowary TL, Whitfield C. Domain organization of the polymerizing mannosyltransferases involved in synthesis of the Escherichia coli O8 and O9a lipopolysaccharide O-antigens. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:38135-49. [PMID: 22989876 PMCID: PMC3488083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.412577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli O9a and O8 polymannose O-polysaccharides (O-PSs) serve as model systems for the biosynthesis of bacterial polysaccharides by ATP-binding cassette transporter-dependent pathways. Both O-PSs contain a conserved primer-adaptor domain at the reducing terminus and a serotype-specific repeat unit domain. The repeat unit domain is polymerized by the serotype-specific WbdA mannosyltransferase. In serotype O9a, WbdA is a bifunctional α-(1→2)-, α-(1→3)-mannosyltransferase, and its counterpart in serotype O8 is trifunctional (α-(1→2), α-(1→3), and β-(1→2)). Little is known about the detailed structures or mechanisms of action of the WbdA polymerases, and here we establish that they are multidomain enzymes. WbdA(O9a) contains two separable and functionally active domains, whereas WbdA(O8) possesses three. In WbdC(O9a) and WbdB(O9a), substitution of the first Glu of the EX(7)E motif had detrimental effects on the enzyme activity, whereas substitution of the second had no significant effect on activity in vivo. Mutation of the Glu residues in the EX(7)E motif of the N-terminal WbdA(O9a) domain resulted in WbdA variants unable to synthesize O-PS. In contrast, mutation of the Glu residues in the motif of the C-terminal WbdA(O9a) domain generated an enzyme capable of synthesizing an altered O-PS repeat unit consisting of only α-(1→2) linkages. In vitro assays with synthetic acceptors unequivocally confirmed that the N-terminal domain of WbdA(O9a) possesses α-(1→2)-mannosyltransferase activity. Together, these studies form a framework for detailed structure-function studies on individual domains and a strategy applicable for dissection and analysis of other multidomain glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Greenfield
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Michele R. Richards
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, and
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- the Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Warren W. Wakarchuk
- the Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, and
| | - Chris Whitfield
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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Mechanistic insights into validoxylamine A 7'-phosphate synthesis by VldE using the structure of the entire product complex. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44934. [PMID: 23028689 PMCID: PMC3441724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudo-glycosyltransferase VldE catalyzes non-glycosidic C-N coupling between an unsaturated cyclitol and a saturated aminocyclitol with the conservation of the stereochemical configuration of the substrates to form validoxylamine A 7′-phosphate, the biosynthetic precursor of the antibiotic validamycin A. To study the molecular basis of its mechanism, the three-dimensional structures of VldE from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. limoneus was determined in apo form, in complex with GDP, in complex with GDP and validoxylamine A 7′-phosphate, and in complex with GDP and trehalose. The structure of VldE with the catalytic site in both an “open” and “closed” conformation is also described. With these structures, the preferred binding of the guanine moiety by VldE, rather than the uracil moiety as seen in OtsA could be explained. The elucidation of the VldE structure in complex with the entirety of its products provides insight into the internal return mechanism by which catalysis occurs with a net retention of the stereochemical configuration of the donated cyclitol.
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