1
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Schultz SK, Katanski CD, Halucha M, Peña N, Fahlman RP, Pan T, Kothe U. Modifications in the T arm of tRNA globally determine tRNA maturation, function, and cellular fitness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401154121. [PMID: 38889150 PMCID: PMC11214086 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401154121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Almost all elongator tRNAs (Transfer RNAs) harbor 5-methyluridine 54 and pseudouridine 55 in the T arm, generated by the enzymes TrmA and TruB, respectively, in Escherichia coli. TrmA and TruB both act as tRNA chaperones, and strains lacking trmA or truB are outcompeted by wild type. Here, we investigate how TrmA and TruB contribute to cellular fitness. Deletion of trmA and truB in E. coli causes a global decrease in aminoacylation and alters other tRNA modifications such as acp3U47. While overall protein synthesis is not affected in ΔtrmA and ΔtruB strains, the translation of a subset of codons is significantly impaired. As a consequence, we observe translationally reduced expression of many specific proteins, that are either encoded with a high frequency of these codons or that are large proteins. The resulting proteome changes are not related to a specific growth phenotype, but overall cellular fitness is impaired upon deleting trmA and truB in accordance with a general protein synthesis impact. In conclusion, we demonstrate that universal modifications of the tRNA T arm are critical for global tRNA function by enhancing tRNA maturation, tRNA aminoacylation, and translation, thereby improving cellular fitness irrespective of the growth conditions which explains the conservation of trmA and truB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, ABT1K 3M4, Canada
| | | | - Mateusz Halucha
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | - Noah Peña
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | - Richard P. Fahlman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | - Ute Kothe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, ABT1K 3M4, Canada
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2
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Lv X, Zhang R, Li S, Jin X. tRNA Modifications and Dysregulation: Implications for Brain Diseases. Brain Sci 2024; 14:633. [PMID: 39061374 PMCID: PMC11274612 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are well-known for their essential function in protein synthesis. Recent research has revealed a diverse range of chemical modifications that tRNAs undergo, which are crucial for various cellular processes. These modifications are necessary for the precise and efficient translation of proteins and also play important roles in gene expression regulation and cellular stress response. This review examines the role of tRNA modifications and dysregulation in the pathophysiology of various brain diseases, including epilepsy, stroke, neurodevelopmental disorders, brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing research, our study aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between tRNA dysregulation and brain diseases. This underscores the critical need for ongoing exploration in this field and provides valuable insights that could facilitate the development of innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches, ultimately improving outcomes for individuals grappling with complex neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Lv
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (X.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Ruorui Zhang
- Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (X.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (X.L.); (S.L.)
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3
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Zhang J. Recognition of the tRNA structure: Everything everywhere but not all at once. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:36-52. [PMID: 38159570 PMCID: PMC10843564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
tRNAs are among the most abundant and essential biomolecules in cells. These spontaneously folding, extensively structured yet conformationally flexible anionic polymers literally bridge the worlds of RNAs and proteins, and serve as Rosetta stones that decipher and interpret the genetic code. Their ubiquitous presence, functional irreplaceability, and privileged access to cellular compartments and ribosomes render them prime targets for both endogenous regulation and exogenous manipulation. There is essentially no part of the tRNA that is not touched by another interaction partner, either as programmed or imposed by an external adversary. Recent progresses in genetic, biochemical, and structural analyses of the tRNA interactome produced a wealth of new knowledge into their interaction networks, regulatory functions, and molecular interfaces. In this review, I describe and illustrate the general principles of tRNA recognition by proteins and other RNAs, and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms that deliver affinity, specificity, and functional competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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4
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Hori H. Transfer RNA Modification Enzymes with a Thiouridine Synthetase, Methyltransferase and Pseudouridine Synthase (THUMP) Domain and the Nucleosides They Produce in tRNA. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020382. [PMID: 36833309 PMCID: PMC9957541 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of the thiouridine synthetase, methyltransferase and pseudouridine synthase (THUMP) domain was originally predicted by a bioinformatic study. Since the prediction of the THUMP domain more than two decades ago, many tRNA modification enzymes containing the THUMP domain have been identified. According to their enzymatic activity, THUMP-related tRNA modification enzymes can be classified into five types, namely 4-thiouridine synthetase, deaminase, methyltransferase, a partner protein of acetyltransferase and pseudouridine synthase. In this review, I focus on the functions and structures of these tRNA modification enzymes and the modified nucleosides they produce. Biochemical, biophysical and structural studies of tRNA 4-thiouridine synthetase, tRNA methyltransferases and tRNA deaminase have established the concept that the THUMP domain captures the 3'-end of RNA (in the case of tRNA, the CCA-terminus). However, in some cases, this concept is not simply applicable given the modification patterns observed in tRNA. Furthermore, THUMP-related proteins are involved in the maturation of other RNAs as well as tRNA. Moreover, the modified nucleosides, which are produced by the THUMP-related tRNA modification enzymes, are involved in numerous biological phenomena, and the defects of genes for human THUMP-related proteins are implicated in genetic diseases. In this review, these biological phenomena are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hori
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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5
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Broly M, Polevoda BV, Awayda KM, Tong N, Lentini J, Besnard T, Deb W, O’Rourke D, Baptista J, Ellard S, Almannai M, Hashem M, Abdulwahab F, Shamseldin H, Al-Tala S, Alkuraya FS, Leon A, van Loon RL, Ferlini A, Sanchini M, Bigoni S, Ciorba A, van Bokhoven H, Iqbal Z, Al-Maawali A, Al-Murshedi F, Ganesh A, Al-Mamari W, Lim SC, Pais LS, Brown N, Riazuddin S, Bézieau S, Fu D, Isidor B, Cogné B, O’Connell MR. THUMPD1 bi-allelic variants cause loss of tRNA acetylation and a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:587-600. [PMID: 35196516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent tRNA modifications play multi-faceted roles in tRNA stability, folding, and recognition, as well as the rate and fidelity of translation, and other cellular processes such as growth, development, and stress responses. Mutations in genes that are known to regulate tRNA modifications lead to a wide array of phenotypes and diseases including numerous cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders, highlighting the critical role of tRNA modification in human disease. One such gene, THUMPD1, is involved in regulating tRNA N4-acetylcytidine modification (ac4C), and recently was proposed as a candidate gene for autosomal-recessive intellectual disability. Here, we present 13 individuals from 8 families who harbor rare loss-of-function variants in THUMPD1. Common phenotypic findings included global developmental delay, speech delay, moderate to severe intellectual deficiency, behavioral abnormalities such as angry outbursts, facial dysmorphism, and ophthalmological abnormalities. We demonstrate that the bi-allelic variants identified cause loss of function of THUMPD1 and that this defect results in a loss of ac4C modification in small RNAs, and of individually purified tRNA-Ser-CGA. We further corroborate this effect by showing a loss of tRNA acetylation in two CRISPR-Cas9-generated THUMPD1 KO cell lines. In addition, we also show the resultant amino acid substitution that occurs in a missense THUMPD1 allele identified in an individual with compound heterozygous variants results in a marked decrease in THUMPD1 stability and RNA-binding capacity. Taken together, these results suggest that the lack of tRNA acetylation due to THUMPD1 loss of function results in a syndromic form of intellectual disability associated with developmental delay, behavioral abnormalities, hearing loss, and facial dysmorphism.
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6
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Nishida Y, Ohmori S, Kakizono R, Kawai K, Namba M, Okada K, Yamagami R, Hirata A, Hori H. Required Elements in tRNA for Methylation by the Eukaryotic tRNA (Guanine- N2-) Methyltransferase (Trm11-Trm112 Complex). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074046. [PMID: 35409407 PMCID: PMC8999500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Trm11 and Trm112 complex (Trm11-Trm112) methylates the 2-amino group of guanosine at position 10 in tRNA and forms N2-methylguanosine. To determine the elements required in tRNA for methylation by Trm11-Trm112, we prepared 60 tRNA transcript variants and tested them for methylation by Trm11-Trm112. The results show that the precursor tRNA is not a substrate for Trm11-Trm112. Furthermore, the CCA terminus is essential for methylation by Trm11-Trm112, and Trm11-Trm112 also only methylates tRNAs with a regular-size variable region. In addition, the G10-C25 base pair is required for methylation by Trm11-Trm112. The data also demonstrated that Trm11-Trm112 recognizes the anticodon-loop and that U38 in tRNAAla acts negatively in terms of methylation. Likewise, the U32-A38 base pair in tRNACys negatively affects methylation. The only exception in our in vitro study was tRNAValAAC1. Our experiments showed that the tRNAValAAC1 transcript was slowly methylated by Trm11-Trm112. However, position 10 in this tRNA was reported to be unmodified G. We purified tRNAValAAC1 from wild-type and trm11 gene deletion strains and confirmed that a portion of tRNAValAAC1 is methylated by Trm11-Trm112 in S. cerevisiae. Thus, our study explains the m2G10 modification pattern of all S. cerevisiae class I tRNAs and elucidates the Trm11-Trm112 binding sites.
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7
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Kiss DJ, Oláh J, Tóth G, Varga M, Stirling A, Menyhárd DK, Ferenczy GG. The Structure-Derived Mechanism of Box H/ACA Pseudouridine Synthase Offers a Plausible Paradigm for Programmable RNA Editing. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Judit Kiss
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Oláh
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Tóth
- Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/a, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Varga
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Stirling
- Theoretical Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra K. Menyhárd
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/a, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György G. Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Czekay DP, Schultz SK, Kothe U. Assaying the Molecular Determinants and Kinetics of RNA Pseudouridylation by H/ACA snoRNPs and Stand-Alone Pseudouridine Synthases. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2298:357-378. [PMID: 34085255 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1374-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Posttranscriptional modifications of RNA play an important role in promoting the maturation and functional diversity of many RNA species. Accordingly, understanding the enzymes and mechanisms that underlie RNA modifications is an important aspect in advancing our knowledge of the continually expanding RNA modification field. However, of the more than 160 currently identified RNA modifications, a large portion remains without quantitative detection assays for their biochemical characterization. Here, we describe the tritium release assay as a convenient tool allowing for the quantitative assessment of in vitro RNA pseudouridylation by stand-alone or box H/ACA RNA-guided pseudouridine synthases. This assay enables quantification of RNA pseudouridylation over a time course to effectively compare pseudouridylation activity between different substrates and/or different recombinant enzymes as well as to determine kinetic parameters. With the help of a quench-flow apparatus, the tritium release assay can be adapted for rapid kinetic measurements under single-turnover conditions to dissect reaction mechanisms. As examples, we show the formation of pseudouridines by a reconstituted Saccharomyces cerevisiae H/ACA small ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) and an Escherichia coli stand-alone pseudouridine synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Czekay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah K Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Ute Kothe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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9
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Song J, Zhuang Y, Zhu C, Meng H, Lu B, Xie B, Peng J, Li M, Yi C. Differential roles of human PUS10 in miRNA processing and tRNA pseudouridylation. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 16:160-169. [PMID: 31819270 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pseudouridine synthases (PUSs) are responsible for installation of pseudouridine (Ψ) modification in RNA. However, the activity and function of the PUS enzymes remain largely unexplored. Here we focus on human PUS10 and find that it co-expresses with the microprocessor (DROSHA-DGCR8 complex). Depletion of PUS10 results in a marked reduction of the expression level of a large number of mature miRNAs and concomitant accumulation of unprocessed primary microRNAs (pri-miRNAs) in multiple human cells. Mechanistically, PUS10 directly binds to pri-miRNAs and interacts with the microprocessor to promote miRNA biogenesis. Unexpectedly, this process is independent of the catalytic activity of PUS10. Additionally, we develop a sequencing method to profile Ψ in the tRNAome and report PUS10-dependent Ψ sites in tRNA. Collectively, our findings reveal differential functions of PUS10 in nuclear miRNA processing and in cytoplasmic tRNA pseudouridylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Haowei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingteng Xie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Chengqi Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Department of Chemical Biology and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Kurşun D, Küçük C. Systematic analysis of the frequently amplified 2p15-p16.1 locus reveals PAPOLG as a potential proto-oncogene in follicular and transformed follicular lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43:124-132. [PMID: 31410080 PMCID: PMC6667098 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transformed follicular lymphoma (tFL) originates from histological transformation of follicular lymphoma (FL), which is the most common indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. High-resolution genomic copy-number analysis previously identified frequent amplification of the 2p15-p16.1 locus in FL and tFL cases. The genes (i.e. BCL11A, PAPOLG, PUS10, and USP34) in this amplified locus have not been systematically investigated to date in terms of their role in FL pathogenesis or transformation to tFL. Here we investigated the relationship between amplification and expression of genes in 2p15-p16.1 as well as their expression after histological transformation. NCBI GEO SNP array and gene expression profile (GEP) data of tFL cases were analyzed to evaluate the relationship between amplification and mRNA expression. Moreover, transcript levels of these four genes in FL cases were compared with those of patient-matched tFL cases and normal B-cells. Amplification of the 2p15-p16.1 locus is associated with increased transcription of BCL11A and PAPOLG in tFL cases, of which the latter showed increased expression after histological transformation. Compared with the level in normal B-cells, PAPOLG was significantly overexpressed in FL cases, but expression levels of the other three genes did not show any significant difference. Altogether these results suggest that PAPOLG may be the most critical gene in terms of transformation to tFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Kurşun
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG) , İzmir , Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-İzmir), Dokuz Eylül University , İzmir , Turkey
| | - Can Küçük
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University , İzmir , Turkey.,İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG) , İzmir , Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-İzmir), Dokuz Eylül University , İzmir , Turkey
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11
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Deogharia M, Mukhopadhyay S, Joardar A, Gupta R. The human ortholog of archaeal Pus10 produces pseudouridine 54 in select tRNAs where its recognition sequence contains a modified residue. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 25:336-351. [PMID: 30530625 PMCID: PMC6380271 DOI: 10.1261/rna.068114.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The nearly conserved U54 of tRNA is mostly converted to a version of ribothymidine (T) in Bacteria and eukaryotes and to a version of pseudouridine (Ψ) in Archaea. Conserved U55 is nearly always modified to Ψ55 in all organisms. Orthologs of TrmA and TruB that produce T54 and Ψ55, respectively, in Bacteria and eukaryotes are absent in Archaea. Pus10 produces both Ψ54 and Ψ55 in Archaea. Pus10 orthologs are found in nearly all sequenced archaeal and most eukaryal genomes, but not in yeast and bacteria. This coincides with the presence of Ψ54 in most archaeal tRNAs and some animal tRNAs, but its absence from yeast and bacteria. Moreover, Ψ54 is found in several tRNAs that function as primers for retroviral DNA synthesis. Previously, no eukaryotic tRNA Ψ54 synthase had been identified. We show here that human Pus10 can produce Ψ54 in select tRNAs, including tRNALys3, the primer for HIV reverse transcriptase. This synthase activity of Pus10 is restricted to the cytoplasm and is distinct from nuclear Pus10, which is known to be involved in apoptosis. The sequence GUUCAm1AAUC (m1A is 1-methyladenosine) at position 53-61 of tRNA along with a stable acceptor stem results in maximum Ψ54 synthase activity. This recognition sequence is unique for a Ψ synthase in that it contains another modification. In addition to Ψ54, SF9 cells-derived recombinant human Pus10 can also generate Ψ55, even in tRNAs that do not contain the Ψ54 synthase recognition sequence. This activity may be redundant with that of TruB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Deogharia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4413, USA
| | - Shaoni Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4413, USA
| | - Archi Joardar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4413, USA
| | - Ramesh Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4413, USA
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12
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Hori H, Kawamura T, Awai T, Ochi A, Yamagami R, Tomikawa C, Hirata A. Transfer RNA Modification Enzymes from Thermophiles and Their Modified Nucleosides in tRNA. Microorganisms 2018; 6:E110. [PMID: 30347855 PMCID: PMC6313347 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, numerous modified nucleosides in tRNA as well as tRNA modification enzymes have been identified not only in thermophiles but also in mesophiles. Because most modified nucleosides in tRNA from thermophiles are common to those in tRNA from mesophiles, they are considered to work essentially in steps of protein synthesis at high temperatures. At high temperatures, the structure of unmodified tRNA will be disrupted. Therefore, thermophiles must possess strategies to stabilize tRNA structures. To this end, several thermophile-specific modified nucleosides in tRNA have been identified. Other factors such as RNA-binding proteins and polyamines contribute to the stability of tRNA at high temperatures. Thermus thermophilus, which is an extreme-thermophilic eubacterium, can adapt its protein synthesis system in response to temperature changes via the network of modified nucleosides in tRNA and tRNA modification enzymes. Notably, tRNA modification enzymes from thermophiles are very stable. Therefore, they have been utilized for biochemical and structural studies. In the future, thermostable tRNA modification enzymes may be useful as biotechnology tools and may be utilized for medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hori
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kawamura
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Takako Awai
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Anna Ochi
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Ryota Yamagami
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Chie Tomikawa
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Akira Hirata
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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13
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Fujikane R, Behm-Ansmant I, Tillault AS, Loegler C, Igel-Bourguignon V, Marguet E, Forterre P, Branlant C, Motorin Y, Charpentier B. Contribution of protein Gar1 to the RNA-guided and RNA-independent rRNA:Ψ-synthase activities of the archaeal Cbf5 protein. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13815. [PMID: 30218085 PMCID: PMC6138745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Archaeal RNA:pseudouridine-synthase (PUS) Cbf5 in complex with proteins L7Ae, Nop10 and Gar1, and guide box H/ACA sRNAs forms ribonucleoprotein (RNP) catalysts that insure the conversion of uridines into pseudouridines (Ψs) in ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Nonetheless, in the absence of guide RNA, Cbf5 catalyzes the in vitro formation of Ψ2603 in Pyrococcus abyssi 23S rRNA and of Ψ55 in tRNAs. Using gene-disrupted strains of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis, we studied the in vivo contribution of proteins Nop10 and Gar1 to the dual RNA guide-dependent and RNA-independent activities of Cbf5 on 23S rRNA. The single-null mutants of the cbf5, nop10, and gar1 genes are viable, but display a thermosensitive slow growth phenotype. We also generated a single-null mutant of the gene encoding Pus10, which has redundant activity with Cbf5 for in vitro formation of Ψ55 in tRNA. Analysis of the presence of Ψs within the rRNA peptidyl transferase center (PTC) of the mutants demonstrated that Cbf5 but not Pus10 is required for rRNA modification. Our data reveal that, in contrast to Nop10, Gar1 is crucial for in vivo and in vitro RNA guide-independent formation of Ψ2607 (Ψ2603 in P. abyssi) by Cbf5. Furthermore, our data indicate that pseudouridylation at orphan position 2589 (2585 in P. abyssi), for which no PUS or guide sRNA has been identified so far, relies on RNA- and Gar1-dependent activity of Cbf5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Fujikane
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365 Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), F-54500, Nancy, France
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Fukuoka Dental College, Department of Physiological Sciences and Molecular Biology, Section of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Isabelle Behm-Ansmant
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365 Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), F-54500, Nancy, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Tillault
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365 Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), F-54500, Nancy, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christine Loegler
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365 Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), F-54500, Nancy, France
| | - Valérie Igel-Bourguignon
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365 Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), F-54500, Nancy, France
| | - Evelyne Marguet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Patrick Forterre
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Microbiologie, 25 rue du Dr Roux, F-7505, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Branlant
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365 Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), F-54500, Nancy, France
| | - Yuri Motorin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365 Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), F-54500, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INSERM, UMS2008 IBSLor, F-54500, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Charpentier
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7365 Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), F-54500, Nancy, France.
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Evolution of Eukaryal and Archaeal Pseudouridine Synthase Pus10. J Mol Evol 2018; 86:77-89. [PMID: 29349599 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-018-9827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In archaea, pseudouridine (Ψ) synthase Pus10 modifies uridine (U) to Ψ at positions 54 and 55 of tRNA. In contrast, Pus10 is not found in bacteria, where modifications at those two positions are carried out by TrmA (U54 to m5U54) and TruB (U55 to Ψ55). Many eukaryotes have an apparent redundancy; their genomes contain orthologs of archaeal Pus10 and bacterial TrmA and TruB. Although eukaryal Pus10 genes share a conserved catalytic domain with archaeal Pus10 genes, their biological roles are not clear for the two reasons. First, experimental evidence suggests that human Pus10 participates in apoptosis induced by the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Whether the function of human Pus10 is in place or in addition to of Ψ synthesis in tRNA is unknown. Second, Pus10 is found in earlier evolutionary branches of fungi (such as chytrid Batrachochytrium) but is absent in all dikaryon fungi surveyed (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes). We did a comprehensive analysis of sequenced genomes and found that orthologs of Pus10, TrmA, and TruB were present in all the animals, plants, and protozoa surveyed. This indicates that the common eukaryotic ancestor possesses all the three genes. Next, we examined 116 archaeal and eukaryotic Pus10 protein sequences to find that Pus10 existed as a single copy gene in all the surveyed genomes despite ancestral whole genome duplications had occurred. This indicates a possible deleterious gene dosage effect. Our results suggest that functional redundancy result in gene loss or neofunctionalization in different evolutionary lineages.
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15
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Abstract
Cellular RNAs are chemically modified by many RNA modification enzymes; however, often the functions of modifications remain unclear, such as for pseudouridine formation in the tRNA TΨC arm by the bacterial tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruB. Here we test the hypothesis that RNA modification enzymes also act as RNA chaperones. Using TruB as a model, we demonstrate that TruB folds tRNA independent of its catalytic activity, thus increasing the fraction of tRNA that can be aminoacylated. By rapid kinetic stopped-flow analysis, we identified the molecular mechanism of TruB's RNA chaperone activity: TruB binds and unfolds both misfolded and folded tRNAs thereby providing misfolded tRNAs a second chance at folding. Previously, it has been shown that a catalytically inactive TruB variant has no phenotype when expressed in an Escherichia coli truB KO strain [Gutgsell N, et al. (2000) RNA 6(12):1870-1881]. However, here we uncover that E. coli strains expressing a TruB variant impaired in tRNA binding and in in vitro tRNA folding cannot compete with WT E. coli. Consequently, the tRNA chaperone activity of TruB is critical for bacterial fitness. In conclusion, we prove the tRNA chaperone activity of the pseudouridine synthase TruB, reveal its molecular mechanism, and demonstrate its importance for cellular fitness. We discuss the likelihood that other RNA modification enzymes are also RNA chaperones.
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Tillault AS, Fourmann JB, Loegler C, Wieden HJ, Kothe U, Charpentier B. Contribution of two conserved histidines to the dual activity of archaeal RNA guide-dependent and -independent pseudouridine synthase Cbf5. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 21:1233-1239. [PMID: 25990001 PMCID: PMC4478342 DOI: 10.1261/rna.051425.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In all organisms, several distinct stand-alone pseudouridine synthase (PUS) family enzymes are expressed to isomerize uridine into pseudouridine (Ψ) by specific recognition of RNAs. In addition, Ψs are generated in Archaea and Eukaryotes by PUS enzymes which are organized as ribonucleoprotein particles (RNP)--the box H/ACA s/snoRNPs. For this modification system, a unique TruB-like catalytic PUS subunit is associated with various RNA guides which specifically target and secure substrate RNAs by base-pairing. The archaeal Cbf5 PUS displays the special feature of exhibiting both RNA guide-dependent and -independent activities. Structures of substrate-bound TruB and H/ACA sRNP revealed the importance of histidines in positioning the target uridine in the active site. To analyze the respective role of H60 and H77, we have generated variants carrying alanine substitutions at these positions. The impact of the mutations was analyzed for unguided modifications U(55) in tRNA and U2603 in 23S rRNA, and for activity of the box H/ACA Pab91 sRNP enzyme. H77 (H43 in TruB), but not H60, appeared to be crucial for the RNA guide-independent activity. In contrast to earlier suggestions, H60 was found to be noncritical for the activity of the H/ACA sRNP, but contributes together with H77 to the full activity of H/ACA sRNPs. The data suggest that a similar catalytic process was conserved in the two divergent pseudouridylation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Tillault
- Laboratoire Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie Santé, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fourmann
- Laboratoire Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie Santé, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christine Loegler
- Laboratoire Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie Santé, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Hans-Joachim Wieden
- Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Ute Kothe
- Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Bruno Charpentier
- Laboratoire Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie Santé, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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17
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Shao Z, Yan W, Peng J, Zuo X, Zou Y, Li F, Gong D, Ma R, Wu J, Shi Y, Zhang Z, Teng M, Li X, Gong Q. Crystal structure of tRNA m1G9 methyltransferase Trm10: insight into the catalytic mechanism and recognition of tRNA substrate. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:509-25. [PMID: 24081582 PMCID: PMC3874184 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) methylation is necessary for the proper biological function of tRNA. The N(1) methylation of guanine at Position 9 (m(1)G9) of tRNA, which is widely identified in eukaryotes and archaea, was found to be catalyzed by the Trm10 family of methyltransferases (MTases). Here, we report the first crystal structures of the tRNA MTase spTrm10 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe in the presence and absence of its methyl donor product S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH) and its ortholog scTrm10 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in complex with SAH. Our crystal structures indicated that the MTase domain (the catalytic domain) of the Trm10 family displays a typical SpoU-TrmD (SPOUT) fold. Furthermore, small angle X-ray scattering analysis reveals that Trm10 behaves as a monomer in solution, whereas other members of the SPOUT superfamily all function as homodimers. We also performed tRNA MTase assays and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments to investigate the catalytic mechanism of Trm10 in vitro. In combination with mutational analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, our results provide insights into the substrate tRNA recognition mechanism of Trm10 family MTases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Shao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Junhui Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Yang Zou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Fudong Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Deshun Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Rongsheng Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Jihui Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Yunyu Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Maikun Teng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Xu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Qingguo Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
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18
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Spenkuch F, Motorin Y, Helm M. Pseudouridine: still mysterious, but never a fake (uridine)! RNA Biol 2014; 11:1540-54. [PMID: 25616362 PMCID: PMC4615568 DOI: 10.4161/15476286.2014.992278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudouridine (Ψ) is the most abundant of >150 nucleoside modifications in RNA. Although Ψ was discovered as the first modified nucleoside more than half a century ago, neither the enzymatic mechanism of its formation, nor the function of this modification are fully elucidated. We present the consistent picture of Ψ synthases, their substrates and their substrate positions in model organisms of all domains of life as it has emerged to date and point out the challenges that remain concerning higher eukaryotes and the elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism.
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MESH Headings
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Humans
- Intramolecular Transferases/genetics
- Intramolecular Transferases/metabolism
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Pseudouridine/metabolism
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Mitochondrial
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/metabolism
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/genetics
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/metabolism
- Ribosomes/chemistry
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Uridine/metabolism
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Spenkuch
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuri Motorin
- Laboratoire IMoPA; Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire; BioPôle de l'Université de Lorraine; Campus Biologie-Santé; Faculté de Médecine; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz, Germany
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19
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Ostankovitch M. Dynamic Mechanisms in the Life Cycle of an RNA Molecule. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:3747-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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