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Low ZY, Yip AJW, Chan AML, Choo WS. 14-3-3 Family of Proteins: Biological Implications, Molecular Interactions, and Potential Intervention in Cancer, Virus and Neurodegeneration Disorders. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30624. [PMID: 38946063 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 family of proteins are highly conserved acidic eukaryotic proteins (25-32 kDa) abundantly present in the body. Through numerous binding partners, the 14-3-3 is responsible for many essential cellular pathways, such as cell cycle regulation and gene transcription control. Hence, its dysregulation has been linked to the onset of critical illnesses such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and viral infections. Interestingly, explorative studies have revealed an inverse correlation of 14-3-3 protein in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and the direct manipulation of 14-3-3 by virus to enhance infection capacity has dramatically extended its significance. Of these, COVID-19 has been linked to the 14-3-3 proteins by the interference of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein during virion assembly. Given its predisposition towards multiple essential host signalling pathways, it is vital to understand the holistic interactions between the 14-3-3 protein to unravel its potential therapeutic unit in the future. As such, the general structure and properties of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, as well as their known biological functions and implications in cancer, neurodegeneration, and viruses, were covered in this review. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic target of 14-3-3 proteins in the associated diseases was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alvin Man Lung Chan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Crha R, Kozeleková A, Hofrová A, Iľkovičová L, Gašparik N, Kadeřávek P, Hritz J. Hiding in plain sight: Complex interaction patterns between Tau and 14-3-3ζ protein variants. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130802. [PMID: 38492709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Tau protein is an intrinsically disordered protein that plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In brains of AD patients, Tau occurs abnormally phosphorylated and aggregated in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Together with Tau, 14-3-3 proteins - abundant cytosolic dimeric proteins - were found colocalized in the NFTs. However, so far, the molecular mechanism of the process leading to pathological changes in Tau structure as well as the direct involvement of 14-3-3 proteins are not well understood. Here, we aimed to reveal the effects of phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) on Tau structural preferences and provide better insight into the interaction between Tau and 14-3-3 proteins. We also addressed the impact of monomerization-inducing phosphorylation of 14-3-3 at S58 on the binding to Tau protein. Using multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), chemical cross-linking analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS) and PAGE, we unveiled differences in their binding affinity, stoichiometry, and interfaces with single-residue resolution. We revealed that the interaction between 14-3-3 and Tau proteins is mediated not only via the 14-3-3 amphipathic binding grooves, but also via less specific interactions with 14-3-3 protein surface and, in the case of monomeric 14-3-3, also partially via the exposed dimeric interface. In addition, the hyperphosphorylation of Tau changes its affinity to 14-3-3 proteins. In conclusion, we propose quite complex interaction mode between the Tau and 14-3-3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Crha
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Kozeleková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Hofrová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Iľkovičová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Gašparik
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kadeřávek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Hritz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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3
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Kamayirese S, Maity S, Dieckman LM, Hansen LA, Lovas S. Optimizing Phosphopeptide Structures That Target 14-3-3ε in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:2719-2729. [PMID: 38250398 PMCID: PMC10795040 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
14-3-3ε is involved in various types of malignancies by increasing cell proliferation, promoting cell invasion, or inhibiting apoptosis. In cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), 14-3-3ε is overexpressed and mislocalized from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it interacts with the cell division cycle 25 A (CDC25A) and suppresses apoptosis. Hence, inhibition of the 14-3-3ε-CDC25A interaction is an attractive target for promoting apoptosis in cSCC. In this work, we optimized the structure of our previously designed inhibitor of the 14-3-3ε-CDC25A interaction, pT, a phosphopeptide fragment corresponding to one of the two binding regions of CDC25A to 14-3-3ε. Starting from pT, we developed peptide analogs that bind 14-3-3ε with nanomolar affinities. Peptide analogs were designed by shortening the pT peptide and introducing modifications at position 510 of the pT(502-510) analog. Both molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and biophysical methods were used to determine peptide binding to 14-3-3ε. Shortening the pT peptide from 14 to 9 amino acid residues resulted in a peptide (pT(502-510)) that binds 14-3-3ε with a KD value of 45.2 nM. Gly to Phe substitution in position 510 of pT(502-510) led to further improvement in affinity (KD: 22.0 nM) of the peptide for 14-3-3ε. Our results suggest that the designed peptide analogs are potential candidates for inhibiting 14-3-3ε-CDC25A interactions in cSCC cells and thus inducing their apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraphine Kamayirese
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - Sibaprasad Maity
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - Lynne M. Dieckman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Creighton
University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - Laura A. Hansen
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - Sándor Lovas
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
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4
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Kamayirese S, Maity S, Dieckman LM, Hansen LA, Lovas S. Optimizing Phosphopeptide Structures That Target 14-3-3ε in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560749. [PMID: 37873379 PMCID: PMC10592926 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3ε is involved in various types of malignancies by increasing cell proliferation, promoting cell invasion or inhibiting apoptosis. In cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), 14-3-3ε is over expressed and mislocalized from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it interacts with the cell division cycle 25 A (CDC25A) and suppresses apoptosis. Hence inhibition of the 14-3-3ε - CDC25A interaction is an attractive target for promoting apoptosis in cSCC. In this work, we optimized the structure of our previously designed inhibitor of 14-3-3ε - CDC25A interaction, pT, a phosphopeptide fragment corresponding to one of the two binding regions of CDC25A to 14-3-3ε. Starting from pT, we developed peptide analogs that bind 14-3-3ε with nanomolar affinities. Peptide analogs were designed by shortening the pT peptide, and introducing modifications at position 510 of the pT(502-510) analog. Both molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and biophysical methods were used to determine peptides binding to 14-3-3ε. Shortening the pT peptide from 14 to 9 amino acid residues resulted in a peptide (pT(502-510)) that binds 14-3-3ε with a KD value of 45.2 nM. Gly to Phe substitution in position 510 of pT(502-510) led to further improvement in affinity (KD: 22.0 nM) of the peptide for 14-3-3ε. Our results suggest that the designed peptide analogs are potential candidates for inhibiting 14-3-3ε -CDC25A interactions in cSCC cells; thus, inducing their apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraphine Kamayirese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, Unites States
| | - Sibaprasad Maity
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, Unites States
| | - Lynne M. Dieckman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, Unites States
| | - Laura A. Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, Unites States
| | - Sándor Lovas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, Unites States
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5
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Zhu P, Stanisheuski S, Franklin R, Vogel A, Vesely CH, Reardon P, Sluchanko NN, Beckman JS, Karplus PA, Mehl RA, Cooley RB. Autonomous Synthesis of Functional, Permanently Phosphorylated Proteins for Defining the Interactome of Monomeric 14-3-3ζ. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:816-835. [PMID: 37122473 PMCID: PMC10141581 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are dimeric hubs that bind hundreds of phosphorylated "clients" to regulate their function. Installing stable, functional mimics of phosphorylated amino acids into proteins offers a powerful strategy to study 14-3-3 function in cellular-like environments, but a previous genetic code expansion (GCE) system to translationally install nonhydrolyzable phosphoserine (nhpSer), with the γ-oxygen replaced with CH2, site-specifically into proteins has seen limited usage. Here, we achieve a 40-fold improvement in this system by engineering into Escherichia coli a six-step biosynthetic pathway that produces nhpSer from phosphoenolpyruvate. Using this autonomous "PermaPhos" expression system, we produce three biologically relevant proteins with nhpSer and confirm that nhpSer mimics the effects of phosphoserine for activating GSK3β phosphorylation of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, promoting 14-3-3/client complexation, and monomerizing 14-3-3 dimers. Then, to understand the biological function of these phosphorylated 14-3-3ζ monomers (containing nhpSer at Ser58), we isolate its interactome from HEK293T lysates and compare it with that of wild-type 14-3-3ζ. These data identify two new subsets of 14-3-3 client proteins: (i) those that selectively bind dimeric 14-3-3ζ and (ii) those that selectively bind monomeric 14-3-3ζ. We discover that monomeric-but not dimeric-14-3-3ζ interacts with cereblon, an E3 ubiquitin-ligase adaptor protein of pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Zhu
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State
University, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Stanislau Stanisheuski
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Rachel Franklin
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State
University, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Amber Vogel
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State
University, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Cat Hoang Vesely
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State
University, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Patrick Reardon
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State
University, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Nikolai N. Sluchanko
- A.N.
Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology
of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Joseph S. Beckman
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State
University, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- e-MSion
Inc., 2121 NE Jack London
St., Corvallis, Oregon 97330, United States
| | - P. Andrew Karplus
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State
University, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Ryan A. Mehl
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State
University, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Richard B. Cooley
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State
University, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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6
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Zhu P, Nguyen KT, Estelle AB, Sluchanko NN, Mehl RA, Cooley RB. Genetic encoding of 3-nitro-tyrosine reveals the impacts of 14-3-3 nitration on client binding and dephosphorylation. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4574. [PMID: 36691781 PMCID: PMC9926477 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are central hub regulators of hundreds of phosphorylated "client" proteins. They are subject to over 60 post-translational modifications (PTMs), yet little is known how these PTMs alter 14-3-3 function and its ability to regulate downstream signaling pathways. An often neglected, but well-documented 14-3-3 PTM found under physiological and immune-stimulatory conditions is the conversion of tyrosine to 3-nitro-tyrosine at several Tyr sites, two of which are located at sites considered important for 14-3-3 function: Y130 (β-isoform numbering) is located in the primary phospho-client peptide-binding groove, while Y213 is found on a secondary binding site that engages with clients for full 14-3-3/client complex formation and client regulation. By genetically encoding 3-nitro-tyrosine, we sought to understand if nitration at Y130 and Y213 effectively modulated 14-3-3 structure, function, and client complexation. The 1.5 Å resolution crystal structure of 14-3-3 nitrated at Y130 showed the nitro group altered the conformation of key residues in the primary binding site, while functional studies confirmed client proteins failed to bind this variant of 14-3-3. But, in contrast to other client-binding deficient variants, it did not localize to the nucleus. The 1.9 Å resolution structure of 14-3-3 nitrated at Y213 revealed unusual flexibility of its C-terminal α-helix resulting in domain swapping, suggesting additional structural plasticity though its relevance is not clear as this nitrated form retained its ability to bind clients. Collectively, our data suggest that nitration of 14-3-3 will alter downstream signaling systems, and if uncontrolled could result in global dysregulation of the 14-3-3 interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2011 Agricultural and Life SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Kyle T. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2011 Agricultural and Life SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Aidan B. Estelle
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2011 Agricultural and Life SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Nikolai N. Sluchanko
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of SciencesA.N. Bach Institute of BiochemistryMoscowRussia
| | - Ryan A. Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2011 Agricultural and Life SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Richard B. Cooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2011 Agricultural and Life SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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7
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Thurairajah B, Hudson AJ, Doveston RG. Contemporary biophysical approaches for studying 14-3-3 protein-protein interactions. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1043673. [PMID: 36425654 PMCID: PMC9679655 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1043673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are a family of regulatory hubs that function through a vast network of protein-protein interactions. Their dysfunction or dysregulation is implicated in a wide range of diseases, and thus they are attractive drug targets, especially for molecular glues that promote protein-protein interactions for therapeutic intervention. However, an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underpin 14-3-3 function hampers progress in drug design and development. Biophysical methodologies are an essential element of the 14-3-3 analytical toolbox, but in many cases have not been fully exploited. Here, we present a contemporary review of the predominant biophysical techniques used to study 14-3-3 protein-protein interactions, with a focus on examples that address key questions and challenges in the 14-3-3 field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard G. Doveston
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology and School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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8
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Obsilova V, Obsil T. Structural insights into the functional roles of 14-3-3 proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1016071. [PMID: 36188227 PMCID: PMC9523730 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1016071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction cascades efficiently transmit chemical and/or physical signals from the extracellular environment to intracellular compartments, thereby eliciting an appropriate cellular response. Most often, these signaling processes are mediated by specific protein-protein interactions involving hundreds of different receptors, enzymes, transcription factors, and signaling, adaptor and scaffolding proteins. Among them, 14-3-3 proteins are a family of highly conserved scaffolding molecules expressed in all eukaryotes, where they modulate the function of other proteins, primarily in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Through these binding interactions, 14-3-3 proteins participate in key cellular processes, such as cell-cycle control, apoptosis, signal transduction, energy metabolism, and protein trafficking. To date, several hundreds of 14-3-3 binding partners have been identified, including protein kinases, phosphatases, receptors and transcription factors, which have been implicated in the onset of various diseases. As such, 14-3-3 proteins are promising targets for pharmaceutical interventions. However, despite intensive research into their protein-protein interactions, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms whereby 14-3-3 proteins regulate the functions of their binding partners remains insufficient. This review article provides an overview of the current state of the art of the molecular mechanisms whereby 14-3-3 proteins regulate their binding partners, focusing on recent structural studies of 14-3-3 protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Obsilova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Veronika Obsilova, ; Tomas Obsil,
| | - Tomas Obsil
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Veronika Obsilova, ; Tomas Obsil,
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9
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Han Y, Ye H, Li P, Zeng Y, Yang J, Gao M, Su Z, Huang Y. In vitro characterization and molecular dynamics simulation reveal mechanism of 14-3-3ζ regulated phase separation of the tau protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:1072-1081. [PMID: 35381286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a major microtubule-associated protein, tau is involved in the assembly of microtubules in the central nervous system. However, under pathological conditions tau assembles into amyloid filaments. Liquid droplets formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) are a recently identified assembly state of tau and may have a major effect on the physiological function of tau and the formation of tau aggregates. 14-3-3 proteins are ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and regulate a wide variety of biological processes. In this work, we demonstrate that 14-3-3ζ is recruited into tau droplets and regulates tau LLPS by in vitro assays. While the mobility of tau molecules inside the droplets is not affected in the presence of 14-3-3ζ, the amount and size of droplets can vary significantly. Mechanistic studies reveal that 14-3-3ζ regulates tau LLPS by electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic interactions with the proline-rich domain and the microtubule-binding domain of tau. Surprisingly, the disordered C-terminal tail rather than the amphipathic binding groove of 14-3-3ζ plays a key role. Our findings not only provide a novel dimension to understand the interactions between 14 and 3-3 proteins and tau, but also suggest that 14-3-3 proteins may play an important role in regulating the LLPS of their binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Haiqiong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yifan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Zhengding Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yongqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Department of Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
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10
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Kozeleková A, Náplavová A, Brom T, Gašparik N, Šimek J, Houser J, Hritz J. Phosphorylated and Phosphomimicking Variants May Differ—A Case Study of 14-3-3 Protein. Front Chem 2022; 10:835733. [PMID: 35321476 PMCID: PMC8935074 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.835733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a critical mechanism that biology uses to govern cellular processes. To study the impact of phosphorylation on protein properties, a fully and specifically phosphorylated sample is required although not always achievable. Commonly, this issue is overcome by installing phosphomimicking mutations at the desired site of phosphorylation. 14-3-3 proteins are regulatory protein hubs that interact with hundreds of phosphorylated proteins and modulate their structure and activity. 14-3-3 protein function relies on its dimeric nature, which is controlled by Ser58 phosphorylation. However, incomplete Ser58 phosphorylation has obstructed the detailed study of its effect so far. In the present study, we describe the full and specific phosphorylation of 14-3-3ζ protein at Ser58 and we compare its characteristics with phosphomimicking mutants that have been used in the past (S58E/D). Our results show that in case of the 14-3-3 proteins, phosphomimicking mutations are not a sufficient replacement for phosphorylation. At physiological concentrations of 14-3-3ζ protein, the dimer-monomer equilibrium of phosphorylated protein is much more shifted towards monomers than that of the phosphomimicking mutants. The oligomeric state also influences protein properties such as thermodynamic stability and hydrophobicity. Moreover, phosphorylation changes the localization of 14-3-3ζ in HeLa and U251 human cancer cells. In summary, our study highlights that phosphomimicking mutations may not faithfully represent the effects of phosphorylation on the protein structure and function and that their use should be justified by comparing to the genuinely phosphorylated counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kozeleková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Tomáš Brom
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Norbert Gašparik
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Šimek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Josef Houser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jozef Hritz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jozef Hritz,
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