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Low ZY, Wong KH, Wen Yip AJ, Choo WS. The convergent evolution of influenza A virus: Implications, therapeutic strategies and what we need to know. Curr Res Microb Sci 2023; 5:100202. [PMID: 37700857 PMCID: PMC10493511 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection, more commonly known as the 'cold flu', is an etiological agent that gives rise to recurrent annual flu and many pandemics. Dated back to the 1918- Spanish Flu, the influenza infection has caused the loss of many human lives and significantly impacted the economy and daily lives. Influenza virus can be classified into four different genera: influenza A-D, with the former two, influenza A and B, relevant to humans. The capacity of antigenic drift and shift in Influenza A has given rise to many novel variants, rendering vaccines and antiviral therapies useless. In light of the emergence of a novel betacoronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2, unravelling the underpinning mechanisms that support the recurrent influenza epidemics and pandemics is essential. Given the symptom similarities between influenza and covid infection, it is crucial to reiterate what we know about the influenza infection. This review aims to describe the origin and evolution of influenza infection. Apart from that, the risk factors entail the implication of co-infections, especially regarding the COVID-19 pandemic is further discussed. In addition, antiviral strategies, including the potential of drug repositioning, are discussed in this context. The diagnostic approach is also critically discussed in an effort to understand better and prepare for upcoming variants and potential influenza pandemics in the future. Lastly, this review encapsulates the challenges in curbing the influenza spread and provides insights for future directions in influenza management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ka Heng Wong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Thwe PN, Yeong KY, Choo WS. Anti-Amyloid β Aggregation Activity and Cell Viability Effect of Betacyanins from Red Pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) for Alzheimer's Disease. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2023; 78:613-619. [PMID: 37466824 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-023-01081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Betacyanin-rich extract from red beet (Beta vulgaris) was recently reported to inhibit amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation, a main pathological event in Alzheimer's disease. However, the anti-Aβ aggregation effect of individual betacyanin isolates has not been reported before. This study investigated the anti-Aβ aggregation activity and cytotoxicity of betacyanins from red pitahaya or red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). Betacyanin fraction (IC50 = 16.02 ± 1.15 µg/mL) and individual betacyanin isolates exhibited anti-Aβ aggregation activity in a concentration-dependent manner using a thioflavin T fluorescence assay. The highest to lowest IC50 was in the order of betanin (426.30 ± 29.55 µM), phyllocactin (175.22 ± 1.52 µM), and hylocerenin (131.73 ± 5.58 µM), following a trend of increase in functional groups of carboxyl, hydroxyl, and/or carbonyl. Further, the betacyanin fraction of 135.78 µg/mL and below, which were concentrations with an anti-Aβ aggregation effect, were validated as non-neurotoxic based on an in vitro cytotoxicity assay using human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. These findings highlight the potential neuroprotective activity of betacyanins for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Nu Thwe
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia.
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3
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Jeyaraj EJ, Han ML, Li J, Choo WS. Metabolic perturbations and key pathways associated with the bacteriostatic activity of Clitoria ternatea flower anthocyanin fraction against Escherichia coli. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000535.v5. [PMID: 37424541 PMCID: PMC10323780 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000535.v5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clitoria ternatea flowers are rich in anthocyanins and possess various biological activities. Specifically, the antibacterial mechanism of action of C. ternatea anthocyanins remains unknown and was investigated in Escherichia coli . A time-kill assay was used to assess the antibacterial activity and the metabolic perturbations in E. coli were investigated utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics. Pathway analyses were carried out for metabolites showing ≥2-fold changes. The anthocyanin fraction remarkably reduced the growth of E. coli at 4 h by 95.8 and 99.9 % at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 2× MIC, respectively. The anthocyanin fraction (MIC) had a bacteriostatic effect and was shown to have perturbed glycerophospholipids (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diacylglycerol and cardiolipin), amino acids (valine, tyrosine and isoleucine) and energy (ubiquinone and NAD) metabolites at 1 and 4 h. This study demonstrated significant metabolic perturbations of the glycerophospholipid, amino acid and energy metabolism, with these being the key pathways involved in the bacteriostatic activity of anthocyanins from C. ternatea, which may have promise as bacteriostatic agents for E. coli -related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Jeyaseela Jeyaraj
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mei-Ling Han
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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4
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Vidana Gamage GC, Choo WS. Effect of hot water, ultrasound, microwave, and pectinase-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from black goji berry for food application. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14426. [PMID: 36942215 PMCID: PMC10024101 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lycium ruthenicum, commonly known as black goji berry, is a rich anthocyanin source containing a high amount of monoacylated anthocyanins. This study investigates the effect of different extraction methods to extract anthocyanins from black goji berry for food application. Different hot water extraction conditions were applied to investigate the effect of specific substrate: solvent ratio (1:15 and 1:20 (w/v)), extraction time (30 and 60 min) and extraction temperature (40, 50 and 60 °C) on the extraction yield, total anthocyanin content (TAC) and the total phenolic content (TPC) of the anthocyanin extracts. Best hot water extraction conditions for obtaining an anthocyanin extract with high TAC (13.8 ± 1.14 mg CGE/g), TPC (69.7 ± 2.50 mg of GAE/g), and extraction yield (48.3 ± 3.25%) consuming less solvent, time and heat were substrate: solvent ratio of 1: 15 (w/v), extraction temperature of 50 °C, and extraction time of 30 min. The effect of pectinase, ultrasound, and microwave on hot water extraction of anthocyanins from black goji berry was investigated using the best conditions for hot water extraction. Pectinase-assisted extraction [1.5% (w/v) pectinase, substrate: solvent ratio of 1:15 (w/v) at 50 °C for 30 min] was the best extraction method to extract black goji berry anthocyanins demonstrating higher extraction yield, TAC, TPC, and the highest percentage of petunidin-3-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside.
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5
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Sea YL, Gee YJ, Lal SK, Choo WS. Cannabis as antivirals. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:6956804. [PMID: 36626776 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is a plant notorious for its psychoactive effect, but when used correctly, it provides a plethora of medicinal benefits. With more than 400 active compounds that have therapeutic properties, cannabis has been accepted widely as a medical treatment and for recreational purposes in several countries. The compounds exhibit various clinical benefits, which include, but are not limited to, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Among the vast range of compounds, multiple research papers have shown that cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, have antiviral effects. Recently, scientists found that both compounds can reduce severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral infection by downregulating ACE2 transcript levels and by exerting anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds also act as the SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors that block viral replication. Apart from cannabinoids, terpenes in cannabis plants have also been widely explored for their antiviral properties. With particular emphasis on four different viruses, SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and herpes simplex virus-1, this review discussed the role of cannabis compounds in combating viral infections and the potential of both cannabinoids and terpenes as novel antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin Sea
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yee Jing Gee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Kumar Lal
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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6
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Wijesinghe VN, Choo WS. Antimicrobial betalains. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3347-3367. [PMID: 36036373 PMCID: PMC9826318 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are nitrogen-containing plant pigments that can be red-violet (betacyanins) or yellow-orange (betaxanthins), currently employed as natural colourants in the food and cosmetic sectors. Betalains exhibit antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microbes including multidrug-resistant bacteria, as well as single-species and dual-species biofilm-producing bacteria, which is highly significant given the current antimicrobial resistance issue reported by The World Health Organization. Research demonstrating antiviral activity against dengue virus, in silico studies including SARS-CoV-2, and anti-fungal effects of betalains highlight the diversity of their antimicrobial properties. Though limited in vivo studies have been conducted, antimalarial and anti-infective activities of betacyanin have been observed in living infection models. Cellular mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of betalains are yet unknown; however existing research has laid the framework for a potentially novel antimicrobial agent. This review covers an overview of betalains as antimicrobial agents and discussions to fully exploit their potential as therapeutic agents to treat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of ScienceMonash University MalaysiaBandar SunwaySelangorMalaysia
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7
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Vichakshana GAD, Foo SC, Choo WS. Impact of high-pressure homogenization pretreatment on recovery of curcumin from turmeric by different combinations of extraction and drying methods. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Parhi P, Song KP, Choo WS. Growth and survival of Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum in various sugar systems with fructooligosaccharide supplementation. J Food Sci Technol 2022; 59:3775-3786. [PMID: 36193365 PMCID: PMC9525548 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4%) supplementation on the growth and survival of Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum in glucose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose (2, 3, and 4%) systems with 24-h growth and 10-day survival assays at 37 °C. FOS supplementation showed a higher growth-promoting effect on B. longum than B. breve in various sugar systems. The highest percentage of increase in growth index, 78.5%, was observed with 4% sucrose supplemented with 0.5% FOS in B. longum. In comparison, the highest percentage increase in growth index, 5.6 and 6.6%, was observed in the presence of 2% glucose and 4% lactose supplemented with 0.5% FOS in B. breve. In survival assay, FOS supplementation (0.5–4%) in a 2% lactose system showed the highest positive effect on the cell viability of B. longum on day-10. As for B. breve, FOS supplementation (1 and 2%) in the 2% sucrose system showed the highest positive effect on the cell viability, followed by FOS supplementation (0.5, 3, and 4%) in 2% sucrose and FOS supplementation (3 and 4%) in 2% lactose on day-10. This study demonstrated that the efficacy of FOS supplementation was depended on its concentration, sugar system and its concentration, and Bifidobacterium strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Parhi
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Keang Peng Song
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
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9
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Schmitzer V, Choo WS, Urbanek Krajnc A. Editorial: Phytochemicals in ornamental plants: Synthesis, nutraceutical prospects and applied focus-Women in plant science series. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1016968. [PMID: 36131800 PMCID: PMC9484615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1016968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Schmitzer
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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10
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Jeyaraj EJ, Lim YY, Choo WS. Antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities of Clitoria ternatea flower extracts and anthocyanin-rich fraction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14890. [PMID: 36050436 PMCID: PMC9436976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clitoria ternatea flower is a traditional medicinal herb that has been used as a natural food colourant. As there are limited studies on investigating the bioactivities of the anthocyanin-rich fraction of Clitoria ternatea flower, this study aimed to determine an efficient column chromatography method to obtain the anthocyanin-rich fraction from this flower and characterise its composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities. Amberlite XAD-16 column chromatography was more efficient in enriching the total anthocyanin content (TAC) of the fraction with the highest TAC to total phenolic content (TPC) ratio of 1:6 than that using C18-OPN. A total of 11 ternatin anthocyanins were characterised in the anthocyanin-rich fraction by LC–MS analysis. The antioxidant activity of the anthocyanin-rich fraction was more potent in the chemical-based assay with an IC50 value of 0.86 ± 0.07 mg/mL using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay than cellular antioxidant assay using RAW 264.7 macrophages. In vitro cytotoxicity assay using human embryonic kidney HEK-293 cell line showed the anthocyanin-rich fraction to be more toxic than the crude extracts. The anthocyanin-rich fraction had more potent antibacterial activity than the crude extracts against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. The anthocyanin-rich fraction of C. ternatea has the potential to be used and developed as a functional food ingredient or nutraceutical agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Jeyaseela Jeyaraj
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yau Yan Lim
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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11
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Yusof Z, Khong NM, Choo WS, Foo SC. Opportunities for the marine carotenoid value chain from the perspective of fucoxanthin degradation. Food Chem 2022; 383:132394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Jeyaraj EJ, Nathan S, Lim YY, Choo WS. Antibiofilm properties of Clitoria ternatea flower anthocyanin-rich fraction towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:000343. [PMID: 35812712 PMCID: PMC9260092 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Asia, Clitoria ternatea flowers are commonly used as a traditional medicinal herb and as a food colourant. Their bioactive compounds have anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is one of the major pathogens that cause biofilm-associated infections resulting in an increase in antimicrobial resistance. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate if the anti-biofilm properties of the anthocyanin-rich fraction of C. ternatea flowers were effective against
P. aeruginosa
. The effect of the anthocyanin-rich fraction of C. ternatea flowers on
P. aeruginosa
biofilms formed on a polystyrene surface was determined using the crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anthocyanin-rich fraction reduced biofilm formation by four
P. aeruginosa
strains with a minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration value ranging between 0.625 and 5.0 mg ml−1. We further show that the biofilm-inhibiting activity of C. ternatea flowers is not due to the flavonols but is instead attributed to the anthocyanins, which had significant biofilm inhibitory activity (64.0±1.1 %) at 24 h in a time–response study. The anthocyanin-rich fraction also significantly reduced bacterial attachment on the polystyrene by 1.1 log c.f.u. cm−2 surface based on SEM analysis. Hence, anthocyanins from C. ternatea flowers have potential as an agent to decrease the risk of biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Jeyaseela Jeyaraj
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yau Yan Lim
- School of Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Vidana Gamage GC, Lim YY, Choo WS. Sources and relative stabilities of acylated and nonacylated anthocyanins in beverage systems. J Food Sci Technol 2022; 59:831-845. [PMID: 35185195 PMCID: PMC8814286 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are considered as the largest group of water-soluble pigments found in the vacuole of plant cells, displaying range of colors from pink, orange, red, purple and blue. They belong to flavonoids, a polyphenolic subgroup. Application of anthocyanins in food systems as natural food colourants is limited due to the lack of stability under different environmental conditions such as light, pH, heat etc. Anthocyanins esterified with one or more acid groups are referred as acylated anthocyanins. Based on the presence or absence of acyl group, anthocyanins are categorized as acylated and nonacylated anthocyanins. Acylated anthocyanins are further classified as mono, di, tri, tetra acylated anthocyanins according to the number of acyl groups present in the anthocyanin. This review classifies common anthocyanin sources into non-acylated, mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-acylated anthocyanins based on the major anthocyanins present in these sources. The relative stabilities of these anthocyanins with respect to thermal, pH and photo stress in beverage systems are specifically discussed. Common anthocyanin sources such as elderberry, blackberry, and blackcurrant mainly contain nonacylated anthocyanins. Red radish, purple corn, black carrot also mainly contain mono acylated anthocyanins. Red cabbage and purple sweet potato have both mono and diacylated anthocyanins. Poly acylated anthocyanins show relatively higher stability compared with nonacylated and monoacylated anthocyanins. Several techniques such as addition of sweeteners, co-pigmentation and acylation techniques could enhance the stability of nonacylated anthocyanins. Flowers are main sources of polyacylated anthocyanins having higher stability, yet they have not been commercially exploited for their anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yau Yan Lim
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
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14
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Vidana Gamage GC, Lim YY, Choo WS. Anthocyanins From Clitoria ternatea Flower: Biosynthesis, Extraction, Stability, Antioxidant Activity, and Applications. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:792303. [PMID: 34975979 PMCID: PMC8718764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.792303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Clitoria ternatea plant is commonly grown as an ornamental plant and possesses great medicinal value. Its flower is edible and also known as blue pea or butterfly pea flower. The unique feature of anthocyanins present in blue pea flowers is the high abundance of polyacylated anthocyanins known as ternatins. Ternatins are polyacylated derivatives of delphinidin 3,3',5'-triglucoside. This review covers the biosynthesis, extraction, stability, antioxidant activity, and applications of anthocyanins from Clitoria ternatea flower. Hot water extraction of dried or fresh petals of blue pea flower could be employed successfully to extract anthocyanins from blue pea flower for food application. Blue pea flower anthocyanins showed good thermal and storage stability, but less photostability. Blue pea flower anthocyanins also showed an intense blue colour in acidic pH between pH 3.2 to pH 5.2. Blue pea flower anthocyanin extracts demonstrate significant in vitro and cellular antioxidant activities. Blue pea flower anthocyanins could be used as a blue food colourant in acidic and neutral foods. The incorporation of blue pea flower anthocyanins in food increased the functional properties of food such as antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Blue pea flower anthocyanins have also been used in intelligent packaging. A comparison of blue pea flower anthocyanins with two other natural blue colouring agents used in the food industry, spirulina or phycocyanin and genipin-derived pigments is also covered. Anthocyanins from blue pea flowers are promising natural blue food colouring agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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15
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Gengatharan A, Dykes GA, Choo WS. Fermentation of red pitahaya extracts using Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for reduction of sugar content and concentration of betacyanin content. J Food Sci Technol 2021; 58:3611-3621. [PMID: 34366478 PMCID: PMC8292514 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to concentrate the betacyanin in red pitahaya extracts by removing the coexisting sugars by fermentation. Four lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum) and a yeast species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were screened to determine their efficiency to reduce sugar content in red pitahaya extracts for concentration of their betacyanin content. A reduction of sugar content (19.8-56.4%) and increase in the yield of betacyanins were observed in all extracts as compared to the control, which was not innoculated with any microorganisms after 1 day of fermentation. The lowest total sugar content (26.40 g/L) was observed in extracts fermented by S. cerevisiae. Extracts fermented by S. cerevisiae also showed greater numbers of microbial cells (10.75 log CFU/mL) and a lower pH value (3.54) compared to those (6.89-8.48 log CFU/mL and pH 4.64-5.42) of the Lactobacillus spp. after 1 day of fermentation. An optimization step using response surface methodology (RSM) was then conducted using S. cerevisiae. Temperature, time and agitation speed were found to have a significant effect on the total sugar content and BC of concentrated betacyanins from red pitahaya, while the yield of betacyanins was significantly influenced by temperature and agitation speed. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05116-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Gengatharan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Garys A. Dykes
- Graduate Research School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
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16
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Wijesinghe VN, Farouk IA, Zabidi NZ, Puniyamurti A, Choo WS, Lal SK. Current vaccine approaches and emerging strategies against herpes simplex virus (HSV). Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1077-1096. [PMID: 34296960 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1960162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Vaccine development for the disease caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been challenging over the years and is always in dire need of novel approaches for prevention and cure. To date, the HSV disease remains incurable and challenging to prevent. The disease is extremely widespread due to its high infection rate, resulting in millions of infection cases worldwide.Areas covered: This review first explains the diverse forms of HSV-related disease presentations and reports past vaccine history for the disease. Next, this review examines current and novel HSV vaccine approaches being studied and tested for efficacy and safety as well as vaccines in clinical trial phases I to III. Modern approaches to vaccine design using bioinformatics are described. Finally, we discuss measures to enhance new vaccine development pipelines for HSV.Expert opinion: Modernized approaches using in silico analysis and bioinformatics are emerging methods that exhibit potential for producing vaccines with enhanced targets and formulations. Although not yet fully established for HSV disease, we describe current studies using these approaches for HSV vaccine design to shed light on these methods. In addition, we provide up-to-date requirements of immunogenicity, adjuvant selection, and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isra Ahmad Farouk
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Kumar Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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17
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Choo WS, Dufossé L, Morales-Oyervides L. Editorial: Sustainable Production of Bioactive Pigments. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.674311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Parhi P, Song KP, Choo WS. Effect of inulin and fructooligosaccharide supplementation on the growth and survival of
Lactobacillus casei
in model sugar systems. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Parhi
- School of Science Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | - Keang Peng Song
- School of Science Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway Malaysia
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Yong SXM, Song CP, Choo WS. Impact of High-Pressure Homogenization on the Extractability and Stability of Phytochemicals. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.593259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High-pressure homogenization (HPH) and high-pressure processing (HPP) are emerging technologies for the food industry. Both technologies employ high pressure to preserve foods. However, the principal mechanism of HPH is based on shear stress distribution in a material instead of a decrease in volume due to an increase in pressure as occurring in HPP. HPH can be used in extraction or preservation of bioactive compounds and phytochemicals. This review first describes the mechanism of HPH processing. Next, this review discusses the impact of HPH on extractability and stability of phytochemicals such as carotenoids, vitamin C, polyphenols, and anthocyanins in various food matrices. In general, the use of HPH slightly improved or maintained the extractability of the phytochemicals. Similarly, HPH slightly reduced or maintained the stability of the phytochemicals but this is dependent on the food matrix and type of phytochemical. HPH has a great potential to be used to improve the extractability and maintaining the stability of these phytochemicals or to be used together with milder thermal processing. Besides understanding the impact of HPH on the extractability and stability of phytochemicals, the impact of HPH on the nutritional quality of the food matrices needs to be thoroughly evaluated.
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20
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Yong YY, Ong MWK, Dykes G, Choo WS. Betacyanin-inhibited biofilm formation of co-culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on different polymer surfaces. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 368:6041720. [PMID: 33338235 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are bacteria that cause biofilm-associated infections. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of combined betacyanin fractions from Amaranthus dubius (red spinach) and Hylocereus polyrhizus (red pitahaya) against biofilms formed by co-culture of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa on different polymer surfaces. Various formulations containing different concentrations of the betacyanin fractions were investigated for biofilm-inhibiting activity on polystyrene surfaces using crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy. A combination of each betacyanin fraction (0.625 mg mL-1) reduced biofilm formation of five S. aureus strains and four P. aeruginosa strains from optical density values of 1.24-3.84 and 1.25-3.52 to 0.81-2.63 and 0.80-1.71, respectively. These combined fractions also significantly inhibited dual-species biofilms by 2.30 and reduced 1.0-1.3 log CFU cm-2 bacterial attachment on polymer surfaces such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene and silicone rubber. This study demonstrated an increase in biofilm-inhibiting activity against biofilms formed by two species using combined fractions than that by using single fractions. Betacyanins found in different plants could collectively be used to potentially decrease the risk of biofilm-associated infections caused by these bacteria on hydrophobic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yi Yong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michelle Wei Kim Ong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gary Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, 6102, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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21
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Saik AYH, Lim YY, Stanslas J, Choo WS. Biosynthesis of Quercetin Palmitate Esters and Evaluation of their Physico‐Chemical Properties and Stability. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Yi Hsan Saik
- Department of Pre‐clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Selangor 43000 Malaysia
| | - Yau Yan Lim
- School of Science Monash University Malaysia Selangor 47500 Malaysia
| | - Johnson Stanslas
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science Monash University Malaysia Selangor 47500 Malaysia
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22
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Chang YJ, Pong LY, Hassan SS, Choo WS. Antiviral activity of betacyanins from red pitahaya ( Hylocereus polyrhizus) and red spinach ( Amaranthus dubius) against dengue virus type 2 (GenBank accession no. MH488959). Access Microbiol 2019; 2:acmi000073. [PMID: 33062932 PMCID: PMC7525058 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the antiviral activity of betacyanins from red pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and red spinach (Amaranthus dubius) against dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2). The pulp of red pitahaya and the leaves of red spinach were extracted using methanol followed by sub-fractionation and Amberlite XAD16N column chromatography to obtain betacyanin fractions. The half maximum cytotoxicity concentration for betacyanin fractions from red pitahaya and red spinach on Vero cells were 4.346 and 2.287 mg ml-1, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of betacyanin fraction from red pitahaya was 125.8 μg ml-1 with selectivity index (SI) of 5.8. For betacyanin fraction from red spinach, the IC50 value was 14.62 µg ml-1 with SI of 28.51. Using the maximum non-toxic betacyanin concentration, direct virucidal effect against DENV-2 was obtained from betacyanin fraction from red pitahaya (IC50 of 126.70 μg ml-1; 95.0 % virus inhibition) and red spinach (IC50 value of 106.80 μg ml-1; 65.9 % of virus inhibition). Betacyanin fractions from red pitahaya and red spinach inhibited DENV-2 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jun Chang
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lian Yih Pong
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Infectious Diseases and Health Cluster, Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah S. Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Infectious Diseases and Health Cluster, Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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23
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Yong YY, Dykes GA, Choo WS. Biofilm formation by staphylococci in health-related environments and recent reports on their control using natural compounds. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:201-222. [PMID: 30786799 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1573802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococci are Gram-positive bacteria that are ubiquitous in the environment and able to form biofilms on a range of surfaces. They have been associated with a range of human health issues such as medical device-related infection, localized skin infection, or direct infection caused by toxin production. The extracellular material produced by these bacteria resists antibiotics and host defence mechanism which complicates the treatment process. The commonly reported Staphylococcus species are Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis as they inhabit human bodies. However, the emergence of other staphylococci, such as S. haemolyticus, S. lugdunensis, S. saprophyticus, S. capitis, S. saccharolyticus, S. warneri, S. cohnii, and S. hominis, is also of concern and they have been associated with biofilm formation. This review critically assesses recent cases on the biofilm formation by S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and other staphylococci reported in health-related environments. The control of biofilm formation by staphylococci using natural compounds is specifically discussed as they represent potential anti-biofilm agents which may reduce the burden of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yi Yong
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- b School of Public Health , Curtin University , Bentley , Australia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- a School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Selangor , Malaysia
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24
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Amanda E, Choo WS. Effect of refrigerated storage on the physicochemical characteristics and viability of
Lactobacillus plantarum
in fermented watermelon juice with or without supplementation with inulin or fructooligosaccharide. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elvina Amanda
- School of Science Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway Malaysia
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25
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Yong YY, Dykes G, Lee SM, Choo WS. Biofilm inhibiting activity of betacyanins from red pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and red spinach (Amaranthus dubius) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:68-78. [PMID: 30153380 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the biofilm inhibitory activity of betacyanins from red pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and red spinach (Amaranthus dubius) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. METHODS AND RESULTS The pulp of red pitahaya and the leaves of red spinach were extracted using methanol followed by subfractionation to obtain betacyanin fraction. The anti-biofilm activity was examined using broth microdilution assay on polystyrene surfaces and expressed as minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). The betacyanin fraction from red spinach showed better anti-biofilm activity (MBIC: 0·313-1·25 mg ml-1 ) against five Staph. aureus strains while the betacyanin fraction from red pitahaya showed better anti-biofilm activity (MBIC: 0·313-0·625 mg ml-1 ) against four P. aeruginosa strains. Both betacyanin fraction significantly reduced hydrophobicity of Staph. aureus and P. aeruginosa strains. Numbers of Staph. aureus and P. aeruginosa attached to polystyrene were also reduced without affecting their cell viability. CONCLUSION Betacyanins can act as anti-biofilm agents against the initial step of biofilm formation, particularly on a hydrophobic surface like polystyrene. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is the first to investigate the use of betacyanin as a biofilm inhibitory agent. Betacyanin could potentially be used to reduce the risk of biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Yong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - G Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - S M Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - W S Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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26
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Chan SY, Goh SS, Dou Q, Chan BQY, Choo WS, Young DJ, Loh XJ. Unprecedented Acid-Promoted Polymerization and Gelation of Acrylamide: A Serendipitous Discovery. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1797-1804. [PMID: 29924504 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dilute acid polymerizes degassed, aqueous acrylamide with concomitant gelation, without the need for added free radical initiator or cross-linking agent. This reaction is accelerated by sonication or UV irradiation, but inhibited by adventitious oxygen or the addition of a free radical inhibitor, suggesting an acid-accelerated free radical process. The resulting hydrogels are thixotropic in nature and partially disrupted by the addition of chaotropic agents, indicating the importance of hydrogen bonding to the 3D network. This discovery was made while trying to prepare pectin-polyacrylamide hydrogels. We observed that pectin initiated the gelation of acrylamide, but only if the aqueous pectin samples had a pH lower than ca. 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Yin Chan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-01 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Shermin S Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-01 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Qingqing Dou
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-01 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Qi Yu Chan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-01 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - David James Young
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-01 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-01 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
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27
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Chan SY, Chan BQY, Liu Z, Parikh BH, Zhang K, Lin Q, Su X, Kai D, Choo WS, Young DJ, Loh XJ. Electrospun Pectin-Polyhydroxybutyrate Nanofibers for Retinal Tissue Engineering. ACS Omega 2017; 2:8959-8968. [PMID: 30023596 PMCID: PMC6044805 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharide pectin has for the first time been grafted with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) via ring-opening polymerization of β-butyrolactone. This copolymer, pectin-polyhydroxybutyrate (pec-PHB), was blended with PHB in various proportions and electrospun to produce nanofibers that exhibited uniform and bead-free nanostructures, suggesting the miscibility of PHB and pec-PHB. These nanofiber blends exhibited reduced fiber diameters from 499 to 336-426 nm and water contact angles from 123.8 to 88.2° on incorporation of pec-PHB. They also displayed 39-335% enhancement of elongation at break relative to pristine PHB nanofibers. pec-PHB nanofibers were found to be noncytotoxic and biocompatible. Human retinal pigmented epithelium (ARPE-19) cells were seeded onto pristine PHB and pec-PHB nanofibers as scaffold and showed good proliferation. Higher proportions of pec-PHB (pec-PHB10 and pec-PHB20) yielded higher densities of cells with similar characteristics to normal RPE cells. We propose, therefore, that nanofibers of pec-PHB have significant potential as retinal tissue engineering scaffold materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Yin Chan
- School
of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Qi Yu Chan
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Zengping Liu
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Bhav Harshad Parikh
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Kangyi Zhang
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Qianyu Lin
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Su
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Institute
of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency
for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Department
of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute (SERI), 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School
of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- E-mail: (W.S.C.)
| | - David James Young
- School
of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Faculty
of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
- E-mail: (D.J.Y.)
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Singapore
Eye Research Institute (SERI), 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- E-mail: (X.J.L.)
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Octavia L, Choo WS. Folate, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin and colour changes in strawberry (Fragaria × annanasa) during refrigerated storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Yong YY, Dykes G, Lee SM, Choo WS. Comparative Study of Betacyanin Profile and Antimicrobial Activity of Red Pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and Red Spinach (Amaranthus dubius). Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2017; 72:41-47. [PMID: 27917454 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-016-0586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Betacyanins are reddish to violet pigments that can be found in red pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and red spinach (Amaranthus dubius). This study investigated the impact of sub-fractionation (solvent partitioning) on betacyanin content in both plants. Characterization of betacyanins and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities were also carried out. Betanin was found in both plants. In addition, isobetanin, phyllocactin and hylocerenin were found in red pitahaya whereas amaranthine and decarboxy-amaranthine were found in red spinach. Sub-fractionated red pitahaya and red spinach had 23.5 and 121.5 % more betacyanin content, respectively, than those without sub-fractionation. Sub-fractionation increased the betanin and decarboxy-amaranthine content in red pitahaya and red spinach, respectively. The betacyanin fraction from red spinach (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] values: 0.78-3.13 mg/mL) demonstrated a better antimicrobial activity profile than that of red pitahaya (MIC values: 3.13-6.25 mg/mL) against nine Gram-positive bacterial strains. Similarly, the red spinach fraction (MIC values: 1.56-3.13 mg/mL) was more active than the red pitahaya fraction (MIC values: 3.13-6.25 mg/mL) against five Gram-negative bacterial strains. This could be because of a higher amount of betacyanin, particularly amaranthine in the red spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yi Yong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gary Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Sui Mae Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Chan SY, Choo WS, Young DJ, Loh XJ. Pectin as a rheology modifier: Origin, structure, commercial production and rheology. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 161:118-139. [PMID: 28189220 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pectins are a diverse family of biopolymers with an anionic polysaccharide backbone of α-1,4-linked d-galacturonic acids in common. They have been widely used as emulsifiers, gelling agents, glazing agents, stabilizers, and/or thickeners in food, pharmaceutical, personal care and polymer products. Commercial pectin is classified as high methoxy pectin (HMP) with a degree of methylation (DM) >50% and low methoxy pectin (LMP) with a DM <50%. Amidated low methoxy pectins (ALMP) can be obtained through aminolysis of HMP. Gelation of HMP occurs by cross-linking through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces between the methyl groups, assisted by a high co-solute concentration and low pH. In contrast, gelation of LMP occurs by the formation of ionic linkages via calcium bridges between two carboxyl groups from two different chains in close proximity, known as the 'egg-box' model. Pectin gels exhibit Newtonian behaviour at low shear rates and shear-thinning behaviour when the shear rate is increased. An overview of pectin from its origin to its physicochemical properties is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Yin Chan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - David James Young
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751, Singapore.
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Chan SY, Choo WS, Young DJ, Loh XJ. Thixotropic Supramolecular Pectin-Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Methacrylate (PEGMA) Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E404. [PMID: 30974681 PMCID: PMC6432130 DOI: 10.3390/polym8110404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin is an anionic, water-soluble polymer predominantly consisting of covalently 1,4-linked α-d-galacturonic acid units. This naturally occurring, renewable and biodegradable polymer is underutilized in polymer science due to its insolubility in organic solvents, which renders conventional polymerization methods impractical. To circumvent this problem, cerium-initiated radical polymerization was utilized to graft methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (mPEGMA) onto pectin in water. The copolymers were characterized by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and used in the formation of supramolecular hydrogels through the addition of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) to induce crosslinking. These hydrogels possessed thixotropic properties; shear-thinning to liquid upon agitation but settling into gels at rest. In contrast to most of the other hydrogels produced through the use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-grafted polymers, the pectin-PEGMA/α-CD hydrogels were unaffected by temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Yin Chan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
| | - David James Young
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore.
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4558, Australia.
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 168751, Singapore.
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Saik AYH, Lim YY, Stanslas J, Choo WS. Enzymatic synthesis of quercetin oleate esters using Candida antarctica lipase B. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 39:297-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wong CH, Phuah ACL, Naik NSY, Choo WS, Ting HSY, Kuan SML, Teng CL, Sivalingam N. Views of faculty members in a medical school with regards to error disclosure and reporting to parents and/or higher authorities. Med J Malaysia 2016; 71:244-249. [PMID: 28064289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the views of faculty members who train medical students concerning open disclosure. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine the views of faculty in a medical school on: 1 what constitutes a medical error and the severity of such an error in relation to medication use or diagnosis; 2 information giving following such an adverse event, based on severity; and 3 acknowledgement of responsibility, remedial action, compensation, disciplinary action, legal action, and reporting to a higher body in relation to such adverse event. METHODS We adapted and contextualized a questionnaire developed from a previous study. The questionnaire had 4 case vignettes that described 1 clear medication error with lifelong disability; 2 possible diagnostic error with lifelong disability; 3 possible diagnostic error without harm; and 4 clear medication error without harm. We invited all faculty members attached to the medical school at the International Medical University to participate in the study. RESULTS Seventy faculty members took part. Faculty members viewed a medical error as having taken place depending on how clearly an error had occurred (94% and 73% versus 53% and 27%). They viewed cases as more severe based on the severity of complications (85% and 46% versus 5% and 10%). With increasing severity, they tended to attribute responsibility for the event and the duty to disclose towards more senior clinicians. They were also more agreeable with remedial action, compensation, disciplinary action, and reporting to a higher agency. There was no strong evidence of association between these areas and the demographics of faculty members. CONCLUSIONS Faculty members are more likely to perceive an error had occurred depending on the clarity of the circumstances. They viewed severity based on the presence of complications. Severity determined how they attributed responsibility, duty to disclose, and other areas related to open disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Wong
- International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Department of Family Medicine, Jalan Rasah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - A C L Phuah
- International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Jalan Rasah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - N S Y Naik
- International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Jalan Rasah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - W S Choo
- International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Jalan Rasah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - H S Y Ting
- International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Jalan Rasah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - S M L Kuan
- International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Jalan Rasah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - C L Teng
- International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Jalan Rasah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - N Sivalingam
- International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Jalan Rasah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Gengatharan A, Dykes GA, Choo WS. Stability of betacyanin from red pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and its potential application as a natural colourant in milk. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Gengatharan
- School of Science; Monash University Malaysia; Jalan Lagoon Selatan 47500 Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Gary A. Dykes
- School of Science; Monash University Malaysia; Jalan Lagoon Selatan 47500 Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science; Monash University Malaysia; Jalan Lagoon Selatan 47500 Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
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Okpala COR, Choo WS, Dykes GA. Quality and shelf life assessment of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) freshly harvested and stored on ice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The aim of this article is to provide a perspective on the relative importance and contribution of different imaging modalities in patients with valvular heart disease. Valvular heart disease is increasing in prevalence across Europe, at a time when the clinical ability of physicians to diagnose and assess severity is declining. Increasing reliance is placed on echocardiography, which is the mainstay of cardiac imaging in valvular heart disease. This article outlines the techniques used in this context and their limitations, identifying areas in which dynamic imaging with cardiovascular magnetic resonance and multislice CT are expanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Choo
- Penang Medical College, Georgetown, Malaysia
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Choo WS, Loh LC, Goh TH, Omar I. Awareness of diastolic heart failure as a disease entity among Malaysian doctors -- a questionnaire survey from three general hospitals. Med J Malaysia 2011; 66:350-352. [PMID: 22299556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The concept of diastolic heart failure (DHF) is not new. However awareness and understanding on this subject may remains uncertain among medical practitioners. We wished to examine the extent of awareness of such entity among doctors in Malaysia. A questionnaire was designed and distributed randomly during hospital Continuous Professional Development (CPD/CME) sessions and also in the respective outpatient departments (OPD) between July to October 2008. This cross-sectional survey in three urban-based general hospitals showed that there are a significant proportion of doctors who are lack of understanding and awareness of diastolic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Choo
- Penang Medical College, Penang, Malaysia.
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Choo WS, Foo S, Tan E, Thayaparan FST, Chung YY, Raman S, Shaariah W, Chin SP. Acute stroke patients with high BMI are less likely to have severe disability at initial presentation. Med J Malaysia 2009; 64:34-36. [PMID: 19852318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This is a prospective study to determine the severity of disability and prognosis of acute stroke patients related to their Body Mass index (BMI). A total of 79 consecutive CT-scan-proven acute stroke patients who were admitted to Hospital Tuanku Ja'afar, Seremban between November 2006 and April 2007 were recruited (male:female 49:30; mean age 62.7 years; ischemic stroke 70, intracerebral bleed 9). The patients were divided according to BMI less than 25 (Group A) and equal or greater than 25 (Group B). Severity of disability was measured between 24-48 hours by modified Rankin's score. Patients were followed up after one month. Thirty-seven patients had severe disability (Rankin Score 5). Twenty-nine patients had adverse outcomes including 11 deaths and 18 rehospitalizations or prolonged hospital/nursing home stay. 34.3% of Group B had severe disability compared to 56.8% of Group A (chi2 P = 0.046). Conversely 42.9% of Group B had adverse events at one month compared to 31.8% of Group A (chi2 P = 0.312). There were no statistical differences between high- and low-BMI groups for gender ratio, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, prior cardiovascular disease, mean age, mean lipid profile and blood pressure. When comparing patients with Rankin Score 1-4 versus 5, age and BMI were statistically significant between the two groups. By multivariate analysis only age is independent predictor for severe disability (P < 0.05). The results of this pilot study should be confirmed in larger prospective multicentre trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Choo
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Tuanku Ja'afar, Seremban.
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Abstract
Although intestinal metastases from lung cancer are not rare at postmortem studies, the development of clinically significant symptoms from the gastrointestinal metastases is very unusual. We report a case of small intestinal hemorrhage leading to intestinal perforation secondary to metastases from a large cell carcinoma of the lung in a 31-year-old man along with a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
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