1
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Golafshan N, Willemsen K, Kadumudi FB, Vorndran E, Dolatshahi‐Pirouz A, Weinans H, Wal BCH, Malda J, Castilho M. 3D-Printed Regenerative Magnesium Phosphate Implant Ensures Stability and Restoration of Hip Dysplasia. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101051. [PMID: 34561956 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis of the hip is a painful and debilitating condition commonly occurring in humans and dogs. One of the main causes that leads to hip osteoarthritis is hip dysplasia. Although the current surgical methods to correct dysplasia work satisfactorily in many circumstances, these are associated with serious complications, tissue resorption, and degeneration. In this study, a one-step fabrication of a regenerative hip implant with a patient-specific design and load-bearing properties is reported. The regenerative hip implant is fabricated based on patient imaging files and by an extrusion assisted 3D printing process using a flexible, bone-inducing biomaterial. The novel implant can be fixed with metallic screws to host bone and can be loaded up to physiological loads without signs of critical permanent deformation or failure. Moreover, after exposing the hip implant to accelerated in vitro degradation, it is confirmed that it is still able to support physiological loads even after losing ≈40% of its initial mass. In addition, the osteopromotive properties of the novel hip implant is demonstrated as shown by an increased expression of osteonectin and osteocalcin by cultured human mesenchymal stem cells after 21 days. Overall, the proposed hip implant provides an innovative regenerative and mechanically stable solution for hip dysplasia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Golafshan
- Department of Orthopaedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht 3584 CX The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht 3584 CT The Netherlands
| | - Koen Willemsen
- Department of Orthopaedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht 3584 CX The Netherlands
| | - Firoz Babu Kadumudi
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Elke Vorndran
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry University of Würzburg Würzburg 97070 Germany
| | | | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Orthopaedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht 3584 CX The Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering TU Delft Delft 2628 CD The Netherlands
| | - Bart C. H. Wal
- Department of Orthopaedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht 3584 CX The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht 3584 CX The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht 3584 CT The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht 3584 CL The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Castilho
- Department of Orthopaedics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht 3584 CX The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht 3584 CT The Netherlands
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven 5612 AZ The Netherlands
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2
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Naseem R, Tzivelekis C, German MJ, Gentile P, Ferreira AM, Dalgarno K. Strategies for Enhancing Polyester-Based Materials for Bone Fixation Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040992. [PMID: 33668466 PMCID: PMC7917714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyester-based materials are established options, regarding the manufacturing of bone fixation devices and devices in routine clinical use. This paper reviews the approaches researchers have taken to develop these materials to improve their mechanical and biological performances. Polymer blending, copolymerisation, and the use of particulates and fibre bioceramic materials to make composite materials and surface modifications have all been studied. Polymer blending, copolymerisation, and particulate composite approaches have been adopted commercially, with the primary focus on influencing the in vivo degradation rate. There are emerging opportunities in novel polymer blends and nanoscale particulate systems, to tune bulk properties, and, in terms of surface functionalisation, to optimise the initial interaction of devices with the implanted environment, offering the potential to improve the clinical performances of fracture fixation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raasti Naseem
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (P.G.); (A.M.F.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Charalampos Tzivelekis
- School of Dental Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (C.T.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Matthew J. German
- School of Dental Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (C.T.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (P.G.); (A.M.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Ana M. Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (P.G.); (A.M.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Kenny Dalgarno
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (P.G.); (A.M.F.); (K.D.)
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3
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He L, Liu X, Rudd C. Additive-Manufactured Gyroid Scaffolds of Magnesium Oxide, Phosphate Glass Fiber and Polylactic Acid Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:270. [PMID: 33467495 PMCID: PMC7830155 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites of biodegradable phosphate glass fiber and polylactic acid (PGF/PLA) show potential for bone tissue engineering scaffolds, due to their ability to release Ca, P, and Mg during degradation, thus promoting the bone repair. Nevertheless, glass degradation tends to acidify the surrounding aqueous environment, which may adversely affect the viability and bone-forming activities of osteoblasts. In this work, MgO was investigated as a neutralizing agent. Porous network-phase gyroid scaffolds were additive-manufactured using four different materials: PLA, MgO/PLA, PGF/PLA, and (MgO + PGF)/PLA. The addition of PGF enhanced compressive properties of scaffolds, and the resultant scaffolds were comparably strong and stiff with human trabecular bone. While the degradation of PGF/PLA composite induced considerable acidity in degradation media and intensified the degradation of PGF in return, the degradation media of (MgO + PGF)/PLA maintained a neutral pH close to a physiological environment. The experiment results indicated the possible mechanism of MgO as the neutralizing agent: the local acidity was buffered as the MgO reacted with the acidic degradation products thereby inhibiting the degradation of PGF from being intensified in an acidic environment. The (MgO + PGF)/PLA composite scaffold appears to be a candidate for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhe He
- International Academy of Marine Economy and Technology, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China;
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- International Academy of Marine Economy and Technology, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China;
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
- New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Chris Rudd
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore;
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4
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Wang Y, Wu P, Sun D, Luo Y, Chen C, Tang Z, Liao Y, Cao X, Cheng C, Liu W, Liang X. Mechanical and degradative properties of PLDLA biodegradable pins with bioactive glass fibers in a beagle model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:035010. [PMID: 32066131 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab772d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the mechanical and degradative properties of poly(L-co-D,L-lactic acid)/silicate bioactive glass fibers (PLDLA/SGFs) composite pins in vivo. Both PLDLA and PLDLA/SGFs pins were inserted into the erector spinae muscles and femurs of beagle dogs and were harvested 6, 12, 16, 26, 52, 78, and 104 weeks after insertion. Bone formation around the pins was evaluated by micro-computed tomography. Mechanical properties were measured by the shear strength test. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and gel permeation chromatography were used to assess the degradation of these materials. The surface and cross-sectional morphology of both pins were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The experimental data demonstrated that PLDLA/SGFs pins can support new bone formation due to the influence of bioactive glass fibers. PLDLA/SGFs composite pins had higher initial shear strength and were relatively stable for at least 26 weeks. The addition of bioactive glass fibers accelerated the degradation rate of the composite pins. Thus, PLDLA/SGFs composite pins have promising potential for bone fixation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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5
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Moetazedian A, Gleadall A, Han X, Silberschmidt VV. Effect of environment on mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactide for biomedical applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 102:103510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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6
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Lin X, Chen Q, Xiao Y, Gao Y, Ahmed I, Li M, Li H, Zhang K, Qiu W, Liu X, Boccaccini AR, Qian A. Phosphate glass fibers facilitate proliferation and osteogenesis through Runx2 transcription in murine osteoblastic cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:316-326. [PMID: 31628823 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-material interactions and compatibility are important aspects of bioactive materials for bone tissue engineering. Phosphate glass fiber (PGF) is an attractive inorganic filler with fibrous structure and tunable composition, which has been widely investigated as a bioactive filler for bone repair applications. However, the interaction of osteoblasts with PGFs has not been widely investigated to elucidate the osteogenic mechanism of PGFs. In this study, different concentrations of short PGFs with interlaced oriented topography were cocultured with MC3T3-E1 cells for different periods, and the synergistic effects of fiber topography and ionic product of PGFs on osteoblast responses including cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were investigated. It was found that osteoblasts were more prone to adhere on PGFs through Vinculin protein, leading to enhanced cell proliferation with polygonal cell shape and spreading cellular actin filaments. In addition, osteoblasts incubated on PGF meshes showed enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, extracellular matrix mineralization, and increased expression of osteogenesis-related marker genes, which could be attributed to the Wnt/β-catenin/Runx2 signaling pathway. This study elucidated the possible mechanism of PGF on triggering specific osteoblast behavior, which would be highly beneficial for designing PGF-based bone graft substitutes with excellent osteogenic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunyun Xiao
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongguang Gao
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Faculty of Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Group, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Meng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Li
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kewen Zhang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wuxia Qiu
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xianhu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Airong Qian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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7
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He L, Zhong J, Zhu C, Liu X. Mechanical properties and in vitrodegradation behavior of additively manufactured phosphate glass particles/fibers reinforced polylactide. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhe He
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Jiahui Zhong
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Chenkai Zhu
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 China
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8
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Cao XY, Tian N, Dong X, Cheng CK. Polylactide Composite Pins Reinforced with Bioresorbable Continuous Glass Fibers Demonstrating Bone-like Apatite Formation and Spiral Delamination Degradation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E812. [PMID: 31064109 PMCID: PMC6572480 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of polylactide composites reinforced with bioresorbable silicate glass fibers has allowed for the long-term success of biodegradable polymers in load-bearing orthopedic applications. However, few studies have reported on the degradation behavior and bioactivity of such biocomposites. The aim of this work was to investigate the degradation behavior and in vitro bioactivity of a novel biocomposite pin composed of bioresorbable continuous glass fibers and poly-L-D-lactide in simulated body fluid for 78 weeks. As the materials degraded, periodic spiral delamination formed microtubes and funnel-shaped structures in the biocomposite pins. It was speculated that the direction of degradation, from both ends towards the middle of the fibers and from the surface through to the bulk of the polymer matrix, could facilitate bone healing. Following immersion in simulated body fluid, a bone-like apatite layer formed on the biocomposite pins which had a similar composition and structure to natural bone. The sheet- and needle-like apatite nanostructure was doped with sodium, magnesium, and carbonate ions, which acted to lower the Ca/P atomic ratio to less than the stoichiometric apatite and presented a calcium-deficient apatite with low crystallinity. These findings demonstrated the bioactivity of the new biocomposite pins in vitro and their excellent potential for load-bearing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Cao
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Na Tian
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Functional Medical Materials and Devices, Beijing Naton Technology Group Co. LTD, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Xiang Dong
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Functional Medical Materials and Devices, Beijing Naton Technology Group Co. LTD, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Cheng-Kung Cheng
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
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9
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Belyamani I, Kim K, Rahimi SK, Sahukhal GS, Elasri MO, Otaigbe JU. Creep, recovery, and stress relaxation behavior of nanostructured bioactive calcium phosphate glass-POSS/polymer composites for bone implants studied under simulated physiological conditions. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2419-2432. [PMID: 30835946 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The creep and recovery and the stress relaxation behaviors of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) binary blends incorporating 30 wt % of a mixture of trisilanolisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and calcium phosphate glass (CaP-g) were investigated under simulated physiological and human body temperature conditions. The synergistic effect of PHA and CaP-g/POSS filler remarkably improved the creep behavior of the PBAT matrix and decreased its residual strain, consequently enhancing its elastic recovery. A considerable increase of the relaxation modulus of the hybrid materials was also observed upon incorporation of PHA and CaP-g/POSS. The relaxation modulus of the neat PBAT sample increased from ~60 MPa to ~1600 MPa after addition of 30 wt % CaP-g/POSS and 70 wt % PHA. However, after exposure of the composites to the simulated human body conditions for 14 days, a drop of dynamic mechanical properties of the studied material systems was observed along with formation of a desirable calcium phosphate phase on the material surface. The long-term (i.e., up to 7 × 105 s) viscoelastic behavior of the studied materials was successfully predicted using the time-temperature superposition principle and the obtained creep strain and the relaxation modulus master curves were satisfactorily fitted to the Findley power law equation and the generalized Maxwell model, respectively. This study demonstrates a facile method for tailoring CaP-g/POSS bioactive glasses composition for bone-like apatite formation on biopolymer surfaces. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2419-2432, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Belyamani
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Shahab Kashani Rahimi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Gyan S Sahukhal
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5018, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Mohamed O Elasri
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5018, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Joshua U Otaigbe
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
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10
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Chen Q, Jing J, Qi H, Ahmed I, Yang H, Liu X, Lu TL, Boccaccini AR. Electric Field-Assisted Orientation of Short Phosphate Glass Fibers on Stainless Steel for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11529-11538. [PMID: 29504741 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Structural and compositional modifications of metallic implant surfaces are being actively investigated to achieve improved bone-to-implant bonding. In this study, a strategy to modify bulk metallic surfaces by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of short phosphate glass fibers (sPGF) is presented. Random and aligned orientation of sPGF embedded in a poly(acrylic acid) matrix is achieved by vertical and horizontal EPD, respectively. The influence of EPD parameters on the degree of alignment is investigated to pave the way for the fabrication of highly aligned sPGF structures in large areas. Importantly, the oriented sPGF structure in the coating, owing to the synergistic effects of bioactive composition and fiber orientation, plays an important role in directional cell migration and enhanced proliferation. Moreover, gene expression of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured with different concentrations of sPGF is thoroughly assessed to elucidate the potential stimulating effect of sPGF on osteogenic differentiation. This study represents an innovative exploitation of EPD to develop textured surfaces by orientation of fibers in the macroscale, which shows great potential for directional functionalization of metallic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Cauerstrasse 6 , Erlangen 91058 , Germany
| | | | | | - Ifty Ahmed
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG 7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | | | - Xianhu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | | | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Cauerstrasse 6 , Erlangen 91058 , Germany
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11
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Gao X, Chen M, Yang X, Harper L, Ahmed I, Lu J. Simulating damage onset and evolution in fully bio-resorbable composite under three-point bending. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 81:72-82. [PMID: 29500980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a strain-based damage model to predict the stress-strain relationship and investigate the damage onset and evolution of the fibre and matrix of a fully bio-resorbable phosphate glass fibre reinforced composite under three-point bending. The flexural properties of the composite are crucial, particularly when it is employed as implant for long bone fracture. In the model, the 3D case of the strain and stress was used and the response of the undamaged material was assumed to be linearly elastic. The onset of damage was indicated by two damage variables for the fibre and matrix, respectively. The damage evolution law was based on the damage variable and the facture energy of the fibre and matrix, individually. A finite element (FE) model was created to implement the constitutive model and conduct numerical tests. An auto-adaptive algorithm is integrated in the FE model to improve the convergence. The FE model was capable of predicting the flexural modulus with around 3% relative error, and the flexural strength within 2% relative error in comparison with the experimental data. The numerical indices showed that the top surface of the sample was the most vulnerable under three-point bending. It was also found that the damage initiated in the fibre, was the primary driver for composite failure under three-point bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gao
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 315100, China
| | - Menghao Chen
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 315100, China
| | - Lee Harper
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jiawa Lu
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 315100, China.
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12
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COATES CAMERON, COATES-CLARK CAMILLE, CRAWFORD ZACHARY, COPELAND ZACHARY. A FIRST LEVEL APPROXIMATION MODEL OF THE DYNAMIC ELASTICITY OF A PARTIALLY BIORESORBABLE COMPOSITE INTERNAL FIXATION SYSTEM. J MECH MED BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s021951941750110x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to develop a first level approximation hybrid model that predicts the rate of reduction of the elastic modulus for a composite internal fixation plate. The first level model combines a modified composite theory in which the bioresorbable constituent moduli and volume fractions are time-dependent, with predictions from a Finite Element (FE) model, but ignores viscoelastic effects. The FE model is used to predict relationships between geometrical constraints (material interfaces), while a theoretical combined elastic modulus is determined using the Reuss model. The composite internal fixation device design comprises Poly-L-lactide and Hydroxyapatite (HA/PLLA) and Titanium. The geometrical relationships established by the FE static model are combined with the theoretical mathematical model in order to predict the rate of decrease of the elastic modulus of the composite device. The first level model predicts that the composite plate modulus decreases at a rate that appropriately compensates for the increasing modulus of the healing bone during fracture healing. This suggests that the proposed composite fixation plate has a strong potential for improved fracture healing through the reduction of stress shielding while the fracture heals, and the elimination of stress shielding after fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- CAMERON COATES
- Engineering Studies Program, Armstrong State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419-1997, US
| | - CAMILLE COATES-CLARK
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center 619, South Marion Avenue Lake City, FL 32025, Florida, US
| | - ZACHARY CRAWFORD
- Engineering Studies Program, Armstrong State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419-1997, US
| | - ZACHARY COPELAND
- Engineering Studies Program, Armstrong State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419-1997, US
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13
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Cifuentes SC, Gavilán R, Lieblich M, Benavente R, González-Carrasco JL. In vitro degradation of biodegradable polylactic acid/magnesium composites: Relevance of Mg particle shape. Acta Biomater 2016; 32:348-357. [PMID: 26747758 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Absorbable medical devices must be developed in order to have an appropriate degradation rate in agreement with the healing rate of bone in the implantation site. In this work, biodegradable composites formed by a polylactic acid matrix reinforced with 10%wt. magnesium microparticles were processed and their in vitro degradation investigated during 28 days. A joint analysis of the amount of H2 released, the changes in pH in buffered (PBS) and non-buffered media (distilled water), the variations in mass, microstructure and the mechanical performance of the specimens was developed. The main aim was to elucidate the relevance of Mg particles shape on tailoring the degradation kinetics of these novel composites. The results show that the shape of the Mg reinforcing particles plays a crucial role in the degradation rate of PLA/Mg composites, with spherical particles promoting a lower degradation rate than irregular particles. This fact is only partially due to the smaller surface area to volume ratio of the spherical particles. Irregular particles promote a faster formation of cracks and, therefore, an increasingly faster degradation of the polymeric matrix. In every case, the amount of H2 released by the composites was well below that released by monolithic Mg. The pH of PBS during degradation remained always within 7.2 and 7.4. PLA/Mg reinforced with spherical particles retains more than 90% of its mechanical properties after 7 days of immersion and more than 60% after 28 days. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The increasing demand for temporary orthopaedic implants is the driving force to seek new strategies to decrease costs and simultaneously improve patients comfort as well as simplify surgical procedures. Resorbable medical devices must be developed in order to have an appropriate degradation rate in agreement with the healing rate of bone. We are presenting for the first time results of the degradation kinetics of a new material based on polylactic acid reinforced with 10%wt. Mg microparticles. This work analyzes the relevance of Mg particle shape (irregular and spherical) on tailoring the degradation behaviour of these composites. Conclusions withdrawn from this study help to customize bioabsorbable materials in order to meet the requirements for a specific application and patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Cifuentes
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, CENIM-CSIC, Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Gavilán
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, CENIM-CSIC, Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Lieblich
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, CENIM-CSIC, Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Benavente
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J L González-Carrasco
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, CENIM-CSIC, Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina CIBER-BBN, Spain.
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Baker RM, Tseng LF, Iannolo MT, Oest ME, Henderson JH. Self-deploying shape memory polymer scaffolds for grafting and stabilizing complex bone defects: A mouse femoral segmental defect study. Biomaterials 2016; 76:388-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Chen M, Parsons AJ, Felfel RM, Rudd CD, Irvine DJ, Ahmed I. In-situ polymerisation of fully bioresorbable polycaprolactone/phosphate glass fibre composites: In vitro degradation and mechanical properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 59:78-89. [PMID: 26748261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fully bioresorbable composites have been investigated in order to replace metal implant plates used for hard tissue repair. Retention of the composite mechanical properties within a physiological environment has been shown to be significantly affected due to loss of the integrity of the fibre/matrix interface. This study investigated phosphate based glass fibre (PGF) reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) composites with 20%, 35% and 50% fibre volume fractions (Vf) manufactured via an in-situ polymerisation (ISP) process and a conventional laminate stacking (LS) followed by compression moulding. Reinforcing efficiency between the LS and ISP manufacturing process was compared, and the ISP composites revealed significant improvements in mechanical properties when compared to LS composites. The degradation profiles and mechanical properties were monitored in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C for 28 days. ISP composites revealed significantly less media uptake and mass loss (p<0.001) throughout the degradation period. The initial flexural properties of ISP composites were substantially higher (p<0.0001) than those of the LS composites, which showed that the ISP manufacturing process provided a significantly enhanced reinforcement effect than the LS process. During the degradation study, statistically higher flexural property retention profiles were also seen for the ISP composites compared to LS composites. SEM micrographs of fracture surfaces for the LS composites revealed dry fibre bundles and poor fibre dispersion with polymer rich zones, which indicated poor interfacial bonding, distribution and adhesion. In contrast, evenly distributed fibres without dry fibre bundles or polymer rich zones, were clearly observed for the ISP composite samples, which showed that a superior fibre/matrix interface was achieved with highly improved adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Chen
- Divison of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Andrew J Parsons
- Division of Energy and Sustainability, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Reda M Felfel
- Divison of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516, Egypt
| | - Christopher D Rudd
- Divison of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Derek J Irvine
- Division of Energy and Sustainability, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Divison of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Biodegradable Materials for Bone Repair and Tissue Engineering Applications. MATERIALS 2015; 8:5744-5794. [PMID: 28793533 PMCID: PMC5512653 DOI: 10.3390/ma8095273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses and summarizes the recent developments and advances in the use of biodegradable materials for bone repair purposes. The choice between using degradable and non-degradable devices for orthopedic and maxillofacial applications must be carefully weighed. Traditional biodegradable devices for osteosynthesis have been successful in low or mild load bearing applications. However, continuing research and recent developments in the field of material science has resulted in development of biomaterials with improved strength and mechanical properties. For this purpose, biodegradable materials, including polymers, ceramics and magnesium alloys have attracted much attention for osteologic repair and applications. The next generation of biodegradable materials would benefit from recent knowledge gained regarding cell material interactions, with better control of interfacing between the material and the surrounding bone tissue. The next generations of biodegradable materials for bone repair and regeneration applications require better control of interfacing between the material and the surrounding bone tissue. Also, the mechanical properties and degradation/resorption profiles of these materials require further improvement to broaden their use and achieve better clinical results.
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17
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Wan Y, Wu C, Xiong G, Zuo G, Jin J, Ren K, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Luo H. Mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of nanoplate-like hydroxyapatite/polylactide nanocomposites prepared by intercalation technique. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 47:29-37. [PMID: 25837342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) in the forms of fiber, needle, and whisker has been employed as fillers in polymer composites. Herein, nanoplate-like HAp synthesized by template-assisted self-assembly was used to reinforce polylactide (PLA) nanocomposites via the solution intercalation method. Dynamic and static mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of the as-prepared HAp/PLA nanocomposites were assessed in addition to characterizations by XRD, FTIR, and TGA. XRD analysis confirms the formation of exfoliated structure in the HAp/PLA nanocomposites. The HAp/PLA nanocomposites exhibit better static and dynamic mechanical properties than unreinforced PLA. Furthermore, the HAp/PLA nanocomposite with an optimum HAp content of 20wt% (20HAp/PLA) demonstrates not only the best mechanical performance but also the highest thermal stability among the nanocomposite samples. Cell studies using a mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) suggest that 20HAp/PLA shows excellent biocompatibility, which makes it a promising material for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizao Wan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chaoqun Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyao Xiong
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Guifu Zuo
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Jun Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kaijing Ren
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zheren Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Honglin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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18
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Liao L, Dong J, Shi L, Fan Z, Li S, Lu Z. In vitro degradation behavior of l-lactide/trimethylene carbonate/glycolide terpolymers and a composite with poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) fibers. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Development of microspheres for biomedical applications: a review. Prog Biomater 2014; 4:1-19. [PMID: 29470791 PMCID: PMC5151111 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-014-0033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An overview of microspheres manufactured for use in biomedical applications based on recent literature is presented in this review. Different types of glasses (i.e. silicate, borate, and phosphates), ceramics and polymer-based microspheres (both natural and synthetic) in the form of porous , non-porous and hollow structures that are either already in use or are currently being investigated within the biomedical area are discussed. The advantages of using microspheres in applications such as drug delivery, bone tissue engineering and regeneration, absorption and desorption of substances, kinetic release of the loaded drug components are also presented. This review also reports on the preparation and characterisation methodologies used for the manufacture of these microspheres. Finally, a brief summary of the existing challenges associated with processing these microspheres which requires further research and development are presented.
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20
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Liu X, Grant DM, Palmer G, Parsons AJ, Rudd CD, Ahmed I. Magnesium coated phosphate glass fibers for unidirectional reinforcement of polycaprolactone composites. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:1424-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- Division of Materials; Mechanics and Structures; Faculty of Engineering; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - David M. Grant
- Division of Materials; Mechanics and Structures; Faculty of Engineering; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Graham Palmer
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering; Eastman Dental Institute; University College London; 256 Gray's Inn Road London WC1X 8LD UK
| | - Andrew J. Parsons
- Division of Materials; Mechanics and Structures; Faculty of Engineering; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Chris D. Rudd
- Division of Materials; Mechanics and Structures; Faculty of Engineering; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Division of Materials; Mechanics and Structures; Faculty of Engineering; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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21
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Hossain KMZ, Parsons AJ, Rudd CD, Ahmed I, Thielemans W. Mechanical, crystallisation and moisture absorption properties of melt drawn polylactic acid fibres. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Hasan M, Ahmed I, Parsons A, Walker G, Scotchford C. The influence of coupling agents on mechanical property retention and long-term cytocompatibility of phosphate glass fibre reinforced PLA composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 28:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Magnesium coated bioresorbable phosphate glass fibres: investigation of the interface between fibre and polyester matrices. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:735981. [PMID: 24066297 PMCID: PMC3771308 DOI: 10.1155/2013/735981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bioresorbable phosphate glass fibre reinforced polyester composites have been investigated as replacement for some traditional metallic orthopaedic implants, such as bone fracture fixation plates. However, composites tested revealed loss of the interfacial integrity after immersion within aqueous media which resulted in rapid loss of mechanical properties. Physical modification of fibres to change fibre surface morphology has been shown to be an effective method to improve fibre and matrix adhesion in composites. In this study, biodegradable magnesium which would gradually degrade to Mg(2+) in the human body was deposited via magnetron sputtering onto bioresorbable phosphate glass fibres to obtain roughened fibre surfaces. Fibre surface morphology after coating was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The roughness profile and crystalline texture of the coatings were determined via atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, respectively. The roughness of the coatings was seen to increase from 40 ± 1 nm to 80 ± 1 nm. The mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus) of fibre with coatings decreased with increased magnesium coating thickness.
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24
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Felfel R, Ahmed I, Parsons A, Palmer G, Sottile V, Rudd C. Cytocompatibility, degradation, mechanical property retention and ion release profiles for phosphate glass fibre reinforced composite rods. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:1914-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Lehtonen TJ, Tuominen JU, Hiekkanen E. Dissolution behavior of high strength bioresorbable glass fibers manufactured by continuous fiber drawing. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 20:376-86. [PMID: 23537596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the dissolution behavior of three silica-based resorbable glasses manufactured by an industrial-type continuous fiber drawing process yielding fibers with tensile strength of 1800-2300MPa. The results of a long-term in vitro degradation testing of the manufactured high strength bioresorbable glass fibers are presented. The degradation was performed by exposing the glass fibers to SBF and TRIS for 26 weeks at physiological conditions at 37°C. All fibers showed continuous resorption throughout the study and two of the fibers revealed bioactivity by forming a calcium phosphate (CaP) layer in SBF.
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26
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Lehtonen TJ, Tuominen JU, Hiekkanen E. Resorbable composites with bioresorbable glass fibers for load-bearing applications. In vitro degradation and degradation mechanism. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:4868-77. [PMID: 22963847 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro degradation study of three bioresorbable glass fiber-reinforced poly(l-lactide-co-dl-lactide) (PLDLA) composites was carried out in simulated body fluid (SBF), to simulate body conditions, and deionized water, to evaluate the nature of the degradation products. The changes in mechanical and chemical properties were systematically characterized over 52 weeks dissolution time to determine the degradation mechanism and investigate strength retention by the bioresorbable glass fiber-reinforced PLDLA composite. The degradation mechanism was found to be a combination of surface and bulk erosion and does not follow the typical core-accelerated degradation mechanism of poly(α-hydroxyacids). Strength retention by bioresorbable glass fiber-reinforced PLDLA composites can be tailored by changing the oxide composition of the glass fibers, but the structure-property relationship of the glass fibers has to be understood and controlled so that the phenomenon of ion leaching can be utilized to control the degradation rate. Therefore, these high performance composites are likely to open up several new possibilities for utilizing resorbable materials in clinical applications which could not be realized in the past.
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27
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Felfel RM, Ahmed I, Parsons AJ, Rudd CD. Bioresorbable composite screws manufactured via forging process: pull-out, shear, flexural and degradation characteristics. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2012; 18:108-22. [PMID: 23262309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bioresorbable screws have the potential to overcome some of the complications associated with metallic screws currently in use. Removal of metallic screws after bone has healed is a serious issue which can lead to refracture due to the presence of screw holes. Poly lactic acid (PLA), fully 40 mol% P(2)O(5) containing phosphate unidirectional (P40UD) and a mixture of UD and short chopped strand random fibre mats (P40 70%UD/30%RM) composite screws were prepared via forging composite bars. Water uptake and mass loss for the composite screws manufactured increased significantly to ∼1.25% (P=0.0002) and ∼1.1% (P<0.0001), respectively, after 42 days of immersion in PBS at 37 °C. The initial maximum flexural load for P40 UD/RM and P40 UD composite screws was ∼60% (P=0.0047) and ∼100% (P=0.0037) higher than for the PLA screws (∼190 N), whilst the shear load was slightly higher in comparison to PLA (∼2.2 kN). The initial pull-out strengths for the P40 UD/RM and PLA screws were similar whereas that for P40 UD screws was ∼75% higher (P=0.022). Mechanical properties for the composite screws decreased initially after 3 days of immersion and this reduction was ascribed to the degradation of the fibre/matrix interface. After 3 days interval the mechanical properties (flexural, shear and pull-out) maintained their integrity for the duration of the study (at 42 days). This property retention was attributed to the chemical durability of the fibres used and stability of the matrix properties during the degradation process. It was also deemed necessary to enhance the fibre/matrix interface via use of a coupling agent in order to maintain the initial mechanical properties acquired for the required period of time. Lastly, it is also suggested that the degrading reinforcement fibres may have the potential to buffer any acidic products released from the PLA matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Felfel
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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28
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Hasan MS, Ahmed I, Parsons A, Walker G, Scotchford C. Cytocompatibility and Mechanical Properties of Short Phosphate Glass Fibre Reinforced Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites: Effect of Coupling Agent Mediated Interface. J Funct Biomater 2012; 3:706-25. [PMID: 24955744 PMCID: PMC4030920 DOI: 10.3390/jfb3040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study three chemical agents Amino-propyl-triethoxy-silane (APS), sorbitol ended PLA oligomer (SPLA) and Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) were identified to be used as coupling agents to react with the phosphate glass fibre (PGF) reinforcement and the polylactic acid (PLA) polymer matrix of the composite. Composites were prepared with short chopped strand fibres (l = 20 mm, ϕ = 20 µm) in a random arrangement within PLA matrix. Improved, initial composite flexural strength (~20 MPa) was observed for APS treated fibres, which was suggested to be due to enhanced bonding between the fibres and polymer matrix. Both APS and HDI treated fibres were suggested to be covalently linked with the PLA matrix. The hydrophobicity induced by these coupling agents (HDI, APS) helped to resist hydrolysis of the interface and thus retained their mechanical properties for an extended period of time as compared to non-treated control. Approximately 70% of initial strength and 65% of initial modulus was retained by HDI treated fibre composites in contrast to the control, where only ~50% of strength and modulus was retained after 28 days of immersion in PBS at 37 °C. All coupling agent treated and control composites demonstrated good cytocompatibility which was comparable to the tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) control, supporting the use of these materials as coupling agent’s within medical implant devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sami Hasan
- Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Andrew Parsons
- Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Gavin Walker
- Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Colin Scotchford
- Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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29
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Felfel RM, Ahmed I, Parsons AJ, Rudd CD. Bioresorbable screws reinforced with phosphate glass fibre: manufacturing and mechanical property characterisation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2012; 17:76-88. [PMID: 23122715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Use of bioresorbable screws could eliminate disadvantages associated with metals such as removal operations, corrosion, MRI interference and stress shielding. Mechanical properties of bioresorbable polymers alone are insufficient for load bearing applications application as screws. Thus, reinforcement is necessary to try and match or surpass the mechanical properties of cortical bone. Phosphate based glass fibres were used to reinforce polylactic acid (PLA) in order to produce unidirectionally aligned (UD) and unidirectionally plus randomly distributed (UD/RM) composite screws (P40 UD and P40 UD/RM). The maximum flexural and push-out properties for the composite screws (P40 UD and P40 UD/RM) increased by almost 100% in comparison with the PLA screws. While the pull-out strength and stiffness of the headless composite screws were ∼80% (strength) and ∼130% (stiffness) higher than for PLA, those with heads exhibited properties lower than those for PLA alone as a result of failure at the heads. An increase in the maximum shear load and stiffness for the composite screws (∼30% and ∼40%) in comparison to the PLA screws was also seen. Maximum torque for the PLA screws was ∼1000 mN m, while that for the composite screws were slightly lower. The SEM micrographs for P40 UD and P40 UD/RM screws revealed small gaps around the fibres, which were suggested to be due to buckling of the UD fibres during the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Felfel
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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30
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Harper LT, Ahmed I, Felfel RM, Qian C. Finite element modelling of the flexural performance of resorbable phosphate glass fibre reinforced PLA composite bone plates. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2012; 15:13-23. [PMID: 23022951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A finite element method is presented to predict the flexural properties of resorbable phosphate glass fibre reinforced PLA composite bone plates. A novel method for meshing discontinuous fibre architectures is presented, which removes many of the limitations imposed by conventional finite element approaches. The model is used to understand the effects of increasing the span-to-thickness ratio for different fibre architectures used for PBG/PLA composites. A span-to-thickness ratio of 16:1 is found to be appropriate for materials with randomly orientated fibres, which agrees well with the test standard. However, for highly aligned materials the model indicates that a span-to-thickness ratio of 80:1 is required, in order to minimise the effects of shear deflection. The model is validated against flexural stiffness data from the literature for a range of polymers, fibres and fibre volume fractions. Generally there is less than 10% error between the FE predictions and experimental values. The model is subsequently used to perform a parametric study to understand what material developments are required to match the properties of PGF/PLA composites to cortical bone. It is concluded that alignment of the fibre is necessary to exceed the 20 GPa target, since the current manufacturing methods limit the fibre length to ∼10 mm, which consequently restricts the flexural modulus to ∼19 GPa (at 50% volume fraction).
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Harper
- Polymer Composites Group, Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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