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Ji C, Yang X, Zhang L, Chen X, Sun Y, Lin B. Microcrack behavior in bone: Stress field analysis at osteon cement line tips. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2024; 238:909-921. [PMID: 39177050 DOI: 10.1177/09544119241272854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Bone microstructure governs microcrack propagation complexity. Current research, relying on linear elastic fracture mechanics, inadequately considers authentic multi-level structures, like cement lines and osteons, impacting stress intensity at cracks. This study, by constructing models encompassing single or multiple osteons, delves into the influence of factors like crack length, osteon radius, and modulus ratio on the stress intensity factor at the crack tip. Employing a fracture mechanics phase-field approach to simulate crack propagation paths, it particularly explores the role of cement lines as weak interfaces in crack extension. The aim is to comprehensively and systematically elucidate the critical factors of bone microstructure in the context of crack propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Ji
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xicheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yadi Sun
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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2
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Zhang G, Jia X, Li Z, Wang Q, Gu H, Liu Y, Bai Z, Mao H. Comprehensively characterizing heterogeneous and transversely isotropic properties of femur cortical bones. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 151:106387. [PMID: 38246092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Comprehensive characterization of the transversely isotropic mechanical properties of long bones along both the longitudinal and circumferential gradients is crucial for developing accurate mathematical models and studying bone biomechanics. In addition, mechanical testing to derive elastic, plastic, and failure properties of bones is essential for modeling plastic deformation and failure of bones. To achieve these, we machined a total of 336 cortical specimens, including 168 transverse and 168 longitudinal specimens, from four different quadrants of seven different sections of 3 bovine femurs. We conducted three-point bending tests of these specimens at a loading rate of 0.02 mm/s. Young's modulus, yield stress, tangential modulus, and effective plastic strain for each specimen were derived from correction equations based on classical beam theory. Our statistical analysis reveals that the longitudinal gradient has a significant effect on the Young's modulus, yield stress, and tangential modulus of both longitudinal and transverse specimens, whereas the circumferential gradient significantly influences the Young's modulus, yield stress, and tangential modulus of transverse specimens only. The differences in Young's modulus and yield stress between longitudinal specimens from different sections are greater than 40%, whereas those between transverse specimens are approximately 30%. The Young's modulus and yield stress of transverse specimens in the anterior quadrant were 18.81%/15.46% and 18.34%/14.88% higher than those in the posterior and lateral quadrants, respectively. There is no significant interaction between the longitudinal gradient and the circumferential gradient. Considering the transverse isotropy, it is crucial to consider loading direction when investigating the impact of circumferential gradients in the anterior, lateral, medial, and posterior directions. Our findings indicate that the conventional assumption of homogeneity in simulating the cortical bone of long bones may have limitations, and researchers should consider the anatomical position and loading direction of femur specimens for precise prediction of mechanical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaohang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Qinhuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Hongyue Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhonghao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Haojie Mao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Cisneros T, Sevostianov I, Drach B. Elasticity and material anisotropy of lamellar cortical bone in adult bovine tibia characterized via AFM nanoindentation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 144:105992. [PMID: 37393887 PMCID: PMC10467531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The research focuses on the evaluation of the mechanical properties of osteonal cortical bone at the lamellar level. Elastic properties of the mid-diaphysis region of the bovine tibia are investigated via cantilever-based nanoindentation at the submicron length scale utilizing Atomic Force Microscopy, where the force-displacement curves are used for the elastic assessment using the Derjaguin-Muller-Toropov model to calculate indentation modulus. Variations of the modulus and the directional mechanical response of the osteonal bone at different distances from the Haversian canal are investigated. Additionally, the effects of demineralization on the indentation modulus are discussed. It was found that in the axial direction, the first and last untreated thick lamella layers show a significant indentation modulus difference compared to all other layers (4.26 ± 0.4 and 4.6 ± 0.3 GPa vs ∼3.5 GPa). On the other hand, the indentation modulus of transverse thick lamella layers shows a periodic variation between ∼3 ± 0.7 GPa and ∼4 ± 0.3 GPa from near the Haversian canal to near the interstitial bone. A periodic variation in the anisotropy ratio was found. Mineral content was quantified via energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis at different levels of mineralization and shows a positive correlation with the indentation modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cisneros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Igor Sevostianov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Borys Drach
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.
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Ji C, Zhang L, Wang Y, Lin B, Bai X, Yun S, He B. The influence of different shaped osteocyte lacunae on microcrack initiation and propagation. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 108:106072. [PMID: 37611387 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morphology of osteocyte lacunae varies in bones of different ages and bone pathologies. Osteocyte lacunae can cause stress concentration and initiate microcracks. However, the influence of changes in osteocyte lacunar shape on microcrack is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of osteocyte lacunae with different shapes on microcrack initiation and propagation. METHODS Osteon models containing osteocyte lacunae with different shapes were established. The progressive damage analysis method, based on computer simulations, was used to study the evolution of microdamage within the osteon, including the processes of intralaminar and interlaminar microdamage. FINDINGS Models with larger DoE values can effectively delay or prevent the formation of linear microcracks, which ensures high fracture toughness of cortical bone. It is subjected to stronger mechanical stimulation, making it more sensitive to loads. Models with smaller DoE values increase the load threshold for microdamage generation and reduces its impact on bone mechanical performance, making it less susceptible to microdamage than models with larger DoE values. INTERPRETATION These findings enhance the limited knowledge of the influence of the lacunar shape on microdamage and contribute to a better understanding of bone biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Ji
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Bin Lin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Xinlei Bai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Shiyue Yun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Bingnan He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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Borges JS, Rabelo GD, Irie MS, Paz JLC, Spin-Neto R, Soares PBF. Cortical Bone Modifications after Radiotherapy: Cortex Porosity and Osteonal Changes Evaluated Over Time. Braz Dent J 2021; 32:9-15. [PMID: 33914008 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming to evaluate cortical bone microarchitecture and osteonal morphology after irradiation, twelve male New Zealand rabbits were used. The animals were divided: control group (no radiation-NIr); and 3 irradiated groups, sacrificed after: 7 (Ir7d); 14 (Ir14d) and 21 (Ir21d) days. A single radiation dose of 30 Gy was used. Computed microtomography analyzed the cortical microarchitecture: cortical thickness (CtTh), bone volume (BV), total porosity (Ct.Po), intracortical porosity (CtPo-cl), channel/pore number (Po.N), fractal dimension (FD) and degree of anisotropy (Ct.DA). After scan, osteonal morphology was histologically assessed by means: area and perimeter of the osteons (O.Ar; O.p) and of the Haversian canals (C.Ar; C.p). Microtomographic analysis were performed by ANOVA, followed by Tukey and Dunnet tests. Osteon morphology analyses were performed by Kruskal-Wallis, and test Dunn's. Cortical thickness was significant difference (p<0.010) between the NIr and irradiated groups, with thicker cortex at Ir7d (1.15±0.09). The intracortical porosity revealed significant difference (p<0.001) between irradiated groups and NIr, with lower value for Ir7d (0.29±0.09). Bone volume was lower in Ir14d compared to control. Area and perimeter of the osteons were statistically different (p<0.0001) between NIr and Ir7d. Haversian canals also revealed lower values (p<0.0001) in Ir7d (80.57±9.3; 31.63±6.5) compared to NIr and irradiated groups. Cortical microarchitecture was affected by radiation, and the effects appear to be time-dependent, mostly regarding the osteons morphology at the initial days. Cortex structure in Ir21d revealed similarities to control suggesting that microarchitecture resembles normal condition after a period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Simeão Borges
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Davi Rabelo
- Dentistry Department, UFSC: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Milena Suemi Irie
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - João Lucas Carvalho Paz
- Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rubens Spin-Neto
- Dentistry Department and Oral Health, Oral Radiology Department, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Finite element analysis on multi-toughening mechanism of microstructure of osteon. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 117:104408. [PMID: 33657473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The toughening mechanism of cortical bone is closely related to its hierarchical microstructure. Osteon is the most important microstructure of cortical bone. Therefore, it is very important to study the toughening mechanism of the microstructure of osteon. There are three main kinds of cracks in cortical bone: external crack of osteon, internal radial cracks of osteon and microporous damage cracks. Numerical models for these three kinds of cracks are established by XFEM and the progressive damage approach, respectively. The multi-toughening mechanisms of microstructure of osteon are found. The cement line on the outside of osteon is its first toughening mechanism, which can make the crack deflection and improve the fracture resistance of osteon. The resistance of cement line to fracture increases with the decrease of the strength and the increase of the thickness. The second toughening mechanism is elliptical osteocyte lacunae, which can attract the crack into the elliptical lacunae and cause stress redistribution to prevent the crack propagation. The annularly elliptical lacuna structure is an optimized arrangement and shape of microstructure, which is the third toughening mechanism of osteon. This microstructure can determine the location of the crack initiation and make the microcracks propagate along the annular direction rather than penetrating into the haversian cannal to protect the integrity of the osteon. The study of these toughening mechanisms provides new ideas for the research and design of synthetic composite structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Rosenhek‐Goldian
- Department of Chemical Research Support Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl 234 Rehovot ISRAEL
| | - Sidney R. Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl 234 Rehovot ISRAEL
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Yu W, Wu X, Cen H, Guo Y, Li C, Wang Y, Qin Y, Chen W. Study on the biomechanical responses of the loaded bone in macroscale and mesoscale by multiscale poroelastic FE analysis. Biomed Eng Online 2019; 18:122. [PMID: 31870380 PMCID: PMC6929473 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-019-0741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone is a hierarchically structured composite material, and different hierarchical levels exhibit diverse material properties and functions. The stress and strain distribution and fluid flow in bone play an important role in the realization of mechanotransduction and bone remodeling. METHODS To investigate the mechanotransduction and fluid behaviors in loaded bone, a multiscale method was developed. Based on poroelastic theory, we established the theoretical and FE model of a segment bone to provide basis for researching more complex bone model. The COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to establish different scales of bone models, and the properties of mechanical and fluid behaviors in each scale were investigated. RESULTS FE results correlated very well with analytical in macroscopic scale, and the results for the mesoscopic models were about less than 2% different compared to that in the macro-mesoscale models, verifying the correctness of the modeling. In macro-mesoscale, results demonstrated that variations in fluid pressure (FP), fluid velocity (FV), von Mises stress (VMS), and maximum principal strain (MPS) in the position of endosteum, periosteum, osteon, and interstitial bone and these variations can be considerable (up to 10, 8, 4 and 3.5 times difference in maximum FP, FV, VMS, and MPS between the highest and the lowest regions, respectively). With the changing of Young's modulus (E) in each osteon lamella, the strain and stress concentration occurred in different positions and given rise to microscale spatial variations in the fluid pressure field. The heterogeneous distribution of lacunar-canalicular permeability (klcp) in each osteon lamella had various influence on the FP and FV, but had little effect on VMS and MPS. CONCLUSION Based on the idealized model presented in this article, the presence of endosteum and periosteum has an important influence on the fluid flow in bone. With the hypothetical parameter values in osteon lamellae, the bone material parameters have effect on the propagation of stress and fluid flow in bone. The model can also incorporate alternative material parameters obtained from different individuals. The suggested method is expected to provide dependable biological information for better understanding the bone mechanotransduction and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiLun Yu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Lab. of Material Strength, College of Biomedical Engineering & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - XiaoGang Wu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Lab. of Material Strength, College of Biomedical Engineering & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China.
| | - HaiPeng Cen
- Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Lab. of Material Strength, College of Biomedical Engineering & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - ChaoXin Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Lab. of Material Strength, College of Biomedical Engineering & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - YanQin Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Lab. of Material Strength, College of Biomedical Engineering & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - YiXian Qin
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - WeiYi Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Lab. of Material Strength, College of Biomedical Engineering & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China.
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Grover K, Hu M, Lin L, Muir J, Qin YX. Functional disuse initiates medullary endosteal micro-architectural impairment in cortical bone characterized by nanoindentation. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:1048-1057. [PMID: 31292723 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of functional disuse-induced bone remodeling on its mechanical properties, individually at periosteum and medullary endosteum regions of the cortical bone. Left middle tibiae were obtained from 5-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats for the baseline control as well as hindlimb suspended (disuse) groups. Micro-nano-mechanical elastic moduli (at lateral region) was evaluated along axial (Z), circumferential (C) and radial (R) orientations using nanoindentation. Results indicated an anisotropic microstructure with axial orientation having the highest and radial orientation with the lowest moduli at periosteum and medullary endosteum for both baseline control as well as disuse groups. Between the groups: at periosteum, an insignificant difference was evaluated for each of the orientations (p > 0.05) and at endosteum, a significant decrease of elastic moduli in the radial (p < 0.0001), circumferential (p < 0.001) and statistically insignificant difference in axial (p > 0.05) orientation. For the moduli ratios between groups: at periosteum, only significant difference in the Z/R (p < 0.05) anisotropy ratio, whereas at endosteum, a statistically significant difference in Z/C (p < 0.001), and Z/R (p < 0.001), as well as C/R (p < 0.05) anisotropy ratios, was evaluated. The results suggested initial bone remodeling impaired bone micro-architecture predominantly at the medullary endosteum with possible alterations in the geometric orientations of collagen and mineral phases inside the bone. The findings could be significant for studying the mechanotransduction pathways involved in maintaining the bone micro-architecture and possibly have high clinical significance for drug use against impairment from functional disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartikey Grover
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Stony Brook University, 215 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Minyi Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Stony Brook University, 215 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Liangjun Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Stony Brook University, 215 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Jesse Muir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Stony Brook University, 215 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Stony Brook University, 215 Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA.
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Remache D, Semaan M, Rossi JM, Pithioux M, Milan JL. Application of the Johnson-Cook plasticity model in the finite element simulations of the nanoindentation of the cortical bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 101:103426. [PMID: 31557661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical behavior of the cortical bone in nanoindentation is a complicated mechanical problem. The finite element analysis has commonly been assumed to be the most appropriate approach to this issue. One significant problem in nanoindentation modeling of the elastic-plastic materials is pile-up deformation, which is not observed in cortical bone nanoindentation testing. This phenomenon depends on the work-hardening of materials; it doesn't occur for work-hardening materials, which suggests that the cortical bone could be considered as a work-hardening material. Furthermore, in a recent study [59], a plastic hardening until failure was observed on the micro-scale of a dry ovine osteonal bone samples subjected to micropillar compression. The purpose of the current study was to apply an isotropic hardening model in the finite element simulations of the nanoindentation of the cortical bone to predict its mechanical behavior. The Johnson-Cook (JC) model was chosen as the constitutive model. The finite element modeling in combination with numerical optimization was used to identify the unknown material constants and then the finite element solutions were compared to the experimental results. A good agreement of the numerical curves with the target loading curves was found and no pile-up was predicted. A Design Of Experiments (DOE) approach was performed to evaluate the linear effects of the material constants on the mechanical response of the material. The strain hardening modulus and the strain hardening exponent were the most influential parameters. While a positive effect was noticed with the Young's modulus, the initial yield stress and the strain hardening modulus, an opposite effect was found with the Poisson's ratio and the strain hardening exponent. Finally, the JC model showed a good capability to describe the elastoplastic behavior of the cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Remache
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Marseille, France.
| | - M Semaan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Marseille, France; University of Balamand, Faculty of Engineering, Al Kurah, Lebanon.
| | - J M Rossi
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM, Marseille, France.
| | - M Pithioux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Marseille, France.
| | - J L Milan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Marseille, France.
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Mayya A, Banerjee A, Rajesh R. Role of porosity and matrix behavior on compressive fracture of Haversian bone using random spring network model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 83:108-119. [PMID: 29698930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Haversian remodeling is known to result in improved resistance to compressive fracture in healthy cortical bone. Here, we examine the individual roles of the mean porosity, structure of the network of pores and remodeled bone matrix properties in the fracture behavior of Haversian bone. The detailed structure of porosity network is obtained both pre- and post-testing of dry cubical bone samples using micro-Computed Tomography. Based on the periodicity in the features of porosity along tangential direction, we develop a two dimensional porosity-based random spring network model for Haversian bone. The model is shown to capture well the macroscopic response and reproduce the avalanche statistics similar to recently reported experiments on porcine bone. The predictions suggest that at the millimeter scale, the remodeled bone matrix of Haversian bone is less stiff but tougher than that of plexiform/primary bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwij Mayya
- Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | | | - R Rajesh
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Tharamani, Chennai 600113, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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12
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Jongpairojcosit N, Jearanaisilawong P. Nanoindentation tests of Sulcata Tortoise’s carapace. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/297/1/012016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Mayya A, Praveen P, Banerjee A, Rajesh R. Splitting fracture in bovine bone using a porosity-based spring network model. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0809. [PMID: 27903786 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the specific role of the structure of the network of pores in plexiform bone in its fracture behaviour under compression. Computed tomography scan images of the sample pre- and post-compressive failure show the existence of weak planes formed by aligned thin long pores extending through the length. We show that the physics of the fracture process is captured by a two-dimensional random spring network model that reproduces well the macroscopic response and qualitative features of fracture paths obtained experimentally, as well as avalanche statistics seen in recent experiments on porcine bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwij Mayya
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - P Praveen
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Anuradha Banerjee
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - R Rajesh
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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Achrai B, Wagner HD. The turtle carapace as an optimized multi-scale biological composite armor – A review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 73:50-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Currey JD, Dean MN, Shahar R. Revisiting the links between bone remodelling and osteocytes: insights from across phyla. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1702-1719. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Currey
- Department of Biology; University of York; York YO10 5DD U.K
| | - Mason N. Dean
- Department Biomaterials; Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces; 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Ron Shahar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 76100 Israel
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16
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Sun J, Wu W, Ling M, Bhushan B, Tong J. A dynamic nanoindentation technique to investigate the nanomechanical properties of a colored beetle. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14687b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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17
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Mayya A, Banerjee A, Rajesh R. Haversian microstructure in bovine femoral cortices: An adaptation for improved compressive strength. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 59:454-463. [PMID: 26652396 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microstructural variations in bovine femoral cortices and its possible implications for the bone's mechanical behavior are characterized for a mature and a young bovine femur. Histological examination at several locations shows the presence of Haversian systems to be largely confined to the posterior region of any cross-section. Haversian bone is shown to have higher compressive strength than the non-Haversian primary bone present in the corresponding anterior regions. The anatomical variation in the compressive strength along diaphysis is found to correlate strongly with the Haversian density. Based on the differences in the failure surfaces observed from compressive failure, it is argued that the presence of Haversian systems plays a role in deflection of crack path, leading to non-prismatic failure surfaces. As biomaterials, such as bone cement and implants, closely interact with bone material, the structure-property relation established here can provide a basis for better design of future biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwij Mayya
- Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | | | - R Rajesh
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
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18
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Korsa R, Lukes J, Sepitka J, Mares T. Elastic Properties of Human Osteon and Osteonal Lamella Computed by a Bidirectional Micromechanical Model and Validated by Nanoindentation. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:081002. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the anisotropic elastic properties of osteon and osteonal lamellae provides a better understanding of various pathophysiological conditions, such as aging, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and other degenerative diseases. For this reason, it is important to investigate and understand the elasticity of cortical bone. We created a bidirectional micromechanical model based on inverse homogenization for predicting the elastic properties of osteon and osteonal lamellae of cortical bone. The shape, the dimensions, and the curvature of osteon and osteonal lamellae are described by appropriately chosen curvilinear coordinate systems, so that the model operates close to the real morphology of these bone components. The model was used to calculate nine orthotropic elastic constants of osteonal lamellae. The input values have the elastic properties of a single osteon. We also expressed the dependence of the elastic properties of the lamellae on the angle of orientation. To validate the model, we performed nanoindentation tests on several osteonal lamellae. We compared the experimental results with the calculated results, and there was good agreement between them. The inverted model was used to calculate the elastic properties of a single osteon, where the input values are the elastic constants of osteonal lamellae. These calculations reveal that the model can be used in both directions of homogenization, i.e., direct homogenization and also inverse homogenization. The model described here can provide either the unknown elastic properties of a single lamella from the known elastic properties at the level of a single osteon, or the unknown elastic properties of a single osteon from the known elastic properties at the level of a single lamella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Korsa
- Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, Prague 166 07, Czech Republic e-mail:
| | - Jaroslav Lukes
- Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, Prague 166 07, Czech Republic e-mail:
| | - Josef Sepitka
- Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, Prague 166 07, Czech Republic e-mail:
| | - Tomas Mares
- Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, Prague 166 07, Czech Republic e-mail:
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19
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Vercher-Martínez A, Giner E, Arango C, Javier Fuenmayor F. Influence of the mineral staggering on the elastic properties of the mineralized collagen fibril in lamellar bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 42:243-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Bianchi M, Boi M, Sartori M, Giavaresi G, Lopomo N, Fini M, Dediu A, Tampieri A, Marcacci M, Russo A. Nanomechanical mapping of bone tissue regenerated by magnetic scaffolds. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:5363. [PMID: 25578711 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoindentation can provide new insights on the maturity stage of regenerating bone. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the nanomechanical properties of newly-formed bone tissue at 4 weeks from the implantation of permanent magnets and magnetic scaffolds in the trabecular bone of rabbit femoral condyles. Three different groups have been investigated: MAG-A (NdFeB magnet + apatite/collagen scaffold with magnetic nanoparticles directly nucleated on the collagen fibers during scaffold synthesis); MAG-B (NdFeB magnet + apatite/collagen scaffold later infiltrated with magnetic nanoparticles) and MAG (NdFeB magnet). The mechanical properties of different-maturity bone tissues, i.e. newly-formed immature, newly-formed mature and native trabecular bone have been evaluated for the three groups. Contingent correlations between elastic modulus and hardness of immature, mature and native bone have been examined and discussed, as well as the efficacy of the adopted regeneration method in terms of "mechanical gap" between newly-formed and native bone tissue. The results showed that MAG-B group provided regenerated bone tissue with mechanical properties closer to that of native bone compared to MAG-A or MAG groups after 4 weeks from implantation. Further, whereas the mechanical properties of newly-formed immature and mature bone were found to be fairly good correlated, no correlation was detected between immature or mature bone and native bone. The reported results evidence the efficacy of nanoindentation tests for the investigation of the maturity of newly-formed bone not accessible through conventional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bianchi
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnologies (NaBi), Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Gobetti 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy,
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Cyclic cryopreservation affects the nanoscale material properties of trabecular bone. J Biomech 2014; 47:3584-9. [PMID: 25278046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissues such as bone are often stored via freezing, or cryopreservation. During an experimental protocol, bone may be frozen and thawed a number of times. For whole bone, the mechanical properties (strength and modulus) do not significantly change throughout five freeze-thaw cycles. Material properties at the trabecular and lamellar scales are distinct from whole bone properties, thus the impact of freeze-thaw cycling at this scale is unknown. To address this, the effect of repeated freezing on viscoelastic material properties of trabecular bone was quantified via dynamic nanoindentation. Vertebrae from five cervine spines (1.5-year-old, male) were semi-randomly assigned, three-to-a-cycle, to 0-10 freeze-thaw cycles. After freeze-thaw cycling, the vertebrae were dissected, prepared and tested. ANOVA (factors cycle, frequency, and donor) on storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss tangent, were conducted. Results revealed significant changes between cycles for all material properties for most cycles, no significant difference across most of the dynamic range, and significant differences between some donors. Regression analysis showed a moderate positive correlation between cycles and material property for loss modulus and loss tangent, and weak negative correlation for storage modulus, all correlations were significant. These results indicate that not only is elasticity unpredictably altered, but also that damping and viscoelasticity tend to increase with additional freeze-thaw cycling.
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22
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Giner E, Arango C, Vercher A, Javier Fuenmayor F. Numerical modelling of the mechanical behaviour of an osteon with microcracks. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 37:109-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Faingold A, Cohen S, Shahar R, Weiner S, Rapoport L, Wagner H. The effect of hydration on mechanical anisotropy, topography and fibril organization of the osteonal lamellae. J Biomech 2014; 47:367-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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The role of angular reflection in assessing elastic properties of bone by scanning acoustic microscopy. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 29:438-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Bernhard A, Milovanovic P, Zimmermann EA, Hahn M, Djonic D, Krause M, Breer S, Püschel K, Djuric M, Amling M, Busse B. Micro-morphological properties of osteons reveal changes in cortical bone stability during aging, osteoporosis, and bisphosphonate treatment in women. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:2671-80. [PMID: 23632826 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY We analyzed morphological characteristics of osteons along with the geometrical indices of individual osteonal mechanical stability in young, healthy aged, untreated osteoporotic, and bisphosphonate-treated osteoporotic women. Our study revealed significant intergroup differences in osteonal morphology and osteocyte lacunae indicating different remodeling patterns with implications for fracture susceptibility. INTRODUCTION Bone remodeling is the key process in bone structural reorganization, and its alterations lead to changes in bone mechanical strength. Since osteons reflect different bone remodeling patterns, we hypothesize that the femoral cortices of females under miscellaneous age, disease and treatment conditions will display distinct osteonal morphology and osteocyte lacunar numbers along with different mechanical properties. METHODS The specimens used in this study were collected at autopsy from 35 female donors (young group, n = 6, age 32 ± 8 years; aged group, n = 10, age 79 ± 9 years; osteoporosis group, n = 10, age 81 ± 9 years; and bisphosphonate group, n = 9, age 81 ± 7 years). Von Kossa-modified stained femoral proximal diaphyseal sections were evaluated for osteonal morphometric parameters and osteocyte lacunar data. Geometrical indices of osteonal cross-sections were calculated to assess the mechanical stability of individual osteons, in terms of their resistance to compression, bending, and buckling. RESULTS The morphological assessment of osteons and quantification of their osteocyte lacunae revealed significant differences between the young, aged, osteoporosis and bisphosphonate-treated groups. Calculated osteonal geometric indices provided estimates of the individual osteons' resistance to compression, bending and buckling based on their size. In particular, the osteons in the bisphosphonate-treated group presented improved osteonal geometry along with increased numbers of osteocyte lacunae that had been formerly impaired due to aging and osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS The data derived from osteons (as the basic structural units of the cortical bone) in different skeletal conditions can be employed to highlight structural factors contributing to the fracture susceptibility of various groups of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernhard
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestr. 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Varga P, Pacureanu A, Langer M, Suhonen H, Hesse B, Grimal Q, Cloetens P, Raum K, Peyrin F. Investigation of the three-dimensional orientation of mineralized collagen fibrils in human lamellar bone using synchrotron X-ray phase nano-tomography. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:8118-27. [PMID: 23707503 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the three-dimensional (3-D) organization of mineralized collagen fibrils in human cortical bone based on synchrotron X-ray phase nano-tomography images. In lamellar bone the collagen fibrils are assumed to have a plywood-like arrangement, but due to experimental limitations the 3-D fibril structure has only been deduced from section surfaces so far and the findings have been controversial. Breakthroughs in synchrotron tomographic imaging have given access to direct 3-D information on the bone structure at the nanoscale level. Using an autocorrelation-based orientation measure we confirm that the fibrils are unidirectional in quasi-planes of sub-lamellae and find two specific dominant patterns, oscillating and twisted plywoods coexisting in a single osteon. Both patterns exhibit smooth orientation changes between adjacent quasi-planes. Moreover, we find that the periodic changes in collagen fibril orientation are independent of fluctuations in local mass density. These data improve our understanding of the lamellar arrangement in bone and allow more detailed investigations of structure-function relationships at this scale, providing templates for bio-inspired materials. The presented methodology can be applied to non-destructive 3-D characterization of the sub-micron scale structure of other natural and artificial mineralized biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Varga
- Julius Wolff Institute and Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Faingold A, Cohen SR, Reznikov N, Wagner HD. Osteonal lamellae elementary units: lamellar microstructure, curvature and mechanical properties. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5956-62. [PMID: 23220032 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical and structural properties of the sublayers of osteonal lamellae were studied. Young's modulus (E) of adjacent individual lamellae was measured by nanoindentation of parallel slices every 1-3 μm, in planes parallel and perpendicular to the osteon axis (OA). In planes parallel to the OA, the modulus of a lamella could vary significantly between sequential slices. Significant modulus variations were also sometimes found on opposing sides of the osteonal canal for the same lamella. These results are rationalized by considerations involving the microstructural organization of the collagen fibrils in the lamellae. Scanning electron microscope imaging of freeze fractured surfaces revealed that the substructure of a single lamella can vary significantly on the opposing sides of the osteonal axis. Using a serial surface view method, parallel planes were exposed every 8-10 nm using a dual-beam microscope. Analysis of the orientations of fibrils revealed that the structure is rotated plywood like, consisting of unidirectional sublayers of fibrils of several orientations, with occasional randomly oriented sublayers. The dependence of the measured mechanical properties of the lamellae on the indentation location may be explained by the observed structure, as well as by the curvature of the osteonal lamellae through simple geometrical-structural considerations. Mechanical advantages arising from the curved laminate structure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Faingold
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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28
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Micro-structure and mechanical properties of the turtle carapace as a biological composite shield. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5890-902. [PMID: 23271040 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Turtle shell is a multi-scale bio-composite in which the components are arranged in various spatial patterns, leading to an unusually strong and durable structure. The keratin-coated dorsal shell, termed the carapace, exhibits a flat bone, sandwich-like structure made up of two exterior cortices enclosing a cancellous interior. This unique structure was developed by nature to protect the reptile from predator attacks by sustaining impact loads and dissipating energy. In the present study we attempt to correlate the micro-scale architecture with the mechanical properties of the carapace sub-regions of the red-eared slider turtle. The microscopic structural features were examined by scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography. Nanoindentation tests were performed under dry and wet conditions on orthogonal anatomical planes to evaluate the elastic modulus and hardness of the various carapace sub-regions. The mineral content was also measured in the different regions of the carapace. Consequently, we discuss the influence of hydration on the carapace sub-regions and the contribution of each sub-region to the overall mechanical resistance of the assemblage.
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Granke M, Gourrier A, Rupin F, Raum K, Peyrin F, Burghammer M, Saïed A, Laugier P. Microfibril orientation dominates the microelastic properties of human bone tissue at the lamellar length scale. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58043. [PMID: 23472132 PMCID: PMC3589472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The elastic properties of bone tissue determine the biomechanical behavior of bone at the organ level. It is now widely accepted that the nanoscale structure of bone plays an important role to determine the elastic properties at the tissue level. Hence, in addition to the mineral density, the structure and organization of the mineral nanoparticles and of the collagen microfibrils appear as potential key factors governing the elasticity. Many studies exist on the role of the organization of collagen microfibril and mineral nanocrystals in strongly remodeled bone. However, there is no direct experimental proof to support the theoretical calculations. Here, we provide such evidence through a novel approach combining several high resolution imaging techniques: scanning acoustic microscopy, quantitative scanning small-Angle X-ray scattering imaging and synchrotron radiation computed microtomography. We find that the periodic modulations of elasticity across osteonal bone are essentially determined by the orientation of the mineral nanoparticles and to a lesser extent only by the particle size and density. Based on the strong correlation between the orientation of the mineral nanoparticles and the collagen molecules, we conclude that the microfibril orientation is the main determinant of the observed undulations of microelastic properties in regions of constant mineralization in osteonal lamellar bone. This multimodal approach could be applied to a much broader range of fibrous biological materials for the purpose of biomimetic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Granke
- UMPC Univ Paris 6, UMR 7623, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Paramétrique, Paris, France.
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30
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Rettler E, Hoeppener S, Sigusch BW, Schubert US. Mapping the mechanical properties of biomaterials on different length scales: depth-sensing indentation and AFM based nanoindentation. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2789-2806. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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