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Wu T, Bonnheim NB, Pendleton MM, Emerzian SR, Keaveny TM. Radiation-induced changes in load-sharing and structure-function behavior in murine lumbar vertebrae. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024; 27:1278-1286. [PMID: 37504955 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2239415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used micro-CT-based finite element analysis to investigate the biomechanical effects of radiation on the microstructure and mechanical function of murine lumbar vertebrae. Specifically, we evaluated vertebral microstructure, whole-bone stiffness, and cortical-trabecular load sharing in the L5 vertebral body of mice exposed to ionizing radiation 11 days post exposure (5 Gy total dose; n = 13) and controls (n = 14). Our findings revealed the irradiated group exhibited reduced trabecular bone volume and microstructure (p < 0.001) compared to controls, while cortical bone volume remained unchanged (p = 0.91). Axially compressive loads in the irradiated group were diverted from the trabecular centrum and into the vertebral cortex, as evidenced by a higher cortical load-fraction (p = 0.02) and a higher proportion of cortical tissue at risk of initial failure (p < 0.01). Whole-bone stiffness was lower in the irradiated group compared to the controls, though the difference was small and non-significant (2045 ± 142 vs. 2185 ± 225 vs. N/mm, irradiated vs. control, p = 0.07). Additionally, the structure-function relationship between trabecular bone volume and trabecular load fraction differed between groups (p = 0.03), indicating a less biomechanically efficient trabecular network in the irradiated group. We conclude that radiation can decrease trabecular bone volume and result in a less biomechanically efficient trabecular structure, leading to increased reliance on the vertebral cortex to resist axially compressive loads. These findings offer biomechanical insight into the effects of radiation on structure-function behavior in murine lumbar vertebrae independent of possible tissue-level material effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongge Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Noah B Bonnheim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan M Pendleton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shannon R Emerzian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tony M Keaveny
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Amraish N, Pahr DH. High-resolution local trabecular strain within trabecular structure under cyclic loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 152:106318. [PMID: 38290394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Trabecular bone structure is a complex microstructure consisting of rods and plates, which poses challenges for its mechanical characterization. Digital image correlation (DIC) offers the possibility to characterize the strain response on the surface of trabecular bone. This study employed DIC equipped with a telecentric lens to investigate the strain state of individual trabeculae within their trabecular structure by assessing the longitudinal strain of the trabeculae at both the middle and near the edges of the trabeculae. Due to the high-resolution of the used DIC system, local surface strain of trabeculae was analyzed too. Lastly, the correlation between longitudinal trabecular strain and the orientation and slenderness of the trabeculae was investigated. The results showed that the strain magnification close to the edge of the trabeculae was higher and reached up to 8-folds the strain along the middle of the trabeculae. On the contrary, no strain magnification was found for most of the trabeculae between the longitudinal trabecular strain along the middle of the trabeculae and the globally applied strain. High-resolution full-field strain maps were obtained on the surface of trabeculae showing heterogeneous strain distribution with increasing load. No significant correlation was found between longitudinal trabecular strain and its orientation or slenderness. These findings and the applied methodology can be used to broaden our understanding of the deformation mechanisms of trabeculae within the trabecular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedaa Amraish
- Division Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Lower Austria, Austria; Institute for Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Division Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Lower Austria, Austria; Institute for Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Reisinger AG, Bittner-Frank M, Thurner PJ, Pahr DH. The 2-layer elasto-visco-plastic rheological model for the material parameter identification of bone tissue extended by a damage law. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106259. [PMID: 38039773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The response of bone tissue to mechanical load is complex and includes plastic hardening, viscosity and damage. The quantification of these effects plays a mayor role in bone research and in biomechanical clinical trials as to better understand related diseases. In this study, the damage growth in individual wet human trabeculae subjected to cyclic overloading is quantified by inverse rheological modeling. Therefore, an already published rheological material model, that includes linear elasticity, plasticity and viscosity is extended by a damage law. The model is utilized in an optimization process to identify the corresponding material parameters and damage growth in single human trabeculae under tensile load. Results show that the damage model is leading to a better fit of the test data with an average root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of 2.52 MPa compared to the non-damage model with a RMSE of 3.03 MPa. Although this improvement is not significant, the damage model qualitatively better represents the data as it accounts for the visible stiffness reduction along the load history. It returns realistic stiffness values of 11.92 GPa for the instantaneous modulus and 5.73 GPa for the long term modulus of wet trabecular human bone. Further, the growth of damage in the tissue along the load history is substantial, with values above 0.8 close to failure. The relative loss of stiffness per cycle is in good agreement with comparable literature. Inverse rheological modeling proves to be a valuable tool for quantifying complex constitutive behavior from a single mechanical measurement. The evolution of damage in the tissue can be identified continuously over the load history and separated from other effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G Reisinger
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Austria; Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria.
| | - Martin Bittner-Frank
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Austria; Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
| | - Philipp J Thurner
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Austria; Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
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Smotrova E, Li S, Silberschmidt VV. Trabecula-level mechanoadaptation: Numerical analysis of morphological changes. Comput Biol Med 2024; 168:107720. [PMID: 38006828 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone is a living material that, unlike man-made ones, demonstrates continuous adaptation of its structure and mechanical properties to resist the imposed mechanical loading. Adaptation in trabecular bone is characterised by improvement of its stiffness in the loading direction and respective realignment of trabecular load-bearing architecture. Considerable experimental and simulation evidence of trabecular bone adaptation to its mechanical environment at the tissue- and organ-levels was obtained, while little attention was given to the trabecula-level of this process. This study aims to describe and classify load-driven morphological changes at the level of individual trabeculae and to propose their drivers. METHOD For this purpose, a well-established mechanoregulation-based numerical model of bone adaptation was implemented in a user-defined subroutine that changed the structural and mechanical properties of trabeculae based on the magnitude of a mechanical stimulus. This subroutine was used in conjunction with finite-element models of variously shaped structures representing trabeculae loaded in compression or shear. RESULTS In all analysed cases, trabeculae underwent morphological evolution under applied compressive or shear loading. Among twelve cases analysed, six main mechanisms of morphological evolution were established: reorientation, splitting, merging, full resorption, thinning, and thickening. Moreover, all simulated cases presented the ability to reduce the mean value of von Mises stress while increasing their ability to resist compressive/shear loading during adaptation. CONCLUSION This study evaluated morphological and mechanical changes in trabeculae of different shapes in response to compressive or shear loadings and compared them based on the analysis of von Mises stress distribution as well as profiles of normal and shear stresses in the trabeculae at different stages of their adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Smotrova
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK; Laboratory of Mechanics of Biocompatible Materials and Devices, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Ave., 29, Perm, 614000, Russia.
| | - Simin Li
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Vadim V Silberschmidt
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Kovács K, Váncsa S, Agócs G, Harnos A, Hegyi P, Weninger V, Baross K, Kovács B, Soós G, Kocsis G. Anisotropy, Anatomical Region, and Additional Variables Influence Young's Modulus of Bone: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10835. [PMID: 38130752 PMCID: PMC10731124 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of finite element analysis (FEA) is growing in orthopedic research, especially in implant design. However, Young's modulus (E) values, one of the most fundamental parameters, can range across a wide scale. Therefore, our study aimed to identify factors influencing E values in human bone specimens. We report our systematic review and meta-analysis based on the recommendation of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guideline. We conducted the analysis on November 21, 2021. We included studies investigating healthy human bone specimens and reported on E values regarding demographic data, specimen characteristics, and measurement specifics. In addition, we included study types reporting individual specimen measurements. From the acquired data, we created a cohort in which we performed an exploratory data analysis that included the explanatory variables selected by random forest and regression trees methods, and the comparison of groups using independent samples Welch's t test. A total of 756 entries were included from 48 articles. Eleven different bones of the human body were included in these articles. The range of E values is between 0.008 and 33.7 GPa. The E values were most heavily influenced by the cortical or cancellous type of bone tested. Measuring method (compression, tension, bending, and nanoindentation), the anatomical region within a bone, the position of the bone within the skeleton, and the bone specimen size had a decreasing impact on the E values. Bone anisotropy, specimen condition, patient age, and sex were selected as important variables considering the value of E. On the basis of our results, E values of a bone change with bone characteristics, measurement techniques, and demographic variables. Therefore, the evaluation of FEA should be performed after the standardization of in vitro measurement protocol. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Kovács
- Department of OrthopaedicsSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Szilárd Váncsa
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Division of Pancreatic Diseases, Heart and Vascular CenterSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Gergely Agócs
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Andrea Harnos
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineBudapestHungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical SchoolUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Division of Pancreatic Diseases, Heart and Vascular CenterSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Viktor Weninger
- Department of OrthopaedicsSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Katinka Baross
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Bence Kovács
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Gergely Soós
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - György Kocsis
- Department of OrthopaedicsSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Centre for Translational MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
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Aurégan JC, Bosser C, Bachy-Razzouk M, Bensidhoum M, Hoc T. In Vivo Assessment of Skin Surface Pattern: Exploring Its Potential as an Indicator of Bone Biomechanical Properties. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1338. [PMID: 38135929 PMCID: PMC10741173 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of bone tissue are the result of a complex process involving collagen-crystal interactions. The mineral density of the bone tissue is correlated with bone strength, whereas the characteristics of collagen are often associated with the ductility and toughness of the bone. From a clinical perspective, bone mineral density alone does not satisfactorily explain skeletal fragility. However, reliable in vivo markers of collagen quality that can be easily used in clinical practice are not available. Hence, the objective of the present study is to examine the relationship between skin surface morphology and changes in the mechanical properties of the bone. An experimental study was conducted on healthy children (n = 11), children with osteogenesis imperfecta (n = 13), and women over 60 years of age (n = 22). For each patient, the skin characteristic length (SCL) of the forearm skin surface was measured. The SCL quantifies the geometric patterns formed by wrinkles on the skin's surface, both in terms of size and elongation. The greater the SCL, the more deficient was the organic collagen matrix. In addition, the bone volume fraction and mechanical properties of the explanted femoral head were determined for the elderly female group. The mean SCL values of the healthy children group were significantly lower than those of the elderly women and osteogenesis imperfecta groups. For the aged women group, no significant differences were indicated in the elastic mechanical parameters, whereas bone toughness and ductility decreased significantly as the SCL increased. In conclusion, in bone collagen pathology or bone aging, the SCL is significantly impaired. This in vivo skin surface parameter can be a non-invasive tool to improve the estimation of bone matrix quality and to identify subjects at high risk of bone fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Aurégan
- B3OA, UMR CNRS 7052, Inserm U1271 Université de Paris, 10 avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; (J.-C.A.); (M.B.-R.); (M.B.)
- Orthopedics Department, Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, 157, Rue de la Porte-de-Trivaux, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Catherine Bosser
- HealthDataSciences, 45, Chemin du Barthélémy, 69260 Charbonnières-les-Bains, France
| | - Manon Bachy-Razzouk
- B3OA, UMR CNRS 7052, Inserm U1271 Université de Paris, 10 avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; (J.-C.A.); (M.B.-R.); (M.B.)
- Orthopedics Department, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, 26, Avenue du Docteur-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Morad Bensidhoum
- B3OA, UMR CNRS 7052, Inserm U1271 Université de Paris, 10 avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; (J.-C.A.); (M.B.-R.); (M.B.)
| | - Thierry Hoc
- B3OA, UMR CNRS 7052, Inserm U1271 Université de Paris, 10 avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; (J.-C.A.); (M.B.-R.); (M.B.)
- Mechanical Department, École Centrale de Lyon, MSGMGC, 36, Avenue Guy-de-Collongue, 69134 Ecully, France
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Biomechanical properties and clinical significance of cancellous bone in proximal femur: A review. Injury 2023:S0020-1383(23)00251-6. [PMID: 36922271 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Trabecular bone plays an important role in the load-bearing capacity of the femur. Understanding the structural characteristics, biomechanics, and mechanical conduction of the trabecular bone is of great value in studying the mechanism of fractures and formulating surgical plans. The past decade has witnessed unprecedented progress in imaging, biomechanics and finite element analysis techniques, translating into a better understanding of trabecular bone. This article reviews the research progress achieved over the years regarding femoral trabecular bone, especially on factors influencing the strength of the proximal femoral cancellous bone and cancellous bone microfractures and provides a comprehensive overview of the latest findings on proximal femoral trabecular bone and their clinical significance.
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Clausing RJ, Stiller A, Kuhn F, Fonseca Ulloa CA, Fölsch C, Kampschulte M, Krombach GA, Rickert M, Jahnke A. Measuring Young's modulus of single trabeculae in cancellous bone using a two-point bending test. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 102:105875. [PMID: 36634601 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.105875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKROUND Surgical treatment of proximal humeral fractures poses a major challenge, especially in osteoporotic bone. At present, there appears to exist neither a suitable model for research to optimize the osteosynthesis processes nor are the structural data available which are required for developing such a model. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the microscopic morphology and Young's modulus of cancellous bone from human humeral heads considering osteoporotic changes. METHODS Cylindrical samples were taken from ten fresh-frozen human humeral heads and structural analysis was done with μCT. Ten rod-like trabeculae were prepared from five of the humeral heads each which were measured and tested mechanically. For this purpose, the trabeculae were fixed on a slide and rotated axially under a stereo microscope. The sample cross-section and the depending moment of inertia were extracted from the image data. The samples were then loaded in a 2-point bending test and Young's moduli of the samples were determined. RESULTS It could be shown that with increasing age of the donor, ossified portion of the cancellous bone decreased (p < 0.05). The average degree of mineralization of the bone was 1.24 (±0.06) g/mm3, which decreased with increasing age (p < 0.05). The determined Young's modulus averaged 1.33 (±1.76) GPa. INTERPRETATION The verified structural parameter showed osteoporotic changes in the examined bone. This study for the first time determined Young's modulus of single trabeculae of cancellous bone of osteoporotically altered human humeral heads. Implementing the non-destructive sample measurement before exposure resulted in a methodical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Johannes Clausing
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 29, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Stiller
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 29, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Kuhn
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 29, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Alfonso Fonseca Ulloa
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 29, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Fölsch
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 29, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), Klinikstraße 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marian Kampschulte
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), Klinikstraße 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gabriele A Krombach
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), Klinikstraße 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Rickert
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 29, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), Klinikstraße 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Jahnke
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 29, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Kuhn F, Clausing RJ, Stiller A, Fonseca Ulloa CA, Foelsch C, Rickert M, Jahnke A. Determination of E-modulus of cancellous bone derived from human humeri and validation of plotted single trabeculae: Development of a standardized humerus bone model. J Orthop 2022; 33:48-54. [PMID: 35855729 PMCID: PMC9287625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of the mechanical behavior of the microstructure of cancellous bone seems important for the understanding of the mechanical behavior of bone. Prevention and treatment of fragility fractures due to osteoporosis is a major challenge according to ageing population. A bone model might help to assess fracture risk. Measurement of single trabeculae of bone should give further information compared with bone densitometry alone. This study measures the mechanical properties of single cancellous trabeculae derived from human proximal humerus. Methods 34 single trabeculae dissected from human humeral heads were measured and evaluated mechanically. Trabeculae were fixed on microscope slides and geometrical data were reported during axial rotation of the specimens to measure the transverse section using computer aided design (CAD). The samples were subjected to a two-point bending test and were loaded with a measure-stamp at a defined distance. Force and deflection were measured by high-resolution sensors. The E-modulus was then calculated in combination with finite elements method simulation (FEM), using the previously obtained CAD-Data. Results The average E-modulus from 34 valid measurements of human humeral trabeculae was 1678 MPa with a range from 829 to 3396 MPa, which is consistent with existing literature. The planned additional validation of the measurement method using manufactured three-dimensional synthetic trabeculae with known mechanical properties showed an average elastic modulus of single trabeculae of 51.5 MPa, being two dimensions lower than the value reported in the datasheet of the plastic. Conclusion This newly developed, time and cost-efficient procedure allows the measurement of E-modulus in single trabeculae. Measurement of mechanic parameters of single trabeculae might give insights on mechanic behavior of bone and be relevant for the research of systemic bone diseases, complementing the existing data on bone-mineral-density. Further examination of single trabeculae of human cancellous bone should give an insight on the mechanical behavior of bone also considering systemic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kuhn
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 29, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rasmus Johannes Clausing
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 29, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Stiller
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 29, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Alfonso Fonseca Ulloa
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 29, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Foelsch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), Klinikstraße 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Rickert
- Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), Klinikstraße 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Jahnke
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 29, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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10
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Yamada S, Fukasawa K, Suzuki Y, Takahashi Y, Todoh M, Tadano S. The role of geometrical features of the microarchitecture in the cancellous stiffness of the bovine femoral bone. Med Eng Phys 2022; 105:103823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Wu D, Joffre T, Mägi CÖ, Ferguson SJ, Persson C, Isaksson P. A combined experimental and numerical method to estimate the elastic modulus of single trabeculae. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 125:104879. [PMID: 34736021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The elastic modulus at the single trabecular level is an important parameter for the understanding of the mechanical behavior of trabecular bone. Current methods are commonly limited by the irregular trabecular shape and the accuracy of displacement measurement. The aim of this study was to propose a method to estimate the trabecular modulus overcoming some of these limitations. For high-precision displacement measurements, in-situ compression within a synchrotron radiation based X-ray tomograph was used. Trabecular displacements were subsequently estimated by a global digital volume correlation algorithm, followed by high-resolution finite element analyses to account for the irregular geometry. The trabecular elastic moduli were then estimated by comparing the loads from the finite element analyses with those of the experiments. With this strategy, the average elastic modulus was estimated to 3.83 ± 0.54 GPa for three human trabeculae samples. Though limited by the sample size, the demonstrated method shows a potential to estimate the mechanical properties at the single trabecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Applied Materials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Joffre
- Applied Materials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden; Solid Mechanics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Caroline Öhman Mägi
- Applied Materials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Persson
- Applied Materials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Per Isaksson
- Solid Mechanics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden
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12
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Krings W, Kovalev A, Gorb SN. Collective effect of damage prevention in taenioglossan radular teeth is related to the ecological niche in Paludomidae (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea). Acta Biomater 2021; 135:458-472. [PMID: 34358696 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The molluscan radula, a thin membrane with embedded rows of teeth, is the structure for food processing and gathering. For proper functioning, radular failures must be either avoided or reduced when interacting with the preferred food, as this might be of high significance for the individual fitness. Thus, the analysis of structural failure in radular teeth could be included in studies on trophic specializations. Here, we tested the failure of non-mineralized, chitinous radular teeth from taxa, belonging to an African paludomid species flock from Lake Tanganyika and surrounding river systems. These species are of high interest for evolutionary biologists since they represent a potential result of an adaptive radiation including trophic specialisations to distinct substrates, the food is attached to. In a biomechanical experiment a shear load was applied to tooth cusps with a force transducer connected to a motorized stage until structural failure occurred. Subsequently broken areas were measured and breaking stress was calculated. As the experiments were carried out under dry and wet conditions, the high influence of the water content on the forces, teeth were capable to resist, could be documented. Wet teeth were able to resist higher forces, because of their increased flexibility and the flexibility of the embedding membrane, which enabled them either to slip away or to gain support from adjacent teeth. This mechanism can be understood as collective effect reducing structural failure without the mineralisation with wear-minimizing elements, as described for Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda. Since the documented mechanical behaviour of radular teeth and the maximal forces, teeth resist, can directly be related to the gastropod ecological niche, both are here identified as an adaptation to preferred feeding substrates. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The radula, a chitinous membrane with teeth, is the molluscan feeding structure. Here we add onto existing knowledge about the relationship between tooth's mechanical properties and species' ecology by determining the tooth failure resistance. Six paludomid species (Gastropoda) of a prominent species flock from Lake Tanganyika, foraging on distinct feeding substrates, were tested. With a force transducer wet and dry teeth were broken, revealing the high influence of water content on mechanical behaviour and force resistance of teeth. Higher forces were needed to break wet radulae due to an increased flexibility of teeth and membrane, which resulted in an interlocking or twisting of teeth. Mechanical behaviour and force resistance were both identified as trophic adaptations to feeding substrate.
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13
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Frank M, Reisinger AG, Pahr DH, Thurner PJ. Effects of Osteoporosis on Bone Morphometry and Material Properties of Individual Human Trabeculae in the Femoral Head. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10503. [PMID: 34189388 PMCID: PMC8216141 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease and is conventionally classified as a decrease of total bone mass. Current diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on clinical risk factors and dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, but changes in bone quantity (bone mass) and quality (trabecular structure, material properties, and tissue composition) are not distinguished. Yet, osteoporosis is known to cause a deterioration of the trabecular network, which might be related to changes at the tissue scale—the material properties. The goal of the current study was to use a previously established test method to perform a thorough characterization of the material properties of individual human trabeculae from femoral heads in cyclic tensile tests in a close to physiologic, wet environment. A previously developed rheological model was used to extract elastic, viscous, and plastic aspects of material behavior. Bone morphometry and tissue mineralization were determined with a density calibrated micro‐computed tomography (μCT) set‐up. Osteoporotic trabeculae neither showed a significantly changed material or mechanical behavior nor changes in tissue mineralization, compared with age‐matched healthy controls. However, donors with osteopenia indicated significantly reduced apparent yield strain and elastic work with respect to osteoporosis, suggesting possible initial differences at disease onset. Bone morphometry indicated a lower bone volume to total volume for osteoporotic donors, caused by a smaller trabecular number and a larger trabecular separation. A correlation of age with tissue properties and bone morphometry revealed a similar behavior as in osteoporotic bone. In the range studied, age does affect morphometry but not material properties, except for moderately increased tissue strength in healthy donors and moderately increased hardening exponent in osteoporotic donors. Taken together, the distinct changes of trabecular bone quality in the femoral head caused by osteoporosis and aging could not be linked to suspected relevant changes in material properties or tissue mineralization. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frank
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics TU Wien Gumpendorfer Straße 7 Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - Andreas G Reisinger
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Division Biomechanics Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30 Krems 3500 Austria
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics TU Wien Gumpendorfer Straße 7 Vienna 1060 Austria.,Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Division Biomechanics Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30 Krems 3500 Austria
| | - Philipp J Thurner
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics TU Wien Gumpendorfer Straße 7 Vienna 1060 Austria
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14
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Open cell polyurethane foam compression failure characterization and its relationship to morphometry. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111754. [PMID: 33545895 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Open cell polyurethane foams are often used as cancellous bone surrogates because of their similarities in morphology and mechanical response. In this work, open cell polyurethane foams of three different densities are characterized from morphometric and mechanical perspectives. The analysis of micro-computed tomography images has revealed that the high density foams present the greatest inhomogeneities. Those inhomogeneities promoted the failure location. We have used the finite element models as a tool to estimate elastic and failure properties that can be used in numerical modeling. Furthermore, we have assessed the anisotropic mechanical response of the foams, whose differences are related to the morphometric inhomogeneities. We found significant relationships between morphometry and the elastic and failure response. The detailed information about morphometry, elastic constants and strength limits provided in this work can be of interest to researchers and practitioners that often use these polyurethane foams in orthopedic implants and cement augmentation evaluations.
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15
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Reisinger AG, Frank M, Thurner PJ, Pahr DH. A two-layer elasto-visco-plastic rheological model for the material parameter identification of bone tissue. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:2149-2162. [PMID: 32377934 PMCID: PMC7603462 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to measure bone tissue material properties plays a major role in diagnosis of diseases and material modeling. Bone's response to loading is complex and shows a viscous contribution to stiffness, yield and failure. It is also ductile and damaging and exhibits plastic hardening until failure. When performing mechanical tests on bone tissue, these constitutive effects are difficult to quantify, as only their combination is visible in resulting stress-strain data. In this study, a methodology for the identification of stiffness, damping, yield stress and hardening coefficients of bone from a single cyclic tensile test is proposed. The method is based on a two-layer elasto-visco-plastic rheological model that is capable of reproducing the specimens' pre- and postyield response. The model's structure enables for capturing the viscously induced increase in stiffness, yield, and ultimate stress and for a direct computation of the loss tangent. Material parameters are obtained in an inverse approach by optimizing the model response to fit the experimental data. The proposed approach is demonstrated by identifying material properties of individual bone trabeculae that were tested under wet conditions. The mechanical tests were conducted according to an already published methodology for tensile experiments on single trabeculae. As a result, long-term and instantaneous Young's moduli were obtained, which were on average 3.64 GPa and 5.61 GPa, respectively. The found yield stress of 16.89 MPa was lower than previous studies suggest, while the loss tangent of 0.04 is in good agreement. In general, the two-layer model was able to reproduce the cyclic mechanical test data of single trabeculae with an root-mean-square error of 2.91 ± 1.77 MPa. The results show that inverse rheological modeling can be of great advantage when multiple constitutive contributions shall be quantified based on a single mechanical measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G Reisinger
- Division Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria.
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Frank
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp J Thurner
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Division Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Turunen MJ, Le Cann S, Tudisco E, Lovric G, Patera A, Hall SA, Isaksson H. Sub-trabecular strain evolution in human trabecular bone. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13788. [PMID: 32796859 PMCID: PMC7429852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To comprehend the most detrimental characteristics behind bone fractures, it is key to understand the material and tissue level strain limits and their relation to failure sites. The aim of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional strain distribution and its evolution during loading at the sub-trabecular level in trabecular bone tissue. Human cadaver trabecular bone samples were compressed in situ until failure, while imaging with high-resolution synchrotron radiation X-ray tomography. Digital volume correlation was used to determine the strains inside the trabeculae. Regions without emerging damage were compared to those about to crack. Local strains in close vicinity of developing cracks were higher than previously reported for a whole trabecular structure and similar to those reported for single isolated trabeculae. Early literature on bone fracture strain thresholds at the tissue level seem to underestimate the maximum strain magnitudes in trabecular bone. Furthermore, we found lower strain levels and a reduced ability to capture detailed crack-paths with increased image voxel size. This highlights the dependence between the observed strain levels and the voxel size and that high-resolution is needed to investigate behavior of individual trabeculae. Furthermore, low trabecular thickness appears to be one predictor of developing cracks. In summary, this study investigated the local strains in whole trabecular structure at sub-trabecular resolution in human bone and confirmed the high strain magnitudes reported for single trabeculae under loading and, importantly extends its translation to the whole trabecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael J Turunen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sophie Le Cann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erika Tudisco
- Division of Geotechnical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Goran Lovric
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Centre D'Imagerie BioMédicale, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Institute of advanced Neutron and X-ray Science (LINXS), Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Orthopaedics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Dehydration of individual bovine trabeculae causes transition from ductile to quasi-brittle failure mode. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 87:296-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Wu D, Isaksson P, Ferguson SJ, Persson C. Young's modulus of trabecular bone at the tissue level: A review. Acta Biomater 2018; 78:1-12. [PMID: 30081232 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The tissue-level Young's modulus of trabecular bone is important for detailed mechanical analysis of bone and bone-implant mechanical interactions. However, the heterogeneity and small size of the trabecular struts complicate an accurate determination. Methods such as micro-mechanical testing of single trabeculae, ultrasonic testing, and nanoindentation have been used to estimate the trabecular Young's modulus. This review summarizes and classifies the trabecular Young's moduli reported in the literature. Information on species, anatomic site, and test condition of the samples has also been gathered. Advantages and disadvantages of the different methods together with recent developments are discussed, followed by some suggestions for potential improvement for future work. In summary, this review provides a thorough introduction to the approaches used for determining trabecular Young's modulus, highlights important considerations when applying these methods and summarizes the reported Young's modulus for follow-up studies on trabecular properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The spongy trabecular bone provides mechanical support while maintaining a low weight. A correct measure of its mechanical properties at the tissue level, i.e. at a single-trabecula level, is crucial for analysis of interactions between bone and implants, necessary for understanding e.g. bone healing mechanisms. In this study, we comprehensively summarize the Young's moduli of trabecular bone estimated by currently available methods, and report their dependency on different factors. The critical review of different methods with recent updates is intended to inspire improvements in estimating trabecular Young's modulus. It is strongly suggested to report detailed information on the tested bone to enable statistical analysis in the future.
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19
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Fan R, Liu J, Jia Z, Deng Y, Liu J. Determination of a tissue-level failure evaluation standard for rat femoral cortical bone utilizing a hybrid computational-experimental method. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2017; 232:80-89. [PMID: 29165039 DOI: 10.1177/0954411917743275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Macro-level failure in bone structure could be diagnosed by pain or physical examination. However, diagnosing tissue-level failure in a timely manner is challenging due to the difficulty in observing the interior mechanical environment of bone tissue. Because most fractures begin with tissue-level failure in bone tissue caused by continually applied loading, people attempt to monitor the tissue-level failure of bone and provide corresponding measures to prevent fracture. Many tissue-level mechanical parameters of bone could be predicted or measured; however, the value of the parameter may vary among different specimens belonging to a kind of bone structure even at the same age and anatomical site. These variations cause difficulty in representing tissue-level bone failure. Therefore, determining an appropriate tissue-level failure evaluation standard is necessary to represent tissue-level bone failure. In this study, the yield and failure processes of rat femoral cortical bones were primarily simulated through a hybrid computational-experimental method. Subsequently, the tissue-level strains and the ratio between tissue-level failure and yield strains in cortical bones were predicted. The results indicated that certain differences existed in tissue-level strains; however, slight variations in the ratio were observed among different cortical bones. Therefore, the ratio between tissue-level failure and yield strains for a kind of bone structure could be determined. This ratio may then be regarded as an appropriate tissue-level failure evaluation standard to represent the mechanical status of bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxun Fan
- 1 Department of Automotive Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- 1 Department of Automotive Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhengbin Jia
- 2 Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ying Deng
- 3 School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- 4 Hand & Foot Surgery and Reparative & Reconstructive Surgery Center, No. 2 Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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20
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Yamada S, Tadano S, Fukasawa K. Micro-cantilever bending for elastic modulus measurements of a single trabecula in cancellous bone. J Biomech 2016; 49:4124-4127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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REN LI, WANG ZHE, HUANG LINGWEI, YANG PENGFEI, SHANG PENG. TECHNOLOGIES FOR STRAIN ASSESSMENT FROM WHOLE BONE TO MINERALIZED OSTEOID LEVEL: A CRITICAL REVIEW. J MECH MED BIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519416300027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone has distinctive structures and mechanical properties at the whole bone, perilacunar and mineralized osteoid levels. A systematic understanding of bone strain magnitudes at different anatomical levels and their internal interactions is the prerequisite to advances in bone mechanobiology. However, due to the intrinsic shortcomings of the strain-measuring technologies, the systematic assessment of bone strain at different anatomical levels under physiological conditions and a deep understanding of their internal interactions are still restricted. To promote technological advances and provide systematic and valuable information for mechanical engineers and bone biomechanical researchers, the most useful methods for measuring bone strain at different anatomical levels are demonstrated in this review, and suggestions for the future development of the technologies and their potential integrated applications are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- LI REN
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - ZHE WANG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - LINGWEI HUANG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - PENGFEI YANG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - PENG SHANG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
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22
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Fan R, Gong H, Zhang R, Gao J, Jia Z, Hu Y. Quantification of Age-Related Tissue-Level Failure Strains of Rat Femoral Cortical Bones Using an Approach Combining Macrocompressive Test and Microfinite Element Analysis. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:041006. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4032798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone mechanical properties vary with age; meanwhile, a close relationship exists among bone mechanical properties at different levels. Therefore, conducting multilevel analyses for bone structures with different ages are necessary to elucidate the effects of aging on bone mechanical properties at different levels. In this study, an approach that combined microfinite element (micro-FE) analysis and macrocompressive test was established to simulate the failure of male rat femoral cortical bone. Micro-FE analyses were primarily performed for rat cortical bones with different ages to simulate their failure processes under compressive load. Tissue-level failure strains in tension and compression of these cortical bones were then back-calculated by fitting the experimental stress–strain curves. Thus, tissue-level failure strains of rat femoral cortical bones with different ages were quantified. The tissue-level failure strain exhibited a biphasic behavior with age: in the period of skeletal maturity (1–7 months of age), the failure strain gradually increased; when the rat exceeded 7 months of age, the failure strain sharply decreased. In the period of skeletal maturity, both the macro- and tissue-levels mechanical properties showed a large promotion. In the period of skeletal aging (9–15 months of age), the tissue-level mechanical properties sharply deteriorated; however, the macromechanical properties only slightly deteriorated. The age-related changes in tissue-level failure strain were revealed through the analysis of male rat femoral cortical bones with different ages, which provided a theoretical basis to understand the relationship between rat cortical bone mechanical properties at macro- and tissue-levels and decrease of bone strength with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Nanling Campus, Changchun 130025, China e-mail:
| | - He Gong
- Professor State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Nanling Campus, Changchun 130025, China e-mail:
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Nanling Campus, Changchun 130025, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 10000, China e-mail:
| | - Jiazi Gao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Nanling Campus, Changchun 130025, China e-mail:
| | - Zhengbin Jia
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Nanling Campus, Changchun 130025, China e-mail:
| | - Yanjuan Hu
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130025, China e-mail:
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23
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Theoretical effects of fully ductile versus fully brittle behaviors of bone tissue on the strength of the human proximal femur and vertebral body. J Biomech 2015; 48:1264-9. [PMID: 25828400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the ductility of bone tissue on whole-bone strength represents a fundamental issue of multi-scale biomechanics. To gain insight, we performed a computational study of 16 human proximal femurs and 12 T9 vertebral bodies, comparing the whole-bone strength for the two hypothetical bounding cases of fully brittle versus fully ductile tissue-level failure behaviors, all other factors, including tissue-level elastic modulus and yield stress, held fixed. For each bone, a finite element model was generated (60-82 μm element size; up to 120 million elements) and was virtually loaded in habitual (stance for femur, compression for vertebra) and non-habitual (sideways fall, only for femur) loading modes. Using a geometrically and materially non-linear model, the tissue was assumed to be either fully brittle or fully ductile. We found that, under habitual loading, changing the tissue behavior from fully ductile to fully brittle reduced whole-bone strength by 38.3±2.4% (mean±SD) and 39.4±1.9% for the femur and vertebra, respectively (p=0.39 for site difference). These reductions were remarkably uniform across bones, but (for the femur) were greater for non-habitual (57.1±4.7%) than habitual loading (p<0.001). At overall structural failure, there was 5-10-fold less failed tissue for the fully brittle than fully ductile cases. These theoretical results suggest that the whole-bone strength of the proximal femur and vertebra can vary substantially between fully brittle and fully ductile tissue-level behaviors, an effect that is relatively insensitive to bone morphology but greater for non-habitual loading.
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24
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Prediction of local ultimate strain and toughness of trabecular bone tissue by Raman material composition analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:457371. [PMID: 25695083 PMCID: PMC4324117 DOI: 10.1155/2015/457371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that bone mineral density correlates with fracture risk at the population level but does not correlate with individual fracture risk well. Current research aims to better understand the failure mechanism of bone and to identify key determinants of bone quality, thus improving fracture risk prediction. To get a better understanding of bone strength, it is important to analyze tissue-level properties not influenced by macro- or microarchitectural factors. The aim of this pilot study was to identify whether and to what extent material properties are correlated with mechanical properties at the tissue level. The influence of macro- or microarchitectural factors was excluded by testing individual trabeculae. Previously reported data of mechanical parameters measured in single trabeculae under tension and bending and its compositional properties measured by Raman spectroscopy was evaluated. Linear and multivariate regressions show that bone matrix quality but not quantity was significantly and independently correlated with the tissue-level ultimate strain and postyield work (r = 0.65–0.94). Principal component analysis extracted three independent components explaining 86% of the total variance, representing elastic, yield, and ultimate components according to the included mechanical parameters. Some matrix parameters were both included in the ultimate component, indicating that the variation in ultimate strain and postyield work could be largely explained by Raman-derived compositional parameters.
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25
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Yamada S, Tadano S, Fukuda S. Nanostructure and elastic modulus of single trabecula in bovine cancellous bone. J Biomech 2014; 47:3482-7. [PMID: 25267574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the elastic modulus of trabeculae using tensile tests and assess the effects of nanostructure at the hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystal scale on the elastic modulus. In the experiments, 18 trabeculae that were at least 3mm in length in the proximal epiphysis of three adult bovine femurs were used. Tensile tests were conducted using a small tensile testing device coupled with microscopy under air-dried condition. The c-axis orientation of HAp crystals and the degree of orientation were measured by X-ray diffraction. To observe the deformation behavior of HAp crystals under tensile loading, the same tensile tests were conducted in X-ray diffraction measurements. The mineral content of specimens was evaluated using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The elastic modulus of a single trabecula varied from 4.5 to 23.6 GPa, and the average was 11.5 ± 5.0 GPa. The c-axis of HAp crystals was aligned with the trabecular axis and the crystals were lineally deformed under tensile loading. The ratio of the HAp crystal strain to the tissue strain (strain ratio) had a significant correlation with the elastic modulus (r=0.79; P<0.001). However, the mineral content and the degree of orientation did not vary widely and did not correlate with the elastic modulus in this study. It suggests that the strain ratio may represent the nanostructure of a single trabecula and would determine the elastic modulus as well as mineral content and orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamada
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tadano
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Sakurako Fukuda
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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