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Teng WS, Yew HZ, Jamadon NH, Qamaruz Zaman J, Meor Ahmad MI, Muchtar A. Effect of porcelain veneering technique in bilayered zirconia on bond strength and residual stress distribution. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 151:106361. [PMID: 38176199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The use of all porcelain materials in dentistry has significantly increased in recent years. However, chipping has remained a common problem that affects bilayered zirconia restorations. Bonding between porcelain and the underlying zirconia framework is crucial to the success of the restoration. The bond strength may be affected by such factors as residual thermal stress and the veneering technique. This research focuses on investigating the potential and constraints of materials through an examination of the porcelain veneering technique, particularly hand-layering and heat-pressing. Forty-two cylindrical disc samples of zirconia (n = 7/group) were fabricated in the dimensions of 10 × 1.2 mm (diameter [D] × height [H]). The zirconia specimens were milled from IPS e.max® ZirCad [Z] block and Luxen Zr [L] block (n = 21/zirconia). The zirconia cores were layered with IPS e.max® Zirliner and heat-pressed with IPS e.max® ZirPress to produce a final veneer dimension of 5 × 3 mm (D × H). Conventional layering was performed for the rest of the zirconia cores using IPS e.max® Ceram and Shofu Vintage Zr. The final study groups were Luxen-Vintage (LV), Luxen-Ceram (LC), Luxen Zirpress (LP), ZirCad-Vintage (ZV), ZirCad-Ceram (ZC) and ZirCad-Zirpress (ZP). Five samples were subjected to shear bond testing (SBS) with a universal testing machine with a 5 kN load cell and 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed (n = 5/group). A sample underwent nanoindentation, and another was sectioned using Isomet machine to study the bonding interface. One-way ANOVA was used to run the statistical analyses of the SBS test. Statistical differences were found between ZV with LC and LP (p < 0.05). Residual stress is estimated to be higher in the middle of the porcelain compared with that on the surface and the interface. FESEM imaging reveals portions of visible bare zirconia on Luxen zirconia, whilst crack propagation occurred through voids in all hand-layered groups. Heat-pressed veneering showed comparable but not superior results to conventional hand-layered veneering. Heat-pressed veneering produced similar stress distribution profiles compared with hand-layered veneering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sheng Teng
- Restorative Department, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Hsu Zenn Yew
- Restorative Department, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Nashrah Hani Jamadon
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Jasmina Qamaruz Zaman
- Restorative Department, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Meor Iqram Meor Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Andanastuti Muchtar
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia
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Seyedi D, Valizadeh S, Ghodsi S, Salimi K, Atri F. Effect of Nonthermal Plasma on Shear Bond Strength of Translucent Zirconia in Layering Ceramic. Int J Dent 2023; 2023:6639030. [PMID: 37223394 PMCID: PMC10202598 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6639030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Today, various methods are used to increase the bond strength of zirconia in layering ceramics. This study evaluated the effects of nonthermal argon plasma on zirconia shear bond strength to layering porcelain. Materials and Method. In this experimental study, 42 square blocks of zirconia were prepared and randomly divided into three groups (n = 14) according to the applying surface treatment: (1) the control group (without any surface treatment), (2) the plasma-treated group with argon nonthermal plasma, and (3) the air abrasion group with 50 µm Al2O3 particles. All samples were layered with porcelain. One sample from each group was evaluated by electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the cross-sectional area of the zirconia-ceramic bond. The rest of the specimens were subjected to thermocycling with 5,000 baths to imitate the aging process in the mouth and then were tested for shear bond strength. The failure pattern of the samples was examined by stereomicroscope. Bond strength data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test in three groups and Tamhane post hoc test in pairs. The significance level of p-value was considered 0.05. Results The shear bond strength of the plasma-treated group was significantly higher than the control group (p = 0.032) but the shear bond strength between the sandblast and the plasma-treated group was not significantly different (p = 0.656). The shear bond strength between the sandblast and the control group was also not significant (p = 0.202). Regarding the mode of failure, failures were mostly adhesive and then mixed. Examination of the samples under SEM showed that the bond area is the thickest in the sandblast group and also the surface roughness is the highest in the sandblast group and the lowest in the control group. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the use of nonthermal argon plasma treatment is an effective way to enhance the quality and quantity of shear bond strength between layering porcelain and zirconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Seyedi
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Valizadeh
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safoura Ghodsi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Salimi
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Atri
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Surface characterization of different surface treatments associations with plasma and bonding analysis of Y-TZP and the veneering ceramic. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1873-1883. [PMID: 34702557 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the surface of zirconia (Y-TZP) submitted to different surface treatments (with and without plasma associations) and to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) between veneering ceramic (VC) and Y-TZP after different aging methods. METHODS 301 Y-TZP specimens were fabricated and distributed into 7 groups: C (control): no treatment; Al: airborne abrasion with 27 μm Al2O3 particle; L: liner; P: plasma; Al + L: airborne + liner; Al + P: airborne + plasma; P + L: plasma + liner. The Y-TZP surface was characterized by SEM, EDS, AFM, surface profilometry, surface-free energy (SFE), and XRD. SBS between Y-TZP and VC was verified after three aging protocols: initial, after hydrothermal aging (autoclave for 5 h), or thermal fatigue (30,000 baths - 5-55 °C). One- (profilometry, SFE) and two-way ANOVA (SBS), and Tukey's HSD test were used. RESULTS For the plasma groups, a full globular surface coverage was observed (SEM, AFM). Si was found for Al, L, Al + L, and P + L. Roughness was lower for C, P, and Al + P. For SFE, the highest values were found when the liner was applied (>74.59 nm/Nm). The highest monoclinic content was observed for Al + L (6.96%) and Al + P (5.86%). For the initial period, Al and P + L presented the lowest SBS values (<5.85 MPa; P > 0.331). The highest SBS values were found for L, P, and P + L (hydrothermal aging) and for P, L, Al + L, and Al + P (thermal fatigue). SIGNIFICANCE Changes in Y-TZP topography and the SBS with the VC were found, according to treatments performed. Plasma treatment improved SBS and did not cause phase transformation.
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Oğuz Eİ, Özgür ME, Sungur S, Üçtaşlı S. Impact of multiple firings and resin cement type on shear bond strength between zirconia and resin cements. J Adv Prosthodont 2020; 12:197-203. [PMID: 32879709 PMCID: PMC7449820 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2020.12.4.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of multiple firings on the bond strength between yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) and 2 types of resin cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty 3Y-TZP specimens (LAVA Frame Multi) were divided into 3 groups depending on the following firing procedures: (1) 2-firing cycles, (2) 5-firing cycles, (3) 10-firing cycles. Two samples from each group were investigated by using SEM to determine the morphological changes. All specimens were treated with 125 µm airborne-particle abrasion and the surface roughness of each specimen was measured. The specimens from each firing group were then further divided into 2 subgroups (n = 9) to apply 2 types of resin cement (MDP-free resin cement: RelyX Unicem-RU, and MDP containing resin cement: Panavia F 2.0-PA). The shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed and failure types of all the debonded specimens were classified by using a stereomicroscope as adhesive, cohesive, and mixed. The statistical analysis of surface roughness and SBS data were performed by using 1-way ANOVA and 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-HSD tests (α=.05). Failure modes were calculated as a percentage for each group. RESULTS The bond strength of RU and PA to the specimens obtained with 2 firings were not statistically different from each other (P=.1). However, the SBS values of PA were found to be significantly higher than RU for the specimens obtained with 5 and 10 firing cycles (P=.001 and P=.02, respectively). Surface roughness analysis revealed no statistical difference between groups (P=.2). The SEM analysis of samples fired 5- and 10- times showed irregularities and boundary loss in zirconia grains, and empty spaces between zirconia grains. CONCLUSION The bond strength of PA cement was higher than that of RU to the zirconia subjected to repeated firings (5 and 10 firing cycles). When zirconia is subjected to multiple firings, using MDP-containing resin cement can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece İrem Oğuz
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Erdoğ Özgür
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sercan Sungur
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sadullah Üçtaşlı
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Glass coatings to enhance the interfacial bond strength between veneering ceramic and zirconia. Odontology 2020; 108:415-423. [PMID: 32086641 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the tensile bond strength (TBS) and shear bond strength (SBS) between a zirconia core and fluoroapatite-pressed ceramic after the application of glass 46SP6 and AP40 via the ISO-17095:2013 methodology. Sintered zirconia beams (n = 120) were divided into four groups: (a) control: no treatment; (b) ZirL: IPS-E max ceram ZirLiner coating; (c) glass AP40 coating; and (d) glass 46SP6 coating. A fluoroapatite ceramic (IPS e.max Zir Press, Ivoclar Vivadent) beam was injected perpendicularly on top of each zirconia (Zenostar, Wieland Dental) beam forming a cross-bonded specimen. All groups were sub-divided into two for tensile and shear bond strength tests using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson Chi2, and Mann-Whitney U test (α = 0.05). The failure modes were measured using a stereomicroscope for each group. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy were also employed. Zirconia surface modification with glass AP40 showed higher TBS values followed by the ZirL group with statistical differences (p < 0.05). SBS values showed no statistical differences between the groups. AFM analysis showed higher roughness values (Ra) in the 46SP6 and AP40 groups (p < 0.05). Glass coating AP40 exhibited promising bond strength results between zirconia and fluorapatite veneering ceramic, making it better for chemical and mechanical interlocking which may improve bilayered restorations longevity.
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Abdullah AO, Hui Y, Sun X, Pollington S, Muhammed FK, Liu Y. Effects of different surface treatments on the shear bond strength of veneering ceramic materials to zirconia. J Adv Prosthodont 2019; 11:65-74. [PMID: 30847051 PMCID: PMC6400704 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2019.11.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and compare the effect of different materials and techniques on the shear bond strength of veneering ceramic materials to zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS 136 sintered zirconia cubes were prepared and randomly divided into four study groups according to corresponding methods of surface treatment and materials: GLN (grinding followed by laser scanning using Noritake Cerabien ZR), SLN (sandblasting followed by laser scanning using Noritake Cerabien ZR), GLV (grinding followed by laser scanning using VITA VM 9), and SLV (sandblasting followed by laser scanning using VITA VM 9). Spraying technique was performed to coat the core. Profilometer, SEM, XRD, EDS, universal testing machine, and stereomicroscope were used to record surface roughness Ra, surface morphology, phase transformation, elemental compositions, shear bond strength SBS values, and failure types, respectively. Specimens were investigated in unaged (not immersed in artificial saliva) and aged (stored in artificial saliva for a month) conditions to evaluate SBS values. RESULTS Grinding and GLN as first and second surface treatments provided satisfactory Ra values in both conditions (1.05 ± 0.24 µm, 1.30 ± 0.21 µm) compared to sandblasting and other groups (P<.05). The group GLN showed the highest SBS values in both conditions (30.97 ± 3.12 MPa, 29.09 ± 4.17 MPa), while group SLV recorded the lowest (23.96 ± 3.60 MPa, 22.95 ± 3.68 Mpa) (P<.05). Sandblasting showed phase transformation from t-m. Mixed failure type was the commonest among all groups. CONCLUSION GLN showed to be a reliable method which provided satisfactory bond strength between the veneer ceramic and zirconia. This method might preserve the integrity of fixed dental crowns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Othman Abdullah
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yu Hui
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xudong Sun
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Sarah Pollington
- School of Clinical Dentistry, the University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Fenik Kaml Muhammed
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
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Bitencourt SB, dos Santos DM, da Silva EV, Barão VA, Rangel EC, da Cruz NC, de Souza GM, Goiato MC, Pesqueira AA. Characterisation of a new plasma-enhanced film to improve shear bond strength between zirconia and veneering ceramic. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 92:196-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of two surface-coating methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) of veneering ceramics (VC) to zirconia. Eighty pre-sintered zirconia cubes were randomly assigned into four study groups: E60S, E60P, N60S, and N60P. The zirconia surface was coated with a mixture of two types of glaze and alumina (<60 μm) by airbrush spraying and fine- brush painting. Surface roughness (Ra), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and SBS measurements (both initial and artificial aged conditions, including one month of water storage) were performed. The Ra results revealed significant differences among all groups (p < 0.001). The N60P group exhibited higher values of Ra (5.717 ± 0.20 µm) and SBS before and after water storage with values of 37.22 ± 4.954 MPa and 34.42 ± 3.977 MPa, respectively. The fine-brush coatings showed significantly higher SBS than that of airbrush coatings, in both initial and artificial conditions. Both coating methods and various coating materials (p < 0.001) produced a significant influence on VC-zirconia SBS. A significant correlation between Ra and SBS (Spearman’s rho = 0.808; p < 0.001) was found. The novel coating by fine-brush painting is a promising surface treatment and an easy technique for obtaining a rougher surface, which subsequently improves the bond strength to VC.
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Kim SH, Park CJ, Cho LR, Huh YH. Evaluation of the ceramic liner bonding effect between zirconia and lithium disilicate. J Prosthet Dent 2018; 120:282-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Jang YS, Noh HR, Lee MH, Lim MJ, Bae TS. Effect of Lithium Disilicate Reinforced Liner Treatment on Bond and Fracture Strengths of Bilayered Zirconia All-Ceramic Crown. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11010077. [PMID: 29303973 PMCID: PMC5793575 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the effect of a lithium-disilicate spray-liner application on both the bond strength between zirconia cores and heat-pressed lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic veneers, and the fracture strength of all-ceramic zirconia crowns. A lithium-disilicate reinforced liner was applied on the surface of a zirconia core and lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic was veneered on zirconia through heat press forming. Microtensile and crown fracture tests were conducted in order to evaluate, respectively, the bonding strength between the zirconia cores and heat pressed lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic veneers, and the fracture strength of bilayered zirconia all-ceramic crowns. The role of lithium-disilicate spray-liner at the interface between zirconia and lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic veneers was investigated through surface and cross-sectional analyses. We confirmed that both the mean bonding strength between the zirconia ceramics and lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic veneers and the fracture strength of the liner-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the untreated groups, which resulted, on the one hand, from the chemical bonding at the interface of the zirconia and lithium-disilicate liner, and, on the other, from the existence of a microgap in the group not treated with liner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Seok Jang
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Institute of Biodegradable Materials, BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Hyeong-Rok Noh
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Institute of Biodegradable Materials, BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Institute of Biodegradable Materials, BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Myung-Jin Lim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Tae-Sung Bae
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Institute of Biodegradable Materials, BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
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de Mello CC, Bitencourt SB, dos Santos DM, Pesqueira AA, Pellizzer EP, Goiato MC. The Effect of Surface Treatment on Shear Bond Strength between Y-TZP and Veneer Ceramic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Prosthodont 2017; 27:624-635. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cantieri de Mello
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Campus of Aracatuba Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Sandro Basso Bitencourt
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Campus of Aracatuba Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Daniela Micheline dos Santos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Campus of Aracatuba Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Aldiéris Alves Pesqueira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Campus of Aracatuba Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo Piza Pellizzer
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Campus of Aracatuba Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcelo Coelho Goiato
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Aracatuba Dental School; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Campus of Aracatuba Sao Paulo Brazil
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Spintzyk S, Yamaguchi K, Sawada T, Schille C, Schweizer E, Ozeki M, Geis-Gerstorfer J. Influence of the Conditioning Method for Pre-Sintered Zirconia on the Shear Bond Strength of Bilayered Porcelain/Zirconia. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9090765. [PMID: 28773885 PMCID: PMC5457043 DOI: 10.3390/ma9090765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the bond strength of veneering porcelain with an experimental conditioner-coated zirconia. Pre-sintered Y-TZP specimens (n = 44) were divided in two groups based on conditioning type. After sintering, all sample surfaces were sandblasted and layered with veneering porcelain. Additionally, half of the specimens in each group underwent thermal cycling (10,000 cycles, 5–55 °C), and all shear bond strengths were measured. After testing, the failure mode of each fractured specimen was determined. Differences were tested by parametric and Fisher’s exact tests (α = 0.05). The differences in bond strength were not statistically significant. Adhesive fractures were dominantly observed for the non-thermal cycled specimens. After thermal cycling, the conditioner-coated group showed cohesive and mixed fractures (p = 0.0021), whereas the uncoated group showed more adhesive fractures (p = 0.0021). Conditioning of the pre-sintered Y-TZP did not change the shear bond strength of the veneering porcelain, but did improve the failure mode after thermal cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Spintzyk
- Section Medical Materials Science & Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osiander Strasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Kikue Yamaguchi
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan.
| | - Tomofumi Sawada
- Section Medical Materials Science & Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osiander Strasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Christine Schille
- Section Medical Materials Science & Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osiander Strasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Ernst Schweizer
- Section Medical Materials Science & Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osiander Strasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Masahiko Ozeki
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan.
| | - Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer
- Section Medical Materials Science & Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osiander Strasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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