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Calazans Neto JV, Celles CAS, de Andrade CSAF, Afonso CRM, Nagay BE, Barão VAR. Recent Advances and Prospects in β-type Titanium Alloys for Dental Implants Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:6029-6060. [PMID: 39215386 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys, especially Ti-6Al-4V, are widely studied in implantology for their favorable characteristics. However, challenges remain, such as the high modulus of elasticity and concerns about cytotoxicity. To resolve these issues, research focuses on β-type titanium alloys that incorporate elements such as Mo, Nb, Sn, and Ta to improve corrosion resistance and obtain a lower modulus of elasticity compatible with bone. This review comprehensively examines current β titanium alloys, evaluating their mechanical properties, in particular the modulus of elasticity, and corrosion resistance. To this end, a systematic literature search was carried out, where 81 articles were found to evaluate these outcomes. In addition, this review also covers the formation of the alloy, processing methods such as arc melting, and its physical, mechanical, electrochemical, tribological, and biological characteristics. Because β-Ti alloys have a modulus of elasticity closer to that of human bone compared to other metal alloys, they help reduce stress shielding. This is important because the alloy allows for a more even distribution of forces by having a modulus of elasticity more similar to that of bone. In addition, these alloys show good corrosion resistance due to the formation of a noble titanium oxide layer, facilitated by the incorporation of β stabilizers. These alloys also show significant improvements in mechanical strength and hardness. Finally, they also have lower cytotoxicity and bacterial adhesion, depending on the β stabilizer used. However, there are persistent challenges that require detailed research in critical areas, such as optimizing the composition of the alloy to achieve optimal properties in different clinical applications. In addition, it is crucial to study the long-term effects of implants on the human body and to advance the development of cutting-edge manufacturing techniques to guarantee the quality and biocompatibility of implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V Calazans Neto
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Cícero A S Celles
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Catia S A F de Andrade
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Conrado R M Afonso
- Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Bruna E Nagay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Valentim A R Barão
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
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Konatu RT, Domingues DD, França R, Alves APR. XPS Characterization of TiO 2 Nanotubes Growth on the Surface of the Ti15Zr15Mo Alloy for Biomedical Applications. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:353. [PMID: 37504848 PMCID: PMC10381681 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ti15Zr15Mo (TMZ alloy) has been studied in recent years for biomedical applications, mainly due to phase beta formation. From the surface modification, it is possible to associate the volume and surface properties with a better biomedical response. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using anodization to obtain TiO2 nanotubes due to the presence of valve-type metal (Zr) in their composition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to determine the surface chemical composition in both after-processing conditions (passive layer) and after-processing plus anodization (TiO2 nanotube growth). The anodization resulted in nanotubes with diameters and thicknesses of 126 ± 35 and 1294 ± 193 nm, respectively, and predominated anatase phase. Compared to the passive layer of titanium, which is less than ~10 nm, the oxide layer formed was continuous and thicker. High-resolution spectra revealed that the oxide layer of the element alloys contained different oxidation states. The major phase in all depths for the nanotube samples was TiO2. While the stable form of each oxide was found to predominate on the surface, the inner part of the oxide layer consisted of suboxides and metallic forms. This composition included different oxidation states of the substrate elements Ti, Zr, and Mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginaldo Toshihiro Konatu
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratingueta Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
| | - Danielle Duque Domingues
- School of Engineering, Ilha Solteira Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo 15385-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo França
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W2, Canada
| | - Ana Paula Rosifini Alves
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratingueta Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
- School of Engineering, Ilha Solteira Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo 15385-000, Brazil
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3
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Ashkani O, Tavighi MR, Karamimoghadam M, Moradi M, Bodaghi M, Rezayat M. Influence of Aluminum and Copper on Mechanical Properties of Biocompatible Ti-Mo Alloys: A Simulation-Based Investigation. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14051081. [PMID: 37241705 DOI: 10.3390/mi14051081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of titanium and titanium-based alloys in the human body due to their resistance to corrosion, implant ology and dentistry has led to significant progress in promoting new technologies. Regarding their excellent mechanical, physical and biological performance, new titanium alloys with non-toxic elements and long-term performance in the human body are described today. The main compositions of Ti-based alloys and properties comparable to existing classical alloys (C.P. TI, Ti-6Al-4V, Co-Cr-Mo, etc.) are used for medical applications. The addition of non-toxic elements such as Mo, Cu, Si, Zr and Mn also provides benefits, such as reducing the modulus of elasticity, increasing corrosion resistance and improving biocompatibility. In the present study, when choosing Ti-9Mo alloy, aluminum and copper (Cu) elements were added to it. These two alloys were chosen because one element is considered a favorable element for the body (copper) and the other element is harmful to the body (aluminum). By adding the copper alloy element to the Ti-9Mo alloy, the elastic modulus decreases to a minimum value of 97 GPa, and the aluminum alloy element increases the elastic modulus up to 118 GPa. Due to their similar properties, Ti-Mo-Cu alloys are found to be a good optional alloy to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Ashkani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tavighi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Karaj 3149968111, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Karamimoghadam
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Mahmoud Moradi
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Mohammad Rezayat
- Center for Structural Integrity, Micromechanics, and Reliability of Materials (CIEFMA)-Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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Shehata MM, El-Hadad S, Sherif M, Ibrahim KM, Farahat AIZ, Attia H. Influence of Microstructure and Alloy Composition on the Machinability of α/β Titanium Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:688. [PMID: 36676425 PMCID: PMC9866014 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study was conducted for the machining of two α/β titanium alloys, namely Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) and Ti-6Al-7Nb (Ti67), using wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). The influence of cutting speed and cutting mode on the machined surfaces in terms of surface roughness (Ra), recast layer (RL), and micro-hardness have been evaluated. Rough cut (RC) mode at a cutting speed of 50 µm/s resulted in thermal damage; Ra was equal to 5.68 ± 0.44 and 4.52 ± 0.35 µm for Ti64 and Ti67, respectively. Trim-cut mode using seven cuts (TRC-VII) at the same speed decreased the Ra to 1.02 ± 0.20 µm for Ti64 and 0.92 ± 0.10 µm for Ti67. At 100 µm/s, Ra reduced from 2.34 ± 0.28 µm to 0.88 ± 0.12 µm (Ti64), and from 1.42 ± 0.15 µm to 0.90 ± 0.08µm (Ti67) upon changing from TRC-III to TRC-VII. Furthermore, a thick recast layer of 30 ± 0.93 µm for Ti64 and 14 ± 0.68 µm for Ti67 was produced using the rough mode, while TRC-III and TRC-VII modes produced layers of 12 ± 1.31 µm and 5 ± 0.72 µm for Ti64 and Ti67, respectively. Moreover, rough cut and trim cut modes of WEDM played a significant role in promoting the surface hardness of Ti64 and Ti67. By employing the Response Surface Methodology, it was found that the machining mode followed by cutting speed and the interaction between them are the most influential parameters on surface roughness. Finally, mathematical models correlating machining parameters to surface roughness were successfully developed. The results strongly promote the trim-cut mode of WEDM as a promising machining route for two-phase titanium alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M. Shehata
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan P.O. Box 87, Egypt
| | - Shimaa El-Hadad
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan P.O. Box 87, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Sherif
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan P.O. Box 87, Egypt
| | - Khaled M. Ibrahim
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan P.O. Box 87, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I. Z. Farahat
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan P.O. Box 87, Egypt
| | - Helmi Attia
- National Research Council, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
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Carobolante JPA, Pereira Júnior A, Bortolini Junior C, Barboza da Silva K, Sabino RM, Popat KC, Claro APRA. Processing and Characterization of a New Quaternary Alloy Ti 10Mo 8Nb 6Zr for Potential Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15238636. [PMID: 36500131 PMCID: PMC9737621 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of new metallic biomaterials for application in bone tissue repair has improved due to the increase in life expectancy and the aging of the world population. Titanium alloys are one of the main groups of biomaterials for these applications, and beta-type titanium alloys are more suitable for long-term bone implants. The objective of this work was to process and characterize a new Ti10Mo8Nb6Zr beta alloy. Alloy processing involves arc melting, heat treatment, and cold forging. The characterization techniques used in this study were X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, microhardness measurements, and pulse excitation technique. In vitro studies using adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and cell viability after 1, 4, and 7 days. The results showed that the main phase during the processing route was the beta phase. At the end of processing, the alloy showed beta phase, equiaxed grains with an average size of 228.7 µm, and low Young's modulus (83 GPa). In vitro studies revealed non-cytotoxicity and superior cell viability compared to CP Ti. The addition of zirconium led to a decrease in the beta-transus temperature and Young's modulus and improved the biocompatibility of the alloy. Therefore, the Ti10Mo8Nb6Zr alloy is a promising candidate for application in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Aquiles Carobolante
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguetá Campus, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
| | - Adelvam Pereira Júnior
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguetá Campus, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
| | - Celso Bortolini Junior
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguetá Campus, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
| | - Kerolene Barboza da Silva
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguetá Campus, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
| | - Roberta Maia Sabino
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ketul C. Popat
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ana Paula Rosifini Alves Claro
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguetá Campus, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Dan A, Cojocaru EM, Raducanu D, Nocivin A, Cinca I, Cojocaru VD. {332}<113> and {112}<111> Twin Variant Activation during Cold-Rolling of a Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta-Sn-Fe Alloy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6932. [PMID: 36234273 PMCID: PMC9573394 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deformation twinning is a phenomenon that causes local shear strain concentrations, with the material either experiencing elongation (and thus a tensile stress) or contraction (compressive stress) along the stress directions. Thus, in order to gauge the performance of the alloy better, it is imperative to predict the activation of twinning systems successfully. The present study investigates the effects of deformation by cold-rolling on the {332}<113> and {112}<111> twin variant activation in a Ti-30Nb-12Zr-5Ta-2Sn-1.25Fe (wt.%) (TNZTSF) alloy. The Ti-30Nb-12Zr-5Ta-2Sn-1.25Fe (wt.%) alloy was synthesized in a cold crucible induction levitation furnace, under an argon-controlled atmosphere, using high-purity elemental components. The TNZTSF alloy was cold-deformed by rolling, in one single step, with a total deformation degree (thickness reduction) of ε ≈ 1% (CR 1), ε ≈ 3% (CR 3), and ε ≈ 15% (CR 15). The microstructural investigations were carried out with the SEM-EBSD technique in order to determine the grain morphology, grain-size distribution, crystallographic orientation, accumulated strain-stress fields and Schmid Factor (SF) analysis, all necessary to identify the active twin variants. The EBSD data were processed using an MTEX Toolbox ver. 5.7.0 software package. The results indicated that the TNZTSF alloy’s initial microstructure consists of a homogeneous β-Ti single phase that exhibits equiaxed polyhedral grains and an average grain-size close to 71 μm. It was shown that even starting with a 1% total deformation degree, the microstructure shows the presence of the {332}<113> twinning ((233)[3¯11] active twin variant; Schmit factor SF = −0.487); at a 3% total deformation degree, one can notice the presence of primary and secondary twin variants within the same grain belonging to the same {332}<113> twinning system ((323¯)[13¯1¯] primary twin variant—SF = −0.460; (233¯)[3¯11¯] secondary twin variant—SF = −0.451), while, at a 15% total deformation degree, besides the {332}<113> twinning system, one can notice the activation of the {112}<111> twinning system ((11¯2)[1¯11] active twin variant—SF = −0.440). This study shows the {332}<113> and {112}<111> twinning variant activation during cold-deformation by rolling in the case of a Ti-30Nb-12Zr-5Ta-2Sn-1.25Fe (wt.%) (TNZTSF) alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Dan
- Department of Metallic Materials Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elisabeta Mirela Cojocaru
- Department of Metallic Materials Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Doina Raducanu
- Department of Metallic Materials Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anna Nocivin
- Department of Industrial Management, Ovidius University of Constanța, 900527 Constanța, Romania
| | - Ion Cinca
- Department of Metallic Materials Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vasile Danut Cojocaru
- Department of Metallic Materials Processing, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
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Jawed SF, Rabadia CD, Khan MA, Khan SJ. Effect of Alloying Elements on the Compressive Mechanical Properties of Biomedical Titanium Alloys: A Systematic Review. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29526-29542. [PMID: 36061649 PMCID: PMC9434758 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to problems such as the stress-shielding effect, strength-ductility trade-off dilemma, and use of rare-earth, expensive elements with high melting points in Ti alloys, the need for the design of new Ti alloys for biomedical applications has emerged. This article reports the effect of various alloying elements on the compressive mechanical performance of Ti alloys for biomedical applications for the first time as a systematic review following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines on this subject. The search strategy in this systematic review used Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases and searched the articles using (Beta-type OR β) AND Titanium AND (Mechanical property OR Microstructure) AND Alloying element keywords. Original articles from 2016 to 2022 published in English have been selected for this study as per the inclusion criteria. The results have shown that Nb can be used as the primary alloying element with Ti as it is a strong β-stabilizer element which also reduces the elastic modulus of Ti alloys. The β-eutectic elements (Fe, Cr, and Mn) have also emerged as cost-effective alloying elements that could improve the mechanical performance of Ti alloys. Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta alloyed with Si has shown potential to withstand the strength-ductility trade-off dilemma. The combination of a Ti-Nb binary alloy has emerged as an attractive material for designing low elastic modulus Ti alloys. The mechanical performance of the Ti-Nb alloy can be further improved using the β-eutectic (Fe, Cr, and Mn) and neutral (Zr, Sn) elements to be alloyed with a Ti-Nb binary alloy. The strength-ductility trade-off issue can be overcome using Si as an alloying element in Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faraz Jawed
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, NED University
of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Chirag Dhirajlal Rabadia
- School
of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- Engineering
Institute of Technology, Marquis Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6012, Australia
| | - Muhammad Ahmed Khan
- Department
of Health Technology, Technical University
of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- School of
Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Saad Jawaid Khan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Ziauddin University, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
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Formation and Thermal Stability of the ω-Phase in Ti-Nb and Ti-Mo Alloys Subjected to HPT. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124136. [PMID: 35744194 PMCID: PMC9227809 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the features of ω-phase formation and its thermal stability depending on the phase composition, alloying element and the grain size of the initial microstructure of Ti–Nb and Ti–Mo alloys subjected to high-pressure torsion (HPT) deformation. In the case of two-phase Ti–3wt.% Nb and Ti–20wt.% Nb alloys with different volume fractions of α- and β-phases, a complete β→ω phase transformation and partial α→ω transformation were found. The dependence of the α→ω transformation on the concentration of the alloying element was determined: the greater content of Nb in the α-phase, the lower the amount of ω-phase that was formed from it. In the case of single-phase Ti–Mo alloys, it was found that the amount of ω-phase formed from the coarse-grained β-phase of the Ti–18wt.% Mo alloy was less than the amount of the ω-phase formed from the fine α′-martensite of the Ti–2wt.% Mo alloy. This was despite the fact that the ω-phase is easier to form from the β-phase than from the α- or α′-phase. It is possible that the grain size of the microstructure also affected the phase transformation, namely, the fine martensitic plates more easily gain deformation and overcome the critical shear stresses necessary for the phase transformation. It was also found that the thermal stability of the ω-phase in the Ti–Nb and Ti–Mo alloys increased with the increasing concentration of Nb or Mo.
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Szczęsny G, Kopec M, Politis DJ, Kowalewski ZL, Łazarski A, Szolc T. A Review on Biomaterials for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology: From Past to Present. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103622. [PMID: 35629649 PMCID: PMC9145924 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The principal features essential for the success of an orthopaedic implant are its shape, dimensional accuracy, and adequate mechanical properties. Unlike other manufactured products, chemical stability and toxicity are of increased importance due to the need for biocompatibility over an implants life which could span several years. Thus, the combination of mechanical and biological properties determines the clinical usefulness of biomaterials in orthopaedic and musculoskeletal trauma surgery. Materials commonly used for these applications include stainless steel, cobalt-chromium and titanium alloys, ceramics, polyethylene, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement. This study reviews the properties of commonly used materials and the advantages and disadvantages of each, with special emphasis on the sensitivity, toxicity, irritancy, and possible mutagenic and teratogenic capabilities. In addition, the production and final finishing processes of implants are discussed. Finally, potential directions for future implant development are discussed, with an emphasis on developing advanced personalised implants, according to a patient’s stature and physical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczęsny
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Medical University, 4 Lindleya Str., 02-005 Warsaw, Poland; (G.S.); (A.Ł.)
| | - Mateusz Kopec
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5B Pawińskiego Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.L.K.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Denis J. Politis
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 20537, Cyprus;
| | - Zbigniew L. Kowalewski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5B Pawińskiego Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.L.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Adam Łazarski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Medical University, 4 Lindleya Str., 02-005 Warsaw, Poland; (G.S.); (A.Ł.)
| | - Tomasz Szolc
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5B Pawińskiego Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.L.K.); (T.S.)
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10
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Ou P, Hao C, Liu J, He R, Zhang T, Wang Y, Yang H, Ruan J. Evaluation of biocompatibility and osseointegration of Nb-xTi-Zr alloys for use as dental implant materials. Biomed Mater 2020; 16. [PMID: 33296892 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abd1f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of 50%Nb-xTi-Zr (NTZ, x=20%, 30%, 40% by weight) alloys as compared with dental commercial pure titanium (cpTi). Cell cytotoxity assay, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy were used to measure the in vitro biocompatibility of NTZ. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), integrin β1, osteocalcin (OC), Ki67 and collagen-I (Col-I) at the mRNA level was measured by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Osseointegration ability was determined using X-ray evaluation and histological analysis in vivo. Compared with the MG63 cells grown on cpTi on day 3, the viability, adherence and proliferation rates of cells cultured on NTZ alloys were significantly improved (p < 0.05). Furthermore, similar expression levels of Ki67, Col-Ⅰ, OC and ALP were found in the MG63 cells grown on NTZ alloys and those grown on cpTi. The Cbf α1 level was significantly higher for the 50%Nb-30%Ti-Zr (NTZ3) than for the cpTi group on day 6 (p < 0.01), indicating that NTZ alloys can induce osteogenesis. A considerable amount of new bone formation and osseointegration was observed around NTZ3 implants compared with cpTi implants in vivo. Collectively, NTZ3 showed superior biocompatibility and osteogenic activity; therefore, NTZ3 may be an excellent replacement for dental Ti implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghua Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, changsha, China, 410083, CHINA
| | - Cong Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, CHINA
| | - Jue Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Engineering Rheology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, PR China, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, CHINA
| | - Rengui He
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, changsha, China, 410083, CHINA
| | - Taomei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, changsha, China, 410083, CHINA
| | - Yali Wang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, CHINA
| | - Hailin Yang
- Central South University, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, changsha, China, 410083, CHINA
| | - Jianming Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, changsha, China, 410083, CHINA
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11
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Abstract
Niobium (Nb), Titanium (Ti), and Zirconium (Zr) have attracted much attention as implant materials due to it's excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, little attention has been paid to high Nb-containing biomedical alloys. Here, the 50 wt.%Nb-XTi-Zr ternary alloy(x = 20wt.%, 30 wt.%, 40 wt.%) with relative density over 90% was prepared by powder metallurgy method. The massive α(Zr) distributed along the grain boundaries and lamellar β(Zr) appeared in the grains of β(Nb) in the 50 wt.%Nb-20wt.%Ti-Zr alloy. The acicular α phase is mainly distributed in the β-grain of 50 wt.%Nb-30wt.%Ti-Zr alloy. And α(Ti)-colonies in the β-grains and continuous α(Ti)GB at β-grain boundary can be observed in the 50 wt.%Nb-40wt.%Ti-Zr alloy. Comparing with Nb-20wt.%Ti-Zr alloy and 50 wt.%Nb-40wt.%Ti-Zr alloy, the 50 wt.%Nb-30wt.%Ti-Zr alloy showed lower Vickers hardness and elastic modulus. Furthermore, the as-sintered 50 wt.%Nb-XTi-Zr alloy promoted the cell proliferation and cell adhesion of MG-63 cells on the surface of alloys. In conclusion, the 50 wt.%Nb-XTi-Zr alloy combines excellent mechanical and biological properties, and the 50 wt.%Nb-30wt.%Ti-Zr alloy with lower elastic modulus (close to the bone) is a more promising candidate for bone implant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taomei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Pinghua Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Jianming Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Hailin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
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Mat-Baharin NH, Razali M, Mohd-Said S, Syarif J, Muchtar A. Influence of alloying elements on cellular response and in-vitro corrosion behavior of titanium-molybdenum-chromium alloys for implant materials. J Prosthodont Res 2020; 64:490-497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Effects of alloying elements and annealing treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Nb-Ta-Ti alloys fabricated by partial diffusion for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110542. [PMID: 32204053 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Powder metallurgical (PM) Nb-25Ta-xTi alloys (x = 5, 15, 25, 35 at.%) were fabricated by the elemental powder sintering technology. Effects of alloying elements and annealing treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties were investigated by conducting various tests, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalyses (EPMA), electron back scattered diffraction detector (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and tensile tests. The results indicated that the alloys showed a unique Nb-rich and Ta-rich dual structure due to the insufficient diffusion between powders. With the increase of Ti content, the β phase was always retained and the alloys exhibited a relatively high density in the range of 82.4% to 90.5%. Furthermore, owing to a higher diffusion coefficient of Ti and the strengthening effect of solid solution, the volume shrinkage and tensile strength both increased along with the increase of Ti content. After the annealing treatment was introduced, the microstructure became more homogeneous and fine equiaxed grains appeared, which induced a decrease in modulus and better ductility. The Nb-25Ta-25Ti alloys exhibited a good in vitro biocompatibility due to the chemical components and the introduce of surface pores. The PM Nb-Ta-Ti alloys were promising for biomedical applications in tissue engineering after evaluated both mechanical properties and in vitro biocompatibility.
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Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of β-Type Ti–Nb–Sn Biomedical Alloys with Low Elastic Modulus. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9060712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microstructural and mechanical properties of β-type Ti85-xNb10+xSn5 (x = 0, 3, 6, 10 at.%) alloys with low elastic modulus were investigated. The experimental results show that the Ti85Nb10Sn5 and Ti75Nb20Sn5 alloys are composed of simple α and β phases, respectively; the Ti82Nb13Sn5 and Ti79Nb16Sn5 alloys are composed of β and α″ phases. The content of martensite phase decreases with the increase of Nb content. The Ti82Nb13Sn5 and Ti79Nb16Sn5 alloys show an inverse martensitic phase transition during heating. The Ti85Nb10Sn5 and Ti82Nb13Sn5 alloys with the small residual strain exhibit the good superelastic properties in 10-time cyclic loading. The reduced elastic modulus (Er) of the Ti75Nb20Sn5 alloy (61 GPa) measured by using the nanoindentation technique is 2–6 times of that of human bone (10–30 GPa), and is smaller than that of commercial Ti-6Al-4V biomedical alloy (120 GPa). The Ti75Nb20Sn5 alloy can be considered as a novel biomedical alloy. The wear resistance (H/Er) and anti-wear capability (H3/Er2) values of the four alloys are higher than those of the CP–Ti alloy (0.0238), which indicates that the present alloys have good wear resistance and anti-wear capability.
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Sri Maha Vishnu D, Sure J, Liu Y, Vasant Kumar R, Schwandt C. Electrochemical synthesis of porous Ti-Nb alloys for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 96:466-478. [PMID: 30606556 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Porous titanium‑niobium alloys of composition Ti-24Nb, Ti-35Nb and Ti-42Nb were synthesised by electro-deoxidation of sintered oxide discs of mixed TiO2 and Nb2O5 powders in molten CaCl2 at 1173 K, and characterised by XRD, SEM, EDX and residual oxygen analysis. At the lower Nb content a dual-phase α/β-alloy was formed consisting of hexagonal close-packed and body-centred cubic Ti-Nb, whereas at the higher Nb contents a single-phase β-alloy was formed of body-centred cubic Ti-Nb. The corrosion behaviour of the alloys prepared was assessed in Hanks' simulated body fluid solution at 310 K over extended periods of time. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies confirmed that the alloys exhibited passivation behaviour, and impedance studies revealed that the passive films formed on the surface of the alloys comprised a bi-layered structure. XPS analysis further proved that this contained hydroxyapatite at the top and native metal oxide underneath. The mechanical properties of the alloys were evaluated, and the elastic moduli and the Vickers hardness were both found to be in the range of that of bone. Overall, Ti-35Nb is proposed to be the best-suited candidate of the materials studied in regard to biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sri Maha Vishnu
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mouz, 616 Nizwa, Oman; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.
| | - Jagadeesh Sure
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mouz, 616 Nizwa, Oman; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - R Vasant Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Schwandt
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mouz, 616 Nizwa, Oman; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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Bai W, Xu G, Tan M, Yang Z, Zeng L, Wu D, Liu L, Zhang L. Diffusivities and Atomic Mobilities in bcc Ti-Mo-Zr Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1909. [PMID: 30297670 PMCID: PMC6212804 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
β-type (with bcc structure) titanium alloys have been widely used as artificial implants in the medical field due to their favorable properties. Among them, Ti-Mo alloy attracted numerous interests as metallic biomaterials. Understanding of kinetic characteristics of Ti alloys is critical to understand and manipulate the phase transformation and microstructure evolution during homogenization and precipitation. In this work, diffusion couple technique was employed to investigate the diffusion behaviors in bcc Ti-Mo-Zr alloys. The diffusion couples were prepared and annealed at 1373 K for 72 h and 1473 K for 48 h, respectively. The composition-distance profiles were obtained via electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA). The chemical diffusion coefficients and impurity diffusion coefficients were extracted via the Whittle-Green method and Hall method. The obtained diffusion coefficients were assessed to develop a self-consistent atomic mobility database of bcc phase in Ti-Mo-Zr system. The calculated diffusion coefficients were compared with the experimental results. They showed good agreement. Simulations were implemented by Dictra Module in Thermo-Calc software. The predicted composition-distance profiles, inter-diffusion flux, and diffusion paths are consistent with experimental data, confirming the accuracy of the database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Bai
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Guanglong Xu
- Tech Institute for Advanced Materials & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Mingyue Tan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Zhijie Yang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Lijun Zeng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Di Wu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Libin Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Ligang Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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18
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Prakasam M, Locs J, Salma-Ancane K, Loca D, Largeteau A, Berzina-Cimdina L. Biodegradable Materials and Metallic Implants-A Review. J Funct Biomater 2017; 8:E44. [PMID: 28954399 PMCID: PMC5748551 DOI: 10.3390/jfb8040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress made in biomaterials and their clinical applications is well known. In the last five decades, great advances have been made in the field of biomaterials, including ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, glass-ceramics and metal alloys. A variety of bioimplants are currently used in either one of the aforesaid forms. Some of these materials are designed to degrade or to be resorbed inside the body rather than removing the implant after its function is served. Many properties such as mechanical properties, non-toxicity, surface modification, degradation rate, biocompatibility, and corrosion rate and scaffold design are taken into consideration. The current review focuses on state-of-the-art biodegradable bioceramics, polymers, metal alloys and a few implants that employ bioresorbable/biodegradable materials. The essential functions, properties and their critical factors are discussed in detail, in addition to their challenges to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis Locs
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Kristine Salma-Ancane
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Dagnija Loca
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Alain Largeteau
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, ICMCB, UPR 9048, F-33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Liga Berzina-Cimdina
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
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Evaluation of physicochemical properties of surface modified Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb alloys used for orthopedic implants. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 68:851-860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Wang Z, Li Y, Huang W, Chen X, He H. Micro-abrasion–corrosion behaviour of a biomedical Ti–25Nb–3Mo–3Zr–2Sn alloy in simulated physiological fluid. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 63:361-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Surface characterisation and corrosion behaviour of niobium treated in a Ca- and P-containing solution under sparking conditions. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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