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Larsson E, Iraeus J, Davidsson J. Investigating sources for variability in volunteer kinematics in a braking maneuver, a sensitivity analysis with an active human body model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1203959. [PMID: 37908376 PMCID: PMC10614285 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1203959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Occupant kinematics during evasive maneuvers, such as crash avoidance braking or steering, varies within the population. Studies have tried to correlate the response to occupant characteristics such as sex, stature, age, and BMI, but these characteristics explain no or very little of the variation. Therefore, hypothesis have been made that the difference in occupant response stems from voluntary behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect from other sources of variability: in neural delay, in passive stiffness of fat, muscle tissues and skin, in muscle size and in spinal alignment, as a first step towards explaining the variability seen among occupants in evasive maneuvers. A sensitivity analysis with simulations of the SAFER Human Body Model in braking was performed, and the displacements from the simulations were compared to those of volunteers. The results suggest that the head and torso kinematics were most sensitive to spinal alignment, followed by muscle size. For head and torso vertical displacements, the range in model kinematics was comparable to the range in volunteer kinematics. However, for forward displacements, the included parameters only explain some of the variability seen in the volunteer experiment. To conclude, the results indicate that the variation in volunteer vertical kinematics could be partly attributed to the variability in human characteristics analyzed in this study, while these cannot alone explain the variability in forward kinematics. The results can be used in future tuning of HBMs, and in future volunteer studies, when further investigating the potential causes of the large variability seen in occupant kinematics in evasive maneuvers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Davidsson
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Walter F, Seydewitz R, Mitterbach P, Siebert T, Böl M. On a three-dimensional model for the description of the passive characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:1499-1514. [PMID: 36550242 PMCID: PMC10511390 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a three-dimensional model was developed to describe the passive mechanical behaviour of anisotropic skeletal muscle tissue. To validate the model, orientation-dependent axial ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) and semi-confined compression experiments (mode I, II, III) were performed on soleus muscle tissue from rabbits. In the latter experiments, specimen deformation is prescribed in the loading direction and prevented in an additional spatial direction, fibre compression at [Formula: see text] (mode I), fibre elongation at [Formula: see text] (mode II) and a neutral state of the fibres at [Formula: see text] where their length is kept constant (mode III). Overall, the model can adequately describe the mechanical behaviour with a relatively small number of model parameters. The stiffest tissue response during orientation-dependent axial compression ([Formula: see text] kPa) occurs when the fibres are oriented perpendicular to the loading direction ([Formula: see text]) and are thus stretched during loading. Semi-confined compression experiments yielded the stiffest tissue ([Formula: see text] kPa) in mode II when the muscle fibres are stretched. The extensive data set collected in this study allows to study the different error measures depending on the deformation state or the combination of deformation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Walter
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Seydewitz
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philipp Mitterbach
- Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, NLD-5612, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Institute of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Böl
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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3
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Dong J, Zhao J, Liu X, Lee WN. Nondestructive ultrasound evaluation of microstructure-related material parameters of skeletal muscle: An in silico and in vitro study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105807. [PMID: 37030170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Direct and nondestructive assessment of material properties of skeletal muscle in vivo shall advance our understanding of intact muscle mechanics and facilitate personalized interventions. However, this is challenged by intricate hierarchical microstructure of the skeletal muscle. We have previously regarded the skeletal muscle as a composite of myofibers and extracellular matrix (ECM), formulated shear wave propagation in the undeformed muscle using the acoustoelastic theory, and preliminarily demonstrated that ultrasound-based shear wave elastography (SWE) could estimate microstructure-related material parameters (MRMPs): myofiber stiffness μf, ECM stiffness μm, and myofiber volume ratio Vf. The proposed method warrants further validation but is hampered by the lack of ground truth values of MRMPs. In this study, we presented analytical and experimental validations of the proposed method using finite-element (FE) simulations and 3D-printed hydrogel phantoms, respectively. Three combinations of different physiologically relevant MRMPs were used in the FE simulations where shear wave propagations in the corresponding composite media were simulated. Two 3D-printed hydrogel phantoms with the MRMPs close to those of a real skeletal muscle (i.e., μf=2.02kPa, μm=52.42kPa, and Vf=0.675,0.832) for ultrasound imaging were fabricated by an alginate-based hydrogel printing protocol that we modified and optimized from the freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels (FRESH) method in literature. Average percent errors of (μf,μm,Vf) estimates were found to be (2.7%,7.3%,2.4%)in silico and (3.0%,8.0%,9.9%)in vitro. This quantitative study corroborated the potential of our proposed theoretical model along with ultrasound SWE for uncovering microstructural characteristics of the skeletal muscle in an entirely nondestructive way.
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Deng M, Zhou L, Chen Z, Yuan G, Zhou Y, Xiao Y. An ex-vivo validation of the modulus-length framework to characterize passive elastic properties of skeletal muscle. ULTRASONICS 2023; 129:106904. [PMID: 36463727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The passive elastic properties of skeletal muscles are related closely to muscle extensibility and flexibility. Recently, a single probe setup has been reported that measures the passive elastic properties of muscles in vivo. This uses a modulus-length framework to investigate sensitive dynamic parameters, termed as passive elastic coefficient k, slack length l0, and slack shear modulus G0 to quantify the passive elastic properties of human muscle. In particular, the parameter k calculated based on this framework reflects the change rate of the local shear modulus with respect to the muscle length, which remains constant during the entire passive stretching process. In this report, the modulus-length framework was validated in four groups of ex-vivo muscle samples (young and old chickens, pork, and beef). All the muscle samples were stretched mechanically whilst muscle length was monitored and recorded with simultaneous measurement of dynamic shear wave elastography (SWE). Agreement analyses using Bland-Altman diagrams and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were then performed on coefficient k values obtained by mechanical stretching (k1) and real-time ultrasound imaging methods (k2). Bland-Altman diagrams show that the majority of the points lie within the 95 % LoA ([-1.87, 2.29]; p = 0.276) and the level of reliability was "good" to "excellent" based on the ICC results (ICC, 0.904; 95 % confidence interval, 0.813-0.953). This indicated that the ultrasound and mechanical methods produced very similar results. Meanwhile, the range of the coefficient k values in four muscle types and groups was significantly different (p < 0.05), a finding which strongly supports the potential use of this coefficient to characterize muscle quality and status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqin Deng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zengtong Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guojian Yuan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongjin Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- National Innovation Center For Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen National Research Institute of High Performance Medical Devices Co, Ltd, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Larsson KJ, Iraeus J, Holcombe S, Pipkorn B. Influences of human thorax variability on population rib fracture risk prediction using human body models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1154272. [PMID: 37034266 PMCID: PMC10078960 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1154272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rib fractures remain a common injury for vehicle occupants in crashes. The risk of a human sustaining rib fractures from thorax loading is highly variable, potentially due to a variability in individual factors such as material properties and geometry of the ribs and ribcage. Human body models (HBMs) with a detailed ribcage can be used as occupant substitutes to aid in the prediction of rib injury risk at the tissue level in crash analysis. To improve this capability, model parametrization can be used to represent human variability in simulation studies. The aim of this study was to identify the variations in the physical properties of the human thorax that have the most influence on rib fracture risk for the population of vehicle occupants. A total of 15 different geometrical and material factors, sourced from published literature, were varied in a parametrized SAFER HBM. Parametric sensitivity analyses were conducted for two crash configurations, frontal and near-side impacts. The results show that variability in rib cortical bone thickness, rib cortical bone material properties, and rib cross-sectional width had the greatest influence on the risk for an occupant to sustain two or more fractured ribs in both impacts. Therefore, it is recommended that these three parameters be included in rib fracture risk analysis with HBMs for the population of vehicle occupants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Johan Larsson
- Autoliv Research, Vårgårda, Sweden
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Karl-Johan Larsson,
| | - Johan Iraeus
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sven Holcombe
- International Center for Automotive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bengt Pipkorn
- Autoliv Research, Vårgårda, Sweden
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Böl M, Kohn S, Leichsenring K, Morales-Orcajo E, Ehret AE. On multiscale tension-compression asymmetry in skeletal muscle. Acta Biomater 2022; 144:210-220. [PMID: 35339701 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue shows a clear asymmetry with regard to the passive stresses under tensile and compressive deformation, referred to as tension-compression asymmetry (TCA). The present study is the first one reporting on TCA at different length scales, associated with muscle tissue and muscle fibres, respectively. This allows for the first time the comparison of TCA between the tissue and one of its individual components, and thus to identify the length scale at which this phenomenon originates. Not only the passive stress-stretch characteristics were recorded, but also the volume changes during the axial tension and compression experiments. The study reveals clear differences in the characteristics of TCA between fibres and tissue. At tissue level TCA increases non-linearly with increasing deformation and the ratio of tensile to compressive stresses at the same magnitude of strain reaches a value of approximately 130 at 13.5% deformation. At fibre level instead it initially drops to a value of 6 and then rises again to a TCA of 14. At a deformation of 13.5%, the tensile stress is about 6 times higher. Thus, TCA is about 22 times more expressed at tissue than fibre scale. Moreover, the analysis of volume changes revealed little compressibility at tissue scale whereas at fibre level, especially under compressive stress, the volume decreases significantly. The data collected in this study suggests that the extracellular matrix has a distinct role in amplifying the TCA, and leads to more incompressible tissue behaviour. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article analyses and compares for the first time the tension-compression asymmetry (TCA) displayed by skeletal muscle at tissue and fibre scale. In addition, the volume changes of tissue and fibre specimens with application of passive tensile and compressive loads are studied. The study identifies a key role of the extracellular matrix in establishing the mechanical response of skeletal muscle tissue: It contributes significantly to the passive stress, it is responsible for the major part of tissue-scale TCA and, most probably, prevents/balances the volume changes of muscle fibres during deformation. These new results thus shed light on the origin of TCA and provide new information to be used in microstructure-based approaches to model and simulate skeletal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böl
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Stephan Kohn
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kay Leichsenring
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Enrique Morales-Orcajo
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexander E Ehret
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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SAHARA GENTA, HIJIKATA WATARU, INOUE YUSUKE, YAMADA AKIHIRO, SHIRAISHI YASUYUKI, FUKAYA AOI, KARUBE MASATO, GENDA TATSUYA, IWAMOTO NAOKI, TACHIZAKI YUMA, MORITA RYOSUKE, YAMBE TOMOYUKI. METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING CONTRACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF A PART OF MUSCLES FOR IMPLANTABLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS. J MECH MED BIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519422500075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To develop a power generation system as a solution to the power supply problems of small active implantable medical devices, we proposed a new method to examine muscles using skeletal muscle contraction through electrical stimulation. Realization of the system requires data on the contraction characteristics of a part of the muscles through which blood flows; thus, a dedicated setup was built and verified using a goat. The connecting parts were attached to two points in the large muscle of the goat’s trunk; one was fixed and the other slid along the guide. The distance and force between the two points, approaching each other, were measured by contracting the muscle between the points using electrical stimulation and pulling the measurement cart. The contraction distance and force were measured simultaneously, and the dynamic work of the contraction was calculated. The muscle work occurred with almost the same time delay regardless of the load, and the work tended to be greater when the contraction force, and not the contraction distance, of the muscle was large. The setup is physiological, simple, and versatile. Our setup can potentially be used in the development of implantable power generation systems and in other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- GENTA SAHARA
- Department of Medical Engineering and Cardiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi-ken 980-8575, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
| | - WATARU HIJIKATA
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - YUSUKE INOUE
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
- Advanced Medical Engineering Research Center, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - AKIHIRO YAMADA
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - YASUYUKI SHIRAISHI
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - AOI FUKAYA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - MASATO KARUBE
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - TATSUYA GENDA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - NAOKI IWAMOTO
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - YUMA TACHIZAKI
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - RYOSUKE MORITA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - TOMOYUKI YAMBE
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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8
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Konno RN, Nigam N, Wakeling JM, Ross SA. The Contributions of Extracellular Matrix and Sarcomere Properties to Passive Muscle Stiffness in Cerebral Palsy. Front Physiol 2022; 12:804188. [PMID: 35153814 PMCID: PMC8827041 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.804188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy results from an upper motor neuron lesion and significantly affects skeletal muscle stiffness. The increased stiffness that occurs is partly a result of changes in the microstructural components of muscle. In particular, alterations in extracellular matrix, sarcomere length, fibre diameter, and fat content have been reported; however, experimental studies have shown wide variability in the degree of alteration. Many studies have reported changes in the extracellular matrix, while others have reported no differences. A consistent finding is increased sarcomere length in cerebral palsy affected muscle. Often many components are altered simultaneously, making it difficult to determine the individual effects on muscle stiffness. In this study, we use a three dimensional modelling approach to isolate individual effects of microstructural alterations typically occurring due to cerebral palsy on whole muscle behaviour; in particular, the effects of extracellular matrix volume fraction, stiffness, and sarcomere length. Causation between the changes to the microstructure and the overall muscle response is difficult to determine experimentally, since components of muscle cannot be manipulated individually; however, utilising a modelling approach allows greater control over each factor. We find that extracellular matrix volume fraction has the largest effect on whole muscle stiffness and mitigates effects from sarcomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Konno
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Ryan N. Konno
| | - Nilima Nigam
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - James M. Wakeling
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie A. Ross
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Binder-Markey BI, Sychowski D, Lieber RL. Systematic review of skeletal muscle passive mechanics experimental methodology. J Biomech 2021; 129:110839. [PMID: 34736082 PMCID: PMC8671228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding passive skeletal muscle mechanics is critical in defining structure-function relationships in skeletal muscle and ultimately understanding pathologically impaired muscle. In this systematic review, we performed an exhaustive literature search using PRISMA guidelines to quantify passive muscle mechanical properties, summarized the methods used to create these data, and make recommendations to standardize future studies. We screened over 7500 papers and found 80 papers that met the inclusion criteria. These papers reported passive muscle mechanics from single muscle fiber to whole muscle across 16 species and 54 distinct muscles. We found a wide range of methodological differences in sample selection, preparation, testing, and analysis. The systematic review revealed that passive muscle mechanics is species and scale dependent-specifically within mammals, the passive mechanics increases non-linearly with scale. However, a detailed understanding of passive mechanics is still unclear because the varied methodologies impede comparisons across studies, scales, species, and muscles. Therefore, we recommend the following: smaller scales may be maintained within storage solution prior to testing, when samples are tested statically use 2-3 min of relaxation time, stress normalization at the whole muscle level be to physiologic cross-sectional area, strain normalization be to sarcomere length when possible, and an exponential equation be used to fit the data. Additional studies using these recommendations will allow exploration of the multiscale relationship of passive force within and across species to provide the fundamental knowledge needed to improve our understanding of passive muscle mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin I Binder-Markey
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences and School of Biomedical Engineering, Sciences, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Richard L Lieber
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA; Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Edward Hines V.A. Medical Center, Hines, IL, USA.
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10
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Leichsenring K, Viswanathan A, Kutschke S, Siebert T, Böl M. Age-dependent mechanical and microstructural properties of the rabbit soleus muscle. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:453-465. [PMID: 34343717 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During growth there are serious changes in the skeletal muscles to compensate for the changed requirements in terms of body weight and size. In this study, the age-dependent (between 21 and 100 days) mechanical and microstructural properties of rabbit soleus muscle tissue were investigated. For this purpose, morphological properties (animal mass, soleus muscle mass, tibial length) were measured at 5 different times during aging. On the other hand, fibre orientation-dependent axial and semi-confined compression experiments were realised. In addition, the essential components (muscle fibres, extracellular matrix, remaining components), dominating the microstructure of muscle tissue, were analysed. While the mechanical results show hardly any age-dependent differences, the morphological and microstructural results show clear age-dependent differences. All morphological parameters increase significantly (animal mass by 839.2%, muscle mass 1050.6%, tibial length 233.6%). In contrast, microstructural parameters change differently. The percentage of fibres (divided into slow-twitch (ST) and fast-twitch (FT) fibres) increases significantly (137.6%), while the proportions of the extracellular matrix and the remaining components (48.2% and 46.1%) decrease. At the same time, the cross-sectional area of the fibres increases significantly (697.9%). The totality of this age-dependent information provides a deeper understanding of age-related changes in muscle structure and function and may contribute to successful development and validation of growth models in the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article reports the first comprehensive data set on age-dependent morphological (animal mass, soleus muscle mass, tibial length), mechanical (axial and semi-confined compression), and microstructural (muscle fibres, extracellular matrix, remaining components) properties of the rabbit soleus muscle. On the one hand, the results of this study contribute to the understanding of muscle mechanics and thus to understanding of load transfer mechanisms inside the muscle tissue during growth. On the other hand, these results are relevant to the fields of constitutive formulation of age-dependent muscle tissue.
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11
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Ren D, Song J, Liu R, Zeng X, Yan X, Zhang Q, Yuan X. Molecular and Biomechanical Adaptations to Mechanical Stretch in Cultured Myotubes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:689492. [PMID: 34408658 PMCID: PMC8365838 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.689492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotubes are mature muscle cells that form the basic structural element of skeletal muscle. When stretching skeletal muscles, myotubes are subjected to passive tension as well. This lead to alterations in myotube cytophysiology, which could be related with muscular biomechanics. During the past decades, much progresses have been made in exploring biomechanical properties of myotubes in vitro. In this review, we integrated the studies focusing on cultured myotubes being mechanically stretched, and classified these studies into several categories: amino acid and glucose uptake, protein turnover, myotube hypertrophy and atrophy, maturation, alignment, secretion of cytokines, cytoskeleton adaption, myotube damage, ion channel activation, and oxidative stress in myotubes. These biomechanical adaptions do not occur independently, but interconnect with each other as part of the systematic mechanoresponse of myotubes. The purpose of this review is to broaden our comprehensions of stretch-induced muscular alterations in cellular and molecular scales, and to point out future challenges and directions in investigating myotube biomechanical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Ren
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Dentistry, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuemin Zeng
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Dentistry, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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12
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Konno RN, Nigam N, Wakeling JM. Modelling extracellular matrix and cellular contributions to whole muscle mechanics. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249601. [PMID: 33798249 PMCID: PMC8018661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue has a highly complex and heterogeneous structure comprising several physical length scales. In the simplest model of muscle tissue, it can be represented as a one dimensional nonlinear spring in the direction of muscle fibres. However, at the finest level, muscle tissue includes a complex network of collagen fibres, actin and myosin proteins, and other cellular materials. This study shall derive an intermediate physical model which encapsulates the major contributions of the muscle components to the elastic response apart from activation-related along-fibre responses. The micro-mechanical factors in skeletal muscle tissue (eg. connective tissue, fluid, and fibres) can be homogenized into one material aggregate that will capture the behaviour of the combination of material components. In order to do this, the corresponding volume fractions for each type of material need to be determined by comparing the stress-strain relationship for a volume containing each material. This results in a model that accounts for the micro-mechanical features found in muscle and can therefore be used to analyze effects of neuro-muscular diseases such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophies. The purpose of this study is to construct a model of muscle tissue that, through choosing the correct material parameters based on experimental data, will accurately capture the mechanical behaviour of whole muscle. This model is then used to look at the impacts of the bulk modulus and material parameters on muscle deformation and strain energy-density distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Konno
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Nilima Nigam
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James M. Wakeling
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Li Y, Sang J, Wei X, Yu W, Tian W, Liu GR. Inverse identification of hyperelastic constitutive parameters of skeletal muscles via optimization of AI techniques. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 24:1647-1659. [PMID: 33787398 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.1906235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the deformation characteristics and stress distribution in loaded skeletal muscles are of increasing importance. Reliable prediction of hyperelastic material parameters requires an inverse process, which possesses challenges. This work proposes two inverse procedures to identify the hyperelastic material parameters of skeletal muscles. The first one integrates nonlinear finite element method (FEM), random forest (RF) model, and Bayesian optimization (BO) algorithm. The other one integrates FEM, RF and hybrid Grid Search (GS), and Random Search (RS) algorithm. FEM models are first established to simulate nonlinear deformation of skeletal muscles subject to compression based on nonlinear mechanics principals. A dataset of nonlinear relationship between the nominal stress and principal stretch of skeletal muscles is created using our FEM models and the nonlinear relationship is learned through RF model. The BO, hybrid GS and RS algorithms are used to adjust the major model parameters in RF. Then the optimized RF is utilized to predict hyperelastic material parameters of skeletal muscles, with the help of uniaxial compression experiments. Intensive studies also have been carried out to compare the RF-BO approach with RF-Search approach, and the comparison results show that RF-BO approach is an effective and accurate approach to identify the hyperelastic material parameters of skeletal muscles. The present RF-BO model can be further extended for the predictions of constitutive parameters of other types of nonlinear soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Sang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wenying Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Weichang Tian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - G R Liu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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14
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Kohn S, Leichsenring K, Kuravi R, Ehret AE, Böl M. Direct measurement of the direction-dependent mechanical behaviour of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Acta Biomater 2021; 122:249-262. [PMID: 33444799 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the first comprehensive data set on the anisotropic mechanical properties of isolated endo- and perimysial extracellular matrix of skeletal muscle, and presents the corresponding protocols for preparing and testing the samples. In particular, decellularisation of porcine skeletal muscle is achieved with caustic soda solution, and mechanical parameters are defined based on compressive and tensile testing in order to identify the optimal treatment time such that muscle fibres are dissolved whereas the extracellular matrix remains largely intact and mechanically functional. At around 18 h, a time window was found and confirmed by histology, in which axial tensile experiments were performed to characterise the direction-dependent mechanical response of the extracellular matrix samples, and the effect of lateral pre-compression was studied. The typical, large variability in the experimental stress response could be largely reduced by varying a single scalar factor, which was attributed to the variation of the fraction of extracellular matrix within the tissue. While experimental results on the mechanical properties of intact muscle tissue and single muscle fibres are increasingly available in literature, there is a lack of information on the properties of the collagenous components of skeletal muscle. The present work aims at closing this gap and thus contributes to an improved understanding of the mechanics of skeletal muscle tissue and provides a missing piece of information for the development of corresponding constitutive and computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kohn
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Kay Leichsenring
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Ramachandra Kuravi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Alexander E Ehret
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Markus Böl
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany.
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15
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Predicting muscle tissue response from calibrated component models and histology-based finite element models. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 117:104375. [PMID: 33578299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an anisotropic soft biological tissue composed of muscle fibres embedded in a structurally complex, hierarchically organised extracellular matrix. In a recent work (Kuravi et al., 2021) we have developed 3D finite element models from series of histological sections. Moreover, based on decellularisation of fresh tissue samples, a novel set of experimental data on the direction dependent mechanical properties of collagenous ECM was established (Kohn et al., 2021). Together with existing information on the material properties of single muscle fibres, the combination of these techniques allows computing predictions of the composite tissue response. To this end, an inverse finite element procedure is proposed in the present work to calibrate a constitutive model of the extracellular matrix, and supplementary biaxial tensile tests on fresh and decellularised tissues are performed for model validation. The results of this rigorously predictive and thus unforgiving strategy suggest that the prediction of the tissue response from the individual characteristics of muscle cells and decellularised tissue is only possible within clear limits. While orders of magnitude are well matched, and the qualitative behaviour in a wide range of load cases is largely captured, the existing deviations point at potentially missing components of the model and highlight the incomplete experimental information in bottom-up multiscale approaches to model skeletal muscle tissue.
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16
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Ryan DS, Domínguez S, Ross SA, Nigam N, Wakeling JM. The Energy of Muscle Contraction. II. Transverse Compression and Work. Front Physiol 2020; 11:538522. [PMID: 33281608 PMCID: PMC7689187 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.538522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we examined how the strain energies within a muscle are related to changes in longitudinal force when the muscle is exposed to an external transverse load. We implemented a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of contracting muscle using the principle of minimum total energy and allowing the redistribution of energy through different strain energy-densities. This allowed us to determine the importance of the strain energy-densities to the transverse forces developed by the muscle. We ran a series of in silica experiments on muscle blocks varying in initial pennation angle, muscle length, and external transverse load. As muscle contracts it maintains a near constant volume. As such, any changes in muscle length are balanced by deformations in the transverse directions such as muscle thickness or muscle width. Muscle develops transverse forces as it expands. In many situations external forces act to counteract these transverse forces and the muscle responds to external transverse loads while both passive and active. The muscle blocks used in our simulations decreased in thickness and pennation angle when passively compressed and pushed back on the load when they were activated. Activation of the compressed muscle blocks led either to an increase or decrease in muscle thickness depending on whether the initial pennation angle was less than or greater than 15°, respectively. Furthermore, the strain energy increased and redistributed across the different strain-energy potentials during contraction. The volumetric strain energy-density varied with muscle length and pennation angle and was reduced with greater transverse load for most initial muscle lengths and pennation angles. External transverse load reduced the longitudinal muscle force for initial pennation angles of β0 = 0°. Whereas for pennate muscle (β0 > 0°) longitudinal force changed (increase or decrease) depending on the muscle length, pennation angle and the direction of the external load relative to the muscle fibres. For muscle blocks with initial pennation angles β0 ≤ 20° the reduction in longitudinal muscle force coincided with a reduction in volumetric strain energy-density.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | - Stephanie A Ross
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Nilima Nigam
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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17
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Kuravi R, Leichsenring K, Böl M, Ehret AE. 3D finite element models from serial section histology of skeletal muscle tissue - The role of micro-architecture on mechanical behaviour. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 113:104109. [PMID: 33080565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution we create three-dimensional (3D) finite element models from a series of histological sections of porcine skeletal muscle tissue. Image registration is performed on the stained sections by affinely aligning them using auxiliary markers, followed by image segmentation to determine muscle fibres and the extracellular matrix in each section, with particular regard to the continuity of the fibres through the stack. With this information, 3D virtual tissue samples are reconstructed, discretised, and associated with appropriate non-linear elastic anisotropic material models. While the gross anatomy is directly obtained from the images, the local directions of anisotropy were determined by the use of an analogy with steady state diffusion. The influence of the number of histological sections considered for reconstruction on the numerically simulated mechanical response of the virtual tissue samples is then studied. The results show that muscle tissue is fairly heterogeneous along the fascicles, and that transverse isotropy is inadequate in describing their material symmetry at the typical length scale of a fascicle. Numerical simulations of different load cases suggest that ignoring the undulations of fibres and their non-uniform cross-sections only moderately affects the passive response of the tissue in tensile and compressive modes, but can become crucial when predicting the response to generic loads and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kuravi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Leichsenring
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Solid Mechanics, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M Böl
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Solid Mechanics, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - A E Ehret
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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A computational multiscale modeling framework for investigating the mechanical properties of meat. FOOD STRUCTURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2020.100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Moreno S, Amores VJ, Benítez JM, Montáns FJ. Reverse-engineering and modeling the 3D passive and active responses of skeletal muscle using a data-driven, non-parametric, spline-based procedure. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103877. [PMID: 32957187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present a non-parametric data-driven approach to reverse-engineer and model the 3D passive and active responses of skeletal muscle, applied to tibialis anterior muscle of Wistar rats. We assume a Hill-type additive relation for the stored energy into passive and active contributions. The terms of the stored energy have no upfront assumed shape, nor material parameters. These terms are determined directly from experimental data in spline form solving numerically the functional equations of the tests from which experimental data is available. To characterize typical longitudinal-to-transverse behavior in rodent's muscle, experiments from Morrow et al. (J. Mech. Beh. Biomed. Mater. 2010; 3: 124-129) are employed. Then, the passive and active behaviors of Wistar rats are determined from the experiments of Calvo et al. (J. Bomech. 2010; 43:318-325) and Ramirez et al. (J. Theor. Biol. 2010; 267:546-553). The twitch shape is not assumed, but reverse-engineered from experimental data. The influence of the strain and the stimulus voltage and frequency in the active response, are also modeled. A convenient stimulus power-related variable is proposed to comprise both voltage and frequency dependencies in the active response. Then, the behavior of the resulting muscle model depends only on the muscle strain maintained during isometric tests in the muscle and the stimulus power variable, along the time from initiation of the tetanus state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Moreno
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pza. Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Jesús Amores
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pza. Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ma Benítez
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pza. Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Montáns
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pza. Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Böl M, Iyer R, Garcés-Schröder M, Kohn S, Dietzel A. Mechano-geometrical skeletal muscle fibre characterisation under cyclic and relaxation loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:104001. [PMID: 32957260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, mechano-geometrical characterisations of skeletal muscle fibres in two different deformation states, namely, axial tension and axial compression, were realised. In both cases, cyclic and relaxation tests were performed. Additionally, the changes in the volume of the fibres during deformation were recorded to obtain more detailed information about the muscle fibre load transfer mechanisms. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present experimental investigation of the mechanical and geometrical characteristics of muscle fibres provides a novel comprehensive data set that can be used to obtain a better understanding of muscle fibre load transfer mechanisms and to construct meaningful models. In the present study, it is shown that muscle fibres exhibit incompressibility (5% volume decrease at maximum deformation) under tension and that this feature is more pronounced under compression loading (37% volume decrease at maximum deformation). These findings are particularly interesting and lead to a further understanding of load transfer mechanisms and to the development of new modelling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böl
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany.
| | - Rahul Iyer
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Mayra Garcés-Schröder
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Stephan Kohn
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institute of Micro Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38124, Germany
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21
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Grega KL, Segall RN, Vaidya AJ, Fu C, Wheatley BB. Anisotropic and viscoelastic tensile mechanical properties of aponeurosis: Experimentation, modeling, and tissue microstructure. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103889. [PMID: 32957196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aponeuroses are stiff sheath-like components of the muscle-tendon unit that play a vital role in force transmission and thus locomotion. There is clear importance of the aponeurosis in musculoskeletal function, but there have been relatively few studies of aponeurosis material properties to date. The goals of this work were to: 1) perform tensile stress-relaxation tests, 2) perform planar biaxial tests, 3) employ computational modeling to the data from 1 to 2, and 4) perform scanning electron microscopy to determine collagen fibril organization for aponeurosis tissue. Viscoelastic modeling and statistical analysis of stress-relaxation data showed that while relaxation rate differed statistically between strain levels (p = 0.044), functionally the relaxation behavior was nearly the same. Biaxial testing and associated modeling highlighted the nonlinear (toe region of ~2-3% strain) and anisotropic (longitudinal direction linear modulus ~50 MPa, transverse ~2.5 MPa) tensile mechanical behavior of aponeurosis tissue. Comparisons of various constitutive formulations showed that a transversely isotropic Ogden approach balanced strong fitting (goodness of fit 0.984) with a limited number of parameters (five), while damage modeling parameters were also provided. Scanning electron microscopy showed a composite structure of highly aligned, partially wavy collagen fibrils with more random collagen cables for aponeurosis microstructure. Future work to expand microstructural analysis and use these data to inform computational modeling would benefit this work and the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Grega
- Biomedical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Ruth N Segall
- Cell Biology/Biochemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Anurag J Vaidya
- Biomedical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Chong Fu
- Mechanical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
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22
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Wakeling JM, Ross SA, Ryan DS, Bolsterlee B, Konno R, Domínguez S, Nigam N. The Energy of Muscle Contraction. I. Tissue Force and Deformation During Fixed-End Contractions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:813. [PMID: 32982762 PMCID: PMC7487973 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During contraction the energy of muscle tissue increases due to energy from the hydrolysis of ATP. This energy is distributed across the tissue as strain-energy potentials in the contractile elements, strain-energy potential from the 3D deformation of the base-material tissue (containing cellular and extracellular matrix effects), energy related to changes in the muscle's nearly incompressible volume and external work done at the muscle surface. Thus, energy is redistributed through the muscle's tissue as it contracts, with only a component of this energy being used to do mechanical work and develop forces in the muscle's longitudinal direction. Understanding how the strain-energy potentials are redistributed through the muscle tissue will help enlighten why the mechanical performance of whole muscle in its longitudinal direction does not match the performance that would be expected from the contractile elements alone. Here we demonstrate these physical effects using a 3D muscle model based on the finite element method. The tissue deformations within contracting muscle are large, and so the mechanics of contraction were explained using the principles of continuum mechanics for large deformations. We present simulations of a contracting medial gastrocnemius muscle, showing tissue deformations that mirror observations from magnetic resonance imaging. This paper tracks the redistribution of strain-energy potentials through the muscle tissue during fixed-end contractions, and shows how fibre shortening, pennation angle, transverse bulging and anisotropy in the stress and strain of the muscle tissue are all related to the interaction between the material properties of the muscle and the action of the contractile elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Ross
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - David S Ryan
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan Konno
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Nilima Nigam
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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23
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Mo F, Zheng Z, Zhang H, Li G, Yang Z, Sun D. In vitro compressive properties of skeletal muscles and inverse finite element analysis: Comparison of human versus animals. J Biomech 2020; 109:109916. [PMID: 32807316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Virtual finite element human body models have been widely used in biomedical engineering, traffic safety injury analysis, etc. Soft tissue modeling like skeletal muscle accounts for a large portion of a human body model establishment, and its modeling method is not enough explored. The present study aims to investigate the compressive properties of skeletal muscles due to different species, loading rates and fiber orientations, in order to obtain available parameters of specific material laws as references for building or improving the human body model concerning both modeling accuracy and computational cost. A series of compressive experiments of skeletal muscles were implemented for human gastrocnemius muscle, bovine and porcine hind leg muscle. To avoid long-time preservation effects, all experimental tests were carried out in 24 h after that the samples were harvested. Considering computational cost and generally used in the previous human body models, one-order hyperelastic Ogden model and three-term simplified viscoelastic quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) were selected for numerical analysis. Inverse finite element analysis was employed to obtain corresponding material parameters. With good fitting records, the simulation results presented available material parameters for human body model establishment, and also indicated significant differences of muscle compressive properties due to species, loading rates and fiber orientations. When considering one-order Ogden law, it is worthy of noting that the inversed material parameters of the porcine muscles are similar to those of the human gastrocnemius regardless of fiber orientations. In conclusion, the obtained material parameters in the present study can be references for global human body and body segment modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhao Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Aix-Marseille University, IFSTTAR, LBA UMRT24, Marseille, France.
| | - Zhefen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Haotian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Guibing Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Zurong Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Deyi Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China.
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24
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Wheatley BB. Investigating Passive Muscle Mechanics With Biaxial Stretch. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1021. [PMID: 32973555 PMCID: PMC7468495 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The passive stiffness of skeletal muscle can drastically affect muscle function in vivo, such as the case for fibrotic tissue or patients with cerebral palsy. The two constituents of skeletal muscle that dominate passive stiffness are the intracellular protein titin and the collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM). However, efforts to correlate stiffness and measurements of specific muscle constituents have been mixed, and thus the complete mechanisms for changes to muscle stiffness remain unknown. We hypothesize that biaxial stretch can provide an improved approach to evaluating passive muscle stiffness. Methods We performed planar biaxial materials testing of passively stretched skeletal muscle and identified three previously published datasets of uniaxial materials testing. We developed and employed a constitutive model of passive skeletal muscle that includes aligned muscle fibers and dispersed ECM collagen fibers with a bimodal von Mises distribution. Parametric modeling studies and fits to experimental data (both biaxial and previously published) were completed. Results Biaxial data exhibited differences in time dependent behavior based on orientation (p < 0.0001), suggesting different mechanisms supporting load in the direction of muscle fibers (longitudinal) and in the perpendicular (transverse) directions. Model parametric studies and fits to experimental data exhibited the robustness of the model (<20% error) and how differences in tissue stiffness may not be observed in uniaxial longitudinal stretch, but are apparent in biaxial stretch. Conclusion This work presents novel materials testing data of passively stretched skeletal muscle and use of constitutive modeling and finite element analysis to explore the interaction between stiffness, constituent variability, and applied deformation in passive skeletal muscle. The results highlight the importance of biaxial stretch in evaluating muscle stiffness and in further considering the role of ECM collagen in modulating passive muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Wheatley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, United States
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25
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Valentin T, Simms C. An inverse model of the mechanical response of passive skeletal muscle: Implications for microstructure. J Biomech 2020; 99:109483. [PMID: 31727374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive response of passive skeletal muscle is important for many human body modelling applications, but modelling the tension-compression asymmetry and the anisotropy observed in ex-vivo samples is challenging. Existing microstructural models do not capture the full three-dimensional response while models suitable for application in finite element environments mostly have a limited microstructural basis and cannot capture the observed Poisson's ratios. The aim of this paper is to derive an inverse model based on the microstructure of a skeletal muscle that can predict its passive mechanical response. The model parameters and predictions were derived and assessed by comparison with published experimental stress-strain response and Poisson's ratio data. Results show a close match for both predicted stress-strain response for fibre and cross-fibre direction deformations and similar Poisson's ratio values. Some microstructural observations which strengthen our understanding of the role of the collagen network and intramuscular pressure are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Valentin
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Ciaran Simms
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Vaidya AJ, Wheatley BB. An experimental and computational investigation of the effects of volumetric boundary conditions on the compressive mechanics of passive skeletal muscle. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 102:103526. [PMID: 31877528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Computational modeling, such as finite element analysis, is employed in a range of biomechanics specialties, including impact biomechanics and surgical planning. These models rely on accurate material properties for skeletal muscle, which comprises roughly 40% of the human body. Due to surrounding tissues, compressed skeletal muscle in vivo likely experiences a semi-confined state. Nearly all previous studies investigating passively compressed muscle at the tissue level have focused on muscle in unconfined compression. The goals of this study were to (1) examine the stiffness and time-dependent material properties of skeletal muscle subjected to both confined and unconfined compression (2) develop a model that captures passive muscle mechanics under both conditions and (3) determine the extent to which different assumptions of volumetric behavior affect model results. Muscle in confined compression exhibited stiffer behavior, agreeing with previous assumptions of near-incompressibility. Stress relaxation was found to be faster under unconfined compression, suggesting there may be different mechanisms that support load these two conditions. Finite element calibration was achieved through nonlinear optimization (normalized root mean square error <6%) and model validation was strong (normalized root mean square error <17%). Comparisons to commonly employed assumptions of bulk behavior showed that a simple one parameter approach does not accurately simulate confined compression. We thus recommend the use of a properly calibrated, nonlinear bulk constitutive model for modeling of skeletal muscle in vivo. Future work to determine mechanisms of passive muscle stiffness would enhance the efforts presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag J Vaidya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA
| | - Benjamin B Wheatley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA.
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Wheatley BB, Odegard GM, Kaufman KR, Haut Donahue TL. Modeling Skeletal Muscle Stress and Intramuscular Pressure: A Whole Muscle Active-Passive Approach. J Biomech Eng 2019; 140:2682436. [PMID: 30003256 DOI: 10.1115/1.4040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clinical treatments of skeletal muscle weakness are hindered by a lack of an approach to evaluate individual muscle force. Intramuscular pressure (IMP) has shown a correlation to muscle force in vivo, but patient to patient and muscle to muscle variability results in difficulty of utilizing IMP to estimate muscle force. The goal of this work was to develop a finite element model of whole skeletal muscle that can predict IMP under passive and active conditions to further investigate the mechanisms of IMP variability. A previously validated hypervisco-poroelastic constitutive approach was modified to incorporate muscle activation through an inhomogeneous geometry. Model parameters were optimized to fit model stress to experimental data, and the resulting model fluid pressurization data were utilized for validation. Model fitting was excellent (root-mean-square error or RMSE <1.5 kPa for passive and active conditions), and IMP predictive capability was strong for both passive (RMSE 3.5 mmHg) and active (RMSE 10 mmHg at in vivo lengths) conditions. Additionally, model fluid pressure was affected by length under isometric conditions, as increases in stretch yielded decreases in fluid pressurization following a contraction, resulting from counteracting Poisson effects. Model pressure also varied spatially, with the highest gradients located near aponeuroses. These findings may explain variability of in vivo IMP measurements in the clinic, and thus help reduce this variability in future studies. Further development of this model to include isotonic contractions and muscle weakness would greatly benefit this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Wheatley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA 17837 e-mail:
| | - Gregory M Odegard
- Department of Mechanical Enginering- Engineering Mechanics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, , Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Kenton R Kaufman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Mayo Clinic, , Rochester, MN 55906
| | - Tammy L Haut Donahue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, , Fort Collins, CO 80523
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Bleiler C, Ponte Castañeda P, Röhrle O. A microstructurally-based, multi-scale, continuum-mechanical model for the passive behaviour of skeletal muscle tissue. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 97:171-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Mechanical and microstructural changes of skeletal muscle following immobilization and/or stroke. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:61-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jalal N, Zidi M. Influence of experimental conditions on visco-hyperelastic properties of skeletal muscle tissue using a Box-Behnken design. J Biomech 2019; 85:204-209. [PMID: 30732908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Mechanical characterization of skeletal muscles is strongly dependent on numerous experimental design factors. Nevertheless, significant knowledge gaps remain on the characterization of muscle mechanics and a large number of experiments should be implemented to test the influence of a large number of factors. In this study, we propose a design of experiment method (DOE) to study the parameter sensitivity while minimizing the number of tests. A Box-Behnken design was then implemented to study the influence of strain rate, preconditioning and preloading conditions on visco-hyperelastic mechanical parameters of two rat forearm muscles. The results show that the strain rate affects the visco-hyperelastic parameters for both muscles. These results are consistent with previous work demonstrating that stiffness and viscoelastic contributions increase with strain rate. Thus, DOE has been shown to be a valid method to determine the effect of the experimental conditions on the mechanical behaviour of biological tissues such as skeletal muscle. This method considerably reduces the number of experiments. Indeed, the presented study using 3 parameters at 3 levels would have required at least 54 tests per muscle against 14 for the proposed DOE method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naïm Jalal
- Bioengineering, Tissues and Neuroplasticity, EA 7377, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Mustapha Zidi
- Bioengineering, Tissues and Neuroplasticity, EA 7377, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil, France.
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A new model of passive muscle tissue integrating Collagen Fibers: Consequences for muscle behavior analysis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 88:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Collagen fibril organization in chicken and porcine skeletal muscle perimysium under applied tension and compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 77:734-744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Latorre M, Mohammadkhah M, Simms CK, Montáns FJ. A continuum model for tension-compression asymmetry in skeletal muscle. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 77:455-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Jalal N, Zidi M. Effect of cryopreservation at −80 °C on visco-hyperelastic properties of skeletal muscle tissue. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 77:572-577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Reina Rodriguez FS, Buckley CT, Milgram J, Kirby BM. Biomechanical properties of feline ventral abdominal wall and celiotomy closure techniques. Vet Surg 2017; 47:193-203. [PMID: 29150929 PMCID: PMC5813137 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective To compare biomechanical properties and mechanism of failure of 3 regions of ventral abdominal wall in cats by using 2 suture materials, 2 suture bite‐to‐stitch intervals (SBSI), and full‐thickness versus fascia‐only closure. Study Design Randomized, cadaveric, ex vivo mechanical testing. Sample Population 16 adult cat cadavers, 3 samples per cat. Methods Three regions of ventral abdominal wall were mechanically tested (N = 48 samples). Preumbilical, umbilical (U), and postumbilical (POU) regions were harvested by using a template. The thickness of the linea alba was recorded. Six samples without celiotomy served as controls. Twenty‐eight samples were randomized to SBSI (2 × 2 or 5 × 5 mm) and suture material (3‐0 polyglactin 910 or 3‐0 polydioxanone) for simple continuous celiotomy closure. Fourteen samples were randomized to full‐thickness or fascia‐only closure. Samples were tested by linear distraction; tensile strength and mechanism of failure were recorded. Effects of body weight, thickness of linea alba, anatomic region, SBSI, type of closure, and suture material were evaluated by mixed model linear analysis. Load to failure was compared between males and females, full‐thickness and fascia‐only closure by independent t test, with P < .05 considered statistically significant. Results The POU region achieved lower loads to failure. Load to failure was greater in males compared with females. No difference was detected between full‐thickness and fascia‐only closure. Failure most commonly occurred by tearing of suture through tissues. Tissue failure with suture line loosening occurred mainly in the 5 × 5‐mm SBSI group. Conclusion The POU region is biomechanically weak and may therefore be predisposed to incisional herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor T Buckley
- Trinity College Dublin Centre for Bioengineering, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joshua Milgram
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Barbara M Kirby
- University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
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Wheatley BB, Odegard GM, Kaufman KR, Haut Donahue TL. A validated model of passive skeletal muscle to predict force and intramuscular pressure. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:1011-1022. [PMID: 28040867 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The passive properties of skeletal muscle are often overlooked in muscle studies, yet they play a key role in tissue function in vivo. Studies analyzing and modeling muscle passive properties, while not uncommon, have never investigated the role of fluid content within the tissue. Additionally, intramuscular pressure (IMP) has been shown to correlate with muscle force in vivo and could be used to predict muscle force in the clinic. In this study, a novel model of skeletal muscle was developed and validated to predict both muscle stress and IMP under passive conditions for the New Zealand White Rabbit tibialis anterior. This model is the first to include fluid content within the tissue and uses whole muscle geometry. A nonlinear optimization scheme was highly effective at fitting model stress output to experimental stress data (normalized mean square error or NMSE fit value of 0.993) and validation showed very good agreement to experimental data (NMSE fit values of 0.955 and 0.860 for IMP and stress, respectively). While future work to include muscle activation would broaden the physiological application of this model, the passive implementation could be used to guide surgeries where passive muscle is stretched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Wheatley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1374 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Gregory M Odegard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering - Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Kenton R Kaufman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tammy L Haut Donahue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1374 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Mohammadkhah M, Simms CK, Murphy P. Visualisation of Collagen in fixed skeletal muscle tissue using fluorescently tagged Collagen binding protein CNA35. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 66:37-44. [PMID: 27829194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Detection and visualisation of Collagen structure are important to understand the relationship between mechanical behaviour and microstructure in skeletal muscle since Collagen is the main structural protein in animal connective tissues, and is primarily responsible for their passive load-bearing properties. In the current study, the direct detection and visualization of Collagen using fluorescently tagged CNA35 binding protein (fused to EGFP or tdTomato) is reported for the first time on fixed skeletal muscle tissue. This Technical Note also establishes a working protocol by examining tissue preparation, dilution factor, exposure time etc. for sensitivity and specificity. Penetration of the binding protein into intact mature skeletal muscle was found to be very limited, but detection works well on tissue sections with higher sensitivity on wax embedded sections compared to frozen sections. CNA35 fused to tdTomato has a higher sensitivity than CNA35 fused to EGFP but both show specific detection. Best results were obtained with 15μm wax embedded sections, with blocking of non-specific binding in 1% BSA and antigen retrieval in Sodium Citrate. There was a play-off between dilution of the binding protein and time of incubation but both CNA35-tdTomato and CNA35-EGFP worked well with approximately 100μg/ml of purified protein with overnight incubation, while CNA35-tdTomato could be utilized at 5 fold less concentration. This approach can be applied to study the relationship between skeletal muscle micro-structure and to observe mechanical response to applied deformation. It can be used more broadly to detect Collagen in a variety of fixed tissues, useful for structure-functions studies, constitutive modelling, tissue engineering and assessment of muscle tissue pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Mohammadkhah
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Parsons building, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Ciaran K Simms
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Parsons building, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Paula Murphy
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Science, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland.
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