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Ji C, Yang X, Zhang L, Chen X, Sun Y, Lin B. Microcrack behavior in bone: Stress field analysis at osteon cement line tips. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2024:9544119241272854. [PMID: 39177050 DOI: 10.1177/09544119241272854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Bone microstructure governs microcrack propagation complexity. Current research, relying on linear elastic fracture mechanics, inadequately considers authentic multi-level structures, like cement lines and osteons, impacting stress intensity at cracks. This study, by constructing models encompassing single or multiple osteons, delves into the influence of factors like crack length, osteon radius, and modulus ratio on the stress intensity factor at the crack tip. Employing a fracture mechanics phase-field approach to simulate crack propagation paths, it particularly explores the role of cement lines as weak interfaces in crack extension. The aim is to comprehensively and systematically elucidate the critical factors of bone microstructure in the context of crack propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Ji
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xicheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yadi Sun
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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2
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Yu B, Gauthier R, Olivier C, Villanova J, Follet H, Mitton D, Peyrin F. 3D quantification of the lacunocanalicular network on human femoral diaphysis through synchrotron radiation-based nanoCT. J Struct Biol 2024; 216:108111. [PMID: 39059753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2024.108111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Osteocytes are the major actors in bone mechanobiology. Within bone matrix, they are trapped close together in a submicrometric interconnected network: the lacunocanalicular network (LCN). The interstitial fluid circulating within the LCN transmits the mechanical information to the osteocytes that convert it into a biochemical signal. Understanding the interstitial fluid dynamics is necessary to better understand the bone mechanobiology. Due to the submicrometric dimensions of the LCN, making it difficult to experimentally investigate fluid dynamics, numerical models appear as a relevant tool for such investigation. To develop such models, there is a need for geometrical and morphological data on the human LCN. This study aims at providing morphological data on the human LCN from measurement of 27 human femoral diaphysis bone samples using synchrotron radiation nano-computed tomography with an isotropic voxel size of 100 nm. Except from the canalicular diameter, the canalicular morphological parameters presented a high variability within one sample. Some differences in terms of both lacunar and canalicular morphology were observed between the male and female populations. But it has to be highlighted that all the canaliculi cannot be detected with a voxel size of 100 nm. Hence, in the current study, only a specific population of large canaliculi that could be characterize. Still, to the authors knowledge, this is the first time such a data set was introduced to the community. Further processing will be achieved in order to provide new insight on the LCN permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boliang Yu
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, CREATIS, 69621 Lyon, France
| | - Remy Gauthier
- CNRS, INSA Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1 UCBL, MATEIS UMR CNRS 5510, Bât. Saint Exupéry, 23 Av. Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Cécile Olivier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UA7 Synchrotron Radiation for Biomedicine, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
| | | | - Hélène Follet
- Univ Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR1033, Lyon, France
| | - David Mitton
- Univ Lyon, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LBMC UMR_T9406, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Francoise Peyrin
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, CREATIS, 69621 Lyon, France
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Unal M, Uppuganti S, Dapaah DY, Ahmed R, Pennings JS, Willett TL, Voziyan P, Nyman JS. Effect of ribose incubation on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of human cortical bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 140:105731. [PMID: 36827936 PMCID: PMC10068591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy (RS) is sensitive to the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and it measures matrix-sensitive properties that correlate with the fracture toughness of human cortical bone. However, it is unclear whether sugar-mediated accumulation of AGEs affects the fracture toughness of human cortical bone in a manner that is consistent with the negative correlations between amide I sub-peak ratios and fracture toughness. Upon machining 64 single-edge notched beam (SENB) specimens from cadaveric femurs (8 male and 7 female donors between 46 years and 61 years of age), pairs of SENB specimens were incubated in 15 mL of phosphate buffered saline with or without 0.1 M ribose for 4 weeks at 37 °C. After acquiring 10 Raman spectra per bone specimen (n = 32 per incubation group), paired SENB specimens were loaded in three-point bending at a quasi-static or a high loading rate approximating 10-4 s-1 or 10-2 s-1, respectively (n = 16 per incubation group per loading rate). While 2 amide I sub-peak ratios, I1670/I1640 and I1670/I1610, decreased by 3-5% with a 100% increase in AGE content, as confirmed by fluorescence measurements, the ribose incubation to accumulate AGEs in bone did not affect linear elastic (KIc) nor non-linear elastic (KJc) measurements of bone's ability to resist crack growth. Moreover, AGE accumulation did not affect the change in these properties when the loading rate changed. Increasing the loading rate increased KIc but decreased KJc. Ribose incubation did not affect mineral-related RS properties such as mineral-to-matrix ratios, Type B carbonate substitutions, and crystallinity. It did however increase the thermal stability of demineralized bone (differential scanning calorimetry), without affecting the network connectivity of the organic matrix (i.e., maximum slope during a hydrothermal isometric tension test of demineralized bone). In conclusion, RS is sensitive to AGE accumulation via the amide I band (plus the hydroxyproline-to-proline ratio), but the increase in AGE content due to ribose incubation was not sufficient to affect the fracture toughness of human cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Unal
- Department of Bioengineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, 70200, Turkey; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, 70200, Turkey
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Daniel Y Dapaah
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rafay Ahmed
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Jacquelyn S Pennings
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 1200, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Thomas L Willett
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Voziyan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1611 21st Ave. S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21st Ave. S, Suite 4200, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Ave. S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 1200, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
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Qiu J, Liao Z, Xiang H, Li H, Yuan D, Jiang C, Xie J, Qin M, Li K, Zhao H. Effects of different preservation on the mechanical properties of cortical bone under quasi-static and dynamic compression. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1082254. [PMID: 36911185 PMCID: PMC9995777 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1082254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mechanical properties of biological tissue are important for numerical simulations. Preservative treatments are necessary for disinfection and long-term storage when conducting biomechanical experimentation on materials. However, few studies have been focused on the effect of preservation on the mechanical properties of bone in a wide strain rate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of formalin and dehydration on the intrinsic mechanical properties of cortical bone from quasi-static to dynamic compression. Methods: Cube specimens were prepared from pig femur and divided into three groups (fresh, formalin, and dehydration). All samples underwent static and dynamic compression at a strain rate from 10-3 s-1 to 103 s-1. The ultimate stress, ultimate strain, elastic modulus, and strain-rate sensitivity exponent were calculated. A one-way ANOVA test was performed to determine if the preservation method showed significant differences in mechanical properties under at different strain rates. The morphology of the macroscopic and microscopic structure of bones was observed. Results: The results show that ultimate stress and ultimate strain increased as the strain rate increased, while the elastic modulus decreased. Formalin fixation and dehydration did not affect elastic modulus significantly whereas significantly increased the ultimate strain and ultimate stress. The strain-rate sensitivity exponent was the highest in the fresh group, followed by the formalin group and dehydration group. Different fracture mechanisms were observed on the fractured surface, with fresh and preserved bone tending to fracture along the oblique direction, and dried bone tending to fracture along the axial direction. Discussion: In conclusion, preservation with both formalin and dehydration showed an influence on mechanical properties. The influence of the preservation method on material properties should be fully considered in developing a numerical simulation model, especially for high strain rate simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Qiu
- Daping Hospital of Army Medical University, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhikang Liao
- Daping Hospital of Army Medical University, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyi Xiang
- Daping Hospital of Army Medical University, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Haocheng Li
- Department of Medical Engineering, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Danfeng Yuan
- Daping Hospital of Army Medical University, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengyue Jiang
- School of Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingru Xie
- Daping Hospital of Army Medical University, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingxin Qin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Kui Li
- Daping Hospital of Army Medical University, PLA, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Daping Hospital of Army Medical University, PLA, Chongqing, China
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Li F, Chen X, Liu P. A Review on Three-Dimensional Printed Silicate-Based Bioactive Glass/Biodegradable Medical Synthetic Polymer Composite Scaffolds. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022. [PMID: 36301943 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, tissue engineering scaffolds have turned into the preferred option for the clinical treatment of pathological and traumatic bone defects. In this field, silicate-based bioactive glasses (SBGs) and biodegradable medical synthetic polymers (BMSPs) have attracted a great deal of attention owing to their shared exceptional advantages, like excellent biocompatibility, good biodegradability, and outstanding osteogenesis. Three-dimensional (3D) printed SBG/BMSP scaffolds can not only replicate the mechanical properties and microstructure of natural bone but also degrade in situ after service and end up being replaced by regenerated bone tissue in vivo. This review first consolidates the research efforts in 3D printed SBG/BMSP scaffolds, and then focuses on their composite mechanism. This review may help to provide a fresh perspective for SBG/BMSP composite system in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Li
- Electromechanical Functional Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Electromechanical Functional Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Biomedical Materials, Shanghai Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Medical Device Materials, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Electromechanical Functional Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Biomedical Materials, Shanghai Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Medical Device Materials, Shanghai, China
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6
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The influence of foramina on femoral neck fractures and strains predicted with finite element analysis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 134:105364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dapaah D, Martel DR, Laing AC, Willett TL. The impact of fall-related loading rate on the formation of micro-damage in human cortical bone fracture. J Biomech 2022; 142:111254. [PMID: 35986951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The quest for better predictive tools as well as new preventative and therapeutic measures for bone fragility and fracture has highlighted the need for greater mechanistic understanding of the bone fracture process. Cortical bone, the major load bearing part of the bone, employs different toughening mechanisms to either inhibit or slow down crack growth which leads to fracture. Among these toughening mechanisms, is the formation of a micro-damage process zone (MDPZ) around the region of the propagating crack. Investigations into the MDPZ to date have primarily been based on quasi-static or cyclic loading rate experiments which do not necessarily replicate physiological fracture rates. Consequently, the impact of fall-related loading rates on the formation of the micro-damage process zone was investigated comparing these to quasi-static loading rate equivalents. The size of MDPZ was found to be 42% smaller in the high-rate group compared to the quasi-static rate group. The smaller MDPZ size was associated with a brittle, unstable fracture behaviour and an overall smaller fracture resistance measure (Jmax). This result points to the possibility of a strain rate hardening mechanism at the heart of micro-damage formation, which is hampered under high loading rates, resulting in lower overall fracture resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dapaah
- University of Waterloo, Department of Systems Design Engineering, Canada
| | - Daniel R Martel
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Canada
| | - Andrew C Laing
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Canada
| | - Thomas L Willett
- University of Waterloo, Department of Systems Design Engineering, Canada.
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Revel M, Gardegaront M, Bermond F, Mitton D, Follet H. A credible homogenized finite element model to predict radius fracture in the case of a forward fall. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 131:105206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fan F, Cai X, Follet H, Peyrin F, Laugier P, Niu H, Grimal Q. Cortical bone viscoelastic damping assessed with resonant ultrasound spectroscopy reflects porosity and mineral content. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 117:104388. [PMID: 33636678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Viscoelasticity is an essential property of bone related to fragility, which is altered in aging and bone disease. Bone viscoelastic behavior is attributed to several mechanisms involving collagen and mineral properties, porosities, and bone hierarchical tissue organization. We aimed to assess the relationships between cortical bone viscoelastic damping measured with Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS), microstructural and compositional characteristics. We measured 52 bone specimens from the femur of 26 elderly human donors. RUS provided a shear damping coefficient at a frequency of the order of 150 kHz. The characteristics of the structure of the vascular pore network and tissue mineral density were measured using synchrotron radiation high-resolution computed tomography (SR-μCT). Fourier transformed infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) was used to quantify mineral-to-organic phase ratio, mineral maturity, crystallinity, and collagen maturity. Cross-links were quantified from biochemistry. Viscoelastic damping was found to increase with vascular porosity (r=0.68), to decrease with the degree of mineralization of the extravascular matrix (r=-0.68), and was marginally affected by collagen. We built a multilinear model suggesting that when porosity is controlled, the variation of mineral content explains a small additional part of the variability of damping. The work supports the consideration of viscoelasticity measurement as a potential biomarker of fragility and provides a documentation of bone viscoelastic behavior and its determinants in a frequency range rarely investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100083, Beijing, China; Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR-S 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Xiran Cai
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR-S 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France; School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Hélène Follet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR 1033, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1206, F-69621, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Laugier
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100083, Beijing, China; Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR-S 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Haijun Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Quentin Grimal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR-S 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France
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Experimental characterization and micromechanical modeling of the elastic response of the human humerus under bending impact. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111276. [PMID: 32919640 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the characterization and numerical modeling of the elastic behavior of the human humerus bone using a recently developed micromechanical approach coupled to nanoindentation measurements. At first, standard three-point bending experiments were conducted under low static loading, using several humerus diaphysis in order to identify the apparent elastic modulus of the bone in static regime. Then, a drop tower impact experiment was used on the same set of humerus diaphysis specimens, in order to assess the elastic modulus in dynamic regime. These measurements will be used as reference bases for comparison purpose. The originality of this work, lies in the coupling between a two-phase micromechanical approach based on Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme for cylindrical voids and nanoindentation measurements of the elastic modulus of the bone matrix phase. This model has been implemented using a user defined material subroutine VMAT in ABAQUS© Explicit code. The bone mechanical response prediction using the proposed methodology was validated against previous standard experimental data. Finally, it was shown that the numerical predictions are consistent with the physical measurements obtained on human humerus via the good estimation of the ultimate impact load.
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Gauthier R, Follet H, Langer M, Peyrin F, Mitton D. What is the influence of two strain rates on the relationship between human cortical bone toughness and micro-structure? Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2020; 234:247-254. [DOI: 10.1177/0954411919884776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cortical bone fracture mechanisms are well studied under quasi-static loading. The influence of strain rate on crack propagation mechanisms needs to be better understood, however. We have previously shown that several aspects of the bone micro-structure are involved in crack propagation, such as the complete porosity network, including the Haversian system and the lacunar network, as well as biochemical aspects, such as the maturity of collagen cross-links. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of strain rate on the toughness of human cortical bone with respect to its microstructure and organic non-collagenous composition. Two strain rates will be considered: quasi-static loading (10−4 s−1), a standard condition, and a higher loading rate (10−1 s−1), representative of a fall. Cortical bone samples were extracted from eight female donors (age 50–91 years). Three-point bending tests were performed until failure. Synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography imaging was performed to assess bone microstructure including the Haversian system and the lacunar system. Collagen enzymatic cross-link maturation was measured using a high performance liquid chromatography column. Results showed that that under quasi-static loading, the elastic contribution of the fracture process is correlated to both the collagen cross-links maturation and the microstructure, while the plastic contribution is correlated only to the porosity network. Under fall-like loading, bone organization appears to be less linked to crack propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Gauthier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CREATIS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hélène Follet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR1033, Lyon, France
| | - Max Langer
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CREATIS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CREATIS, Villeurbanne, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - David Mitton
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, Lyon, France
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12
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Zioupos P, Kirchner HOK, Peterlik H. Ageing bone fractures: The case of a ductile to brittle transition that shifts with age. Bone 2020; 131:115176. [PMID: 31809904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human bone becomes increasingly brittle with ageing. Bones also fracture differently under slow and fast loadings, being ductile and brittle, respectively. The effects of a combination of these two factors have never been examined before. Here we show that cortical bone is most fracture-resistant at the physiologically prevalent intermediate strain rates of 10-3 s-1 to 10-2 s-1 such as they occur in walking or running, slightly weaker at slower quasistatic and much weaker at fast impact loading rates. In young cortical bone (15 years of age) the ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) occurs at strain rates of 10-2 s-1, in old cortical bone (85 yrs) at speeds lower by a factor of 10 to 40. Other research has shown that the energy required to break bone (per unit of fracture surface) drops as much as 60% between these two ages. Therefore, DBT seems to compound the well-known phenomenon of 'brittle old bones'. Old bones can only cope with slow movement, young ones with both slow and fast movement. These observed material characteristics of (i) a shift of the DBT and (ii) a reduced energy absorption capacity appear to contribute at least as much to the loss of bone quality as the various quantity based (lowered bone density and mineral content) explanations of the past. They also provide a new powerful paradigm, which allows us to demonstrate mechanically, and uniquely, how human bone becomes increasingly brittle with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zioupos
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, DA of the UK, Shrivenham, UK.
| | - Helmut O K Kirchner
- INM- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D22, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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13
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Cai X, Follet H, Peralta L, Gardegaront M, Farlay D, Gauthier R, Yu B, Gineyts E, Olivier C, Langer M, Gourrier A, Mitton D, Peyrin F, Grimal Q, Laugier P. Anisotropic elastic properties of human femoral cortical bone and relationships with composition and microstructure in elderly. Acta Biomater 2019; 90:254-266. [PMID: 30922952 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The strong dependence between cortical bone elasticity at the millimetre-scale (mesoscale) and cortical porosity has been evidenced by previous studies. However, bone is an anisotropic composite material made by mineral, proteins and water assembled in a hierarchical structure. Whether the variations of structural and compositional properties of bone affect the different elastic coefficients at the mesoscale is not clear. Aiming to understand the relationships between bone elastic properties and compositions and microstructure, we applied state-of-the-art experimental modalities to assess these aspects of bone characteristics. All elastic coefficients (stiffness tensor of the transverse isotropic bone material), structure of the vascular pore network, collagen and mineral properties were measured in 52 specimens from the femoral diaphysis of 26 elderly donors. Statistical analyses and micromechanical modeling showed that vascular pore volume fraction and the degree of mineralization of bone are the most important determinants of cortical bone anisotropic mesoscopic elasticity. Though significant correlations were observed between collagen properties and elasticity, their effects in bone mesoscopic elasticity were minor in our data. This work also provides a unique set of data exhibiting a range of variations of compositional and microstructural cortical bone properties in the elderly and gives strong experimental evidence and basis for further development of biomechanical models for human cortical bone. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study reports the relationships between microstructure, composition and the mesoscale anisotropic elastic properties of human femoral cortical bone in elderly. For the first time, we provide data covering the complete anisotropic elastic tensor, the microstructure of cortical vascular porosity, mineral and collagen characteristics obtained from the same or adjacent samples in each donor. The results revealed that cortical vascular porosity and degree of mineralization of bone are the most important determinants of bone anisotropic stiffness at the mesoscale. The presented data gives strong experimental evidence and basis for further development of biomechanical models for human cortical bone.
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Gauthier R, Langer M, Follet H, Olivier C, Gouttenoire PJ, Helfen L, Rongiéras F, Mitton D, Peyrin F. Influence of loading condition and anatomical location on human cortical bone linear micro-cracks. J Biomech 2019; 85:59-66. [PMID: 30686510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human cortical bone fracture toughness depends on the anatomical locations under quasi-static loading. Recent results also showed that under fall-like loading, cortical bone fracture toughness is similar at different anatomical locations in the same donor. While cortical bone toughening mechanisms are known to be dependent on the tissue architecture under quasi-static loading, the fracture mechanisms during a fall are less studied. In the current study, the structural parameters of eight paired femoral diaphyses, femoral necks and radial diaphyses were mechanically tested under quasi-static and fall-like loading conditions (female donors, 70 ± 14 y.o., [50-91 y.o.]). Synchrotron radiation micro-CT imaging was used to quantify the amount of micro-cracks formed during loading. The volume fraction of these micro-cracks was significantly higher within the specimens loaded under a quasi-static condition than under a loading representative of a fall. Under fall-like loading, there was no difference in crack volume fraction between the different paired anatomical locations. This result shows that the micro-cracking toughening mechanism depends both on the anatomical location and on the loading condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Gauthier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622 Lyon, France; Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Creatis, F69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Max Langer
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Creatis, F69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Follet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR1033, F69008 Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Olivier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Creatis, F69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Gouttenoire
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Creatis, F69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Lukas Helfen
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frédéric Rongiéras
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622 Lyon, France; Service Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologie - Hôpital Desgenettes, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - David Mitton
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622 Lyon, France
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Creatis, F69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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15
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3D micro structural analysis of human cortical bone in paired femoral diaphysis, femoral neck and radial diaphysis. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:182-190. [PMID: 30107234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human bone is known to adapt to its mechanical environment in a living body. Both its architecture and microstructure may differ between weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing bones. The aim of the current study was to analyze in three dimensions, the morphology of the multi-scale porosities on human cortical bone at different locations. Eight paired femoral diaphyses, femoral necks, and radial diaphyses were imaged using Synchrotron Radiation µCT with a 0.7 µm isotropic voxel size. The spatial resolution facilitates the investigation of the multiscale porosities of cortical bone, from the osteonal canals system down to the osteocyte lacunar system. Our results showed significant differences in the microstructural properties, regarding both osteonal canals and osteocytes lacunae, between the different anatomical locations. The radius presents significantly lower osteonal canal volume fraction and smaller osteonal canals than the femoral diaphysis or neck. Osteocytes lacunae observed in the radius are significantly different in shape than in the femur, and lacunar density is higher in the femoral neck. These results show that the radius, a non-weight-bearing bone, is significantly different in terms of its microstructure from a weight-bearing bone such as the femur. This implies that the cortical bone properties evaluated on the femoral diaphysis, the main location studied within the literature, cannot be generalized to other anatomical locations.
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16
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Gauthier R, Follet H, Langer M, Gineyts E, Rongiéras F, Peyrin F, Mitton D. Relationships between human cortical bone toughness and collagen cross-links on paired anatomical locations. Bone 2018; 112:202-211. [PMID: 29730278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human cortical bone fracture processes depend on the internal porosity network down to the lacunar length scale. Recent results show that at the collagen scale, the maturation of collagen cross-links may have a negative influence on bone mechanical behavior. While the effect of pentosidine on human cortical bone toughness has been studied, the influence of mature and immature enzymatic cross-links has only been studied in relation to strength and work of fracture. Moreover, these relationships have not been studied on different paired anatomical locations. Thus, the aim of the current study was to assess the relationships between both enzymatic and non-enzymatic collagen cross-links and human cortical bone toughness, on four human paired anatomical locations. Single Edge Notched Bending toughness tests were performed for two loading conditions: a quasi-static standard condition, and a condition representative of a fall. These tests were done with 32 paired femoral diaphyses, femoral necks and radial diaphyses (18 women, age 81 ± 12 y.o.; 14 men, age 79 ± 8 y.o.). Collagen enzymatic and non-enzymatic crosslinks were measured on the same bones. Maturation of collagen was defined as the ratio between immature and mature cross-links (CX). The results show that there was a significant correlation between collagen cross-link maturation and bone toughness when gathering femoral and radial diaphyses, but not when considering each anatomical location individually. These results show that the influence of collagen enzymatic and non-enzymatic cross-links is minor when considering human cortical bone crack propagation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Gauthier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622 Lyon, France; Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Creatis, F69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Follet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR1033, F69008 Lyon, France
| | - Max Langer
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Creatis, F69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Evelyne Gineyts
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR1033, F69008 Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Rongiéras
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622 Lyon, France; Service Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologie, Hôpital Desgenettes, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Creatis, F69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - David Mitton
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622 Lyon, France.
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17
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Abstract
The mechanical properties of bone are fundamental to the ability of our skeletons to support movement and to provide protection to our vital organs. As such, deterioration in mechanical behavior with aging and/or diseases such as osteoporosis and diabetes can have profound consequences for individuals' quality of life. This article reviews current knowledge of the basic mechanical behavior of bone at length scales ranging from hundreds of nanometers to tens of centimeters. We present the basic tenets of bone mechanics and connect them to some of the arcs of research that have brought the field to recent advances. We also discuss cortical bone, trabecular bone, and whole bones, as well as multiple aspects of material behavior, including elasticity, yield, fracture, fatigue, and damage. We describe the roles of bone quantity (e.g., density, porosity) and bone quality (e.g., cross-linking, protein composition), along with several avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise F Morgan
- Orthopaedic and Developmental Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - Ginu U Unnikrisnan
- Orthopaedic and Developmental Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - Amira I Hussein
- Orthopaedic and Developmental Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
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Akbardoost J, Amirafshari R, Mohsenzade O, Berto F. Scaling effect on the fracture toughness of bone materials using MMTS criterion. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 85:72-79. [PMID: 29859417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to present a stress based approach for investigating the effect of specimen size on the fracture toughness of bone materials. The proposed approach is a modified form of the classical fracture criterion called maximum tangential stress (MTS). The mechanical properties of bone are different in longitudinal and transverse directions and hence the tangential stress component in the proposed approach should be determined in the orthotropic media. Since only the singular terms of series expansions were obtained in the previous studies, the tangential stress is measured from finite element analysis. In this study, the critical distance is also assumed to be size dependent and a semi-empirical formulation is used for describing the size dependency of the critical distance. By comparing the results predicted by the proposed approach and those reported in the previous studies, it is shown that the proposed approach can predict the fracture resistance of cracked bone by taking into account the effect of specimen size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Akbardoost
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kharazmi University, Mofatteh Avenue, P.O. Box 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Amirafshari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kharazmi University, Mofatteh Avenue, P.O. Box 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Mohsenzade
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kharazmi University, Mofatteh Avenue, P.O. Box 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran
| | - Filippo Berto
- Department of mechanical engineering, Norwegian university science and technology, Richard birkelands vei 2b, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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19
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Gardegaront M, Gauthier R, Farlay D, Rizzo S, Mitton D, Follet H. Influence of the degree of mineralization of the cortical bone on toughness. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2017; 20:87-88. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1382874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gardegaront
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR 1033, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - R. Gauthier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - D. Farlay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR 1033, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - S. Rizzo
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR 1033, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - D. Mitton
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - H. Follet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR 1033, 69008 Lyon, France
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