1
|
Kelly C, Adams SB. 3D Printing Materials and Technologies for Orthopaedic Applications. J Orthop Trauma 2024; 38:S9-S12. [PMID: 38502597 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0000000000002765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
SUMMARY 3D printing technologies have evolved tremendously over the last decade for uses in orthopaedic surgical applications, including being used to manufacture implants for spine, upper extremity, foot and ankle, oncologic, and traumatic reconstructions. Materials used for 3D-printed orthopaedic devices include metals, degradable and nondegradable polymers, and ceramic composites. There are 2 primary advantages for use of 3D printing technologies for orthopaedics: first, the ability to create complex porous lattices that allow for osseointegration and improved implant stability and second, the enablement of complex geometric designs allowing for patient-specific devices based on preoperative imaging. Given continually evolving technology, and the relatively early stage of the materials and 3D printers themselves, the possibilities for continued innovation in orthopaedics are great.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel B Adams
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amaya-Rivas JL, Perero BS, Helguero CG, Hurel JL, Peralta JM, Flores FA, Alvarado JD. Future trends of additive manufacturing in medical applications: An overview. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26641. [PMID: 38444512 PMCID: PMC10912264 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) has recently demonstrated significant medical progress. Due to advancements in materials and methodologies, various processes have been developed to cater to the medical sector's requirements, including bioprinting and 4D, 5D, and 6D printing. However, only a few studies have captured these emerging trends and their medical applications. Therefore, this overview presents an analysis of the advancements and achievements obtained in AM for the medical industry, focusing on the principal trends identified in the annual report of AM3DP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Amaya-Rivas
- Advanced Manufacturing and Prototyping Laboratory (CAMPRO), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Bryan S. Perero
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Carlos G. Helguero
- Advanced Manufacturing and Prototyping Laboratory (CAMPRO), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jorge L. Hurel
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Juan M. Peralta
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Francisca A. Flores
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics (FCNM), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - José D. Alvarado
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences (FIMCP), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box: 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mechanics of 3D-Printed Polymer Lattices with Varied Design and Processing Strategies. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245515. [PMID: 36559882 PMCID: PMC9788352 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging polymer 3D-printing technologies are enabling the design and fabrication of mechanically efficient lattice structures with intricate microscale structures. During fabrication, manufacturing inconsistencies can affect mechanical efficiency, thereby driving a need to investigate how design and processing strategies influence outcomes. Here, mechanical testing is conducted for 3D-printed lattice structures while altering topology, relative density, and exposure time per layer using digital light processing (DLP). Experiments compared a Cube topology with 800 µm beams and Body-Centered Cube (BCC) topologies with 500 or 800 µm beams, all designed with 40% relative density. Cube lattices had the lowest mean measured relative density of ~42%, while the 500 µm BCC lattice had the highest relative density of ~55%. Elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate strength had a positive correlation with measured relative density when considering measurement distributions for thirty samples of each design. BCC lattices designed with 50%, 40%, and 30% relative densities were then fabricated with exposure-per-layer times of 1500 and 1750 ms. Increasing exposure time per layer resulted in higher scaling of mechanical properties to relative density compared to design alteration strategies. These results reveal how design and fabrication strategies affect mechanical performance of lattices suitable for diverse engineering applications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Polymer 3D Printing Review: Materials, Process, and Design Strategies for Medical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091499. [PMID: 34066639 PMCID: PMC8124560 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer 3D printing is an emerging technology with recent research translating towards increased use in industry, particularly in medical fields. Polymer printing is advantageous because it enables printing low-cost functional parts with diverse properties and capabilities. Here, we provide a review of recent research advances for polymer 3D printing by investigating research related to materials, processes, and design strategies for medical applications. Research in materials has led to the development of polymers with advantageous characteristics for mechanics and biocompatibility, with tuning of mechanical properties achieved by altering printing process parameters. Suitable polymer printing processes include extrusion, resin, and powder 3D printing, which enable directed material deposition for the design of advantageous and customized architectures. Design strategies, such as hierarchical distribution of materials, enable balancing of conflicting properties, such as mechanical and biological needs for tissue scaffolds. Further medical applications reviewed include safety equipment, dental implants, and drug delivery systems, with findings suggesting a need for improved design methods to navigate the complex decision space enabled by 3D printing. Further research across these areas will lead to continued improvement of 3D-printed design performance that is essential for advancing frontiers across engineering and medicine.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chug MK, Bachtiar E, Narwold N, Gall K, Brisbois EJ. Tailoring nitric oxide release with additive manufacturing to create antimicrobial surfaces. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3100-3111. [PMID: 33690768 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00068c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current use of implantable and indwelling medical is limited due to potential microbial colonization leading to severe ailments. The aim of this work is to develop bioactive polymers that can be customized based on patient needs and help prevent bacterial infection. Potential benefits of additive manufacturing technology are integrated with the antimicrobial properties of nitric oxide (NO) to develop NO-releasing biocompatible polymer interfaces for addressing bacterial infections. Using filament-based additive manufacturing and polycarbonateurethane-silicone (PCU-Sil) a range of films possessing unique porosities (Disk-60, Disk-40, solid, capped) were fabricated. The films were impregnated with S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) using a solvent-swelling process. The Disk-60 porous films had the greatest amount of SNAP (19.59 wt%) as measured by UV-vis spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed an even distribution of SNAP throughout the polymer. The films exhibited structure-based tunable NO-release at physiological levels ranging from 7-14 days for solid and porous films, as measured by chemiluminescence. The antibacterial efficacy of the films was studied against Staphylococcus aureus using 24 h in vitro bacterial adhesion assay. The results demonstrated a >99% reduction of viable bacteria on the surface of all the NO-releasing films compared to unmodified PCU-Sil controls. The combination of 3D-printing technology with NO-releasing properties represents a promising technique to develop customized medical devices (such as 3D-scaffolds, catheters, etc.) with distinct NO-release levels that can provide antimicrobial properties and enhanced biocompatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjyot Kaur Chug
- School of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Emilio Bachtiar
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas Narwold
- College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ken Gall
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Brisbois
- School of Chemical, Materials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schwab A, Levato R, D’Este M, Piluso S, Eglin D, Malda J. Printability and Shape Fidelity of Bioinks in 3D Bioprinting. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11028-11055. [PMID: 32856892 PMCID: PMC7564085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting uses additive manufacturing techniques for the automated fabrication of hierarchically organized living constructs. The building blocks are often hydrogel-based bioinks, which need to be printed into structures with high shape fidelity to the intended computer-aided design. For optimal cell performance, relatively soft and printable inks are preferred, although these undergo significant deformation during the printing process, which may impair shape fidelity. While the concept of good or poor printability seems rather intuitive, its quantitative definition lacks consensus and depends on multiple rheological and chemical parameters of the ink. This review discusses qualitative and quantitative methodologies to evaluate printability of bioinks for extrusion- and lithography-based bioprinting. The physicochemical parameters influencing shape fidelity are discussed, together with their importance in establishing new models, predictive tools and printing methods that are deemed instrumental for the design of next-generation bioinks, and for reproducible comparison of their structural performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schwab
- AO
Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo D’Este
- AO
Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Susanna Piluso
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David Eglin
- AO
Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Jos Malda
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abar B, Alonso-Calleja A, Kelly A, Kelly C, Gall K, West JL. 3D printing of high-strength, porous, elastomeric structures to promote tissue integration of implants. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:54-63. [PMID: 32418348 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in biomaterials research, there is no ideal device for replacing weight-bearing soft tissues like menisci or intervertebral discs due to poor integration with tissues and mechanical property mismatch. Designing an implant with a soft and porous tissue-contacting structure using a material conducive to cell attachment and growth could potentially address these limitations. Polycarbonate urethane (PCU) is a soft and tough biocompatible material that can be 3D printed into porous structures with controlled pore sizes. Porous biomaterials of appropriate chemistries can support cell proliferation and tissue ingrowth, but their optimal design parameters remain unclear. To investigate this, porous PCU structures were 3D-printed in a crosshatch pattern with a range of in-plane pore sizes (0 to 800 μm) forming fully interconnected porous networks. Printed porous structures had ultimate tensile strengths ranging from 1.9 to 11.6 MPa, strains to failure ranging from 300 to 486%, Young's moduli ranging from 0.85 to 12.42 MPa, and porosity ranging from 13 to 71%. These porous networks can be loaded with hydrogels, such as collagen gels, to provide additional biological support for cells. Bare PCU structures and collagen-hydrogel-filled porous PCU support robust NIH/3T3 fibroblast cell line proliferation over 14 days for all pore sizes. Results highlight PCU's potential in the development of tissue-integrating medical implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Abar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Alexander Kelly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cambre Kelly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ken Gall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer L West
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Griffin M, Castro N, Bas O, Saifzadeh S, Butler P, Hutmacher DW. The Current Versatility of Polyurethane Three-Dimensional Printing for Biomedical Applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 26:272-283. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Griffin
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Castro
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Onur Bas
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Siamak Saifzadeh
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Butler
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dietmar Werner Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Adamo F, Farina M, Thekkedath UR, Grattoni A, Sesana R. Mechanical characterization and numerical simulation of a subcutaneous implantable 3D printed cell encapsulation system. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 82:133-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
10
|
Bloomquist CJ, Mecham MB, Paradzinsky MD, Janusziewicz R, Warner SB, Luft JC, Mecham SJ, Wang AZ, DeSimone JM. Controlling release from 3D printed medical devices using CLIP and drug-loaded liquid resins. J Control Release 2018; 278:9-23. [PMID: 29596874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mass customization along with the ability to generate designs using medical imaging data makes 3D printing an attractive method for the fabrication of patient-tailored drug and medical devices. Herein we describe the application of Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP) as a method to fabricate biocompatible and drug-loaded devices with controlled release properties, using liquid resins containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). In this work, we characterize how the release kinetics of a model small molecule, rhodamine B-base (RhB), are affected by device geometry, network crosslink density, and the polymer composition of polycaprolactone- and poly (ethylene glycol)-based networks. To demonstrate the applicability of using API-loaded liquid resins with CLIP, the UV stability was evaluated for a panel of clinically-relevant small molecule drugs. Finally, select formulations were tested for biocompatibility, degradation and encapsulation of docetaxel (DTXL) and dexamethasone-acetate (DexAc). Formulations were shown to be biocompatible over the course of 175 days of in vitro degradation and the clinically-relevant drugs could be encapsulated and released in a controlled fashion. This study reveals the potential of the CLIP manufacturing platform to serve as a method for the fabrication of patient-specific medical and drug-delivery devices for personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Bloomquist
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael B Mecham
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark D Paradzinsky
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rima Janusziewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Samuel B Warner
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J Christopher Luft
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sue J Mecham
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph M DeSimone
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Carbon, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
| |
Collapse
|