1
|
Dewangan VK, Sampath Kumar TS, Doble M, Daniel Varghese V. Injectable macroporous naturally-derived apatite bone cement as a potential trabecular bone substitute. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35397. [PMID: 38456309 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we have formulated a novel apatite bone cements derived from natural sources (i.e. eggshell and fishbone) with improved qualities that is, porosity, resorbability, biological activity, and so forth. The naturally-derived apatite bone cement (i.e. FBDEAp) was prepared by mixing hydroxyapatite (synthesized from fishbone) and tricalcium phosphate (synthesized from eggshell) as a solid phase with a liquid phase (a dilute acidic blend of cement binding accelerator and biopolymers like gelatin and chitosan) with polysorbate (as liquid porogen) to get a desired bone cement paste. The prepared cement paste sets within the clinically acceptable setting time (≤20 min), easily injectable (>85%) through hands and exhibits physiological pH stability (7.3-7.4). The pure apatite phased bone cement was confirmed by x-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. The FBDEAp bone cement possesses acceptable compressive strength (i.e. 5-7 MPa) within trabecular bone range and is resorbable up to 28% in simulated body fluid solution within 12 weeks of incubation at physiological conditions. The FBDEAp is macroporous in nature (average pore size ~50-400 μm) with interconnected pores verified by SEM and micro-CT analyses. The FBDEAp showed significantly increased MG63 cell viability (>125% after 72 h), cell adhesion, proliferation, and key osteogenic genes expression levels (up to 5-13 folds) compared to the synthetically derived, synthetic and eggshell derived as well as synthetic and fishbone derived bone cements. Thus, we strongly believe that our prepared FBDEAp bone cement can be used as potential trabecular bone substitute in orthopedics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Kumar Dewangan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - T S Sampath Kumar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vidal L, Lopez-Garzon M, Venegas V, Vila I, Domínguez D, Rodas G, Marotta M. A Novel Tendon Injury Model, Induced by Collagenase Administration Combined with a Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel in Rats, Reproduces the Pathogenesis of Human Degenerative Tendinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1868. [PMID: 38339145 PMCID: PMC10855568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patellar tendinopathy is a common clinical problem, but its underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood, primarily due to the absence of a representative experimental model. The most widely used method to generate such a model is collagenase injection, although this method possesses limitations. We developed an optimized rat model of patellar tendinopathy via the ultrasound-guided injection of collagenase mixed with a thermo-responsive Pluronic hydrogel into the patellar tendon of sixty male Wistar rats. All analyses were carried out at 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days post-injury. We confirmed that our rat model reproduced the pathophysiology observed in human patients through analyses of ultrasonography, histology, immunofluorescence, and biomechanical parameters. Tendons that were injured by the injection of the collagenase-Pluronic mixture exhibited a significant increase in the cross-sectional area (p < 0.01), a high degree of tissue disorganization and hypercellularity, significantly strong neovascularization (p < 0.01), important changes in the levels of types I and III collagen expression, and the organization and presence of intra-tendinous calcifications. Decreases in the maximum rupture force and stiffness were also observed. These results demonstrate that our model replicates the key features observed in human patellar tendinopathy. Collagenase is evenly distributed, as the Pluronic hydrogel prevents its leakage and thus, damage to surrounding tissues. Therefore, this model is valuable for testing new treatments for patellar tendinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vidal
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lopez-Garzon
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Venegas
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Vila
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Domínguez
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Spain
- Sports Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínic and Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Marotta
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar Dewangan V, Sampath Kumar TS, Doble M, Daniel Varghese V. Fabrication of injectable antibiotic-loaded apatitic bone cements with prolonged drug delivery for treating post-surgery infections. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1750-1767. [PMID: 37353879 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-loaded bioactive bone substitutes are widely used for treating various orthopedic diseases and prophylactically to avoid post implantation infection. Calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (also known as apatitic bone cement) is a potential bioactive bone substitute in orthopedics due to its chemical composition similar to that of natural bone minerals. In this study, fabrication of mannitol (a solid porogen) incorporated injectable synthetic (Syn) and eggshell derived (ESD) apatitic bone cements loaded with antibiotics (gentamicin/meropenem/ rifampicin/vancomycin) was investigated. The release kinetics of the antibiotics were studied by fitting them with different kinetic models. All the antibiotics-loaded apatitic bone cements set within clinically accepted setting time (20 ± 2 min) and with good injectability (>70%). The antibiotics released from these bone cements were found to be controlled and sustained throughout the study time. Weibull and Gompertz (applies in least initial burst and sustain drug release rate models) were the best models to predict the release behavior. They cements had acceptable compressive strength (6-10 MPa; in the range of trabecular bone) and were biodegradable (21%-27% within 12 weeks of incubation) in vitro in simulated body fluids at physiological conditions. These bone cements showed excellent antibacterial activity from day 1 onwards and no bacterial colony was found from day 3 onwards. The viability of MG63 cells in vitro after 72 h was significantly higher after 24 h (i.e., ~110%). The cells were well attached and spread over the surface of the cements with extended morphology. The ESD antibiotic-loaded apatitic bone cements showed better injectability, degradation and cytocompatibility compared when compared to Syn antibiotic-loaded apatitic bone cements. Thus, we believe that the ESD antibiotic-loaded apatitic bone cements are suitable as potential injectable bone substitutes to avoid post-operative implant associated and other acute or chronic bone infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Kumar Dewangan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - T S Sampath Kumar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Perumal G, Pappuru S, Doble M, Chakraborty D, Shajahan S, Abu Haija M. Controlled Synthesis of Dendrite-like Polyglycerols Using Aluminum Complex for Biomedical Applications. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2377-2388. [PMID: 36687077 PMCID: PMC9851026 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a one-pot synthesis of dendrite-like hyperbranched polyglycerols (HPGs) via a ring-opening multibranching polymerization (ROMBP) process using a bis(5,7-dichloro-2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)methyl aluminum complex (1) as a catalyst and 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane/trimethylol propane (TMP) as an initiator. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to elucidate the molecular structure of complex 1. Inverse-gated (IG)13C NMR analysis of HPGs showed degree of branching between 0.50 and 0.57. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis of the HPG polymers provided low, medium, and high-molecular weight (M n) polymers ranging from 14 to 73 kDa and molecular weight distributions (M w/M n) between 1.16 and 1.35. The obtained HPGs exhibited high wettability with water contact angle between 18 and 21° and T g ranging between -39 and -55 °C. Notably, ancillary ligand-supported aluminum complexes as catalysts for HPG polymerization reactions have not been reported to date. The obtained HPG polymers in the presence of the aluminum complex (1) can be used for various biomedical applications. Here, nanocomposite electrospun fibers were fabricated with synthesized HPG polymer. The nanofibers were subjected to cell culture experiments to evaluate cytocompatibility behavior with L929 and MG63 cells. The cytocompatibility studies of HPG polymer and nanocomposite scaffold showed high cell viability and spreading. The study results concluded, synthesized HPG polymers and composite nanofibers can be used for various biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govindaraj Perumal
- Department
of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical
and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai600 077, India
| | - Sreenath Pappuru
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering and the Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa320003, Israel
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Department
of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical
and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai600 077, India
| | - Debashis Chakraborty
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Madras, Chennai600 036, India
| | - Shanavas Shajahan
- Department
of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science
and Technology, Abu Dhabi127788, United
Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Abu Haija
- Center
for Catalysis and Separations, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi127788, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Investigation of shell mold casting technique in Ghana using indigenous materials. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
6
|
Mohan L, Kar S, Nandhini B, Kumar SSD, Nagai M, Santra TS. Formation of nanostructures on magnesium alloy by anodization for potential biomedical applications. MATERIALS TODAY. COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 25:101403. [PMID: 34295953 PMCID: PMC7611340 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we have investigated the formation of nanostructures on AZ31 magnesium alloy using electrochemical anodization technique. The formed nanostructures were efficiently showed bone-like apatite formation followed by its gradual increase, when immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) and it exhibited controlled degradation in 7 days. Cell viability study was performed using MG-63 cells (human osteosarcoma cell lines) and revealed that the nanostructured surface has excellent biocompatibility by enhancing both cell adhesion and cell growth. The detailed characterization of this anodized surface was evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Furthermore, surface-corrosion before and after anodization was examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization studies in SBF. The in-depth studies bring out the fact that native oxide in the sample is converted to a biocompatible nanostructure, which is created due to anodization in a particular electrolyte solution containing ethylene glycol and hybrid hydrofluoric acid mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Mohan
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B. Nandhini
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | | | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Perumal G, Ramasamy B, Nandkumar A M, Dhanasekaran S, Ramasamy S, Doble M. Bilayer nanostructure coated AZ31 magnesium alloy implants: in vivo reconstruction of critical-sized rabbit femoral segmental bone defect. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 29:102232. [PMID: 32562860 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Healing or reconstruction of critical-sized bone defects is still challenging in orthopaedic practice. In this study, we developed a new approach to control the degradation and improve the bone regeneration of the AZ31 magnesium substrate, fabricated as mesh cage implants. Subsequently, bilayer nanocomposite coating was carried out using polycaprolactone (PCL) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) by dip-coating and electrospinning. Lastly, the healing capacity of the implants was studied in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit critical-sized femur bone defects. X-ray analysis showed the coated implant group bridged and healed the critical defects 100% during four weeks of post-implantation. Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) study showed higher total bone volume (21.10%), trabecular thickness (0.73), and total porosity (85.71%) with bilayer coated implants than uncoated. Our results showed that nanocomposite coated implants controlled the in vivo degradation and improved bioactivity. Hence, the coated implants can be used as a promising bioresorbable implant for critical segmental bone defect repair applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govindaraj Perumal
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Boopalan Ramasamy
- Department of Orthopaedics/Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India; Department of Orthopaedics, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
| | - Maya Nandkumar A
- Division of Microbial Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sivaraman Dhanasekaran
- Centre for Laboratory Animal Technology and Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | | | - Mukesh Doble
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Perumal G, Sivakumar PM, Nandkumar AM, Doble M. Synthesis of magnesium phosphate nanoflakes and its PCL composite electrospun nanofiber scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
9
|
Zheng Y, Yang Y, Deng Y. Dual therapeutic cobalt-incorporated bioceramics accelerate bone tissue regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:770-782. [PMID: 30889752 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bone grafting on defects caused by trauma or tumor stimulates bone regeneration, a complex process requiring highly orchestrated cell-signal interactions. Bone vascular growth is coupled with osteogenesis, but less is known about the interplay between angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Understanding this relationship is relevant to improved bone regeneration. Here, tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds doped with varying concentration of cobalt (Co-TCP) were designed to investigate the dosage effect of vascularization on bone formation. The surface structure, phase composition, mechanical features, and chemical composition were investigated. Co doping improved the mechanical properties of TCP. Co-TCP, particularly 2% and 5% Co-TCP, boosted cell viability of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The 2% Co-TCP promoted alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralization, and expression of osteogenic genes in BMSCs in vitro. However, excessive Co doping decreased TCP-induced osteogenesis. Meanwhile, Co-TCP dose-dependently favored the growth and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The 2% Co-TCP significantly shrank the defect area in rat alveolar bone compared with TCP. Smaller bone volume and more abundant blood vessels were observed for 5% Co-TCP compared with 2% Co-TCP. The CD31 immunostaining in the 5% Co-TCP group was more intense than the other two groups, indicating of the increment of endothelium cells. Besides, 5% Co-TCP led to mild inflammatory response in bone defect area. Overall, TCP doped appropriately with Co has positive effect on osteogenesis, while excessive Co suppressed osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. These data indicate that vascularization within a proper range promotes osteogenesis, which may be a design consideration for bone grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyi Yang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Sichuan College of Architectural Technology, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Yi Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Perumal G, Ramasamy B, A MN, Doble M. Nanostructure coated AZ31 magnesium cylindrical mesh cage for potential long bone segmental defect repair applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 172:690-698. [PMID: 30243223 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This current study is aimed towards the fabrication of AZ31 magnesium cylindrical mesh cage implant with circular holes for orthopedic applications. This mesh cage is coated with nanocomposite material containing polycaprolactone (PCL), pluronic F127 and nano hydroxyapatite (nHA) by electrospinning process. Morphology and composition were analyzed by various characterization techniques. Controlled degradation and weight loss of the nanocomposite coated samples in 28 days were observed when compared with uncoated samples in SBF (simulated body fluid). The nanocomposite coated material was not cytotoxic to MG63 osteosarcoma cells. The cell viability, morphology, ALP activity, calcium mineralization and collagen deposition were also better on this when compared to uncoated. Smooth and randomly deposited nanofibers on the mesh cage was observed and the contact angle indicated that the surface is hydrophilic with (initial contact angle of 55 ± 1° and after 10 s 0°) when compared to PCL (99°) coated surface. 2-5 fold higher mRNA expression levels of osteogenic genes namely ALP, BMP2, COL1 and RUNX2 was observed with nanocomposite coated scaffolds than uncoated and PCL coated samples in 14 days. These results indicate the potential use of the nanocomposite coated AZ31 cylindrical mesh cage for segmental bone defect repair and can be used as a degradable implant for orthopedic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govindaraj Perumal
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Boopalan Ramasamy
- Department of Orthopedics, Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, India
| | - Maya Nandkumar A
- Division of Microbial Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695012, India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
| |
Collapse
|