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Álvarez-Blanco M, Infante-García D, Marco M, Giner E, Miguélez MH. Development of bone surrogates by material extrusion-based additive manufacturing to mimic flexural mechanical behaviour and fracture prediction via phase-field approach. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 254:108287. [PMID: 38908222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The limited availability of human bone samples for investigation leads to the demand for alternatives. Bone surrogates are crucial in promoting research on the intricate mechanics of osseous tissue. However, solutions are restricted to commercial brands, which frequently fail to faithfully replicate the mechanical response of bone, or oversimplified customised simulants designed for a specific application. The manufacturing and assessment of reliable bone surrogates made of polylactic acid via material extrusion-based additive manufacturing are presented in this work. METHODS An experimental and numerical study with 3D-printed dog-bone and prismatic specimens was carried out to characterise the polymeric feedstock and analyse the influence of process parameters under three-point bending and quasi-static conditions. Besides, three porcine rib samples were considered as a reference for the development of the artificial bones. Bone surrogates were manufactured from the 3D-scanned real bone geometries. In order to reproduce the trabecular and cortical bone, a lattice structure for the infill and a compact shell surrounding the core were employed. Infill density and shell thickness were evaluated through different printing configurations. Additionally, a computational analysis based on the phase-field approach was conducted to simulate the experimental tests and predict fracture. The modelling considered homogenisation of the infill material. RESULTS Outcomes demonstrated the potential of the presented methodology. Maximum force and flexural stiffness were compared to real bone properties to find the optimal printing configuration, replicating the flexural mechanical behaviour of bone tissue. Certain configurations accurately reproduce the studied properties. Regarding the numerical model, strength and stiffness prediction was validated with experimental results. CONCLUSIONS The presented methodology enables the manufacturing of artificial bones with accurate geometries and tailored mechanical properties. Furthermore, the described modelling strategy offers a powerful tool for designing bone surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Álvarez-Blanco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avenida. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Infante-García
- Institute of Mechanical and Biomechanical Engineering - I2MB, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Marco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avenida. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eugenio Giner
- Institute of Mechanical and Biomechanical Engineering - I2MB, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Henar Miguélez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avenida. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
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Hollensteiner M, Traweger A, Augat P. Anatomic variability of the human femur and its implications for the use of artificial bones in biomechanical testing. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2024; 0:bmt-2024-0158. [PMID: 38997222 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2024-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Aside from human bones, epoxy-based synthetic bones are regarded as the gold standard for biomechanical testing os osteosyntheses. There is a significant discrepancy in biomechanical testing between the determination of fracture stability due to implant treatment in experimental methods and their ability to predict the outcome of stability and fracture healing in a patient. One possible explanation for this disparity is the absence of population-specific variables such as age, gender, and ethnicity in artificial bone, which may influence the geometry and mechanical properties of bone. The goal of this review was to determine whether commercially available artificial bones adequately represent human anatomical variability for mechanical testing of femoral osteosyntheses. To summarize, the availability of suitable bone surrogates currently limits the validity of mechanical evaluations of implant-bone constructs. The currently available synthetic bones neither accurately reflect the local mechanical properties of human bone, nor adequately represent the necessary variability between various populations, limiting their generalized clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Hollensteiner
- Institute for Biomechanics, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany
- Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Augat
- Institute for Biomechanics, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany
- Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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3
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Daqiq O, Roossien CC, Wubs FW, van Minnen B. Biomechanical assessment of mandibular fracture fixation using finite element analysis validated by polymeric mandible mechanical testing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11795. [PMID: 38782942 PMCID: PMC11116419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical finite element analysis (FEA) application in maxillofacial surgery for mandibular fracture is limited due to the lack of a validated FEA model. Therefore, this study aims to develop a validated FEA model for mandibular fracture treatment, by assessing non-comminuted mandibular fracture fixation. FEA models were created for mandibles with single simple symphysis, parasymphysis, and angle fractures; fixated with 2.0 mm 4-hole titanium miniplates located at three different configurations with clinically known differences in stability, namely: superior border, inferior border, and two plate combinations. The FEA models were validated with series of Synbone polymeric mandible mechanical testing (PMMT) using a mechanical test bench with an identical test set-up. The first outcome was that the current understanding of stable simple mandibular fracture fixation was reproducible in both the FEA and PMMT. Optimal fracture stability was achieved with the two plate combination, followed by superior border, and then inferior border plating. Second, the FEA and the PMMT findings were consistent and comparable (a total displacement difference of 1.13 mm). In conclusion, the FEA and the PMMT outcomes were similar, and hence suitable for simple mandibular fracture treatment analyses. The FEA model can possibly be applied for non-routine complex mandibular fracture management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Daqiq
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte Christina Roossien
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Department of Bio-Inspired MEMS and Biomedical Devices, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Wilhelm Wubs
- Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baucke van Minnen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Chaufer M, Delille R, Bourel B, Maréchal C, Lauro F, Mauzac O, Roth S. Review of non-penetrating ballistic testing techniques for protection assessment: From biological data to numerical and physical surrogates. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2024; 238:383-402. [PMID: 38415326 DOI: 10.1177/09544119241232122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Human surrogates have long been employed to simulate human behaviour, beginning in the automotive industry and now widely used throughout the safety framework to estimate human injury during and after accidents and impacts. In the specific context of blunt ballistics, various methods have been developed to investigate wound injuries, including tissue simulants such as clays or gelatine ballistic, physical dummies and numerical models. However, all of these surrogate entities must be biofidelic, meaning they must accurately represent the biological properties of the human body. This paper provides an overview of physical and numerical surrogates developed specifically for blunt ballistic impacts, including their properties, use and applications. The focus is on their ability to accurately represent the human body in the context of blunt ballistic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Chaufer
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory Carnot of Bourgogne-Site UTBM, UMR 6303, CNRS/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Belfort, France
| | - Rémi Delille
- Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201, LAMIH, Laboratoire d'Automatique de Mécanique et d'Informatique Industrielles et Humaines, Valenciennes, France
| | - Benjamin Bourel
- Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201, LAMIH, Laboratoire d'Automatique de Mécanique et d'Informatique Industrielles et Humaines, Valenciennes, France
| | - Christophe Maréchal
- Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201, LAMIH, Laboratoire d'Automatique de Mécanique et d'Informatique Industrielles et Humaines, Valenciennes, France
| | - Franck Lauro
- Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS, UMR 8201, LAMIH, Laboratoire d'Automatique de Mécanique et d'Informatique Industrielles et Humaines, Valenciennes, France
- Insa Hauts-de-France, Valenciennes, France
| | - Olivier Mauzac
- French Ministry of Interior, CREL/DEPAFI, Place Beauvau, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Roth
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory Carnot of Bourgogne-Site UTBM, UMR 6303, CNRS/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Belfort, France
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5
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Adanty K, Brice A, Li Y, Vakiel P, Rabey KN, Adeeb S, Ouellet S, Romanyk DL, Dennison CR. A Preliminary Step Towards a Physical Surrogate of the Human Calvarium to Model Fracture. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:2883-2896. [PMID: 37773311 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
A surrogate model of the human calvarium can be used to assess skull-fracture-related head injuries without continuously requiring post-mortem human skulls. Skull simulants developed in the literature often require sophisticated manufacturing procedures and/or materials not always practical when factoring in time or expense considerations. This study's objective was to fabricate three exploratory surrogate models (1. pure epoxy prototype, 2. epoxy-chalk mix prototype, and 3. epoxy-chalk three-layered prototype) of the calvarium to mimic the calvarium's mechanical response at fracture using readily available and cost-effective materials, specifically epoxy and chalk. The surrogates and calvaria were subject to quasi-static and dynamic impact 4-point bending and their mechanical responses were compared statistically. Under quasi-static loading, all three surrogates showed a considerable number of differences in mechanical response variables to calvaria that was deemed significant (p < 0.05). Under dynamic impact loading, there was no sufficient evidence to reject that the average mechanical response variables were equal between the epoxy-chalk three-layered prototype and calvaria (p > 0.05). This included force and bending moment at fracture, tensile strain at fracture, tensile and compressive stress at fracture, tensile modulus, and tensile strain rate. Overall, our study illustrates two main remarks: (1) the three exploratory surrogate models are potential candidates for mimicking the mechanical response of the calvarium at fracture during impact loading and (2) employing epoxy and chalk, which are readily available and cost-effective has the potential to mimic the mechanical response of calvaria in impact loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Adanty
- Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, NW Department of Mechanical Engineering, 10-354 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 St., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
| | - Aaron Brice
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Yizhao Li
- Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, NW Department of Mechanical Engineering, 10-354 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 St., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Paris Vakiel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Karyne N Rabey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Samer Adeeb
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Simon Ouellet
- Defense Research and Development Canada, Valcartier Research Centre, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dan L Romanyk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Zdero R, Djuricic A, Schemitsch EH. Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Bones Made by Synbone: A Review. J Biomech Eng 2023; 145:121003. [PMID: 37542709 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical engineers and physicists commonly employ biological bone for biomechanics studies, since they are good representations of living bone. Yet, there are challenges to using biological bone, such as cost, degradation, disease, ethics, shipping, sourcing, storage, variability, etc. Therefore, the Synbone® company has developed a series of synthetic bones that have been used by biomechanical investigators to offset some drawbacks of biological bone. There have been a number of published biomechanical reports using these bone surrogates for dental, injury, orthopedic, and other applications. But, there is no prior review paper that has summarized the mechanical properties of these synthetic bones in order to understand their general performance or how well they represent biological bone. Thus, the goal of this article was to survey the English-language literature on the mechanical properties of these synthetic bones. Studies were included if they quantitatively (a) characterized previously unknown values for synthetic bone, (b) validated synthetic versus biological bone, and/or (c) optimized synthetic bone performance by varying geometric or material parameters. This review of data, pros, cons, and future work will hopefully assist biomechanical engineers and physicists that use these synthetic bones as they develop experimental testing regimes and computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Zdero
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Victoria Hospital, London, ON N6A-5W9, Canada
| | - Aleksandar Djuricic
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Victoria Hospital, Room A6-144, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON N6A-5W9, Canada
| | - Emil H Schemitsch
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Victoria Hospital, London, ON N6A-5W9, Canada; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A-5A5, Canada
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Zdero R, Brzozowski P, Schemitsch EH. Biomechanical properties of artificial bones made by Sawbones: A review. Med Eng Phys 2023; 118:104017. [PMID: 37536838 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2023.104017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical engineers and physicists frequently use human or animal bone for orthopaedic biomechanics research because they are excellent approximations of living bone. But, there are drawbacks to biological bone, like degradation over time, ethical concerns, high financial costs, inter-specimen variability, storage requirements, supplier sourcing, transportation rules, etc. Consequently, since the late 1980s, the Sawbones® company has been one of the world's largest suppliers of artificial bones for biomechanical testing that counteract many disadvantages of biological bone. There have been many published reports using these bone analogs for research on joint replacement, bone fracture fixation, spine surgery, etc. But, there exists no prior review paper on these artificial bones that gives a comprehensive and in-depth look at the numerical data of interest to biomedical engineers and physicists. Thus, this paper critically reviews 25 years of English-language studies on the biomechanical properties of these artificial bones that (a) characterized unknown or unreported values, (b) validated them against biological bone, and/or (c) optimized different design parameters. This survey of data, advantages, disadvantages, and knowledge gaps will hopefully be useful to biomedical engineers and physicists in developing mechanical testing protocols and computational finite element models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Zdero
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Victoria Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | - Pawel Brzozowski
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Victoria Hospital, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Emil H Schemitsch
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Victoria Hospital, London, ON, Canada; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Żochowski P, Cegła M, Berent J, Grygoruk R, Szlązak K, Smędra A. Experimental and numerical study on failure mechanisms of bone simulants subjected to projectile impact. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2023; 39:e3687. [PMID: 36690586 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of the human bones failure mechanisms under projectile impact conditions can be made through performing of a large number of ballistic trials. But the amount of data that can be collected during ballistic experiments is limited due to the high dynamics of the process and its destructive character. Numerical analyses may support experimental methodologies allowing to better understand the principles of the phenomenon. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to create and to verify a numerical model of commercially available synthetic bone material-Synbone®. The model could be used in the future as a supporting tool facilitating forensic studies or designing processes of personal protection systems (helmets, bulletproof vests, etc.). Although Synbone® is commonly used in the ballistic experiments, the literature lacks reliable numerical models of this material. In order to define a numerical model of Synbone®, mechanical experiments characterizing the response of the material to the applied loads in a wide range of strains and strain rates were carried out. Based on the mechanical tests results, an appropriate material model was selected for the Synbone® composite and the values of constants in its equations were determined. Material characterization experiments were subsequently reproduced with numerical simulations and a high correlation of the results was obtained. The final validation of the material model was based on the comparison of the ballistic impact experiments and simulation results. High similarity obtained (relative error lower than 10%) demonstrates that the numerical model of Synbone® material was properly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Cegła
- Military Institute of Armament Technology, Zielonka, Poland
| | - Jarosław Berent
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
- Department of Criminal Proceedings and Forensics, Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Roman Grygoruk
- Institute of Mechanics and Printing, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Szlązak
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Smędra
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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Mantecón R, Marco M, Muñoz-Sanchez A, Youssef G, Díaz-Álvarez J, Miguélez H. Additive Manufacturing and Mechanical Characterization of PLA-Based Skull Surrogates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010058. [PMID: 36616407 PMCID: PMC9824150 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several occupational and leisure activities involve a high risk of head impacts, resulting in varying degrees of injuries with chronic consequences that adversely affect life quality. The design and manufacturing of effective head protections rely on proper head simulators to mimic the behavior to impact loading. 3D-printed human skulls are reported herein to address the need for reproducible, cost-effective, anatomically-correct surrogates. To demonstrate the viability of the investigated approach, surrogate bone sections and skulls were mechanically tested under quasi-static loading conditions. The 3D-printed bone sections were flexural tested, elucidating the effect of printing orientations and the sample geometry on their mechanical behavior. The printing orientation minimally influenced the results due to the high infill percentage, while the sample geometry played a major role in the flexural properties because of the change in the section properties. The surrogate skulls were submitted to lateral compression and frontal penetration tests to assess the impact of the sectioning strategy on the overall mechanical performance. Results indicate that PLA-based surrogates reasonably reproduce the behavior of skulls. In addition, the sectioning strategy elucidated the effect of skull sutures, while streamlining the additive manufacturing process. The outcomes lay the foundation for future research seeking a complete surrogate head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Mantecón
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
- Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Miguel Marco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz-Sanchez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - George Youssef
- Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - José Díaz-Álvarez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Henar Miguélez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
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Biomechanical comparison of the femoral neck system and the dynamic hip screw in basicervical femoral neck fractures. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7915. [PMID: 35551221 PMCID: PMC9098555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the fixation stability of proximal fragments and the mechanical characteristics in proximal femur models of basicervical femoral neck fracture fixed by the femoral neck system (FNS) versus the dynamic hip screw. The mean axial stiffness was 234 ± 35 N/mm in the FNS group and 253 ± 42 N/mm in the DHS group, showing no significant difference (p = 0.654). Mean values for x-axis rotation, y-axis rotation, and z-axis rotation after cycle load were 2.2 ± 0.5°, 6.5 ± 1.5°, and 2.5 ± 0.6°, respectively, in the FNS group and 2.5 ± 0.7°, 5.8 ± 2.1°, and 2.2 ± 0.9°, respectively, in the DHS group, showing no significant differences (p = 0.324, p = 0.245, and p = 0.312, respectively). The mean values of cranial and axial migration of screws within the femoral head were 1.5 ± 0.3 and 2.1 ± 0.2 mm, respectively, in the FNS group and 1.2 ± 0.3 and 2.4 ± 0.3 mm, respectively, in the DHS group, showing no significant differences (p = 0.425 and p = 0.625, respectively). The average failure load at vertical load was 1342 ± 201 N in the FNS group and 1450 ± 196 N in the DHS group, showing no significant difference (p = 0.452). FNS fixation might provide biomechanical stability comparable to that of DHS for treating displaced basicervical femoral neck fractures in young adults.
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Başarır K, Kalem M, Şahin E, Özbek EA, Karaca MO, Küçükkarapınar İ, Tönük E. The Relationship Between Arthroplasty Surgeons' Experience Level and Optimal Cable Tensioning in the Fixation of Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil 2021; 12:21514593211063324. [PMID: 34925952 PMCID: PMC8671821 DOI: 10.1177/21514593211063324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this study, our aim was to examine the relationship between the arthroplasty surgeons’ experience level and their aptitude to adjust the cable tension to the value recommended by the manufacturer when asked to provide fixation with cables in artificial bones that underwent extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO). Materials and Methods A custom-made cable tensioning device with a microvoltmeter was used to measure the tension values in Newtons (N). An ETO was performed on 4 artificial femur bones. Surgeons at various levels of experience attending the IXth National Arthroplasty Congress were asked to fix the osteotomized fragment using 1.7-mm cables and the tensioning device. The participants’ demographic and experience data were investigated and recorded. The surgeons with different level of experience repeated the tensioning test 3 times and the average of these measurements were recorded. Results In 19 (35.2%) of the 54 participants, the force applied to the cable was found to be greater than the 490.33 N (50 kg) value recommended by the manufacturer. No statistically significant difference was determined between the surgeon’s years of experience, the number of cases, and the number of cables used and the tension applied over the recommended maximum value (P = .475, P = .312, and P = .691, respectively). Conclusions No significant relationship was found between the arthroplasty surgeon’s level of experience and the adjustment of the cable with the correct tension level. For this reason, we believe that the use of tensioning devices with calibrated tension gauges by orthopedic surgeons would help in reducing the number of complications that may occur due to the cable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Başarır
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Ankara, Ankara University Medicine Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Kalem
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Ankara, Ankara University Medicine Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ercan Şahin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Emre Anıl Özbek
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Ankara, Ankara University Medicine Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Onur Karaca
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Ankara, Ankara University Medicine Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Küçükkarapınar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Polatlı State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ergin Tönük
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Shokry A, Mulki H, Kharmanda G. A Logarithmic Formulation for Anisotropic Behavior Characterization of Bovine Cortical Bone Tissue in Long Bones Undergoing Uniaxial Compression at Different Speeds. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14175045. [PMID: 34501135 PMCID: PMC8434564 DOI: 10.3390/ma14175045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of bone tissues change significantly within the bone body, since it is considered as a heterogeneous material. The characterization of bone mechanical properties is necessary for many studies, such as in prosthesis design. An experimental uniaxial compression study is carried out in this work on bovine cortical bone tissue in long bones (femur and tibia) at several speeds to characterize its anisotropic behavior. Several samples from different regions are taken, and the result selection is carried out considering the worst situations and failure modes. When considering different displacement rates (from 0.5 to 5 mm/min), three findings are reported: The first finding is that the behavior of bone tissues in radial and tangential directions are almost similar, which allows us to consider the transversal isotropic behavior under static loads as well as under dynamic loads. The second finding is that the failure stress values of the longitudinal direction is much higher than those of the radial and tangential directions at low displacement rates, while there is no big difference at the high displacement rates. The third finding is a new mathematical model that relates the dynamic failure stress with the static one, considering the displacement rates. This model is validated by experimental results. The model can be effectively used in reliability and optimization analysis in prosthesis design, such as hip prosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Shokry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
- Smart Engineering Systems Research Center (SESC), Nile University, Shaikh Zayed City 12588, Egypt
| | - Hasan Mulki
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of Middle East, Egaila 15453, Kuwait
- Correspondence:
| | - Ghais Kharmanda
- Mechanics Laboratory of Normandy, INSA Rouen, 76800 St Etienne du Rouvray, France;
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Adanty K, Rabey KN, Doschak MR, Bhagavathula KB, Hogan JD, Romanyk DL, Adeeb S, Ouellet S, Plaisted TA, Satapathy SS, Dennison CR. Cortical and trabecular morphometric properties of the human calvarium. Bone 2021; 148:115931. [PMID: 33766803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is currently a gap in the literature that quantitatively describes the complex bone microarchitecture within the diploë (trabecular bone) and cortical layers of the human calvarium. The purpose of this study was to determine the morphometric properties of the diploë and cortical tables of the human calvarium in which key interacting factors of sex, location on the calvarium, and layers of the sandwich structure were considered. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was utilized to capture images at 18 μm resolution of male (n = 26) and female (n = 24) embalmed calvarium specimens in the frontal and parietal regions (N = 50). All images were post-processed and analyzed using vendor bundled CT-Analyzer software to determine the morphometric properties of the diploë and cortical layers. A two-way mixed (repeated measures) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine diploë morphometric properties accounting for factors of sex and location. A three-way mixed ANOVA was performed to determine cortical morphometric properties accounting for factors of cortical layer (inner and outer table), sex, and location. The study revealed no two-way interaction effects between sex and location on the diploë morphometry except for fractal dimension. Trabecular thickness and separation in the diploë were significantly greater in the male specimens; however, females showed a greater number of trabeculae and fractal dimension on average. Parietal specimens revealed a greater porosity, trabecular separation, and deviation from an ideal plate structure, but a lesser number of trabeculae and connectivity compared to the frontal location. Additionally, the study observed a lower density and greater porosity in the inner cortical layer than the outer which may be due to clear distinctions between each layer's physiological environment. The study provides valuable insight into the quantitative morphometry of the calvarium in which finite element modelers of the skull can refer to when designing detailed heterogenous or subject-specific skull models to effectively predict injury. Furthermore, this study contributes towards the recent developments on physical surrogate models of the skull which require approximate measures of calvarium bone architecture in order to effectively fabricate a model and then accurately simulate a traumatic head impact event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Adanty
- The Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Postal Address: 10-203 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Postal Address: 10-203 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Karyne N Rabey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Alberta. Postal Address: 2J2.00 WC Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, 8440-112 St. NW, Edmonton T6G 2R7, Alberta, Canada; Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta. Postal Address: 13-15 Tory Building, Edmonton T6G 2H4, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Michael R Doschak
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta. Postal Address: 2-35, Medical Sciences Building, 8613 - 114 Street, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Kapil B Bhagavathula
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Postal Address: 10-203 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada.
| | - James D Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Postal Address: 10-203 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Dan L Romanyk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Postal Address: 10-203 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Samer Adeeb
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Postal Address: 7-203 Danadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Simon Ouellet
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Postal Address: Valcartier Research Centre, 2459, Route de la Bravoure, Quebec City, Quebec G3J 1X5, Canada.
| | - Thomas A Plaisted
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, United States of America.
| | - Sikhanda S Satapathy
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, United States of America.
| | - Christopher R Dennison
- The Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Postal Address: 10-203 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Postal Address: 10-203 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada.
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14
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Brown AD, Rafaels KA, Weerasooriya T. Shear behavior of human skull bones. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 116:104343. [PMID: 33513459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A shear-punch test (SPT) experimental method was developed to address the lack of shear deformation and failure response data for the human skull as a function of local bone microarchitecture. Improved understanding of skull deformation and fracture under varying stress-states helps implement mechanism-based, multi-axial material models for finite element analysis for optimizing protection strategies. Shear-punch coupons (N = 47 specimens) were extracted from right-parietal and frontal bones of three fresh-frozen-thawed human skulls. The specimens were kept as full through-thickness or segmented into the three skull constituent layers: the inner and outer cortical tables and the middle porous diploë. Micro-computed x-ray tomography (μCT) before and after SPT provided the bone volume fraction (BVF) as a function of depth for correlation to shear mechanisms in the punched volumes. Digital image correlation was used to track displacement of the punch above the upper die to minimize compliance error. Five full-thickness specimens were subjected to partial indentation loading to investigate the process of damage development as a function of BVF and depth. It was determined that BVF dominates the shear yield and ultimate strength of human skull bone, but the imposed uniaxial loading rate (0.001 and 0.1 s-1) did not have as strong a contribution (p = 0.181-0.806 > 0.05) for the shear yield and ultimate strength of the skull bone layer specimens. Shear yield and ultimate strength data were highly correlated to power law relationships of BVF (R2 = 0.917-0.949). Full-thickness and partial loaded SPT experiments indicate the diploë primarily dictates the shear strength of the intact structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Brown
- Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Development Command Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005, USA.
| | - K A Rafaels
- Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Development Command Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005, USA
| | - T Weerasooriya
- Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Development Command Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005, USA
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15
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Simulation analysis of impact damage to the bone tissue surrounding a dental implant. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6927. [PMID: 32332927 PMCID: PMC7181623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental implant may suffer transient external impacts. To simulate the effect of impact forces on bone damage is very important for evaluation of damage and guiding treatment in clinics. In this study, an animal model was established by inserting an implant into the femoral condyle of New Zealand rabbit. Implant with good osseointegration was loaded with impact force. A three-dimensional finite element model was established based on the data of the animal model. Damage process to bone tissue was simulated with Abaqus 6.13 software combining dynamic mechanical properties of the femur. The characteristics of bone damage were analyzed by comparing the results of animal testing with numerical simulation data. After impact, cortical bone around the implant and trabecular at the bottom of the implant were prone to damage. The degree of damage correlated with the direction of loading and the magnitude of the impact. Lateral loading was most likely performed to damage cancellous bone. The stress wave formed by the impact force can damage the implant–bone interface and peri-implant trabeculae. The data from numerical simulations were consistent with data from animal experiments, highlighting the importance of a thorough examination and evaluation based on the patient’s medical history.
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16
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Cranial blunt force trauma in relation to the victim’s position: An experimental study using polyurethane bone spheres. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 301:350-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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