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Anjum S, Li T, Saeed M, Ao Q. Exploring polysaccharide and protein-enriched decellularized matrix scaffolds for tendon and ligament repair: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127891. [PMID: 37931866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) has become a primary research topic for the treatment of diseased or damaged tendon/ligament (T/L) tissue. T/L injuries pose a severe clinical burden worldwide, necessitating the development of effective strategies for T/L repair and tissue regeneration. TE has emerged as a promising strategy for restoring T/L function using decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based scaffolds. dECM scaffolds have gained significant prominence because of their native structure, relatively high bioactivity, low immunogenicity, and ability to function as scaffolds for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, which are difficult to imitate using synthetic materials. Here, we review the recent advances and possible future prospects for the advancement of dECM scaffolds for T/L tissue regeneration. We focus on crucial scaffold properties and functions, as well as various engineering strategies employed for biomaterial design in T/L regeneration. dECM provides both the physical and mechanical microenvironments required by cells to survive and proliferate. Various decellularization methods and sources of allogeneic and xenogeneic dECM in T/L repair and regeneration are critically discussed. Additionally, dECM hydrogels, bio-inks in 3D bioprinting, and nanofibers are briefly explored. Understanding the opportunities and challenges associated with dECM-based scaffold development is crucial for advancing T/L repairs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Anjum
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterial, Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Mohammad Saeed
- Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Qiang Ao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterial, Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Silva M, Gomes S, Correia C, Peixoto D, Vinhas A, Rodrigues MT, Gomes ME, Covas JA, Paiva MC, Alves NM. Biocompatible 3D-Printed Tendon/Ligament Scaffolds Based on Polylactic Acid/Graphite Nanoplatelet Composites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2518. [PMID: 37764548 PMCID: PMC10536374 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has become a popular tool to produce complex structures. It has great potential in the regenerative medicine field to produce customizable and reproducible scaffolds with high control of dimensions and porosity. This study was focused on the investigation of new biocompatible and biodegradable 3D-printed scaffolds with suitable mechanical properties to assist tendon and ligament regeneration. Polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds were reinforced with 0.5 wt.% of functionalized graphite nanoplatelets decorated with silver nanoparticles ((f-EG)+Ag). The functionalization of graphene was carried out to strengthen the interface with the polymer. (f-EG)+Ag exhibited antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), an important feature for the healing process and prevention of bacterial infections. The scaffolds' structure, biodegradation, and mechanical properties were assessed to confirm their suitability for tendon and ligamentregeneration. All scaffolds exhibited surface nanoroughness created during printing, which was increased by the filler presence. The wet state dynamic mechanical analysis proved that the incorporation of reinforcement led to an increase in the storage modulus, compared with neat PLA. The cytotoxicity assays using L929 fibroblasts showed that the scaffolds were biocompatible. The PLA+[(f-EG)+Ag] scaffolds were also loaded with human tendon-derived cells and showed their capability to maintain the tenogenic commitment with an increase in the gene expression of specific tendon/ligament-related markers. The results demonstrate the potential application of these new 3D-printed nanocomposite scaffolds for tendon and ligament regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Silva
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.S.); (C.C.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.T.R.); (M.E.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s, Associate PT Government Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (S.G.); (J.A.C.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Susana Gomes
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (S.G.); (J.A.C.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Cátia Correia
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.S.); (C.C.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.T.R.); (M.E.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s, Associate PT Government Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Daniela Peixoto
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.S.); (C.C.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.T.R.); (M.E.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s, Associate PT Government Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Adriana Vinhas
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.S.); (C.C.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.T.R.); (M.E.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s, Associate PT Government Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Márcia T. Rodrigues
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.S.); (C.C.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.T.R.); (M.E.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s, Associate PT Government Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuela E. Gomes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.S.); (C.C.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.T.R.); (M.E.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s, Associate PT Government Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José A. Covas
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (S.G.); (J.A.C.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Maria C. Paiva
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (S.G.); (J.A.C.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Natália M. Alves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.S.); (C.C.); (D.P.); (A.V.); (M.T.R.); (M.E.G.)
- ICVS/3B’s, Associate PT Government Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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Lacoste-Ferré MH, Ober C, Samouillan V. Viscoelastic behavior of oral mucosa. A rheological study using small-amplitude oscillatory shear tests. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 143:105898. [PMID: 37156074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine the viscoelastic behavior of porcine and human oral mucosa under physiological conditions of temperature, hydration and chewing. The linear elastic and viscous shear moduli of these soft tissues were determined by small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests at masticatory frequency using a stress-controlled rheometer equipped with an immersion cell on punched biopsies 8 mm in diameter. Non physiological conditions of temperature were also used to access other parameters such as the denaturation temperature of collagen. First, the different parameters such as normal force, frequency and maximal strain were adjusted to obtain reliable data on porcine mucosa. The optimal normal force was 0.1N and the linear viscoelastic limit was found for a strain amplitude of 0.5% for both 0.1 and 1 Hz. The storage moduli of porcine mucosa, ranging from 5 to 16 kPa, were in the same range as cutaneous tissues determined by SAOS at equivalent frequencies. The storage modulus, superior to the loss modulus G″, indicates a predominant elastic contribution to shear stress in chewing conditions. Second, this protocol evidenced an influence of the anatomic site of the mouth on the viscoelastic behavior of porcine mucosa, mandibular biopsies having higher storage moduli than maxillary biopsies. Temperature scans showed the mechanical manifestation of collagen denaturation in the 60-70 °C range as previous calorimetric analyses. Finally, this mechanical protocol was successfully adapted to characterize human mucosa in an elderly population. It was shown that the elastic modulus is impacted by local inflammation (gingivitis), decreasing significantly from 6 ± 1.4 kPa to 2.5 ± 0.3 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Lacoste-Ferré
- CIRIMAT UMR 5085, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 3106, Toulouse Cedex, France; Gérontopôle- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Garonne, 224 Avenue de Casselardit, TSA 40031, 31059, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Camille Ober
- CIRIMAT UMR 5085, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 3106, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Samouillan
- CIRIMAT UMR 5085, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 3106, Toulouse Cedex, France.
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Solis-Cordova J, Edwards JH, Fermor HL, Riches P, Brockett CL, Herbert A. Characterisation of native and decellularised porcine tendon under tension and compression: A closer look at glycosaminoglycan contribution to tendon mechanics. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 139:105671. [PMID: 36682172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Decellularised porcine superflexor tendon (pSFT) has been characterised as a suitable scaffold for anterior cruciate ligament replacement, with dimensions similar to hamstring tendon autograft. However, decellularisation of tissues may reduce or damage extracellular matrix components, leading to undesirable biomechanical changes at a whole tissue scale. Although the role of collagen in tendons is well established, the mechanical contribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is less evident and could be altered by the decellularisation process. In this study, the contribution of GAGs to the tensile and compressive mechanical properties of pSFT was determined and whether decellularisation affected these properties by reducing GAG content or functionality. PSFTs were either enzymatically treated using chondroitinase ABC to remove GAGs or decellularised using previously established methods. Native, GAG-depleted and decellularised pSFT groups were then subjected to quantitative assays and biomechanical characterisation. In tension, specimens underwent stress relaxation and strength testing. In compression, specimens underwent confined compression testing. The GAG-depleted group was found to have circa 86% reduction of GAG content compared to native and decellularised groups. There was no significant difference in GAG content between native (3.75 ± 0.58 μg/mg) and decellularised (3.40 ± 0.37 μg/mg) groups. Stress relaxation testing discovered the time-independent and time-dependent relaxation moduli of the decellularised group were reduced ≥50% compared to native and GAG-depleted groups. However, viscoelastic behaviour of native and GAG-depleted groups resulted similar. Strength testing discovered no differences between native and GAG-depleted group's properties, albeit a reduction ∼20% for decellularised specimens' linear modulus and tensile strength compared to native tissue. In compression testing, the aggregate modulus was found to be circa 74% lower in the GAG-depleted group than the native and decellularised groups, while the zero-strain permeability was significantly higher in the GAG-depleted group (0.86 ± 0.65 mm4/N) than the decellularised group (0.03 ± 0.04 mm4/N). The results indicate that GAGs may significantly contribute to the mechanical properties of pSFT in compression, but not in tension. Furthermore, the content and function of GAGs in pSFTs are unaffected by decellularisation and the mechanical properties of the tissue remain comparable to native tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Solis-Cordova
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Jennifer H Edwards
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel L Fermor
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Riches
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Brockett
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Herbert
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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5
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Mlyniec A, Dabrowska S, Heljak M, Weglarz WP, Wojcik K, Ekiert-Radecka M, Obuchowicz R, Swieszkowski W. The dispersion of viscoelastic properties of fascicle bundles within the tendon results from the presence of interfascicular matrix and flow of body fluids. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 130:112435. [PMID: 34702520 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate differences in the mechanical and structural properties of tendon fascicle bundles dissected from different areas of bovine tendons. The properties of tendon fascicle bundles were investigated by means of uniaxial tests with relaxation periods and hysteresis, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Uniaxial tests with relaxation periods revealed greater elastic modulus, hysteresis, as well as stress drop during the relaxation of samples dissected from the posterior side of the tendon. However, the normalized stress relaxation curves did not show a statistically significant difference in the stress drop between specimens cut from different zones or between different strain levels. Using dynamic mechanical analysis, we found that fascicle bundles dissected from the anterior side of the tendon had lower storage and loss moduli, which could result from altered fluid flow within the interfascicular matrix (IFM). The lower water content, diffusivity, and higher fractional anisotropy of the posterior part of the tendon, as observed using MRI, indicates a different structure of the IFM, which controls the flow of fluids within the tendon. Our results show that the viscoelastic response to dynamic loading is correlated with fluid flow within the IFM, which was confirmed during analysis of the MRI results. In contrast to this, the long-term relaxation of tendon fascicle bundles is controlled by viscoplasticity of the IFM and depends on the spatial distribution of the matrix within the tendon. Comparison of results from tensile tests, DMA, and MRI gives new insight into tendon mechanics and the role of the IFM. These findings may be useful in improving the diagnosis of tendon injury and effectiveness of medical treatments for tendinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Mlyniec
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Dabrowska
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Heljak
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kaja Wojcik
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Ekiert-Radecka
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafal Obuchowicz
- Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Department of Radiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Zhou S, Yuan B, Huang W, Tang Y, Chen X. Preparation and biological characteristics of a bovine acellular tendon fiber material. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:1931-1941. [PMID: 33811434 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Acellular tendon matrix is an ideal substitute for constructing tissue engineering ligaments, but using detergents causes damage to collagen and fibrin during the process of decellularization. In this study, fresh tendons were lyophilized and separated into fresh tendon fiber (FTF) bundles, and then the cellular components in FTF were removed to prepare acellular tendon fiber (ATF) without adding chemical detergent. H&E staining and DAPI fluorescence microscopy showed no nucleus and DNA residue. Compared with FTFs, the DNA content of ATFs was significantly lower without the collagen content change before and after decellularization. The microstructure of collagen fibrils in ATFs was intact under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the maximum tensile load and elastic modulus between FTFs and ATFs were not statistically different. The ATF bundles were cultured with SD rat tenocytes for 72 hr and cells attachment to fiber surfaces were observed under SEM. ATF bundles were then implanted into paraspinal muscles, and histological analysis showed fibroblast-like cells within the ATFs and was similar to the control group (fresh tendon autograft) in morphology. H&E staining showed that the number of lymphocytes and plasma cells in ATF was less than that in fresh tendon autograft. ATF bundles were twisted into linear fiber materials by hand, of which the maximum breaking strength was similar to silk with same diameter. These findings demonstrated that ATFs retain their original fibril structure and mechanical properties after decellularization by trypsin and pancreatic deoxyribonuclease without detergent. Lyophilized ATFs linear fiber material provides the possibility of preparing personalized ligament and other tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Zhou
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Zheng Hospital, Naval Medical Univeristy (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Zheng Hospital, Naval Medical Univeristy (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Wenmao Huang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Zheng Hospital, Naval Medical Univeristy (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Tang
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Zheng Hospital, Naval Medical Univeristy (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiongsheng Chen
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Zheng Hospital, Naval Medical Univeristy (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
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Reid JA, Dwyer KD, Schmitt PR, Soepriatna AH, Coulombe KLK, Callanan A. Architected fibrous scaffolds for engineering anisotropic tissues. Biofabrication 2021; 13:10.1088/1758-5090/ac0fc9. [PMID: 34186522 PMCID: PMC8686077 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac0fc9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mimicking the native three-dimensional microenvironment is of crucial importance when biofabricating a new healthcare material. One aspect of the native tissue that is often omitted when designing a suitable scaffold is its anisotropy. Not only is matching native mechanical properties important when designing implantable scaffolds or healthcare materials, but matching physiological structure is also important as many cell populations respond differently to fiber orientation. Therefore, novel aligned electrospun scaffolds with varying fiber angles and spacing of bundles were created and mechanically characterized. Through controlling the angle between the fibers in each layer of the scaffold, a range of different physiological anisotropic mechanical properties were achieved that encompasses values found in native tissues. Extrapolation of this mechanical data allowed for any native tissue's anisotropic Young's modulus to be mimicked by electrospinning fibers at a particular angle. These electrospun scaffolds were then incorporated with cell-laden hydrogels to create hybrid structures that contain the benefits of both scaffolding techniques with the ability to encapsulate cells in the hydrogel. To conclude, this study develops a novel bundled fiber scaffold that was architected to yield anisotropic properties matching native tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Alexander Reid
- Institure for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States of America
- Joint first authorship
| | - Kiera D Dwyer
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States of America
- Joint first authorship
| | - Phillip R Schmitt
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States of America
| | - Arvin H Soepriatna
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States of America
| | - Kareen LK Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States of America
| | - Anthony Callanan
- Institure for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Norbertczak HT, Ingham E, Fermor HL, Wilcox RK. Decellularized Intervertebral Discs: A Potential Replacement for Degenerate Human Discs. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 26:565-576. [PMID: 33050844 PMCID: PMC7698987 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major cause of back pain. Current surgical interventions have limitations. An alternative approach is to replace degenerated IVDs with a natural biological scaffold. The removal of cellular components from human IVDs should render them nonimmunogenic upon implantation. The aim of this initial proof of technical feasibility study was to develop a decellularization protocol on bovine IVDs with endplates (EPs) and assess protocol performance before application of the protocol to human IVDs with attached EP and vertebral bone (VB). A decellularization protocol based on hypotonic low concentration sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.1% w/v) with proteinase inhibitors, freeze/thaw cycles, and nuclease and sonication treatments was applied to IVDs. Histological, biochemical, and biomechanical comparisons were made between cellular and decellularized tissue. Cell removal from bovine IVDs was demonstrated and total DNA levels of the decellularized inner annulus fibrosus (iAF), outer annulus fibrosus (oAF), and EP were 40.7 (±11.4), 25.9 (±3.8), and 29.3 (±3.1) ng.mg−1 dry tissue weight, respectively (n = 6, ±95% confidence level [CL]). These values were significantly lower than in cellular tissue. No significant difference in DNA levels between bovine cellular and decellularized nucleus pulposus (NP) was found. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were largely retained in the NP, iAF, and oAF. Cyclic compression testing showed sufficient sensitivity to detect an increase in stiffness of bovine IVD postdecellularization (2957.2 ± 340.8 N.mm−1) (predecellularization: 2685.4 ± 263.1 N.mm−1; n = 5, 95% CL), but the difference was within natural tissue variation. Total DNA levels for all decellularized tissue regions of human IVDs (NP, iAF, oAF, EP, and VB) were below 50 ng.mg−1 dry tissue weight (range: 2 ng.mg−1, iAF to 29 ng.mg−1, VB) and the tissue retained high levels of GAGs. Further studies to assess the biocompatibility and regenerative potential of decellularized human IVDs in vitro and in vivo are now required; however, proof of technical feasibility has been demonstrated and the retention of bone in the IVD samples would allow incorporation of the tissue into the recipient spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina T Norbertczak
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Ingham
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel L Fermor
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth K Wilcox
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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9
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Bose S, Li S, Mele E, Silberschmidt VV. Dry vs. wet: Properties and performance of collagen films. Part I. Mechanical behaviour and strain-rate effect. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 111:103983. [PMID: 32805542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Collagen forms one-third of the body proteome and has emerged as an important biomaterial for tissue engineering and wound healing. Collagen films are used in tissue regeneration, wound treatment, dural substitute etc. as well as in flexible electronics. Thus, the mechanical behaviour of collagen should be studied under different environmental conditions and strain rates relevant for potential applications. This study's aim is to assess the mechanical behaviour of collagen films under different environmental conditions (hydration, submersion and physiological temperature (37 °C)) and strain rates. The combination of all three environment factors (hydration, submersion and physiological temperature (37 °C)) resulted in a drop of tensile strength of the collagen film by some 90% compared to that of dry samples, while the strain at failure increased to about 145%. For the first time, collagen films were subjected to different strain rates ranging from quasi-static (0.0001 s-1) to intermediate (0.001 s-1, 0.01 s-1) to dynamic (0.1 s-1, 1 s-1) conditions, with the strain-rate-sensitivity exponent (m) reported. It was found that collagen exhibited a strain-rate-sensitive hardening behaviour with increasing strain rate. The exponent m ranged from 0.02-0.2, with a tendency to approach zero at intermediate strain rate (0.01 s-1), indicating that collagen may be strain-rate insensitive in this regime. From the identification of hyperelastic parameter of collagen film, it was found that the Ogden Model provides realistic results for future simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirsha Bose
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Simin Li
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Elisa Mele
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE113TU, UK
| | - Vadim V Silberschmidt
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Hexter AT, Hing KA, Haddad FS, Blunn G. Decellularized porcine xenograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A histological study in sheep comparing cross-pin and cortical suspensory femoral fixation. Bone Joint Res 2020; 9:293-301. [PMID: 32728430 PMCID: PMC7376309 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.96.bjr-2020-0030.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims To evaluate graft healing of decellularized porcine superflexor tendon (pSFT) xenograft in an ovine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction model using two femoral fixation devices. Also, to determine if pSFT allows functional recovery of gait as compared with the preoperative measurements. Methods A total of 12 sheep underwent unilateral single-bundle ACL reconstruction using pSFT. Two femoral fixation devices were investigated: Group 1 (n = 6) used cortical suspensory fixation (Endobutton CL) and Group 2 (n = 6) used cross-pin fixation (Stratis ST). A soft screw was used for tibial fixation. Functional recovery was quantified using force plate analysis at weeks 5, 8, and 11. The sheep were euthanized after 12 weeks and comprehensive histological analysis characterized graft healing at the graft-bone interface and the intra-articular graft (ligamentization). Results The pSFT remodelled into a ligament-like structure and no adverse inflammatory reaction was seen. The ground reaction force in the operated leg of the Endobutton group was higher at 11 weeks (p < 0.05). An indirect insertion was seen at the graft-bone interface characterized by Sharpey-like fibres. Qualitative differences in tendon remodelling were seen between the two groups, with greater crimp-like organization and more aligned collagen fibres seen with Endobutton fixation. One graft rupture occurred in the cross-pin group, which histologically showed low collagen organization. Conclusion Decellularized pSFT xenograft remodels into a ligament-like structure after 12 weeks and regenerates an indirect-type insertion with Sharpey-like fibres. No adverse inflammatory reaction was observed. Cortical suspensory femoral fixation was associated with more enhanced graft remodelling and earlier functional recovery when compared with the stiffer cross-pin fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Hexter
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; NIHR Academic Clinical Fellow, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, UK
| | - Karin A Hing
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Gordon Blunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Whitaker S, Edwards JH, Guy S, Ingham E, Herbert A. Stratifying the mechanical performance of a decellularized xenogeneic tendon graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction as a function of graft diameter: An animal study. Bone Joint Res 2019; 8:518-525. [PMID: 31832171 PMCID: PMC6888738 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.811.bjr-2019-0065.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study investigated the biomechanical performance of decellularized porcine superflexor tendon (pSFT) grafts of varying diameters when utilized in conjunction with contemporary ACL graft fixation systems. This aimed to produce a range of ‘off-the-shelf’ products with predictable mechanical performance, depending on the individual requirements of the patient. Methods Decellularized pSFTs were prepared to create double-bundle grafts of 7 mm, 8 mm, and 9 mm diameter. Femoral and tibial fixation systems were simulated utilizing Arthrex suspension devices and interference screws in bovine bone, respectively. Dynamic stiffness and creep were measured, followed by ramp to failure from which linear stiffness and load at failure were measured. The mechanisms of failure were also recorded. Results Dynamic stiffness was found to increase with greater graft diameter, with significant differences between all groups. Conversely, dynamic creep reduced with increasing graft diameter with significant differences between the 7 mm and 9 mm groups and the 8 mm and 9 mm groups. Significant differences were also found between the 7 mm, 8 mm, and 9 mm groups for linear stiffness, but no significant differences were found between groups for load at failure. The distribution of failure mechanisms was found to change with graft diameter. Conclusion This study showed that decellularized pSFTs demonstrate comparable biomechanical properties to other ACL graft options and are a potentially viable option for ACL reconstruction. Although grafts can be stratified by their diameter to provide varying biomechanical properties, it may be more appropriate to alter the fixation technique to stratify for a greater diversity of biomechanical requirements. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2019;8:518–525.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer H Edwards
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Stephen Guy
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Eileen Ingham
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anthony Herbert
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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12
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Lin M, Ge J, Wang X, Dong Z, Xing M, Lu F, He Y. Biochemical and biomechanical comparisions of decellularized scaffolds derived from porcine subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. J Tissue Eng 2019; 10:2041731419888168. [PMID: 31762987 PMCID: PMC6856974 DOI: 10.1177/2041731419888168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularized adipose tissue (DAT) is a promising biomaterial for adipose tissue
engineering. However, there is a lack of research of DAT prepared from
xenogeneic porcine adipose tissue. This study aimed to compare the adipogenic
ability of DAT derived from porcine subcutaneous (SDAT) and visceral adipose
tissue (VDAT). The retention of key collagen in decellularized matrix was
analysed to study the biochemical properties of SDAT and VDAT. For the
biomechanical study, both DAT materials were fabricated into three-dimensional
(3D) porous scaffolds for rheology and compressive tests. Human adipose-derived
stem cells (ADSCs) were cultured on both scaffolds to further investigate the
effect of matrix stiffness on cellular morphology and on adipogenic
differentiation. ADSCs cultured on soft VDAT exhibited significantly reduced
cellular area and upregulated adipogenic markers compared to those cultured on
SDAT. In vivo results revealed higher adipose regeneration in the VDAT compared
to the SDAT. This study further demonstrated that the relative expression of
collagen IV and laminin was significantly higher in VDAT than in SDAT, while the
collagen I expression and matrix stiffness of SDAT was significantly higher in
comparison to VDAT. This result suggested that porcine adipose tissue could
serve as a promising candidate for preparing DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohui Lin
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jinbo Ge
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xuecen Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ziqing Dong
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, and Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yunfan He
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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