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Karimzadeh F, Soltani Fard E, Nadi A, Malekzadeh R, Elahian F, Mirzaei SA. Advances in skin gene therapy: utilizing innovative dressing scaffolds for wound healing, a comprehensive review. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:6033-6062. [PMID: 38887828 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00966e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The skin, serving as the body's outermost layer, boasts a vast area and intricate structure, functioning as the primary barrier against external threats. Disruptions in the composition and functionality of the skin can lead to a diverse array of skin conditions, such as wounds, burns, and diabetic ulcers, along with inflammatory disorders, infections, and various types of skin cancer. These disorders not only exacerbate concerns regarding skin health and beauty but also have a significant impact on mental well-being. Due to the complexity of these disorders, conventional treatments often prove insufficient, necessitating the exploration of new therapeutic approaches. Researchers develop new therapies by deciphering these intricacies and gaining a thorough understanding of the protein networks and molecular processes in skin. A new window of opportunity has opened up for improving wound healing processes because of recent advancements in skin gene therapy. To enhance skin regeneration and healing, this extensive review investigates the use of novel dressing scaffolds in conjunction with gene therapy approaches. Scaffolds that do double duty as wound protectors and vectors for therapeutic gene delivery are being developed using innovative biomaterials. To improve cellular responses and speed healing, these state-of-the-art scaffolds allow for the targeted delivery and sustained release of genetic material. The most recent developments in gene therapy techniques include RNA interference, CRISPR-based gene editing, and the utilization of viral and non-viral vectors in conjunction with scaffolds, which were reviewed here to overcome skin disorders and wound complications. In the future, there will be rare chances to develop custom methods for skin health care thanks to the combination of modern technology and collaboration among disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karimzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Elahe Soltani Fard
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Akram Nadi
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Rahim Malekzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Elahian
- Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Seyed Abbas Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Damle MN, Chaudhari L, Tardalkar K, Bhamare N, Jagdale S, Gaikwad V, Chhabra D, Kumar B, Manuja A, Joshi MG. A biologically functional bioink based on extracellular matrix derived collagen for 3D printing of skin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128851. [PMID: 38114005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, several advancements have been made to develop artificial skin that mimics human skin. Artificial skin manufactured using 3D printing technology that includes all epidermal and dermal components, such as collagen, may offer a viable solution. The skin-specific bioink was derived from digested chicken skin and incorporated into PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and gelatin. The prepared bioink was further analyzed for its structure, stability, biocompatibility, and wound healing potential in in vitro, in ovo, and in vivo models. The 3D-printed skin showed excellent mechanical properties. In vitro scratch assays showed the proliferation and migration of cells within 24 h. In an in ovo assay, the 3D-printed skin facilitated the attachment of cells to the scaffolds. In the animal study, the quick cellular recruitment at the injury site accelerated wound healing. Further, hydroxyproline content was estimated to be 0.9-1.2 mg/ml, and collagen content was 7.5 %, which confirmed the epithelization. The relative expressions of MMP-9, COMP, TNF-α, and IL-6 genes were found to be increased compared to the control. These results demonstrate that 3D bioprinting represents a suitable technology to generate bioengineered skin for therapeutic and industrial applications in an automated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunal N Damle
- Department of Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, D Y Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), E 869, D. Y. Patil Vidyanagar, Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur 416006, MS, India; Stem Plus Biotech, SMK Commercial Complex, C/S No. 1317/2, Near Shivaji Maharaj Putla, Bus Stand Road, Gaon Bhag, Sangli, MS 416416, India
| | - Leena Chaudhari
- Department of Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, D Y Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), E 869, D. Y. Patil Vidyanagar, Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur 416006, MS, India
| | - Kishor Tardalkar
- Department of Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, D Y Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), E 869, D. Y. Patil Vidyanagar, Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur 416006, MS, India
| | - Nilesh Bhamare
- Department of Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, D Y Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), E 869, D. Y. Patil Vidyanagar, Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur 416006, MS, India
| | - Swapnali Jagdale
- Department of Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, D Y Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), E 869, D. Y. Patil Vidyanagar, Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur 416006, MS, India
| | - Vaishali Gaikwad
- Department of Surgery, Dr. D Y Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, Kadamwadi, Kolhapur 41600, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dharvi Chhabra
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Balvinder Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Anju Manuja
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Meghnad G Joshi
- Department of Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, D Y Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), E 869, D. Y. Patil Vidyanagar, Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur 416006, MS, India; Stem Plus Biotech, SMK Commercial Complex, C/S No. 1317/2, Near Shivaji Maharaj Putla, Bus Stand Road, Gaon Bhag, Sangli, MS 416416, India.
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Qiao X, Liang J, Qiu L, Feng W, Cheng G, Chen Y, Ding H. Ultrasound-activated nanosonosensitizer for oxygen/sulfate dual-radical nanotherapy. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122252. [PMID: 37542858 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
An all-in-one therapy for cooperatively fighting cancer, infection and boosting wound repair is exceedingly demanded for patients with advanced superficial cancers or after surgical intervention to avoid multiple drug abuse and resultant adverse effects. Here, the ultrasound-activated nanosonosensitizer PHMP that integrated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) into the Pd-catalyzed hydrogenated mesoporous titanium dioxide (PHM) was dexterously designed for combined therapy of cancer and infected wound based on oxygen/sulfate dual-radical nanotherapy. Firstly, the PHM with single crystal structure and abundant oxygen deficiencies exhibited excellent ultrasound-excited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production for enhanced sonodynamic therapy (SDT) under the support of Pd nanozyme-mediated O2 supply. Simultaneously, the physically targeted ultrasound irradiation effectively transformed PMS loaded in the hollow cavities into distinct sulfate radical (•SO4-) with longer half-life and stronger oxidation, which remarkably enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of PHM-mediated SDT for cancer and bacteria. In addition, by embedding PHMP into the hydrogel, the enrichment of PHMP in the focal site was guaranteed, and meanwhile a moist and ventilated environment was created to speed up wound repair. The study broadens the potential of •SO4- in the therapeutic fields and contributes a simple and appealing tactic for the comprehensive treatment of cancer, infection and wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Qiao
- Department of Ultrasound, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Ultrasound, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Luping Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Wei Feng
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Guangwen Cheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Ultrasound, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China.
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Kim N, Lee H, Han G, Kang M, Park S, Kim DE, Lee M, Kim M, Na Y, Oh S, Bang S, Jang T, Kim H, Park J, Shin SR, Jung H. 3D-Printed Functional Hydrogel by DNA-Induced Biomineralization for Accelerated Diabetic Wound Healing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300816. [PMID: 37076933 PMCID: PMC10265106 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds in diabetic patients are challenging because their prolonged inflammation makes healing difficult, thus burdening patients, society, and health care systems. Customized dressing materials are needed to effectively treat such wounds that vary in shape and depth. The continuous development of 3D-printing technology along with artificial intelligence has increased the precision, versatility, and compatibility of various materials, thus providing the considerable potential to meet the abovementioned needs. Herein, functional 3D-printing inks comprising DNA from salmon sperm and DNA-induced biosilica inspired by marine sponges, are developed for the machine learning-based 3D-printing of wound dressings. The DNA and biomineralized silica are incorporated into hydrogel inks in a fast, facile manner. The 3D-printed wound dressing thus generates provided appropriate porosity, characterized by effective exudate and blood absorption at wound sites, and mechanical tunability indicated by good shape fidelity and printability during optimized 3D printing. Moreover, the DNA and biomineralized silica act as nanotherapeutics, enhancing the biological activity of the dressings in terms of reactive oxygen species scavenging, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammation activity, thereby accelerating acute and diabetic wound healing. These bioinspired 3D-printed hydrogels produce using a DNA-induced biomineralization strategy are an excellent functional platform for clinical applications in acute and chronic wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical‐Chemical EngineeringThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical‐Chemical EngineeringThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
| | - Ginam Han
- Department of Biomedical‐Chemical EngineeringThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Kang
- Department of Biomedical‐Chemical EngineeringThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
| | - Sinwoo Park
- Department of Biomedical‐Chemical EngineeringThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Eung Kim
- Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing & Materials TechnologyKorea Institute of Industrial TechnologyIncheon21999Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineeringand Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP)Seoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute of Basic Science (IBS)Seoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Moon‐Jo Kim
- Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing & Materials TechnologyKorea Institute of Industrial TechnologyIncheon21999Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhyun Na
- Department of Biomedical‐Chemical EngineeringThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
| | - SeKwon Oh
- Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing & Materials TechnologyKorea Institute of Industrial TechnologyIncheon21999Republic of Korea
| | - Seo‐Jun Bang
- Department of Biomedical‐Chemical EngineeringThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Sik Jang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringChosun UniversityGwangju61452Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun‐Ee Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineeringand Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP)Seoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute of Basic Science (IBS)Seoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical Schooland Brigham and Women's HospitalCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Hyun‐Do Jung
- Department of Biomedical‐Chemical EngineeringThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
- Department of BiotechnologyThe Catholic University of KoreaBucheon14662Republic of Korea
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Guan Y, Tu L, Ren K, Kang X, Tian Y, Deng W, Yu P, Ning C, Fu R, Tan G, Zhou L. Soft, Super-Elastic, All-Polymer Piezoelectric Elastomer for Artificial Electronic Skin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1736-1747. [PMID: 36571179 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric sensors are widely used in wearable devices to mimic the functions of human skin. However, it is considerably challenging to develop soft piezoelectric materials that can exhibit high sensitivity, stretchability, super elasticity, and suitable modulus. In this study, a soft skin-like piezoelectric polymer elastomer composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and a novel elastic substrate polyacrylonitrile is prepared by combining the radical polymerization and freeze-drying processes. Dipole-dipole interaction results in the phase transition of PVDF (α phase to β phase), which enhances the electrical and mechanical performances. Thus, we achieve a high piezoelectric coefficient (d33max = 63 pC/N), good stretchability (211.3-259.3%), super compressibility (subjected to 99% compression strain without cracking), and super elasticity (100% recovery after extreme compression) simultaneously for the elastomer. The soft composite elastomer produces excellent electrical signal output (Vocmax = 253 mV) and responds rapidly (15 ms) to stress-induced polarization effects. In addition, the elastomer-based sensor accurately detects various physiological signals such as gestures, throat vibrations, and pulse waves. The developed elastomers exhibit excellent mechanical properties and high sensitivity, which helps facilitate their application as artificial electronic skin to sense subtle external pressure in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Guan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, P. R. China
| | - Lingjie Tu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, P. R. China
| | - Kunyu Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, P. R. China
| | - Xinchang Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, P. R. China
| | - Weicheng Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, P. R. China
| | - Peng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, P. R. China
| | - Chengyun Ning
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, P. R. China
| | - Rumin Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, P. R. China
| | - Guoxin Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spine Disease Prevention and Treatment, Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou510150, P. R. China
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Jha A, Karnal P, Frechette J. Adhesion of fluid infused silicone elastomer to glass. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7579-7592. [PMID: 36165082 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00875k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elastomers swollen with non-polar fluids show potential as anti-adhesive materials. We study the effect of oil fraction and contact time on the adhesion between swollen spherical probes of PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) and flat glass surfaces. The PDMS probes are swollen with pre-determined amount of 10 cSt silicone oil to span the range where the PDMS is fluid free (via solvent extraction) up to the limit where it is oil saturated. Probe tack measurements show that adhesion decreases rapidly with an increase in oil fraction. The decrease in adhesion is attributed to excess oil present at the PDMS-air interface. Contact angle measurements and optical microscopy images support this observation. Adhesion also increases with contact time for a given oil fraction. The increase in adhesion with contact time can be interpreted through different competing mechanisms that depend on the oil fraction where the dominant mechanism changes from extracted to fully swollen PDMS. For partially swollen PDMS, we observe that adhesion initially increases because of viscoelastic relaxation and at long times increases because of contact aging. In contrast, adhesion between fully swollen PDMS and glass barely increases over time and is mainly due to capillary forces. While the relaxation of PDMS in contact is well-described by a visco-poroelastic model, we do not see evidence that poroelastic relaxation of the PDMS contributes to an increase of adhesion with glass whether it is partially or fully swollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Jha
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Preetika Karnal
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 124 E Morton St, Building 205, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Joelle Frechette
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94760, USA.
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Cen Y, Wang H, Wen P, Xu G, Tian F, Bian F, Zeng X. The development of an artificial skin membrane mimicking the lipid bilayer structure for in vitro permeation study. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sutterby E, Thurgood P, Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K, Pirogova E. Evaluation of in vitro human skin models for studying effects of external stressors and stimuli and developing treatment modalities. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20210012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sutterby
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | | | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Zhang K, Wang Y, Wei Q, Li X, Guo Y, Zhang S. Design and Fabrication of Sodium Alginate/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium Blend Hydrogel for Artificial Skin. Gels 2021; 7:gels7030115. [PMID: 34449613 PMCID: PMC8395816 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered skin grafts have long been considered to be the most effective treatment for large skin defects. Especially with the advent of 3D printing technology, the manufacture of artificial skin scaffold with complex shape and structure is becoming more convenient. However, the matrix material used as the bio-ink for 3D printing artificial skin is still a challenge. To address this issue, sodium alginate (SA)/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) blend hydrogel was proposed to be the bio-ink for artificial skin fabrication, and SA/CMC-Na (SC) composite hydrogels at different compositions were investigated in terms of morphology, thermal properties, mechanical properties, and biological properties, so as to screen out the optimal composition ratio of SC for 3D printing artificial skin. Moreover, the designed SC composite hydrogel skin membranes were used for rabbit wound defeat repairing to evaluate the repair effect. Results show that SC4:1 blend hydrogel possesses the best mechanical properties, good moisturizing ability, proper degradation rate, and good biocompatibility, which is most suitable for 3D printing artificial skin. This research provides a process guidance for the design and fabrication of SA/CMC-Na composite artificial skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (S.Z.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yanen Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (S.Z.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qinghua Wei
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (S.Z.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xinpei Li
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (S.Z.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (S.Z.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (K.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (S.Z.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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