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Palnitkar H, Reiter R, Majumdar S, Crutison J, Lin S, Royston TJ, Klatt D. 1-Norm waveform analysis for MR elastography-based quantification of inhomogeneity: Effects of the freeze-thaw cycle and Alzheimer's disease. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 157:106636. [PMID: 38908327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its success in the mechanical characterization of biological tissues, magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) uses ill-posed wave inversions to estimate tissue stiffness. 1-Norm has been recently introduced as a mathematical measure for the scattering of mechanical waves due to inhomogeneities based on an analysis of the delineated contours of wave displacement. PURPOSE To investigate 1-Norm as an MRE-based quantitative biomarker of mechanical inhomogeneities arising from microscopic structural tissue alterations caused by the freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS In this proof-of-concept study, we prospectively investigated excised porcine kidney (n = 6), liver (n = 6), and muscle (n = 6) before vs. after the FTC at 500-2000 Hz and excised murine brain of healthy controls (n = 3) vs. 5xFAD species with AD (n = 3) at 1200-1800 Hz using 0.5 T tabletop MRE. 1-Norm analysis was compared with conventional wave inversion. RESULTS While the FTC reduced both stiffness and inhomogeneity in kidney, liver, and muscle tissue, AD led to lower brain stiffness but more pronounced mechanical inhomogeneity. CONCLUSION Our preliminary results show that 1-Norm is sensitive to tissue mechanical inhomogeneity due to FTC and AD without relying on ill-posed wave inversion techniques. 1-Norm has the potential to be used as an MRE-based diagnostic biomarker independent of stiffness to characterize abnormal conditions that involve changes in tissue mechanical inhomogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Palnitkar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, United States; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States.
| | - Rolf Reiter
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Digital Clinician Scientist Program, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Shreyan Majumdar
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Joseph Crutison
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Shujun Lin
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Thomas J Royston
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Dieter Klatt
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
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Wearing SC, Hooper SL, Langton CM, Keiner M, Horstmann T, Crevier-Denoix N, Pourcelot P. The Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Tissues during Activities of Daily Living: Dynamic Assessment Using Quantitative Transmission-Mode Ultrasound Techniques. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1254. [PMID: 38998789 PMCID: PMC11241410 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12131254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The measurement of musculoskeletal tissue properties and loading patterns during physical activity is important for understanding the adaptation mechanisms of tissues such as bone, tendon, and muscle tissues, particularly with injury and repair. Although the properties and loading of these connective tissues have been quantified using direct measurement techniques, these methods are highly invasive and often prevent or interfere with normal activity patterns. Indirect biomechanical methods, such as estimates based on electromyography, ultrasound, and inverse dynamics, are used more widely but are known to yield different parameter values than direct measurements. Through a series of literature searches of electronic databases, including Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and IEEE Explore, this paper reviews current methods used for the in vivo measurement of human musculoskeletal tissue and describes the operating principals, application, and emerging research findings gained from the use of quantitative transmission-mode ultrasound measurement techniques to non-invasively characterize human bone, tendon, and muscle properties at rest and during activities of daily living. In contrast to standard ultrasound imaging approaches, these techniques assess the interaction between ultrasound compression waves and connective tissues to provide quantifiable parameters associated with the structure, instantaneous elastic modulus, and density of tissues. By taking advantage of the physical relationship between the axial velocity of ultrasound compression waves and the instantaneous modulus of the propagation material, these techniques can also be used to estimate the in vivo loading environment of relatively superficial soft connective tissues during sports and activities of daily living. This paper highlights key findings from clinical studies in which quantitative transmission-mode ultrasound has been used to measure the properties and loading of bone, tendon, and muscle tissue during common physical activities in healthy and pathological populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Wearing
- School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Sue L. Hooper
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Christian M. Langton
- Griffith Centre of Rehabilitation Engineering, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Exercise and Training Science, German University of Health and Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Thomas Horstmann
- School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | | | - Philippe Pourcelot
- INRAE, BPLC Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Smith DR, Caban-Rivera DA, Williams LT, Van Houten EE, Bayly PV, Paulsen KD, McGarry MD, Johnson CL. In vivoestimation of anisotropic mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius during functional loading with MR elastography. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/acb482. [PMID: 36652716 PMCID: PMC9943592 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective.In vivoimaging assessments of skeletal muscle structure and function allow for longitudinal quantification of tissue health. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) non-invasively quantifies tissue mechanical properties, allowing for evaluation of skeletal muscle biomechanics in response to loading, creating a better understanding of muscle functional health.Approach. In this study, we analyze the anisotropic mechanical response of calf muscles using MRE with a transversely isotropic, nonlinear inversion algorithm (TI-NLI) to investigate the role of muscle fiber stiffening under load. We estimate anisotropic material parameters including fiber shear stiffness (μ1), substrate shear stiffness (μ2), shear anisotropy (ϕ), and tensile anisotropy (ζ) of the gastrocnemius muscle in response to both passive and active tension.Main results. In passive tension, we found a significant increase inμ1,ϕ,andζwith increasing muscle length. While in active tension, we observed increasingμ2and decreasingϕandζduring active dorsiflexion and plantarflexion-indicating less anisotropy-with greater effects when the muscles act as agonist.Significance. The study demonstrates the ability of this anisotropic MRE method to capture the multifaceted mechanical response of skeletal muscle to tissue loading from muscle lengthening and contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19711
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, 30307
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch GA, 30542
| | | | - L. Tyler Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19711
| | | | - Phil V. Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH, 03756
| | | | - Curtis L. Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19711
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Ranger BJ, Moerman KM, Anthony BW, Herr HM. Constitutive parameter identification of transtibial residual limb soft tissue using ultrasound indentation and shear wave elastography. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 137:105541. [PMID: 36356423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) can be used to evaluate applied interface pressures and internal tissue strains for computational prosthetic socket design. This type of framework requires realistic patient-specific limb geometry and constitutive properties. In recent studies, indentations and inverse FEA with MRI-derived 3D patient geometries were used for constitutive parameter identification. However, long computational times and use of specialized equipment presents challenges for clinical, deployment. In this study, we present a novel approach for constitutive parameter identification using a combination of FEA, ultrasound indentation, and shear wave elastography. Local shear modulus measurement using elastography during an ultrasound indentation experiment has particular significance for biomechanical modeling of the residual limb since there are known regional dependencies of soft tissue properties such as varying levels of scarring and atrophy. Beyond prosthesis design, this work has broader implications to the fields of muscle health and monitoring of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Ranger
- Department of Engineering, Boston College, 245 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
| | - Kevin M Moerman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, H91HX31, Ireland
| | - Brian W Anthony
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, 45 Carleton Street, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, 127 Massachusetts Avenue, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hugh M Herr
- MIT Media Lab, 75 Amherst Street, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Blank J, Blomquist M, Arant L, Cone S, Roth J. Characterizing Musculoskeletal Tissue Mechanics Based on Shear Wave Propagation: A Systematic Review of Current Methods and Reported Measurements. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:751-768. [PMID: 35359250 PMCID: PMC9631468 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-02935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developing methods for the non-invasive characterization of the mechanics of musculoskeletal tissues is an ongoing research focus in biomechanics. Often, these methods use the speed of shear wave propagation to characterize tissue mechanics (e.g., shear wave elastography and shear wave tensiometry). The primary purpose of this systematic review was to identify, compare, and contrast current methods for exciting and measuring shear wave propagation in musculoskeletal tissues. We conducted searches in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases for studies published from January 1, 1900, to May 1, 2020. These searches targeted both shear wave excitation using acoustic pushes and mechanical taps, and shear wave speed measurement using ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, accelerometers, and laser Doppler vibrometers. Two reviewers independently screened and reviewed the articles, identifying 524 articles that met our search criteria. Regarding shear wave excitation, we found that acoustic pushes are useful for exciting shear waves through the thickness of the tissue of interest, and mechanical taps are useful for exciting shear waves in wearable applications. Regarding shear wave speed measurement, we found that ultrasound is used most broadly to measure shear waves due to its ability to study regional differences and target specific tissues of interest. The strengths of magnetic resonance imaging, accelerometers, and laser Doppler vibrometers make them advantageous to measure shear wave speeds for high-resolution shear wave imaging, wearable measurements, and non-contact ex vivo measurements, respectively. The advantages that each method offers for exciting and measuring shear waves indicate that a variety of systems can be assembled using currently available technologies to determine musculoskeletal tissue material behavior across a range of innovative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Blank
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew Blomquist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lesley Arant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Stephanie Cone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua Roth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave WIMR 5037, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Reiter R, Majumdar S, Kearney S, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Macias V, Crivellaro S, Abern M, Royston TJ, Klatt D. Investigating the heterogeneity of viscoelastic properties in prostate cancer using MR elastography at 9.4T in fresh prostatectomy specimens. Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 87:113-118. [PMID: 35007693 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the heterogeneity of viscoelastic tissue properties in prostatectomy specimens from men with prostate cancer (PC) using MR elastography (MRE) with histopathology as reference. METHODS Twelve fresh prostatectomy specimens were examined in a preclinical 9.4T MRI scanner. Maps of the complex shear modulus (|G*| in kPa) with its real and imaginary part (G' and G" in kPa) were calculated at 500 Hz. Prostates were divided into 12 segments for segment-wise measurement of viscoelastic properties and histopathology. Coefficients of variation (CVs in %) were calculated for quantification of heterogeneity. RESULTS Group-averaged values of cancerous vs. benign segments were significantly increased: |G*| of 12.13 kPa vs. 6.14 kPa, G' of 10.84 kPa vs. 5.44 kPa and G" of 5.45 kPa vs. 2.92 kPa, all p < 0.001. In contrast, CVs were significantly increased for benign segments: 23.59% vs. 26.32% (p = 0.014) for |G*|, 27.05% vs. 37.84% (p < 0.003) for G', and 36.51% vs. 50.37% (p = 0.008) for G". DISCUSSION PC is characterized by a stiff yet homogeneous biomechanical signature, which may be due to the unique nondestructive growth pattern of PC with intervening stroma, providing a rigid scaffold in the affected area. In turn, increased heterogeneity in benign prostate segments may be attributable to the presence of different prostate zones with involvement by specific nonmalignant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Reiter
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - Shreyan Majumdar
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - Steven Kearney
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - André Kajdacsy-Balla
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - Virgilia Macias
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - Simone Crivellaro
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - Michael Abern
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - Thomas J Royston
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - Dieter Klatt
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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Influence of fibrosis progression on the viscous properties of in vivo liver tissue elucidated by shear wave dispersion in multifrequency MR elastography. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 121:104645. [PMID: 34166871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many elastography studies have shown that liver stiffness increases with fibrosis and thus can be used as a reliable marker for noninvasively staging fibrosis. However, the sensitivity of viscosity-related mechanical parameters, such as shear wave dispersion, to liver fibrosis is less well understood. METHODS In this proof-of-concept study, 15 healthy volunteers and 37 patients with chronic liver disease and biopsy-proven fibrosis were prospectively investigated by MR elastography at six drive frequencies of 35-60 Hz. Maps of shear wave speed (SWS, in m/s) and loss angle (φ, in rad), as a marker of stiffness and viscous properties, respectively, were generated using tomoelastography data processing. The Child-Pugh score was used to assess cirrhosis severity. RESULTS While SWS increased with fibrosis (F0: 1.53 ± 0.11 m/s, F1-F3: 1.71 ± 0.17 m/s, F4: 2.50 ± 0.39 m/s; P < 0.001), φ remained unchanged during mild to severe fibrosis (F0: 0.63 ± 0.05 rad, F1-F3: 0.60 ± 0.05 rad, P = 0.21) but increased in cirrhosis (F4: 0.81 ± 0.16 rad; P < 0.001). Correspondingly, the slope of SWS-dispersion within the investigated range of vibration frequencies increased from insignificant (F0-F3: 0.010 ± 0.007 m/s/Hz) to significant (F4: 0.038 ± 0.025 m/s/Hz; P = 0.005). Significant correlation with the Child-Pugh score was found for φ (R = 0.60, P = 0.01) but not for SWS. CONCLUSION Although cirrhosis is associated with liver stiffening and, intuitively, transition towards more rigid material properties, the observed increases in φ and slope of SWS-dispersion indicate abnormally high mechanical friction in cirrhotic livers. This biophysical signature might provide a prognostic imaging marker for the detection of pathological processes associated with fibrosis independent of stiffness.
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Reiter R, Shahryari M, Tzschätzsch H, Klatt D, Siegmund B, Hamm B, Braun J, Sack I, Asbach P. Spatial heterogeneity of hepatic fibrosis in primary sclerosing cholangitis vs. viral hepatitis assessed by MR elastography. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9820. [PMID: 33972639 PMCID: PMC8110576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial heterogeneity of hepatic fibrosis in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) in comparison to viral hepatitis was assessed as a potential new biomarker using MR elastography (MRE). In this proof-of-concept study, we hypothesized a rather increased heterogeneity in PSC and a rather homogeneous distribution in viral hepatitis. Forty-six consecutive subjects (PSC: n = 20, viral hepatitis: n = 26) were prospectively enrolled between July 2014 and April 2017. Subjects underwent multifrequency MRE (1.5 T) using drive frequencies of 35–60 Hz and generating shear-wave speed (SWS in m/s) maps as a surrogate of stiffness. The coefficient of variation (CV in %) was determined to quantify fibrosis heterogeneity. Mean SWS and CV were 1.70 m/s and 21% for PSC, and 1.84 m/s and 18% for viral hepatitis. Fibrosis heterogeneity was significantly increased for PSC (P = 0.04) while no difference was found for SWS of PSC and viral hepatitis (P = 0.17). Global hepatic stiffness was similar in PSC and viral hepatitis groups, but spatial heterogeneity may reveal spatial patterns of stiffness changes towards enhanced biophysics-based diagnosis by MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Reiter
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany. .,Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois At Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Mehrgan Shahryari
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Tzschätzsch
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Klatt
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois At Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hamm
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Braun
- Department of Medical Informatics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf Sack
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Asbach
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Palnitkar H, Henry BM, Dai Z, Peng Y, Mansy HA, Sandler RH, Balk RA, Royston TJ. Sound transmission in human thorax through airway insonification: an experimental and computational study with diagnostic applications. Med Biol Eng Comput 2020; 58:2239-2258. [PMID: 32666412 PMCID: PMC7501255 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-020-02211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases and injury lead to structural and functional changes in the lung parenchyma and airways, often resulting in measurable sound transmission changes on the chest wall surface. Additionally, noninvasive imaging of externally driven mechanical wave motion in the chest (e.g., using magnetic resonance elastography) can provide information about lung stiffness and other structural property changes which may be of diagnostic value. In the present study, a comprehensive computational simulation (in silico) model was developed to simulate sound wave propagation in the airways, parenchyma, and chest wall under normal and pathological conditions that create distributed structural (e.g., pneumothoraces) and diffuse material (e.g., fibrosis) changes, as well as a localized structural and material changes as may be seen with a neoplasm. Experiments were carried out in normal subjects to validate the baseline model. Sound waves with frequency content from 50 to 600 Hz were introduced into the airways of three healthy human subjects through the mouth, and transthoracic transmitted waves were measured by scanning laser Doppler vibrometry at the chest wall surface. The computational model predictions of a frequency-dependent decreased sound transmission due to pneumothorax were consistent with experimental measurements reported in previous work. Predictions for the case of fibrosis show that while shear wave motion is altered, changes to compression wave propagation are negligible, and thus, insonification, which primarily drives compression waves, is not ideal to detect the presence of fibrosis. Results from the numerical simulation of a tumor show an increase in the wavelength of propagating waves in the immediate vicinity of the tumor region. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Palnitkar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Brian M Henry
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Zoujun Dai
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | | | | | - Robert A Balk
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Thomas J Royston
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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