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Choi Y, Lee S, Kim M, Chang W. Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation with Gastrocnemius Strengthening on Foot Morphology in Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:777. [PMID: 38610199 PMCID: PMC11011460 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12070777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) with gastrocnemius (GCM) strength exercise on foot morphology in patients with stroke. Herein, 31 patients with chronic stroke meeting the study criteria were enrolled and divided into two groups; 16 patients were randomized to the gastrocnemius neuromuscular electrical stimulation (GCMNMES) group, and 15 patients to the conventional neuromuscular electrical stimulation (CNMES) group. The GCMNMES group conducted GCM-strengthening exercise with NMES. CNMES group conducted NMES at paretic tibialis anterior muscle with ankle dorsiflexion movement. These patients underwent therapeutic interventions lasting 30 min/session, five times a week for 4 weeks. To analyze changes in foot morphology, 3D foot scanning was used, while a foot-pressure measurement device was used to evaluate foot pressure and weight-bearing area. In an intra-group comparison of 3D-foot-scanning results, the experimental group showed significant changes in longitudinal arch angle (p < 0.05), medial longitudinal arch angle (MLAA) (p < 0.01), transverse arch angle (TAA) (p < 0.01), rearfoot angle (RA) (p < 0.05), foot length (FL) (p < 0.05), foot width (FW) (p < 0.05), and arch height index (AHI) (p < 0.01) of the paretic side and in TAA (p < 0.05) and AHI (p < 0.05) of the non-paretic side. The CNMES group showed significant changes in TAA (p < 0.05) and FW (p < 0.05) of the paretic side and TAA (p < 0.05) and AHI (p < 0.05) of the non-paretic side. An inter-group comparison showed significant differences in MLAA (p < 0.05) and RA (p < 0.05) of the paretic side. In an intra-group comparison of foot pressure assessment, the experimental group showed significant differences in footprint area (FPA) (p < 0.05) of the paretic side and FPA symmetry (p < 0.05). The CNMES group showed a significant difference in only FPA symmetry (p < 0.05). An inter-group comparison showed no significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). Thus, NMES with GCM-strengthening exercises yielded positive effects on foot morphology in patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusik Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Seoul Metropolitan Seonam Hospital, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 08049, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sooyong Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Severance Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Minhyuk Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yong In University, Yongin-si 17092, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Woonam Chang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health & Welfare Science, Yong In University, Yongin-si 17092, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Lievens E, Van Vossel K, Van de Casteele F, Derave W, Murdoch JB. The effects of residual dipolar coupling on carnosine in proton muscle spectra. NMR Biomed 2024; 37:e5083. [PMID: 38217329 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Carnosine, an MR-visible dipeptide in human muscle, is well characterized by two peaks at ~8 and ~7 ppm from C2 and C4 imidazole protons. Like creatine and other metabolites, carnosine is subject to residual dipolar coupling in the anisotropic environment of muscle fibers, but the effects have not been studied extensively. Single-voxel TE 30-32 PRESS spectra from three different 3T studies were acquired from gastrocnemius medialis and soleus muscles in the human lower leg. In these studies, carnosine T2 values were measured, and spectra were obtained at three different foot angles. LCModel was used to fit the carnosine peaks with a basis set that was generated using shaped RF pulses and included a range of dipolar couplings affecting the C4 peak. A seven-parameter analytic expression was used to fit the CH2 doublets of creatine. It incorporated an optimized "effective TE" value to model the effect of shaped RF pulses. The fits confirm that the triplet C4 peak of carnosine is dipolar coupled to a pair of CH2 protons, with no need to include a contribution from a separate pool of freely rotating uncoupled carnosine. Moreover, the couplings experienced by carnosine C4 protons and creatine CH2 protons are strongly correlated (R2 = 0.88, P<0.001), exhibiting a similar 3cos2 θ - 1 dependence on the angle θ between fiber orientation and B0. T2 values for the singlet C2 peak of gastrocnemius carnosine are inversely proportional to the C4 dipolar coupling strength (R2 = 0.97, P < 0.001), which in turn is a function of foot orientation. This dependence indicates that careful positioning of the foot while acquiring lower leg muscle spectra is important to obtain reproducible carnosine concentrations. As proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of carnosine is currently used to non-invasively estimate the muscle fiber typology, these results have important implications in sport science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Lievens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Vossel
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - James B Murdoch
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Doherty C, Lodyga M, Correa J, Di Ciano-Oliveira C, Plant PJ, Bain JR, Batt J. Utilization of the Rat Tibial Nerve Transection Model to Evaluate Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning Denervation-Mediated Muscle Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1847. [PMID: 38339124 PMCID: PMC10855399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury denervates muscle, resulting in muscle paralysis and atrophy. This is reversible if timely muscle reinnervation occurs. With delayed reinnervation, the muscle's reparative ability declines, and muscle-resident fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (FAPs) proliferate and differentiate, inducing fibro-fatty muscle degradation and thereby physical disability. The mechanisms by which the peripheral nerve regulates FAPs expansion and differentiation are incompletely understood. Using the rat tibial neve transection model, we demonstrated an increased FAPs content and a changing FAPs phenotype, with an increased capacity for adipocyte and fibroblast differentiation, in gastrocnemius muscle post-denervation. The FAPs response was inhibited by immediate tibial nerve repair with muscle reinnervation via neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and sensory organs (e.g., muscle spindles) or the sensory protection of muscle (where a pure sensory nerve is sutured to the distal tibial nerve stump) with reinnervation by muscle spindles alone. We found that both procedures reduced denervation-mediated increases in glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in muscle and that GDNF promoted FAPs adipogenic and fibrogenic differentiation in vitro. These results suggest that the peripheral nerve controls FAPs recruitment and differentiation via the modulation of muscle GDNF expression through NMJs and muscle spindles. GDNF can serve as a therapeutic target in the management of denervation-induced muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Doherty
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada; (C.D.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (C.D.C.-O.); (P.J.P.)
| | - Monika Lodyga
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada; (C.D.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (C.D.C.-O.); (P.J.P.)
| | - Judy Correa
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada; (C.D.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (C.D.C.-O.); (P.J.P.)
| | - Caterina Di Ciano-Oliveira
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada; (C.D.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (C.D.C.-O.); (P.J.P.)
| | - Pamela J. Plant
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada; (C.D.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (C.D.C.-O.); (P.J.P.)
| | - James R. Bain
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Jane Batt
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada; (C.D.); (M.L.); (J.C.); (C.D.C.-O.); (P.J.P.)
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
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Augustin D, Augustin DH, Pharol A, Deverson V, Khawly CGP. Intramuscular Dissecting Baker's Cysts: A Case Series Highlighting Ultrasound Diagnosis and Differential Considerations. Cureus 2024; 16:e53658. [PMID: 38322098 PMCID: PMC10846661 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Baker's cysts, commonly incidental findings, can occasionally present as intramuscular dissecting cysts within the medial gastrocnemius muscle. This case report highlights the ultrasound features and differential diagnoses of intramuscular dissecting Baker's cysts through the examination of three distinct cases: a 64-year-old woman with severe osteoarthritis, an 80-year-old man with a palpable mass in the popliteal fossa, and a 37-year-old man with early degenerative arthropathy. Each case was investigated using ultrasound, revealing fusiform hypoechoic fluid collections with heterogeneous echostructure parallel to the medial gastrocnemius muscle bundle and lacking posterior reinforcement. The clinical context and ultrasound findings were critical in differentiating these cases from other conditions, such as superficial thrombophlebitis, intramuscular seroma, and intramuscular myxoma. These cases emphasize the role of ultrasound in diagnosing intramuscular dissecting Baker's cysts. Accurate diagnosis requires careful consideration of ultrasound features in conjunction with clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delange Augustin
- Radiology, Hôpital de l'Université d'Etat d'Haïti, Port-au-Prince, HTI
| | | | - Almenord Pharol
- Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hôpital Universitaire la Paix, Port-au-Prince, HTI
| | - Valerie Deverson
- Radiology, Hôpital de l'Université d'Etat d'Haiti, Port-au-Prince, HTI
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Liu D, Xu X, Wu M, Luo L, Feng J, Ou Y, Panayi AC, Long Y, Cui Y. Classification of gastrocnemius muscle hypertrophy for personalized botulinum toxin type A treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:90-98. [PMID: 37529982 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to its safety and convenience, botulinum toxin type A (BoNtA) has become a first-choice treatment for contouring calf muscle asymmetries or deformities. Different injection methods and dosages have been discussed in the literature, but a standardized BoNtA treatment remains unclear. AIMS This study aimed to classify gastrocnemius muscle hypertrophy (GMH) through multiple measurements to provide a personalized BoNtA treatment protocol. METHODS The measurements combining of gastrocnemius muscle (GM) contour, max leg circumference and GM thickness was applied to classify different type of GMH in a normal population. Based on these findings, a personalized BoNtA treatment protocol was determined and evaluated regarding max leg circumference, GM thickness, the position of max leg circumference, patient and doctor satisfaction rate, and complications. RESULTS A total of 100 GMH were classified into two bulging types (bilateral-bulging type and unilateral-bulging type) and two categories (moderate GMH and severe GMH). 40 cases were treated with personalized BoNtA injection methods ("Even" or "Intense"method) and dosages (300 or 400 units). Follow-up examinations at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. Max leg circumference and GM thickness decreased significantly and the position of max leg circumference rose prominently during treatment (2.56± 1.93; p< 0.05). The overall patient satisfaction rate was 70%-100%. No serious complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS We identify four groups of GMH through several measurements and outline a personalized BoNtA treatment for each type. This recommended protocol may improve the therapeutic outcomes and patient satisfaction after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking university Shenzhen hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangwen Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking university Shenzhen hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengfan Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking university Shenzhen hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking university Shenzhen hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking university Shenzhen hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanting Ou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking university Shenzhen hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Adriana C Panayi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yun Long
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking university Shenzhen hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongyan Cui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking university Shenzhen hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Yuguchi S, Ochi Y, Sagata Y, Idesako M, Maeda S, Asahi R, Taniguchi M. Echo Intensity of Gastrocnemius Is Independently Associated with 6-Minute Walking Distance in Male Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:1894. [PMID: 38003944 PMCID: PMC10673193 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59111894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to examine the differences in the thickness and echo intensity (EI) of the gastrocnemius muscle measured via ultrasonography between healthy adults and patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and to determine the associations of gastrocnemius thickness (GT) and EI within a 6 min walking distance (6MD) in patients with PAD. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study targeted 35 male patients with PAD (mean age, 73.7 years; mean body mass index [BMI], 23.5 kg/m2) and age- and gender-matched 73 male healthy adults (mean age, 73.2 years; mean BMI, 23.3 kg/m2). The gastrocnemius thickness (GT) and EI were measured using ultrasound. Both legs of patients with PAD were classified based on higher and lower ankle brachial pressure index (ABI), and the GTs and EIs with higher and lower ABI were compared with those of healthy adults. Multiple regression analysis incorporated 6MD as a dependent variable and each GT and EI with higher and lower ABI, age, and BMI as independent variables. Results: This study showed that GT was considerably greater in healthy adults than in both legs with higher and lower ABI (median values, 13.3 vs. 11.3 vs. 10.7, p < 0.01), whereas EI was lower in healthy adults than in the lower ABI leg (72.0 vs. 80.8 vs. 83.6, p < 0.05). The 6MD was shown to be substantially related to EI in both legs with higher and lower ABIs (p < 0.01) but not in the GT. Conclusions: In patients with PAD, the GT was lower, and EI was higher than in healthy adults. In addition, EIs in both legs with higher and lower ABIs were independently associated with 6MD in male PAD patients. This study showed that the EI measured via ultrasonography could become an important indicator for treatments for patients with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yuguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Japan University of Health Sciences, 2-555, Hirasuka, Satte-City 340-0145, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Yusuke Ochi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuyama Cardiovascular Hospital, 2-39, Midorimachi, Fukuyama-City 720-0804, Hiroshima, Japan; (Y.O.)
| | - Yukari Sagata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuyama Cardiovascular Hospital, 2-39, Midorimachi, Fukuyama-City 720-0804, Hiroshima, Japan; (Y.O.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Idesako
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuyama Cardiovascular Hospital, 2-39, Midorimachi, Fukuyama-City 720-0804, Hiroshima, Japan; (Y.O.)
| | - Shino Maeda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuyama Cardiovascular Hospital, 2-39, Midorimachi, Fukuyama-City 720-0804, Hiroshima, Japan; (Y.O.)
| | - Ryoma Asahi
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Japan University of Health Sciences, 2-555, Hirasuka, Satte-City 340-0145, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Masahito Taniguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuyama Cardiovascular Hospital, 2-39, Midorimachi, Fukuyama-City 720-0804, Hiroshima, Japan
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Figueira ACC, Pereira A, Leitão L, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, Duarte JA. Effects of Moderate Exercise Training on Cancer-Induced Muscle Wasting. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2652. [PMID: 37830689 PMCID: PMC10572373 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11192652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle wasting is a common phenomenon in oncology and seems to be attenuated by exercise training. The aim of this study is to determine the degree of aggressiveness of cancer-induced muscle wasting in two different phenotypic muscles. It will also determine whether exercise training can attenuate this muscle dysfunction. METHODS Fifty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: two breast cancer model groups (sedentary and exercise) and two control groups (sedentary and exercise). Breast cancer was induced by 1-methyl-1-nitrosoureia (MNU). After 35 weeks of endurance training, animals were sacrificed, and gastrocnemius and soleus muscles harvested for morphometric analysis. RESULTS In sedentary tumor-bearing animals, a significant reduction in cross-sectional area was found in both muscles (p < 0.05). Interstitial fibrosis was significantly higher in the gastrocnemius muscle of the sedentary tumor-bearing animals (p < 0.05), but not in the soleus muscle. In the gastrocnemius of sedentary tumor-bearing animals, a shift from large to small fibers was observed. This cancer-related muscle dysfunction was prevented by long-term exercise training. CONCLUSIONS In sedentary animals with tumors, the gastrocnemius muscle showed a very pronounced reduction in cross-sectional area and a marked degree of interstitial fibrosis. There was no difference in collagen deposition between tumor groups, and the soleus muscle showed a less pronounced but significant reduction in cross-sectional area. These contrasting results confirm that cancer-induced muscle wasting can affect specific types of fibers and specific muscles, namely fast glycolytic muscles, and that exercise training can be used to improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Corrêa Figueira
- Sciences and Technology Department, Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal; (A.P.); (L.L.)
- Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), 2400-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Ana Pereira
- Sciences and Technology Department, Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal; (A.P.); (L.L.)
- Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), 2400-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Luís Leitão
- Sciences and Technology Department, Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal; (A.P.); (L.L.)
- Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), 2400-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Laboratory for Green Chemistry and Technology (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-081 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - José Alberto Duarte
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- One Health Toxicology Research Unit (1H-TOXRUN), University Institute of Health Sciences, Campus of Gandra, 1317-116 Gandra, Portugal
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Yi KH, Park HJ, Kim JH, Kim SO, Cheon GW, An MH, Lee HJ, Lee JH. Intramuscular Neural Distribution of the Gastrocnemius for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection: Application to Cosmetic Calf Shaping. Yonsei Med J 2023; 64:511-517. [PMID: 37488703 PMCID: PMC10375242 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2023.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anatomical landmarks can provide vital information on the distribution of nerves in the gastrocnemius muscle. We aimed to provide an anatomical perspective on appropriate locations for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections in the medial and lateral parts of the gastrocnemius for calf shaping. MATERIALS AND METHODS A modified Sihler's method was applied to both the medial and lateral parts of the gastrocnemius muscles (16 specimens). Intramuscular neural distributions were revealed by dissecting along a transverse line crossing the fibular head and superior margin of the calcaneal tuberosity. RESULTS The intramuscular neural distribution for the medial and lateral parts of the gastrocnemius had the greatest arborized patterns in the 7/10-8/10 section of the medial head and 7.5/10-8.5/10 section of the lateral part of the gastrocnemius. CONCLUSION We propose that BoNT injections should be directed to the 7/10-8/10 section of the medial head and the 7.5/10-8.5/10 section of the lateral part of the gastrocnemius. Following our guidelines, clinicians can ensure satisfactory results with the use of minimal doses to limit adverse effects, such as gait disturbance, antibody production, and bruising, due to multiple injections. The results can also be altered and applied to electromyography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Ho Yi
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- Department of Anatomy, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Min Ho An
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea.
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Matuszewski PE, Ulrich GL. How to get the most out of your gastrocnemius and soleus flaps. OTA Int 2023; 6:e255. [PMID: 37448570 PMCID: PMC10337844 DOI: 10.1097/oi9.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Gastrocnemius and soleus flaps represent the workhorse local flaps to cover soft tissue defects of the proximal 1/3 and middle 1/3 of the leg, respectively. An important consideration before conducting a local flap is whether the flap can provide adequate coverage. The utility of the gastrocnemius flap can be increased using multiple techniques to increase the arc of rotation including the posterior midline approach, dissection at the pes anserinus and medial femoral condyle origin, scoring the fascia, and inclusion of a skin paddle. Concerning the soleus flap, the hemisoleus flap represents a technique to increase the arc of rotation. With a soleus flap, one must consider the soft tissue defect location, size, and perforator blood supply because these factors influence what soleus flap technique to use. This article discusses how to make the most out of gastrocnemius flaps and soleus flaps regarding maximizing coverage and ensuring successful flap outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Matuszewski
- Corresponding author. Address: Paul E. Matuszewski, MD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Kentucky Clinic, 740 S. Limestone, Suite K401, Lexington, KY 40536-0284. E-mail:
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Li Y, Hou Y, Sun J, Wei J, Chai Y, Guo M, Wang R. Therapeutic Effect of Acupotomy at Sanheyang for Cartilage Collagen Damage in Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis: A Rabbit Model. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2241-2254. [PMID: 37256203 PMCID: PMC10225278 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s400956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Acupotomy based on the meridian-sinew theory of traditional Chinese medicine has benefits in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA). The current study aims to prove that acupotomy at the sinew points of Sanheyang protect the knee joint and alleviate the progression of moderate KOA by evaluating KOA symptoms, cartilage structure, and analyzing the changes of cytokines in rabbit cartilage. Methods The model used was mono-iodoacetate-induced moderate KOA in the rabbit's right leg. Rabbits were divided into the model group, the acupotomy group, and the control group, with each group receiving two parts of treatment for 2 weeks and 4 weeks. We evaluated pain in the knee joint and range of motion. The articular cartilage sections were stained with Safranin O/Fast Green and Masson. We used immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR to detect the protein and mRNA expressions of collagen prototype II (COL-II), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), and integrin-β1 (ITG-β1). Results Compared with the model group, the acupotomy group had higher body weight, lower pain score, higher range of motion, lower Mankin score, and significantly lower protein and mRNA expression of MMP13. After 4 weeks of treatment, Col-II expression in the acupotomy group was significantly higher than that in the model group and the expression of ITG-β1 in the model group was abnormally increased. Conclusion Acupotomy at Sanheyang improved the pain symptoms and range of joint motion in rabbits with moderate KOA, and could protect Col-II by regulating MMP13, which may be related to ITG-β1-mediated mechanical force transmission, thus reducing the damage to cartilage structure and delaying the progression of moderate KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yimin Hou
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwei Sun
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiabi Wei
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yemao Chai
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengwei Guo
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongguo Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Smith DR, Caban-Rivera DA, Williams LT, Van Houten EE, Bayly PV, Paulsen KD, McGarry MD, Johnson CL. In vivoestimation of anisotropic mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius during functional loading with MR elastography. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/acb482. [PMID: 36652716 PMCID: PMC9943592 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective.In vivoimaging assessments of skeletal muscle structure and function allow for longitudinal quantification of tissue health. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) non-invasively quantifies tissue mechanical properties, allowing for evaluation of skeletal muscle biomechanics in response to loading, creating a better understanding of muscle functional health.Approach. In this study, we analyze the anisotropic mechanical response of calf muscles using MRE with a transversely isotropic, nonlinear inversion algorithm (TI-NLI) to investigate the role of muscle fiber stiffening under load. We estimate anisotropic material parameters including fiber shear stiffness (μ1), substrate shear stiffness (μ2), shear anisotropy (ϕ), and tensile anisotropy (ζ) of the gastrocnemius muscle in response to both passive and active tension.Main results. In passive tension, we found a significant increase inμ1,ϕ,andζwith increasing muscle length. While in active tension, we observed increasingμ2and decreasingϕandζduring active dorsiflexion and plantarflexion-indicating less anisotropy-with greater effects when the muscles act as agonist.Significance. The study demonstrates the ability of this anisotropic MRE method to capture the multifaceted mechanical response of skeletal muscle to tissue loading from muscle lengthening and contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19711
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, 30307
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch GA, 30542
| | | | - L. Tyler Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19711
| | | | - Phil V. Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH, 03756
| | | | - Curtis L. Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark DE, 19711
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12
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Ülger Z, Ayçiçek GŞ, Kara Ö, Kara M. Ultrasonographic/regional muscle measurements for diagnosing sarcopenia in older adults with and without dementia. Turk J Med Sci 2022; 52:1926-1932. [PMID: 36945995 PMCID: PMC10390111 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia and dementia are growing concerns among older adults that muscle and brain atrophy may cooccur. We aimed to compare the age-related loss of muscle mass by using ultrasound (US), and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) by bioelectrical impedance analysis in older adults with and without dementia. METHODS A total of 221 older adults aged ≥65 years were included in the study. The diagnosis of sarcopenia was established if low muscle mass according to either SMI or sonographic gastrocnemius (GC) muscle thickness was combined with low grip strength. The diagnosis of dementia was based on the National Institute of Aging and Alzheimer's Association criteria and the major neurocognitive disorder definition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V. Muscle strength was measured by hand dynamometer and physical performance was assessed by 4-meter usual gait speed. RESULTS There were similar/moderate correlation coefficients between GC muscle thickness and SMI with functional parameters (all p < 0.01). Forty-six patients (20.8%) had dementia, and 21 (45.7%) of them had sarcopenia diagnosed by GC thickness (p < 0.001). Age was older but weight, body mass index, and all sarcopenia-related parameters were lower in dementia patients (all p < 0.01). When clinical variables were taken into binary logistic regression analyses, age [OR = 1.095 (95% CI: 1.028-1.167)], weight [OR = 0.918 (95% CI: 0.887-0.950)], and presence of dementia [OR = 5.109 (95% CI: 2.002-13.033)] were independently associated with sarcopenia diagnosed with GC muscle thickness (all p < 0.05). DISCUSSION This study showed that sarcopenia is highly prevalent in older adults with dementia (45.7%) than without dementia (11.4%). Amongst different factors, increased age, having low body weight, and the presence of dementia independently increased the risk of sarcopenia diagnosed by GC muscle thickness (but not diagnosed by SMI) in older adults. Thus, we can evaluate easily and successfully the loss of (regional) muscle mass in dementia patients by using US in outpatient clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekeriya Ülger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Gözde Şengül Ayçiçek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Özgür Kara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Gülhane Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Kara
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Becker CU, Sartório CL, Campos-Carraro C, Siqueira R, Colombo R, Zimmer A, Belló-Klein A. Exercise training decreases oxidative stress in skeletal muscle of rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1330-1338. [PMID: 32449880 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1769679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exercise training on oxidative stress in gastrocnemius of rats with pulmonary hypertension were studied. Four groups were established: sedentary control (SC), sedentary monocrotaline (SM), trained control (TC), trained monocrotaline (TM). Exercise was applied for 4 weeks, 5 days/week, 50-60 min/session, at 60% of VO2 max. Right ventricular (RV) pressures were measured, heart and gastrocnemius were removed for morphometric/biochemical analysis. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), H2O2, GSH/GSSG, and activity/expression of antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. Increased RV hypertrophy, systolic and end-diastolic pressures (RVEDP) were observed in SM animals, and the RVEDP was decreased in TM vs. SM. H2O2, SOD-1, and LPO were higher in the SM group than in SC. In TM, H2O2 was further increased when compared to SM, with a rise in antioxidant defences and a decrease in LPO. GSH/GSSG was higher only in the TC group. Exercise induced an efficient antioxidant adaptation, preventing oxidative damage to lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C U Becker
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C L Sartório
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Brazil
| | - C Campos-Carraro
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R Siqueira
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R Colombo
- Pharmacology and Physiology Laboratory, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - A Zimmer
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A Belló-Klein
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Hirata K, Akagi R. Contribution of muscle stiffness of the triceps surae to passive ankle joint stiffness in young and older adults. Front Physiol 2022; 13:972755. [PMID: 36726380 PMCID: PMC9885261 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.972755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether triceps surae muscle stiffness is associated with passive ankle joint stiffness in 40 young (21-24 years) and older (62-83 years) males. Using ultrasound shear wave elastography, the shear modulus of each muscle of the triceps surae (the medial [MG], lateral gastrocnemius [LG], and soleus [Sol]) was assessed as muscle stiffness at the ankle neutral position (NP) and 15-degree dorsiflexed position (DF15) with the knee fully extended. Passive ankle joint stiffness at the NP and DF15 was calculated as the gradient of the angle-torque relationship at each joint angle during passive ankle dorsiflexion at 1°∙s-1 controlled by using an isokinetic dynamometer. Passive ankle joint stiffness was normalized by the body mass. There was no correlation between the absolute ankle joint stiffness and muscle shear modulus of triceps surae in the young and older groups at the NP (r ≤ 0.349, p ≥ 0.138). Significant positive correlations between absolute ankle joint stiffness and muscle shear modulus at DF15 were observed for MG and Sol in the young group (r ≥ 0.451, p ≤ 0.044) but not in the older group. The normalized ankle joint stiffness at the NP was significantly positively correlated with the LG shear modulus in young participants and with the MG and LG shear modulus in older participants (r ≥ 0.466 and p ≤ 0.039). There were significant positive correlations between the normalized ankle joint stiffness and the muscle shear modulus of the triceps surae at DF15 in young and older participants (r ≥ 0.464 and p ≤ 0.040), except for the MG shear modulus in older participants (r = 0.419 and p = 0.066). These results suggest that the material properties of the entire triceps surae, even Sol, which is the most compliant muscle among the triceps surae, affect passive ankle joint stiffness, especially when the triceps surae is lengthened and body size is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Hirata
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan,*Correspondence: Kosuke Hirata, ; Ryota Akagi,
| | - Ryota Akagi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan,College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan,*Correspondence: Kosuke Hirata, ; Ryota Akagi,
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15
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Obst S, Florance K, Heales L, Barber L. Medial gastrocnemius growth in children who are typically developing: Can changes in muscle volume and length be accurately predicted from age? J Anat 2022; 240:991-997. [PMID: 34914097 PMCID: PMC9005671 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle size is an important determinant of muscular fitness and health, and so it is important to have accurate estimates of actual muscle growth in children. This study compared actual versus age-predicted growth rates of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle in young children over a 12-month period. Three-dimensional ultrasound was used to measure MG length and volume in 50 children (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age = 70.3 ± 29.9 months) to establish age-predicted muscle growth rates using a least-squares linear regression. Twenty children (mean ± SD age = 78.5 ± 27.2 months) were followed up at 6 and 12 months to establish actual muscle growth of MG volume and length. These data were then compared to their age-predicted muscle growth from the linear regression equation using paired t-tests and Bland-Altman limits of agreement method. Age-predicted MG growth significantly underestimated actual muscle growth for both volume and length at each timepoint. On average, actual muscle volume and length were 11.5% and 21.5% greater than the age-predicted volume and length respectively. Caution is warranted when predicting future muscle size in young children based solely on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Obst
- School of Health, Medical and Applied SciencesCentral Queensland UniversityBundabergQueenslandAustralia
| | - Kaysie Florance
- School of Health, Medical and Applied SciencesCentral Queensland UniversityBundabergQueenslandAustralia
| | - Luke Heales
- School of Health, Medical and Applied SciencesCentral Queensland UniversityRockhamptonQueenslandAustralia
| | - Lee Barber
- School of Health Sciences and Social WorkGriffith UniversityNathanQueenslandAustralia
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16
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Kushwaha AD, Saraswat D. A Nanocurcumin and Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Formulation Prevents Hypobaric Hypoxia-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by Modulating NF-κB Signaling Pathway. High Alt Med Biol 2022; 23:249-263. [PMID: 35384739 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2021.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kushwaha, Asha D., and Deepika Saraswat. A nanocurcumin and pyrroloquinoline quinone formulation prevents hypobaric hypoxia-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by modulating NF-κB signaling pathway. High Alt Med Biol 00:000-000, 2022. Background: Hypobaric hypoxia (HH)-induced deleterious skeletal muscle damage depends on exposure time and availability of oxygen at cellular level, which eventually can limit human work performance at high altitude (HA). Despite the advancements made in pharmacological (performance enhancer, antioxidants) and nonpharmacological therapeutics (acclimatization strategies), only partial success has been achieved in improving physical performance at HA. A distinctive combination of nanocurcumin (NC) and pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) has been formulated (named NCF [nanocurcumin formulation], Indian patent No. 302877) in our laboratory, and has proven very promising in improving cardiomyocyte adaptation to chronic HH. We hypothesized that NCF might improve skeletal muscle adaptation and could be a performance enhancer at HA. Material and Methods: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (220 ± 10 g) were divided into five groups (n = 6/group): normoxia vehicle control, hypoxia vehicle control, hypoxia NCF, hypoxia NC, and hypoxia PQQ. All the animals (except those in normoxia) were exposed to simulated HH in a chamber at temperature 22°C ± 2°C, humidity 50% ± 5%, altitude 25,000 ft for 1, 3, or 7 days. After completion of the stipulated exposure time, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were excised from animals for further analysis. Results: Greater lengths of hypoxic exposure caused progressively increased muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF-1; p < 0.01) expression and calpain activation (0.56 ± 0.05 vs. 0.13 ± 0.02 and 0.44 ± 0.03 vs. 0.12 ± 0.021) by day 7, respectively in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Myosin heavy chain type I (slow oxidative) fibers significantly (p > 0.01) decreased in gastrocnemius (>50%) and soleus (>46%) muscles by the seventh day of exposure. NCF supplementation showed (p ≤ 0.05) tremendous improvement in skeletal muscle acclimatization through effective alleviation of oxidative damage, and changes in calpain activity and atrophic markers at HA compared with hypoxia control or treatment alone with NC/PQQ. Conclusion: Thus, NCF-mediated anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory effects lead to decreased proteolysis resulting in mitigated skeletal muscle atrophy under HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha D Kushwaha
- Experimental Biology Division, Defense Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defense Research and Development Organization, Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Saraswat
- Experimental Biology Division, Defense Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defense Research and Development Organization, Delhi, India
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17
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Cai M, Yang EJ. Combined Treatment with Bojungikgi-Tang and Riluzole Regulates Muscle Metabolism and Dysfunction in the hSOD1 G93A Mouse Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:579. [PMID: 35326229 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive neurodegenerative disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy owing to selective motoneuron degeneration. The anti-glutamatergic drug, riluzole (RZ), is the standard-of-care treatment for ALS. Bojungikgi-tang (BJIGT), a traditional herbal formula, improves motor function and prolongs the survival of mice with ALS. As ALS is a multicomplex disease, effective therapies must target multiple mechanisms. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a BJIGT/RZ combination (5-week treatment) in 2-month-old hSOD1G93A mice with ALS. We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme activity assays. BJIGT/RZ significantly attenuated inflammation, autophagy, and metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunctions in the gastrocnemius (GC) compared with the control. It reduced the mRNA and protein levels of muscle denervation-related proteins and creatine kinase levels. The total creatine level was significantly higher in the BJIGT/RZ-treated GC. Moreover, after BJIGT/RZ treatment, the number of Nissl-stained motoneurons and choline acetyl transferase-positive neurons in the spinal cord significantly increased via the regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, the BJIGT/RZ treatment was superior to single-drug treatments in alleviating multiple ALS-related pathological mechanisms in the ALS mouse model. Overall, BJIGT can serve as a dietary supplement and be combined with RZ to achieve superior therapeutic effects against ALS.
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18
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Xu TM, Chen B, Jin ZX, Yin XF, Zhang PX, Jiang BG. The anatomical, electrophysiological and histological observations of muscle contraction units in rabbits: a new perspective on nerve injury and regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:228-232. [PMID: 34100460 PMCID: PMC8451562 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.315228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the conventional view a muscle is composed of intermediate structures before its further division into microscopic muscle fibers. Our experiments in mice have confirmed this intermediate structure is composed of the lamella cluster formed by motor endplates, the innervating nerve branches and the corresponding muscle fibers, which can be viewed as an independent structural and functional unit. In this study, we verified the presence of these muscle construction units in rabbits. The results showed that the muscular branch of the femoral nerve sent out 4–6 nerve branches into the quadriceps and the tibial nerve sent out 4–7 nerve branches into the gastrocnemius. When each nerve branch of the femoral nerve was stimulated from the most lateral to the medial, the contraction of the lateral muscle, intermediate muscle and medial muscle of the quadriceps could be induced by electrically stimulating at least one nerve branch. When stimulating each nerve branch of the tibial nerve from the lateral to the medial, the muscle contraction of the lateral muscle 1, lateral muscle 2, lateral muscle 3 and medial muscle of the gastrocnemius could be induced by electrically stimulating at least one nerve branch. Electrical stimulation of each nerve branch resulted in different electromyographical waves recorded in different muscle subgroups. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed most of the nerve branches around the neuromuscular junctions consisted of one individual neural tract, a few consisted of two or more neural tracts. The muscles of the lower limb in the rabbit can be subdivided into different muscle subgroups, each innervated by different nerve branches, thereby allowing much more complex muscle activities than traditionally stated. Together, the nerve branches and the innervated muscle subgroups can be viewed as an independent structural and functional unit. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Peking University People’s Hospital (approval No. 2019PHE027) on October 20, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Min Xu
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education; Trauma Center, Peking University People's Hospital; National Trauma Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Xue Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yin
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Xun Zhang
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Guo Jiang
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education; Trauma Center, Peking University People's Hospital; National Trauma Medical Center, Beijing, China
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19
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Loubrie S, Trotier A, Ribot E, Massot P, Lefrançois W, Thiaudière E, Dallaudière B, Miraux S, Bourdel-Marchasson I. New setup for multi-parametric MRI in young and old rat gastrocnemius at 4.7 and 7 T during muscle stimulation. NMR Biomed 2022; 35:e4620. [PMID: 34585794 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
T1 and T2 relaxation times combined with 31 P spectroscopy have been proven efficient for muscular disease characterization as well as for pre- and post-muscle stimulation measurements. Even though 31 P spectroscopy can already be performed during muscle exercise, no method for T1 and T2 measurement enables this possibility. In this project, a complete setup and protocol for multi-parametrical MRI of the rat gastrocnemius before, during and after muscle stimulation at 4.7 and 7 T is presented. The setup is fully MRI compatible and is composed of a cradle, an electro-stimulator and an electronic card in order to synchronize MRI sequences with muscle stimulation. A 2D triggered radial-encoded Look-Locker sequence was developed, and enabled T1 measurements in less than 2 min on stimulated muscle. Also, a multi-slice multi-echo sequence was adapted and synchronized for T2 measurements as well as 31 P spectroscopy acquisitions in less than 4 min in both cases on stimulated muscle. Methods were validated on young rats using different stimulation paradigms. Then they were applied on older rats to compare quantification results, using the different stimulation paradigms, and allowed observation of metabolic changes related to aging with good reproducibility. The robustness of the whole setup shows wide application opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Loubrie
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB)-UMR 5536 CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurelien Trotier
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB)-UMR 5536 CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emeline Ribot
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB)-UMR 5536 CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Massot
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB)-UMR 5536 CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - William Lefrançois
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB)-UMR 5536 CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Thiaudière
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB)-UMR 5536 CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dallaudière
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB)-UMR 5536 CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Centre d'Imagerie Ostéo-articulaire, Clinique du Sport de Bordeaux-Mérignac, Mérignac, France
| | - Sylvain Miraux
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB)-UMR 5536 CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Bourdel-Marchasson
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB)-UMR 5536 CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Pôle de gérontologie clinique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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20
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Choi JY, Park HJ, Kim JN, Kim MS, Choi YJ, Shin HK, Son ES. Intra- and extra-capsular ganglia at the gastrocnemius origin and association with meniscal tears and severity of osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Acta Radiol 2021; 64:237-243. [PMID: 34962181 DOI: 10.1177/02841851211068268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between size of ganglia or type of ganglia (intra-articular or extra-articular) and meniscal tears or severity of the osteoarthritis (OA) is not evaluated. PURPOSE To evaluate the prevalence, size, and location of intra- and extra-capsular ganglia at the gastrocnemius origin and to assess their associations with meniscal injury and grades of OA. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study included 301 consecutive patients who had knee pain and had undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee. We evaluated presence of ganglia at the gastrocnemius muscle origin site and diagnosed whether it was an intra-capsular located or mixed-capsular located (intra-capsular and extra-capsular) and then measured the diameter of each ganglion. After two weeks, we evaluated whether articular cartilage injury existed. The presence of a meniscal tear was also recorded. RESULTS A total of 186 patients (93%) had intra- and extra-capsular ganglia. Intra-capsular ganglia were found in 183 cases (91%) and mixed-capsular ganglia were found in 16 cases (8%). In cases with intra- and extra-capsular ganglia, more meniscal tears were found (P = 0.029). Intra-capsular ganglia showed more meniscal tears (P = 0.021). Intra-capsular ganglia were more likely to have high-grade OA (P = 0.043). Patients who had a meniscal tear displayed larger-sized ganglia, especially of the intra-capsular type (P = 0.044). CONCLUSION Patients with intra- and extra-capsular ganglia, especially of the intra-capsular type, are more likely to have meniscal injury and more severe OA. Patients with a meniscal tear or OA are more likely to have larger intra- and extra-capsular ganglia, especially of the intra-capsular type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Choi
- Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Na Kim
- Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sub Kim
- Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Choi
- Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kyu Shin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Son
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Pietraszewski P, Gołaś A, Krzysztofik M. Comparison of Muscle Activity During 200 m Indoor Curve and Straight Sprinting in Elite Female Sprinters. J Hum Kinet 2021; 80:309-16. [PMID: 34868438 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess whether peak surface electromyography (sEMG) amplitude of selected lower limb muscles differed during a) curve and straight sprinting, b) sprinting in inside and outside lanes between lower limbs. Eleven well-trained female sprinters (personal best: 24.1 ± 1.1 s) were included in a randomized within-subject design study, in which participants underwent two experimental conditions: all-out 200 m indoor sprints in the innermost and outermost lane. Peak sEMG amplitude was recorded bilaterally from gastrocnemius medialis, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, tibialis anterior, and vastus lateralis muscles. Left gastrocnemius medialis peak sEMG amplitude was significantly higher than for the right leg muscle during curve (p = 0.011) and straight sprinting (p < 0.001) when sprinting in the inside lane, and also significantly higher when sprinting in the inside vs. outside lane for both curve and straight sprinting (p = 0.037 and p = 0.027, respectively). Moreover, left biceps femoris peak sEMG amplitude was significantly higher during straight sprinting in the inside vs. outside lane (p = 0.006). Furthermore, right and left vastus lateralis peak sEMG amplitude was significantly higher during curve sprinting in the inside lane (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively) and for the left leg muscle peak sEMG amplitude was significantly higher during curve compared to straight sprinting in the outside lane (p = 0.024). Results indicate that curve sprinting creates greater demands mainly for the gastrocnemius medialis of the inner than the outer leg, but the degree of these requirements seems to depend on the radius of the curve, thus significant changes were noted during sprinting in the inside lane, but not in the outside lane.
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22
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Prince N, Rajendran E, Sidharthan A, Amirtham SM, Kanthakumar P, Oommen V, Bhaskar A. Rat skeletal muscle-nerve preparation to teach skeletal muscle physiology. Adv Physiol Educ 2021; 45:869-879. [PMID: 34554845 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00143.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This sourcebook update describes a variation of a previous sourcebook experiment that used isolated extensor digitorum longus muscle from mouse to teach skeletal muscle properties (Head SI, Arber MS. Adv Physiol Educ 37: 405-414, 2013). Gastrocnemius-sciatic nerve preparation in an anaesthetized rat was developed and muscle contractions were recorded in a computerized data acquisition system using an isometric force transducer. Teachers and students in physiology or biology can use this preparation to demonstrate skeletal muscle properties like simple muscle twitch, quantal summation, wave summation, superposition, incomplete tetanus, complete tetanus, treppe, fatigue, and length-tension relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Prince
- Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elanchezhian Rajendran
- Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anita Sidharthan
- Department of Physiology, T. D. Medical College, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Vinay Oommen
- Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Bhaskar
- Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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23
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Salomão R, Neto IVDS, Ramos GV, Tibana RA, Durigan JQ, Pereira GB, Franco OL, Royer C, Neves FDAR, de Carvalho ACA, Nóbrega OT, Haddad R, Prestes J, Marqueti RDC. Paternal Resistance Exercise Modulates Skeletal Muscle Remodeling Pathways in Fathers and Male Offspring Submitted to a High-Fat Diet. Front Physiol 2021; 12:706128. [PMID: 34646148 PMCID: PMC8503191 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.706128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some studies have shown that a high-fat diet (HFD) adversely affects muscle extracellular matrix remodeling, the mechanisms involved in muscle trophism, inflammation, and adipogenesis have not been fully investigated. Thus, we investigated the effects of 8 weeks of paternal resistance training (RT) on gene and protein expression/activity of critical factors involved in muscle inflammation and remodeling of fathers and offspring (offspring exposed to standard chow or HFD). Animals were randomly distributed to constitute sedentary fathers (SF; n = 7; did not perform RT) or trained fathers (TF n = 7; performed RT), with offspring from mating with sedentary females. After birth, 28 male pups were divided into four groups (n = 7 per group): offspring from sedentary father submitted either to control diet (SFO-C) or high-fat diet (SFO-HF) and offspring from trained father submitted to control diet (TFO-C) or high-fat diet (TFO-HF). Our results show that an HFD downregulated collagen mRNA levels and upregulated inflammatory and atrophy pathways and adipogenic transcription factor mRNA levels in offspring gastrocnemius muscle. In contrast, paternal RT increased MMP-2 activity and decreased IL-6 levels in offspring exposed to a control diet. Paternal RT upregulated P70s6k and Ppara mRNA levels and downregulated Atrogin1 mRNA levels, while decreasing NFκ-B, IL-1β, and IL-8 protein levels in offspring exposed to an HFD. Paternal physical training influences key skeletal muscle remodeling pathways and inflammatory profiles relevant for muscle homeostasis maintenance in offspring submitted to different diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Salomão
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Faculty of Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Faculty of Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Ramires Alsamir Tibana
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade de Medicine, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFTM), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Borges Pereira
- Interinstitutional Program of Post-Graduation in Physiological Sciences (UFSCar/UNESP), Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Graduate Program in Genomics Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Carine Royer
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Faculty of Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Otávio Toledo Nóbrega
- Graduate Program of Medical Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Center for Tropical Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Haddad
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Faculty of Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Center for Tropical Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Marqueti
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Faculty of Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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24
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Chang TT, Li Z, Zhu YC, Wang XQ, Zhang ZJ. Effects of Self-Myofascial Release Using a Foam Roller on the Stiffness of the Gastrocnemius-Achilles Tendon Complex and Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion. Front Physiol 2021; 12:718827. [PMID: 34603078 PMCID: PMC8484700 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.718827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased muscle stiffness can contribute to reduced range of motion (ROM) and impaired function. Reduced ankle dorsiflexion ROM has been associated with increased injury risk in the ankle. Self-myofascial release (SMR) has been widely used in clinical and sports settings, but the effects of SMR on gastrocnemius and Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness are unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of self-myofascial release using a foam roller (FR) on the stiffness of the gastrocnemius–AT complex and ankle dorsiflexion ROM. Fifty healthy, untrained, and non-sedentary participants (age=22.5±2.6years) were randomly divided into an intervention group (FR group) and a control group. The subjects in the intervention group received a single foam roller intervention (three sets of 1min), while the subjects in the control group performed a 5-min sedentary rest. Stiffness of the gastrocnemius–AT complex was evaluated using MyotonPRO and the ankle dorsiflexion ROM was assessed using the weight-bearing lunge test. For the foam roller and control groups, the between-group analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in gastrocnemius stiffness and ankle dorsiflexion ROM after intervention (p<0.05). Within-group analysis revealed a significant increase in ROM and a significant decrease in medial and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) stiffness for the foam roller group after the intervention (p<0.05). In addition, further analysis of the preintervention data revealed a significant negative correlation between ankle dorsiflexion ROM and AT stiffness (r=−0.378 and p=0.007). These results suggest that self-myofascial release using a foam roller on the calf is an effective method for decreasing the stiffness of the gastrocnemius and increasing ankle dorsiflexion ROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Chang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Li
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan-Chun Zhu
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Shangti Orthopaedic Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zhang
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
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25
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Korta Martiartu N, Nakhostin D, Ruby L, Frauenfelder T, Rominger MB, Sanabria SJ. Speed of sound and shear wave speed for calf soft tissue composition and nonlinearity assessment. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:4149-4161. [PMID: 34476195 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was threefold: (I) to study the correlation of speed-of-sound (SoS) and shear-wave-speed (SWS) ultrasound (US) in the gastrocnemius muscle, (II) to use reproducible tissue compression to characterize tissue nonlinearity effects, and (III) to compare the potential of SoS and SWS for tissue composition assessment. Methods Twenty gastrocnemius muscles of 10 healthy young subjects (age range, 23-34 years, two females and eight males) were prospectively examined with both clinical SWS (GE Logiq E9, in m/s) and a prototype system that measures SoS (in m/s). A reflector was positioned opposite the US probe as a timing reference for SoS, with the muscle in between. Reproducible tissue compression was applied by reducing probe-reflector distance in 5 mm steps. The Ogden hyperelastic model and the acoustoelastic theory were used to characterize SoS and SWS variations with tissue compression and extract novel metrics related to tissue nonlinearity. The body fat percentage (BF%) of the subjects was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results A weak negative correlation was observed between SWS and SoS (r=-0.28, P=0.002). SWS showed an increasing trend with increasing tissue compression (P=0.10) while SoS values decayed nonlinearly (P<0.001). The acoustoelastic modeling showed a weak correlation for SWS (r=-0.36, P<0.001) but a very strong correlation for SoS (r=0.86, P<0.001), which was used to extract the SoS acoustoelastic parameter. SWS showed higher variability between both calves [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) =0.62, P=0.08] than SoS (ICC =0.91, P<0.001). Correlations with BF% were strong and positive for SWS (r=0.60, P<0.001), moderate and negative for SoS (r=-0.43, P=0.05), and moderate positive for SoS acoustoelastic parameter (r=0.48, P=0.03). Conclusions SWS and SoS provide independent information about tissue elastic properties. SWS correlated stronger with BF% than SoS, but measurements were less reliable. SoS enabled the extraction of novel metrics related to tissue nonlinearity with potential complementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Korta Martiartu
- Zurich Ultrasound Research and Translation (ZURT), Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Nakhostin
- Zurich Ultrasound Research and Translation (ZURT), Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Ruby
- Zurich Ultrasound Research and Translation (ZURT), Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frauenfelder
- Zurich Ultrasound Research and Translation (ZURT), Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marga B Rominger
- Zurich Ultrasound Research and Translation (ZURT), Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio J Sanabria
- Zurich Ultrasound Research and Translation (ZURT), Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Deusto Institute of Technology, University of Deusto/IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
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26
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Pérez-Bellmunt A, Casasayas-Cos O, López-de-Celis C, Rodríguez-Sanz J, Rodríguez-Jiménez J, Ortiz-Miguel S, Meca-Rivera T, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C. Effects of Dry Needling of Latent Trigger Points on Viscoelastic and Muscular Contractile Properties: Preliminary Results of a Randomized Within-Participant Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173848. [PMID: 34501299 PMCID: PMC8432234 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate changes in neuromuscular function and pain perception in latent trigger points (TrPs) in the gastrocnemius muscle after a single session of dry needling. A randomized within-participant clinical trial was conducted. Fifty volunteers with latent TrPs in the gastrocnemius muscles were explored. Each extremity was randomly assigned to a control or experimental (dry needling) group. Viscoelastic parameters and contractile properties were analyzed by tensiomyography. Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was assessed with the lunge test. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and pain perceived were also analyzed. The results observed that three viscoelastic proprieties (myotonometry) showed significant differences in favor of the experimental extremity in the lateral gastrocnemius: stiffness (p = 0.02), relaxation (p = 0.045), and creep (p = 0.03), but not in the medial gastrocnemius. No changes in tensiomyography outcomes were found. The control extremity showed a higher increase in PPTs (i.e., decrease in pressure pain sensitivity) than the experimental extremity (p = 0.03). No significant effects for range of motion or strength were observed. In general, gender did not influence the effects of dry needling over latent TrPs in the gastrocnemius muscle. In conclusion, a single session of dry needling was able to change some parameters of neuromuscular function, such as muscle tone, relaxation, pressure pain sensitivity, and creep in the lateral (but not medial) gastrocnemius but did not improve strength or range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (O.C.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.O.-M.); (T.M.-R.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Casasayas-Cos
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (O.C.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.O.-M.); (T.M.-R.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos López-de-Celis
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (O.C.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.O.-M.); (T.M.-R.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.L.-d.-C.); (C.F.-d.-l.-P.)
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (O.C.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.O.-M.); (T.M.-R.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain;
- Cátedra de Investigación y Docencia en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual y Punción Seca, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Sara Ortiz-Miguel
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (O.C.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.O.-M.); (T.M.-R.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Meca-Rivera
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (O.C.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.O.-M.); (T.M.-R.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Fernández-de-las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain;
- Cátedra de Investigación y Docencia en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual y Punción Seca, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.L.-d.-C.); (C.F.-d.-l.-P.)
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27
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Krishna S, Spaulding HR, Quindry TS, Hudson MB, Quindry JC, Selsby JT. Indices of Defective Autophagy in Whole Muscle and Lysosome Enriched Fractions From Aged D2-mdx Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691245. [PMID: 34305644 PMCID: PMC8299564 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal, progressive muscle disease caused by the absence of functional dystrophin protein. Previous studies in mdx mice, a common DMD model, identified impaired autophagy with lysosomal insufficiency and impaired autophagosomal degradation as consequences of dystrophin deficiency. Thus, we hypothesized that lysosomal abundance would be decreased and degradation of autophagosomes would be impaired in muscles of D2-mdx mice. To test this hypothesis, diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles from 11 month-old D2-mdx and DBA/2J (healthy) mice were collected. Whole muscle protein from diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles, and protein from a cytosolic fraction (CF) and a lysosome-enriched fraction (LEF) from gastrocnemius muscles, were isolated and used for western blotting. Initiation of autophagy was not robustly activated in whole muscle protein from diaphragm and gastrocnemius, however, autophagosome formation markers were elevated in dystrophic muscles. Autophagosome degradation was impaired in D2-mdx diaphragms but appeared to be maintained in gastrocnemius muscles. To better understand this muscle-specific distinction, we investigated autophagic signaling in CFs and LEFs from gastrocnemius muscles. Within the LEF we discovered that the degradation of autophagosomes was similar between groups. Further, our data suggest an expanded, though impaired, lysosomal pool in dystrophic muscle. Notably, these data indicate a degree of muscle specificity as well as model specificity with regard to autophagic dysfunction in dystrophic muscles. Stimulation of autophagy in dystrophic muscles may hold promise for DMD patients as a potential therapeutic, however, it will be critical to choose the appropriate model and muscles that most closely recapitulate findings from human patients to further develop these therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathy Krishna
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Hannah R. Spaulding
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Tiffany S. Quindry
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Matthew B. Hudson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - John C. Quindry
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Joshua T. Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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28
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O' Reilly M, Merghani K, McKenna J, Bayer T. The Association of Gastrocnemius Tightness, Genu Valgum and Hallux Valgus: A Prospective Case-Control Study. J Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 60:258-261. [PMID: 33422443 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There has been much debate regarding the aetiology and pathogenesis of hallux valgus and it appears to be multifactorial with contracture or tightness of the Achilles tendon and more specifically the gastrocnemius being implicated as an intrinsic factor. The purpose of this study was to look at the association of gastrocnemius tightness, genu valgum and hallux valgus. A prospective case-control study with 25 patients in each group was carried out over a 12-month period. The case group observed adult patients who were referred primarily because of symptomatic hallux valgus and were assessed for the following: hallux valgus stage; presence or absence of isolated gastrocnemius tightness; presence or absence of genu valgum. The control group excluded those with pre-existing hallux valgus, genu valgum and rheumatoid arthritis and were assessed for isolated gastrocnemius tightness. There was a statistically significant association between the presence of genu valgum and hallux valgus when comparing both groups with a p < .001. There was also a statistically significant association between the Silfverskiöld test and the presence of hallux valgus, as well as the Silfverskiöld test and the presence of genu valgum with a p < .001. This study is the first to describe the association of gastrocnemius tightness, genu valgum and hallux valgus. Further studies are required to assess this relationship but knowledge and awareness of it can be applied by clinicians when considering the most appropriate management options with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc O' Reilly
- Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Tullamore Hospital, Tullamore, Offaly, Ireland.
| | - Khalid Merghani
- Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Tullamore Hospital, Tullamore, Offaly, Ireland
| | - Johnny McKenna
- Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, St James's Hospital, Ushers, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Tullamore Hospital, Tullamore, Offaly, Ireland
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29
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how the anterior and posterior muscles in the shank (Tibialis Anterior, Gastrocnemius Lateralis and Medialis), influence the level of minimum toe clearance (MTC). With aging, MTC deteriorates thus, greatly increasing the probability of falling or tripping. This could result in injury or even death. For this study, muscle activity retention taping (MART) was used on young adults, which is an accepted method of simulating a poor MTC—found in elderly gait. The subject's muscle activation was measured using surface electromyography (SEMG), and the kinematic parameters (MTC, knee and ankle joint angles) were measured using an optical motion capture system. Our results indicate that MART produces significant reductions in MTC (P < α), knee flexion (P < α) and ankle dorsiflexion (P < α), as expected. However, the muscle activity increased significantly, contrary to the expected result (elderly individuals should have lower muscle activity). This was due to the subject's muscle conditions (healthy and strong), hence the muscles worked harder to counteract the external restriction. Yet, the significant change in muscle activity (due to MART) proves that the shank muscles do play an important role in determining the level of MTC. The Tibialis Anterior had the highest overall muscle activation, making it the primary muscle active during the swing phase. With aging, the shank muscles (specifically the Tibialis Anterior) would weaken and stiffen, coupled with a reduced joint range of motion. Thus, ankle-drop would increase—leading to a reduction in MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siti Anom Ahmad
- Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Darwin Gouwanda
- School of Engineering, Monash University, Selangor, Malaysia
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30
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Akdeniz H, Ozkan S, Adanas C. Prevelance of Fabella: An MRI Study in The Eastern Anatolia Region Of Turkey. Curr Med Imaging 2021; 17:1221-1225. [PMID: 34053429 DOI: 10.2174/1573405617666210528121352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fabella, which is generally located in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, is a sesamoid bone that articulates with the posterior face of the lateral femoral condyle. As traditional information, the prevalence of fabella is between 10-30% in the population and is usually present in both knees. INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to investigate the knee MRIs in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey subjects in order to assess the prevalence of the fabella and analyse the differences between gender, age and laterality and its symmetry pattern. METHODS This study was a retrospective study in patients older than 18 years whose knee MRIs were taken between February 2014 and February 2016. In this study, a total of 531 patients [290 females and 241 males] were included. The radiographs were examined by two orthopedic surgeons and the fabella was located. Later, an expert radiologist made the final decision and confirmed the results. RESULTS The number of patients included in the study was 531. We detected os fabella in 59 (11.1%) patients. Of the 59 os fabella, 33 were in the right knee and 26 were in the left knee, 38 were female and 21were male. CONCLUSION In this study, we investigated the age and gender differences besides the prevalence and the symmetry pattern of the fabella in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey's population. Prevalence of the fabella was found to be 11.1% which is different than previously published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Akdeniz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Sezai Ozkan
- Deparment of Radiology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Dursun Odabas Medical Center, Tuşpa,Van, Turkey
| | - Cihan Adanas
- Deparment of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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Schlink BR, Nordin AD, Brooks CN, Ferris DP. Fatigue induces altered spatial myoelectric activation patterns in the medial gastrocnemius during locomotion. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:2013-2023. [PMID: 33909489 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00602.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This research investigates the effects of muscle fatigue on spatial myoelectric patterns in the lower limb during locomotion. Both spatial and frequency aspects of neuromuscular recruitment in the medial gastrocnemius change in response to fatigue, resulting in altered myoelectric patterns during walking and running. These data may help us better understand the adaptations that occur in lower limb muscles to avoid overuse injuries caused by fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Schlink
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Andrew D Nordin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Christina N Brooks
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Daniel P Ferris
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Liu YQ, Zhang J, Gao LN, Wang HT. [Effects of aerobic exercise on Nrf2-SOD pathway in the gastrocnemius of rats with high-glucose and high-fat diet]. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi 2020; 36:481-5. [PMID: 33629563 DOI: 10.12047/j.cjap.6004.2020.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the changes of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the prevention of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of rats by aerobic exercise. Methods: Twenty-four 12-month old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control (C), insulin resistance model (IR) and insulin resistance model and exercise (IRE) groups. IR was induced by high- glucose and high-fat diet. Rats of IRE received the increasing load running on the treadmill for 6 W. The activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), Malonaldehyde (MDA) and glutathione / L-glutathione oxidized (GSH/GSSG) were measured by experiment kits. The content of 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was measured by ELISA Kits. The expressions of Nrf2 and Glucose transporters 4 (GLUT4) in gastrocnemius were detected by Western Blot. Results: ①Compared with IR, the content of HOMA-IR was decreased in IRE (P<0.05), while the content of muscle glycogen was increased in IRE (P<0.01). ② The activities of T-SOD, CAT, and GSH/GSSG in IRE were significantly increased compared with those in IR (P<0.01). Compared with IR, the contents of 8-OHdG and MDA in IRE were significantly decreased (P<0.01). ③ The expressions of Nrf2 and GLUT4 in gastrocnemius of IRE rats were increased than those in IR (P<0.01). Conclusion: The Nrf2 pathway was activated in gastrocnemius of rats after aerobic exercise, which promoted the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and prevented IR induced by high- glucose and high-fat diet.
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Dahdah N, Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Samino S, Gama-Perez P, Herrero L, Perales JC, Yanes O, Malagón MDM, Garcia-Roves PM. Effects of Lifestyle Intervention in Tissue-Specific Lipidomic Profile of Formerly Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3694. [PMID: 33916315 PMCID: PMC8037078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are highly diverse in their composition, properties and distribution in different biological entities. We aim to establish the lipidomes of several insulin-sensitive tissues and to test their plasticity when divergent feeding regimens and lifestyles are imposed. Here, we report a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) study of lipid abundance across 4 tissues of C57Bl6J male mice that includes the changes in the lipid profile after every lifestyle intervention. Every tissue analysed presented a specific lipid profile irrespective of interventions. Glycerolipids and fatty acids were most abundant in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) followed by liver, whereas sterol lipids and phosphoglycerolipids were highly enriched in hypothalamus, and gastrocnemius had the lowest content in all lipid species compared to the other tissues. Both when subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) and after a subsequent lifestyle intervention (INT), the lipidome of hypothalamus showed no changes. Gastrocnemius and liver revealed a pattern of increase in content in many lipid species after HFD followed by a regression to basal levels after INT, while eWAT lipidome was affected mainly by the fat composition of the administered diets and not their caloric density. Thus, the present study demonstrates a unique lipidome for each tissue modulated by caloric intake and dietary composition.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Caloric Restriction
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Healthy Lifestyle
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Lipidomics
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/diet therapy
- Obesity/metabolism
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Dahdah
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-F.); (P.G.-P.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Alba Gonzalez-Franquesa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-F.); (P.G.-P.); (J.C.P.)
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Samino
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Electronic Engineering & IISPV, 43004 Tarragona, Spain; (S.S.); (O.Y.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pau Gama-Perez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-F.); (P.G.-P.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Carlos Perales
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-F.); (P.G.-P.); (J.C.P.)
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Gene Therapy Group, Diabetes and Metabolism Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Yanes
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Electronic Engineering & IISPV, 43004 Tarragona, Spain; (S.S.); (O.Y.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Malagón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, IMIBIC, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Pablo Miguel Garcia-Roves
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-F.); (P.G.-P.); (J.C.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Gene Therapy Group, Diabetes and Metabolism Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
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Pinto AP, da Rocha AL, Marafon BB, Rovina RL, Muñoz VR, da Silva LECM, Pauli JR, de Moura LP, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, da Silva ASR. Impact of Different Physical Exercises on the Expression of Autophagy Markers in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2635. [PMID: 33807902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although physical exercise-induced autophagy activation has been considered a therapeutic target to enhance tissue health and extend lifespan, the effects of different exercise models on autophagy in specific metabolic tissues are not completely understood. This descriptive investigation compared the acute effects of endurance (END), exhaustive (ET), strength (ST), and concurrent (CC) physical exercise protocols on markers of autophagy, genes, and proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle, heart, and liver of mice. The animals were euthanized immediately (0 h) and six hours (6 h) after the acute exercise for the measurement of glycogen levels, mRNA expression of Prkaa1, Ppargc1a, Mtor, Ulk1, Becn1, Atg5, Map1lc3b, Sqstm1, and protein levels of Beclin 1 and ATG5. The markers of autophagy were measured by quantifying the protein levels of LC3II and Sqstm1/p62 in response to three consecutive days of intraperitoneal injections of colchicine. In summary, for gastrocnemius muscle samples, the main alterations in mRNA expressions were observed after 6 h and for the ST group, and the markers of autophagy for the CC group were increased (i.e., LC3II and Sqstm1/p62). In the heart, the Beclin 1 and ATG5 levels were downregulated for the ET group. Regarding the markers of autophagy, the Sqstm1/p62 in the heart tissue was upregulated for the END and ST groups, highlighting the beneficial effects of these exercise models. The liver protein levels of ATG5 were downregulated for the ET group. After the colchicine treatment, the liver protein levels of Sqstm1/p62 were decreased for the END and ET groups compared to the CT, ST, and CC groups. These results could be related to diabetes and obesity development or liver dysfunction improvement, demanding further investigations.
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35
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Watanabe K, Narouei S. Association between Oxygen Consumption and Surface Electromyographic Amplitude and Its Variation within Individual Calf Muscles during Walking at Various Speeds. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21051748. [PMID: 33802492 PMCID: PMC7959460 DOI: 10.3390/s21051748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface electromyography (EMG) has been used to estimate muscle work and physiological burden of the whole body during human movements. However, there are spatial variations in surface EMG responses within individual muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between oxygen consumption and surface EMG responses of lower leg muscles during walking at various speeds and to quantify its spatial variation within an individual muscle. Nine young males walked on a treadmill at four speeds: preferred minus 1 km/h, preferred, preferred plus 1 km/h, and preferred plus 2 km/h, and the metabolic response was measured based on the expired gas. High-density surface EMG of the tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles was performed using 64 two-dimensional electrode grids. Correlation coefficients between oxygen consumption and the surface EMG amplitude were calculated across the gait speeds for each channel in the electrode grid and for individual muscles. Mean correlation coefficients across electrodes were 0.69–0.87 for the four individual muscles, and the spatial variation of correlation between the surface EMG amplitude and oxygen consumption within an electrode grid was significantly greater in MG muscle than in TA muscle (Quartile deviations: 0.24 for MG and 0.02 for TA, p < 0.05). These results suggest that the physiological burden of the whole body during gait at various speeds can be estimated from the surface EMG amplitude of calf muscles, but we need to note its spatial distribution within the MG muscle.
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36
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Hoffman LR, Koppenhaver SL, MacDonald CW, Herrera JM, Streuli J, Visco ZL, Wildermuth N, Albin SR. Normative Parameters of Gastrocnemius Muscle Stiffness and Associations with Patient Characteristics and Function. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:41-48. [PMID: 33604133 PMCID: PMC7872441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying muscle stiffness may aid in the diagnosis and management of individuals with muscle pathology. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to establish normative parameters and variance estimates of muscle stiffness in the gastrocnemius muscle in a resting and contracted state. A secondary aim was to identify demographic, anthropometric, medical history factors, and biomechanical factors related to muscle stiffness. METHODS Stiffness of the gastrocnemius muscle was measured in both a resting and contracted state in 102 asymptomatic individuals in this cross-sectional study. Differences based on muscle state (resting vs contracted) and sex (female vs male) were assessed using a 2 X 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA). Associations between muscle stiffness and sex, age, BMI, race, exercise frequency, exercise duration, force production, and step length were assessed using correlation analysis. RESULTS Gastrocnemius muscle stiffness significantly increased from a resting to a contracted state [mean difference: 217.5 (95% CI: 191.3, 243.8), p < 0.001]. In addition, muscles stiffness was 35% greater for males than females in a resting state and 76% greater in a contracted state. Greater muscle stiffness in a relaxed and contracted state was associated with larger plantarflexion force production (r = .26, p < 0.01 and r = .23, p < 0.01 respectively). CONCLUSION Identifying normative parameters and variance estimates of muscle stiffness in asymptomatic individuals may help guide diagnosing and managing individuals with aberrant muscle function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b Individual Cohort Study. CLINICAL RELEVANCE What is known about the subject: Muscle stiffness has been shown to be related to individuals with pathology such as Achilles tendinopathy; however, research is sparse regarding normative values of muscle stiffness. Measuring muscle stiffness may also be a way to potentially predict individuals prone to injury or to monitor the effectiveness of management strategies.What this study adds to existing knowledge: This study establishes defined estimates of muscle stiffness of the gastrocnemius in both a relaxed and contracted state in healthy individuals. Myotonometry measures of muscle stiffness demonstrated an increase in stiffness during contraction that varies by sex. Greater gastrocnemius muscle stiffness was associated with increased plantarflexion force production.
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Hali K, Zero AM, Rice CL. Effect of ankle joint position on triceps surae contractile properties and motor unit discharge rates. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14680. [PMID: 33356017 PMCID: PMC7757371 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The triceps surae (TS) length-tension relationship can be altered by changing the knee joint position, ankle joint position or both. However, studies exploring the effect of muscle length on neuromuscular properties have focused only on knee joint position changes affecting two of the three muscle components of the TS. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare the neuromuscular properties of the three TS muscles during plantar flexion contractions at two ankle joint positions, 20° dorsiflexed (DF) and 20° plantar flexed (PF). Maximal isometric voluntary strength (MVC), voluntary activation, and evoked contractile properties of the ankle plantar flexors were compared between both ankle joint positions. Additionally, soleus, medial (MG), and lateral (LG) gastrocnemii motor unit discharge rates (MUDRs) were sampled during plantar flexion contractions at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% MVC using indwelling tungsten electrodes. MVC and peak twitch torque were lower by ~61% and 70%, respectively, whereas the maximal rate of torque relaxation was 39% faster in the PF compared with the DF position. Voluntary activation (~95%) was unaffected by changes in ankle joint position. LG MUDRs showed no differences between ankle joint positions, regardless of contraction intensity. Submaximal MG and soleus MUDRs showed no differences between the two ankle joint positions, however both muscles had 9% and 20% higher MUDRs in the DF position, respectively. These results provide further evidence for the differential activation among the three components of the TS with the greatest increases in soleus MUDRs compared with the gastrocnemii when the muscles are lengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalter Hali
- Faculty of Health SciencesSchool of KinesiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
| | - Alexander M. Zero
- Faculty of Health SciencesSchool of KinesiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
| | - Charles L. Rice
- Faculty of Health SciencesSchool of KinesiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and DentistryThe University of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
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38
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Knaus KR, Ebrahimi A, Martin JA, Loegering IF, Thelen DG, Blemker SS. Achilles Tendon Morphology Is Related to Triceps Surae Muscle Size and Peak Plantarflexion Torques During Walking in Young but Not Older Adults. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:88. [PMID: 33345079 PMCID: PMC7739823 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of the triceps surae muscles and the Achilles tendon is critical in producing the ankle plantarflexion torque required for human walking. Deficits in plantarflexor output are a hallmark of reduced mobility in older adults and are likely associated with changes in the triceps surae muscles that occur with age. Structural differences between young and older adults have been observed in the Achilles tendon and in the triceps surae muscles. However, less is known about how age-related differences in muscle and tendon morphology correspond with each other and, furthermore, how those morphology differences correlate with age-related deficits in function. The goal of this work was to investigate whether there is a correlation between age-related differences in triceps surae muscle size and Achilles tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) and whether either is predictive of ankle plantarflexion torque during walking. We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure triceps surae muscle volumes and tendon CSAs in young (n = 14, age: 26 ± 4 years) and older (n = 7, age: 66 ± 5 years) adults, and we determined peak plantarflexion torques during treadmill walking. We found that individual muscle volumes as a percentage of the total triceps surae volume did not differ between young and older adults, though muscle volumes per body size (normalized by the product of height and mass) were smaller in older adults. Achilles tendon CSA was correlated with body size and muscle volumes in young adults but not in older adults. The ratio of tendon CSA to total triceps surae muscle volume was significantly greater in older adults. Peak ankle plantarflexion torque during walking correlated with body size and triceps surae volume in young and older adults but was correlated with tendon CSA only in the young adults. Structure–function relationships that seem to exist between the Achilles tendon and the triceps surae muscles in young adults are no longer evident in all older adults. Understanding mechanisms that determine altered Achilles tendon CSA in older adults may provide insight into age-related changes in function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Knaus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Anahid Ebrahimi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jack A Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Isaac F Loegering
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Darryl G Thelen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Silvia S Blemker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Low WMT, Wang SM, Yeh KK, Chang CH. Spontaneous decrease in gastrocnemius spasticity after correction of knee flexion gait in children with cerebral palsy. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2020; 28:2309499019890252. [PMID: 31876244 DOI: 10.1177/2309499019890252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Synergistic neuro-excitability in the lower extremities may be related to gait disorders. This study aimed to report spontaneous changes after correcting knee flexion gait and discuss the underlying mechanisms. METHODS A prospective study of 23 children with cerebral palsy was conducted to assess postoperative changes in gross motor function, joint range of motion (ROM), and spasticity. Characteristics of children/limbs with spontaneous decrease in gastrocnemius spasticity were assessed. RESULTS In 10 patients (19 limbs) without gastrocnemius release, the Modified Ashworth scores in the gastrocnemius decreased in 6 limbs after 3 months and in 10 limbs after 6 months. Those limbs with spontaneous changes had worse preoperative knee flexion contracture than the limbs without spasticity changes (knee ROM limitation score 5.4 vs. 3.7, p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Patients with knee flexion contracture recruited greater plantar flexion-knee extension couple to balance knee flexion gait, and synergistic neuro-excitability of the gastrocnemius was enhanced. Our early results suggest preservation of the gastrocnemius in treating knee flexion gait, especially for patients with knee flexion contracture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sue-Mei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan.,Graduate Institute of Early Intervention, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Kuo-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduation Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan
| | - Chia-Hsieh Chang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan
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40
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Chang TT, Li Z, Wang XQ, Zhang ZJ. Stiffness of the Gastrocnemius-Achilles Tendon Complex Between Amateur Basketball Players and the Non-athletic General Population. Front Physiol 2020; 11:606706. [PMID: 33362580 PMCID: PMC7758317 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.606706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle and tendon stiffness are related to sports performance, tendinopathy, and tendon degeneration. However, the effects of habitual loading on muscle and tendon mechanical properties are unclear. Using amateur basketball players as examples, we investigated the effects of mechanical loading on the stiffness of the gastrocnemius–Achilles tendon (AT) complex in non-dominant and dominant lower limbs. Then, we evaluated the correlation between gastrocnemius and AT stiffness. Forty participants (20 amateur basketball players; 20 normal non-athletic persons) were recruited for this study. Stiffness of the gastrocnemius–AT complex was assessed using MyotonPRO at neutral position and 10° dorsiflexion of the ankle joint in participants from amateur basketball players and the non-athletic general population. Our results showed a greater stiffness of the gastrocnemius–AT complex in amateur basketball players than that in healthy non-athletic subjects at neutral position and 10° dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (P < 0.05). No significant difference in stiffness was found between the non-dominant and dominant lower limbs either in amateur basketball players or in generally healthy subjects (P > 0.05). A significant positive correlation was obtained between stiffness of the AT and medial gastrocnemius (MG) in amateur basketball players (neutral position: r = 0.726 and P = 0.001; dorsiflexion 10°: r = 0.687 and P = 0.001). The amateur basketball players exhibit significantly higher stiffness value in Achilles and gastrocnemius. This is possibly caused by repeated training effects. The symmetric stiffness of the AT and gastrocnemius exists both in amateur basketball players and generally healthy subjects. A significant correlation between the AT and the MG was found in amateur basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Chang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Li
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zhang
- Rehabilitation Therapy Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
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Harmsen JF, Sistig A, Fasse A, Hackl M, Wegmann K, Behringer M. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Reduces Leg Cramps in Patients With Lumbar Degenerative Disorders: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Neuromodulation 2020; 24:1483-1492. [PMID: 33169444 PMCID: PMC9292613 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) and lumbar disc herniation (LDH) are often accompanied by frequently occurring leg cramps severely affecting patients' life and sleep quality. Recent evidence suggests that neuromuscular electric stimulation (NMES) of cramp‐prone muscles may prevent cramps in lumbar disorders. Materials and Methods Thirty‐two men and women (63 ± 9 years) with LSS and/or LDH suffering from cramps were randomly allocated to four different groups. Unilateral stimulation of the gastrocnemius was applied twice a week over four weeks (3 × 6 × 5 sec stimulation trains at 30 Hz above the individual cramp threshold frequency [CTF]). Three groups received either 85%, 55%, or 25% of their maximum tolerated stimulation intensity, whereas one group only received pseudo‐stimulation. Results The number of reported leg cramps decreased in the 25% (25 ± 14 to 7 ± 4; p = 0.002), 55% (24 ± 10 to 10 ± 11; p = 0.014) and 85%NMES (23 ± 17 to 1 ± 1; p < 0.001) group, whereas it remained unchanged after pseudo‐stimulation (20 ± 32 to 19 ± 33; p > 0.999). In the 25% and 85%NMES group, this improvement was accompanied by an increased CTF (p < 0.001). Conclusion Regularly applied NMES of the calf muscles reduces leg cramps in patients with LSS/LDH even at low stimulation intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Frieder Harmsen
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Sistig
- Faculty of Medicine, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Michael Hackl
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma surgery, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kilian Wegmann
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma surgery, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Green B, Lin M, McClelland JA, Semciw AI, Schache AG, Rotstein AH, Cook J, Pizzari T. Return to Play and Recurrence After Calf Muscle Strain Injuries in Elite Australian Football Players. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:3306-3315. [PMID: 33030961 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520959327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calf muscle strain injuries (CMSI) are prevalent in sport, but information about factors associated with time to return to play (RTP) and recurrence is limited. PURPOSE To determine whether clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data are associated with RTP and recurrence after CMSI. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Data of 149 CMSI reported to the Soft Tissue injury Registry of the Australian Football League were explored to evaluate the impact of clinical data and index injury MRI findings on RTP and recurrence. Clinical data included age, previous injury history, ethnicity, and the mechanism of injury. RESULTS Irrespective of the anatomical location, players with CMSI with severe aponeurotic disruption (AD) took longer to RTP than players with CMSI with no AD: 31.3 ± 12.6 days vs 19.4 ± 10.8 days (mean ± SD; P = .003). A running-related mechanism of injury was associated with a longer RTP period for CMSI overall (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.59; P = .02). The presence of AD was associated with a longer RTP period for soleus injuries (AHR, 0.6; P = .025). Early recurrence (ie, ≤2 months of the index injury) was associated with older age (AHR, 1.3; P = .001) and a history of ankle injury (AHR, 3.9; P = .032). Older age (AHR, 1.1; P = .013) and a history of CMSI (AHR, 6.7; P = .002) increased the risk of recurrence within 2 seasons. The index injury MRI findings were not associated with risk of recurrence. CONCLUSION A running-related mechanism of injury and the presence of AD on MRI were associated with a longer RTP period. Clinical rather than MRI data best indicate the risk of recurrent CMSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Green
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Monica Lin
- Victoria House Medical Imaging, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jodie A McClelland
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam I Semciw
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Northern Centre for Health Education and Research, Northern Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony G Schache
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jill Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tania Pizzari
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Colburn TD, Weber RE, Hageman KS, Caldwell JT, Schulze KM, Ade CJ, Behnke BJ, Poole DC, Musch TI. Vascular ATP-sensitive K + channels support maximal aerobic capacity and critical speed via convective and diffusive O 2 transport. J Physiol 2020; 598:4843-4858. [PMID: 32798233 PMCID: PMC7874302 DOI: 10.1113/jp280232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Oral sulphonylureas, widely prescribed for diabetes, inhibit pancreatic ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP ) channels to increase insulin release. However, KATP channels are also located within vascular (endothelium and smooth muscle) and muscle (cardiac and skeletal) tissue. We evaluated left ventricular function at rest, maximal aerobic capacity ( V ̇ O2 max) and submaximal exercise tolerance (i.e. speed-duration relationship) during treadmill running in rats, before and after systemic KATP channel inhibition via glibenclamide. Glibenclamide impaired critical speed proportionally more than V ̇ O2 max but did not alter resting cardiac output. Vascular KATP channel function (topical glibenclamide superfused onto hindlimb skeletal muscle) resolved a decreased blood flow and interstitial PO2 during twitch contractions reflecting impaired O2 delivery-to-utilization matching. Our findings demonstrate that systemic KATP channel inhibition reduces V ̇ O2 max and critical speed during treadmill running in rats due, in part, to impaired convective and diffusive O2 delivery, and thus V ̇ O2 , especially within fast-twitch oxidative skeletal muscle. ABSTRACT Vascular ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP ) channels support skeletal muscle blood flow and microvascular oxygen delivery-to-utilization matching during exercise. However, oral sulphonylurea treatment for diabetes inhibits pancreatic KATP channels to enhance insulin release. Herein we tested the hypotheses that: i) systemic KATP channel inhibition via glibenclamide (GLI; 10 mg kg-1 i.p.) would decrease cardiac output at rest (echocardiography), maximal aerobic capacity ( V ̇ O2 max) and the speed-duration relationship (i.e. lower critical speed (CS)) during treadmill running; and ii) local KATP channel inhibition (5 mg kg-1 GLI superfusion) would decrease blood flow (15 µm microspheres), interstitial space oxygen pressures (PO2 is; phosphorescence quenching) and convective and diffusive O2 transport ( Q ̇ O2 and DO2 , respectively; Fick Principle and Law of Diffusion) in contracting fast-twitch oxidative mixed gastrocnemius muscle (MG: 9% type I+IIa fibres). At rest, GLI slowed left ventricular relaxation (2.11 ± 0.59 vs. 1.70 ± 0.23 cm s-1 ) and decreased heart rate (321 ± 23 vs. 304 ± 22 bpm, both P < 0.05) while cardiac output remained unaltered (219 ± 64 vs. 197 ± 39 ml min-1 , P > 0.05). During exercise, GLI reduced V ̇ O2 max (71.5 ± 3.1 vs. 67.9 ± 4.8 ml kg-1 min-1 ) and CS (35.9 ± 2.4 vs. 31.9 ± 3.1 m min-1 , both P < 0.05). Local KATP channel inhibition decreased MG blood flow (52 ± 25 vs. 34 ± 13 ml min-1 100 g tissue-1 ) and PO2 isnadir (5.9 ± 0.9 vs. 4.7 ± 1.1 mmHg) during twitch contractions. Furthermore, MG V ̇ O2 was reduced via impaired Q ̇ O2 and DO2 (P < 0.05 for each). Collectively, these data support that vascular KATP channels help sustain submaximal exercise tolerance in healthy rats. For patients taking sulfonylureas, KATP channel inhibition may exacerbate exercise intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton D Colburn
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ramona E Weber
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - K Sue Hageman
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jacob T Caldwell
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kiana M Schulze
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Carl J Ade
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Brad J Behnke
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - David C Poole
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Timothy I Musch
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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Tsuge I, Sakamoto M, Arata J, Morimoto N. The Functional Benefits of Preserving the Proximal Lower Leg Even in Total Necrosis of the Lower-Leg Muscles. Eplasty 2020; 20:ic12. [PMID: 32963667 PMCID: PMC7481367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Tsuge
- aDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Correspondence:
| | - Michiharu Sakamoto
- aDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Arata
- bDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- aDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrocnemius injuries are a common lower extremity injury in elite baseball players. There are no current epidemiological studies focused on gastrocnemius injuries in professional baseball players that provide information on the timing, distribution, and characteristics of such injuries. HYPOTHESIS Gastrocnemius injury in professional baseball players is a common injury that is influenced by factors such as age, player position, and time of season. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS Based on Major League Baseball's (MLB's) Health and Injury Tracking System (HITS) database, gastrocnemius injuries that caused time out of play for MLB and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) players during the 2011-2016 seasons were identified. Player characteristics, including age, level of play, and position at time of injury, were collected. Injury-specific factors analyzed included date of injury, time of season, days missed, and activity leading to injury. RESULTS A total of 402 gastrocnemius injuries (n = 145, MLB; n = 257, MiLB) occurred during the 2011-2016 seasons. MLB players were significantly older at the time of injury (30.1 years, MLB; 23.9 years, MiLB; P < .001). Base running (36.1%) was the most common activity causing the injury, followed by fielding (23.6%), with 50.3% of base-running injuries sustained on the way to first base. In MLB players, gastrocnemius injuries were most common in infielders (48.3%), followed by pitchers (27.6%) and then outfielders (17.9%), while for MiLB players the injuries were more evenly distributed (33.5%, 28.8%, and 30.7%, respectively). The frequency of injuries in MLB players dropped off after the start of the regular season, whereas MiLB players had a consistent injury rate throughout the year. CONCLUSION Gastrocnemius injuries are a common cause of lower extremity injury in professional baseball players, resulting in significant time out of play. Base running, particularly to first base, was the most common activity during injury. Outfielders had the fewest injuries; however, they required the longest time to recover. This study provides the first investigation to date with the HITS database to examine the characteristics and distribution of gastrocnemius injuries in professional baseball players, offering insight into risk factors, injury prevention, and recovery expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Hultman
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick F Szukics
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Adrienne Grzenda
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frank C Curriero
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven B Cohen
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ebrahimi A, Martin JA, Schmitz DG, Thelen DG. Shear Wave Tensiometry Reveals an Age-Related Deficit in Triceps Surae Work at Slow and Fast Walking Speeds. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:69. [PMID: 33345060 PMCID: PMC7739840 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have observed an age-related decline in net ankle power and work at faster walking speeds. However, the underlying changes in muscle-tendon behavior are not well-understood, and are challenging to infer from joint level analyses. This study used shear wave tensiometry to investigate the modulation of force and work done by the triceps surae across walking speeds. Fourteen healthy young (7F/7M, 26 ± 5 years) and older (7F/7M, 67 ± 5 years) adults were tested. Subjects walked on an instrumented treadmill at four walking speeds (0.75, 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50 m/s) while lower extremity kinematics and Achilles tendon shear wave speeds were collected. Subject-specific calibrations were used to compute Achilles tendon force from wave speed. Excursions of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscle-tendon units were computed from the kinematic data and subject-specific measures of the Achilles tendon moment arm. Work loop plots were then used to assess effective muscle-tendon stiffness during lengthening, and positive, negative, and net work production during stance. Two-way mixed ANOVAs were used to evaluate the effects of age group and walking speed on each outcome measure. Tendon loading during muscle-tendon lengthening (effective stiffness) did not differ between age groups, but did vary with speed. The soleus became effectively stiffer with increasing speed while the gastrocnemius became effectively more compliant. There was a marked age-related deficit in net soleus (−66% on average) and gastrocnemius (−36%) work across all walking speeds. We did not observe an age-speed interaction effect on net work production. These results suggest the age-related deficit in triceps surae output in walking is pervasive across speed, and hence seemingly not linked to absolute mechanical demands of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Ebrahimi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jack A Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dylan G Schmitz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Darryl G Thelen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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47
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Kim S, Lim YH, Kang K, Park D, Lee HW, Park JS. Functional Ambulation Profile (FAP) Score as a Potential Marker of Gait Analysis in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. Front Neurol 2020; 11:392. [PMID: 32508737 PMCID: PMC7249254 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) have shown profound impairments in gait, leading to falls. We analyzed functional ambulation profile (FAP) score that reflects the temporal and spatial gait characteristics and investigated correlations with the lower limb muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 6 min walk test (6MWT). Twenty patients with DM1 and 20 controls participated in this study. The 6MWT and gait analysis including FAP scores via GAITRite were performed in all patients and controls. DM1 patients displayed slower gait, shorter stride length, shorter stance length, and lower FAP score. Among lower extremity muscles, the gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior showed the most severe fat infiltration and these crural muscles significantly correlated with FAP and 6MWT. Among crural muscles, tibialis anterior was the most important muscle affecting gait speed, whereas the gastrocnemius contributed substantially to gait instability. FAP score correlated with the muscle imaging and 6MWT in DM1. Therefore, FAP score maybe used as an non-invasive marker that reflects deterioration of gait and a possible surrogate biomarker in DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Lim
- Center of Self-Organizing Software-Platform, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyunghun Kang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Donghwi Park
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Schoenfeld BJ, Vigotsky AD, Grgic J, Haun C, Contreras B, Delcastillo K, Francis A, Cote G, Alto A. Do the anatomical and physiological properties of a muscle determine its adaptive response to different loading protocols? Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14427. [PMID: 32342648 PMCID: PMC7186566 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that superior muscle hypertrophy may be obtained by training muscles predominant in type I fibers with lighter loads and those predominant in type II fibers with heavier loads. PURPOSE To evaluate longitudinal changes in muscle strength and hypertrophy of the soleus (a predominantly slow-twitch muscle) and gastrocnemius (muscle with a similar composition of slow and fast-twitch fibers) when subjected to light (20-30 repetition maximum) and heavy (6-10 repetition maximum) load plantarflexion exercise. METHODS The study employed a within-subject design whereby 26 untrained young men had their lower limbs randomized to perform plantarflexion with a low-load (LIGHT) and a high-load (HEAVY) for 8 weeks. Muscle thickness was estimated via B-mode ultrasound and maximal strength was determined by isometric dynamometry. RESULTS Results showed that changes in muscle thickness were similar for the soleus and the gastrocnemius regardless of the magnitude of load used in training. Furthermore, each of the calf muscles demonstrated robust hypertrophy, with the lateral gastrocnemius showing greater gains compared to the medial gastrocnemius and soleus. Both HEAVY and LIGHT training programs elicited similar hypertrophic increases in the triceps surae. Finally, isometric strength increases were similar between loading conditions. CONCLUSIONS The triceps surae muscles respond robustly to regimented exercise and measures of muscle hypertrophy and isometric strength appear independent of muscle fiber type composition. Moreover, the study provides further evidence that low-load training is a viable strategy to increase hypertrophy in different human muscles, with hypertrophic increases similar to that observed using heavy loads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D. Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and StatisticsNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES)Victoria UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Cody Haun
- Department of Exercise ScienceLaGrange CollegeLaGrangeGAUSA
| | - Bret Contreras
- Sport Performance Research InstituteAUT UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
| | | | - Aston Francis
- Department of Health SciencesCUNY Lehman CollegeBronxNYUSA
| | - Gilda Cote
- Department of Health SciencesCUNY Lehman CollegeBronxNYUSA
| | - Andrew Alto
- Department of Health SciencesCUNY Lehman CollegeBronxNYUSA
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Gomes MJ, Pagan LU, Lima ARR, Reyes DRA, Martinez PF, Damatto FC, Pontes THD, Rodrigues EA, Souza LM, Tosta IF, Fernandes AAH, Zornoff LAM, Okoshi K, Okoshi MP. Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on cardiac remodelling and skeletal muscle oxidative stress of infarcted rats. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5352-5362. [PMID: 32239667 PMCID: PMC7205792 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the influence of aerobic and resistance exercise on cardiac remodelling, physical capacity and skeletal muscle oxidative stress in rats with MI‐induced heart failure. Three months after MI induction, Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Sham; sedentary MI (S‐MI); aerobic exercised MI (A‐MI); and resistance exercised MI (R‐MI). Exercised rats trained three times a week for 12 weeks on a treadmill or ladder. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA or Kruskal‐Wallis test. Functional aerobic capacity was greater in A‐MI and strength gain higher in R‐MI. Echocardiographic parameters did not differ between infarct groups. Reactive oxygen species production, evaluated by fluorescence, was higher in S‐MI than Sham, and lipid hydroperoxide concentration was lower in A‐MI than the other groups. Glutathione peroxidase activity was higher in A‐MI than S‐MI and R‐MI. Superoxide dismutase was lower in S‐MI than Sham and R‐MI. Gastrocnemius cross‐sectional area, satellite cell activation and expression of the ubiquitin‐proteasome system proteins did not differ between groups. In conclusion, aerobic exercise and resistance exercise improve functional capacity and maximum load carrying, respectively, without changing cardiac remodelling in infarcted rats. In the gastrocnemius, infarction increases oxidative stress and changes antioxidant enzyme activities. Aerobic exercise reduces oxidative stress and attenuates superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana J Gomes
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luana U Pagan
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Aline R R Lima
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - David R A Reyes
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Paula F Martinez
- School of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Damatto
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Thierres H D Pontes
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Eder A Rodrigues
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Lidiane M Souza
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ingrid F Tosta
- Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana A H Fernandes
- Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Katashi Okoshi
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marina P Okoshi
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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50
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Topham IA, Dittmer KE, Buckle KN, Gates MC. An overview of dropped hock syndrome cases in New Zealand cattle. N Z Vet J 2020; 68:247-254. [PMID: 32164496 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2020.1742815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Case history: Data were collected from 47 outbreaks of dropped hock syndrome (DHS) that were reported by veterinarians in New Zealand to the Ministry for Primary Industries between October 2012 and August 2017. There were 181 affected dairy cows from 44 farms. Of those with records, all 86 were aged between 2-3 years-old, and 4/94 (4%) were Friesian, 56/94 (60%) were Jersey and 33/94 (35%) were Jersey/Friesian cross. Of the 47 outbreaks, 45 (96%) occurred during winter and 37 (79%) in the South Island.Clinical findings: Of 151 cases with records, hindlimb weakness (117 cows), shortened gait (112 cows) and dropped hocks (106 cows) were most commonly reported, with 110 cases being bilaterally affected. The level of diagnostic work-up and the data recorded by veterinarians for each outbreak were highly variable. Creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were reported for 22 cases and were within normal ranges for cows with mild disease but increased in cows with severe disease. Concentrations of Cu in serum and liver were below normal for 13/22 and 9/10 cows, respectively, from six outbreaks. Of 41 cows with records for clinical outcomes, 12 had complete resolution, 18 had partial resolution, and 11 had no resolution.Pathological findings: Post-mortem data were available from 26 cases. Muscle necrosis and haemorrhage of the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle were the key gross findings. In 14 cows with records for muscle histopathology, myodegeneration and recent haemorrhage were observed, and connective tissue pathology was reported to predate muscular pathology in seven cases.Diagnosis: DHS appeared to be a degenerative rather than inflammatory condition primarily affecting the connective tissue of the hind limb, especially at the dense collagen interfaces of the gastrocnemius. Although no evidence of neuropathy was found, this cannot definitively be ruled out as a potential cause.Clinical relevance: A more standardised and systematic approach to investigating cases and recording case data is required to make robust inferences about the aetiology, risk factors, and treatment interventions for DHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Topham
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K E Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K N Buckle
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - M C Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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