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Origo D, Buffone F, Montini G, Belluto D, Tramontano M, Dal Farra F. Foot Posture Index Does Not Correlate with Dynamic Foot Assessment Performed via Baropodometric Examination: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:814. [PMID: 38667576 PMCID: PMC11050396 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12080814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinicians employ foot morphology assessment to evaluate the functionality of the method and anticipate possible injuries. This study aims to correlate static foot posture and the dynamic barefoot evaluation in a sample of healthy adult participants. METHODS The foot posture was evaluated using the Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6) and the dynamics were evaluated through baropodometric examination. Two operators independently assessed the participants' foot posture through FPI-6, and then a dynamic evaluation was performed by asking them to walk 8 times across a platform. One hundred participants (mean age: 32.15 ± 7.49) were enrolled. RESULTS The inter-rater agreement between the two assessors was found to be excellent. The majority of the feet belonged to the 0 < FPI < 4 class (32%), followed by the 4 < FPI < 8 (31%) and the FPI > 8 ranges (19.5%). Our "area of contact" analysis showed a significant poor correlation between FPI and total foot, midfoot, and the second metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) (-0.3 < r < 0). Regarding "force" parameters, the analysis showed a poor correlation between the midfoot, hallux, and the second toe (-0.2 < r < 2); finally the "pressure" analysis showed a poor correlation between FPI, the fourth MTPJ, and the second toe (-0.2 < rs < 0.3) and a moderate correlation between the hallux (r = 0.374) and the fifth MTPJ (r = 0.427). CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the constrained correlation between static foot posture observation and dynamic barefoot examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Origo
- Department of Research, SOMA Osteopathic Institute Milan, 20126 Milan, Italy; (D.O.); (F.B.); (G.M.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.)
| | - Francesca Buffone
- Department of Research, SOMA Osteopathic Institute Milan, 20126 Milan, Italy; (D.O.); (F.B.); (G.M.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.)
- Division of Pediatric, Manima Non-Profit Organization Social Assistance and Healthcare, 20125 Milan, Italy
- Principles and Practice of Clinical Research (PPCR), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health–ECPE, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gabriele Montini
- Department of Research, SOMA Osteopathic Institute Milan, 20126 Milan, Italy; (D.O.); (F.B.); (G.M.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.)
| | - Daniele Belluto
- Department of Research, SOMA Osteopathic Institute Milan, 20126 Milan, Italy; (D.O.); (F.B.); (G.M.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.)
| | - Marco Tramontano
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fulvio Dal Farra
- Department of Research, SOMA Osteopathic Institute Milan, 20126 Milan, Italy; (D.O.); (F.B.); (G.M.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.)
- Department Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Mizuno D, Otsuka S, Shan X, Umemoto K, Naito M. Variation in the origin of the plantar aponeurosis and its relationship to the origin of the abductor hallucis muscle. Clin Anat 2024. [PMID: 38581285 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The plantar aponeurosis comprises medial, central, and lateral bands, which arise from the calcaneal tuberosity. Descriptions of the origin of the abductor hallucis vary among different textbooks. The central band and abductor hallucis muscles are related to the windlass mechanism. Given the uncertainties regarding the details of the origins of the central band and the abductor hallucis muscle, we examined those origins in 100 feet of 50 cadavers (25 males and 25 females) by dissection. There were three central band patterns, depending on the attachment sites of the origins of the central and lateral bands: Pattern Ia, the central band covers the lateral band completely; Pattern Ib, the central band covers part of the lateral band; Pattern II, the lateral band covers part of the central band. The origin of the abductor hallucis muscle was confirmed. It showed two types of variation: attachment type, originating from the central band; non-attachment type, not originating from the central band. Central band Patterns Ia, Ib, and II were found in 23 feet (17 males, 6 females), 24 feet (25 males, 28 females), and 24 feet (eight males, 16 females), respectively. Pattern Ia predominated in males and Pattern II in females. The attachment and non-attachment types of abductor hallucis muscle were observed in 28 feet (28%) and 72 feet (72%), respectively. The attachment type with Patterns Ia, Ib, and II was shown in 17 feet, 10 feet, and one foot, respectively. Thus, we revealed variation and sex differences in the central band, which could affect foot morphology and the efficacy of the windlass mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mizuno
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shun Otsuka
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Xiyao Shan
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kanae Umemoto
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Munekazu Naito
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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Choi Y, Lee S, Kim M, Chang W. Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation with Gastrocnemius Strengthening on Foot Morphology in Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:777. [PMID: 38610199 PMCID: PMC11011460 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12070777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) with gastrocnemius (GCM) strength exercise on foot morphology in patients with stroke. Herein, 31 patients with chronic stroke meeting the study criteria were enrolled and divided into two groups; 16 patients were randomized to the gastrocnemius neuromuscular electrical stimulation (GCMNMES) group, and 15 patients to the conventional neuromuscular electrical stimulation (CNMES) group. The GCMNMES group conducted GCM-strengthening exercise with NMES. CNMES group conducted NMES at paretic tibialis anterior muscle with ankle dorsiflexion movement. These patients underwent therapeutic interventions lasting 30 min/session, five times a week for 4 weeks. To analyze changes in foot morphology, 3D foot scanning was used, while a foot-pressure measurement device was used to evaluate foot pressure and weight-bearing area. In an intra-group comparison of 3D-foot-scanning results, the experimental group showed significant changes in longitudinal arch angle (p < 0.05), medial longitudinal arch angle (MLAA) (p < 0.01), transverse arch angle (TAA) (p < 0.01), rearfoot angle (RA) (p < 0.05), foot length (FL) (p < 0.05), foot width (FW) (p < 0.05), and arch height index (AHI) (p < 0.01) of the paretic side and in TAA (p < 0.05) and AHI (p < 0.05) of the non-paretic side. The CNMES group showed significant changes in TAA (p < 0.05) and FW (p < 0.05) of the paretic side and TAA (p < 0.05) and AHI (p < 0.05) of the non-paretic side. An inter-group comparison showed significant differences in MLAA (p < 0.05) and RA (p < 0.05) of the paretic side. In an intra-group comparison of foot pressure assessment, the experimental group showed significant differences in footprint area (FPA) (p < 0.05) of the paretic side and FPA symmetry (p < 0.05). The CNMES group showed a significant difference in only FPA symmetry (p < 0.05). An inter-group comparison showed no significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). Thus, NMES with GCM-strengthening exercises yielded positive effects on foot morphology in patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusik Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Seoul Metropolitan Seonam Hospital, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 08049, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sooyong Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Severance Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Minhyuk Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yong In University, Yongin-si 17092, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Woonam Chang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health & Welfare Science, Yong In University, Yongin-si 17092, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Schuster RW, Cresswell AG, Kelly LA. Human foot form and function: variable and versatile, yet sufficiently related to predict function from form. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232543. [PMID: 38196364 PMCID: PMC10777145 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The human foot is a complex structure that plays an important role in our capacity for upright locomotion. Comparisons of our feet with those of our closest extinct and extant relatives have linked shape features (e.g. the longitudinal and transverse arches, heel size and toe length) to specific mechanical functions. However, foot shape varies widely across the human population, so it remains unclear if and how specific shape variants are related to locomotor mechanics. Here we constructed a statistical shape-function model (SFM) from 100 healthy participants to directly explore the relationship between the shape and function of our feet. We also examined if we could predict the joint motion and moments occurring within a person's foot during locomotion based purely on shape features. The SFM revealed that the longitudinal and transverse arches, relative foot proportions and toe shape along with their associated joint mechanics were most variable. However, each of these only accounted for small proportions of the overall variation in shape, deformation and joint mechanics, most likely owing to the high structural complexity of the foot. Nevertheless, a leave-one-out analysis showed that the SFM can accurately predict joint mechanics of a novel foot, based on its shape and deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Schuster
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4215, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Cresswell
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
| | - Luke A. Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4215, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4215, Australia
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Jiang H, Mei Q, Wang Y, He J, Shao E, Fernandez J, Gu Y. Understanding foot conditions, morphologies and functions in children: a current review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1192524. [PMID: 37539437 PMCID: PMC10395104 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1192524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study provided a comprehensive updated review of the biological aspects of children foot morphology across different ages, sex, and weight, aiming to reveal the patterns of normal and pathological changes in children feet during growth and development. This review article comprised 25 papers in total that satisfied the screening standards. The aim was to investigate how weight changes, age and sex affect foot type, and gain a deeper understanding of the prevalent foot deformities that occur during children growth. Three different foot morphological conditions were discussed, specifically including the effect of sex and age differences, the effect of weight changes, and abnormal foot morphologies commonly documented during growth. This review found that sex, age, and weight changes would affect foot size, bony structure, foot posture, and plantar pressures during child growth. As a result of this biological nature, the children's feet generally exhibit neutral and internally rotated foot postures, which frequently lead to abnormal foot morphologies (e.g., flat foot, pronated foot, etc.). In the future, attention shall be paid to the causal factors leading to specific foot morphologies during the growth and development of children. However, sufficient evidence could not be provided due to a relatively short period of investigation and non-uniformed research methodology in the current literature. A more comprehensive and in-depth exploration is recommended to provide scientific evidence for the discovery of children foot development and personalized growth pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhui Jiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qichang Mei
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yuan Wang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Junhao He
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Enze Shao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Fujishita H, Ikuta Y, Maeda N, Komiya M, Morikawa M, Arima S, Sakamitsu T, Obayashi H, Fukuhara K, Ushio K, Adachi N. Effects of Rearfoot Eversion on Foot Plantar Pressure and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Adolescent Athletes. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1842. [PMID: 37444676 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11131842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot malalignment can augment the risk of lower-extremity injuries and lead to musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to clarify the contribution of rearfoot alignment to plantar pressure distribution and spatiotemporal parameters during gait in healthy adolescent athletes. METHODS This retrospective study included 39 adolescent athletes who were divided into the rearfoot eversion and control groups according to a leg heel angle of 7°. A total of 78 legs were analyzed (45 and 33 legs in the rearfoot eversion [women, 53.3%] and control groups [women, 48.5%], respectively). Gait was assessed using an in-shoe plantar pressure measuring system and a wearable inertial sensor. RESULTS The foot plantar pressure distribution in the hallux was higher in the rearfoot eversion group than that in the control group (p = 0.034). Spatiotemporal parameters showed that the foot pitch angle at heel strike was significantly larger in the rearfoot eversion group than that in the control group (24.5° vs. 21.7°; p = 0.015). Total sagittal range of motion of the ankle during the stance phase of gait was significantly larger in the rearfoot eversion group than that in the control group (102.5 ± 7.1° vs. 95.6 ± 15.8°; p = 0.020). Logistic regression analysis revealed that plantar pressure at the hallux and medial heel and foot pitch angle at heel strike were significantly associated with rearfoot eversion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that rearfoot eversion affects the gait patterns of adolescent athletes. Notably, leg heel angle assessment, which is a simple and quick procedure, should be considered as an alternative screening tool for estimating plantar pressure and spatiotemporal gait parameters to prevent sports-related and overuse injuries in adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Fujishita
- Department of Sports Medical Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yasunari Ikuta
- Department of Sports Medical Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Noriaki Maeda
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Makoto Komiya
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masanori Morikawa
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Arima
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Sakamitsu
- Department of Sports Medical Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiromune Obayashi
- Department of Sports Medical Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kouki Fukuhara
- Department of Sports Medical Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kai Ushio
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Nobuo Adachi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Tourillon R, Six A, Bothorel H, Fourchet F. Are foot posture and morphological deformation associated with ankle plantar flexion isokinetic strength and vertical drop jump kinetics? A principal component analysis. Sports Biomech 2023:1-15. [PMID: 36961087 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2191868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Static measurements are clinically useful in characterising foot morphology, but it remains unclear to what extent it can influence dynamic lower limb performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate if foot posture or foot morphology deformation relates to ankle plantarflexion isokinetic strength and specific kinetics variables during jumping using principal component analysis (PCA). Thirty-eight physically active participants performed drop vertical jump (DVJ) onto force platforms and ankle plantarflexion contractions in different modalities on an isokinetic dynamometer. Foot posture was assessed using the Foot Posture Index-6 item, whereas foot one-, two- and three-dimensional morphological deformation was calculated using the Arch Height Index Measurement System. A PCA was applied to the ankle plantarflexion and kinetics performance data and correlations between PCs and foot parameters measured. The analysis revealed 3 PCs within the ankle plantarflexion and DVJ kinetics variables that captured more than 80% of the variability within the data, but none of them showed significant correlations (r ≤ 0.27) with any foot variables. While foot posture and foot morphological deformation remain of interest in characterising foot morphology across individuals, these findings highlight the lack of clinical relevance of these static evaluations at characterising lower limb and ankle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Tourillon
- Physiotherapy Department and Motion Analysis Lab, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
- Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, University Savoie-Mont Blanc, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Alice Six
- Physiotherapy Department and Motion Analysis Lab, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, IFMK, Nancy, France
| | - Hugo Bothorel
- Research Department, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - François Fourchet
- Physiotherapy Department and Motion Analysis Lab, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
- SFMKS Lab, French Sport Physiotherapy Association, Paris, France
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Rosende-Bautista C, Munuera-Martínez PV, Seoane-Pillado T, Reina-Bueno M, Alonso-Tajes F, Pérez-García S, Domínguez-Maldonado G. Relationship of Body Mass Index and Footprint Morphology to the Actual Height of the Medial Longitudinal Arch of the Foot. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18189815. [PMID: 34574735 PMCID: PMC8465021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The medial longitudinal arch height of the foot is linked to individual characteristics such as sex and body mass index, and these characteristics have been shown to be associated with conditions such as flat feet. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, we examined the medial longitudinal arch morphology in an adult population to determine if there are differences related to sex and body mass index, and values were obtained for the foot posture index. Normalized anthropometric measurements and arch indices were calculated from footprints. Groups, defined by sex and body mass index, were compared, and the correlations between body mass index and the variables were determined. In the population studied (266 women and 177 men), significant differences between men and women for the foot posture index and normalized arch measurements were found. Analysis of the variables related to body mass index indicated there were significant differences in arch indices. Significant differences and positive correlations were also found between the arch index and body mass index for the left and right feet among the men and women studied. The results obtained allow us to reflect on and analyze whether the medial longitudinal arch morphology classification methods used in the clinical and research setting are adequate or whether the influence of factors such as body mass index can generate confusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosende-Bautista
- Department of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (C.R.-B.); (F.A.-T.); (S.P.-G.)
| | | | - Teresa Seoane-Pillado
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña-INIBIC, 15006 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - María Reina-Bueno
- Department of Podiatry, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (P.V.M.-M.); (G.D.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954-486-544
| | - Francisco Alonso-Tajes
- Department of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (C.R.-B.); (F.A.-T.); (S.P.-G.)
| | - Sergio Pérez-García
- Department of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (C.R.-B.); (F.A.-T.); (S.P.-G.)
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Bamber ZA, Wheeler PC, He X, Ling SKK, Yung PSH, Fong DTP. Screening for laterally deviated plantar pressure during stance using the Cumberland ankle instability tool and anthropometric measures. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:323-335. [PMID: 33297771 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1857250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study developed a method that predicts laterally deviated plantar pressure during stance by lower limb anthropometrics and self-reported ability to stop an ankle which has started to roll over. Thirty-two males ran on a treadmill for 2 minutes at 11 km/h. Foot pressure data were collected by a pressure insole system for classifying the participants as medial or lateral strikers. Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool score, Tegner Activity Scale score, foot arch height, active and passive ankle and knee range of motion, bi-malleolar width, foot length, foot width and calf circumference were measured. Binary logistic regressions were performed to produce a model which estimated if an individual showed laterally deviated foot pressure during stance. The model utilized the score of Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool Question 8, active and passive knee joint external rotation, height, body mass and bimalleolar width (explained variance of 47.3%, p = 0.037), producing a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 54.5%. A validation trial on another 15 runners reported a 73.3% accuracy in prediction if they are medial or lateral strikes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Bamber
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,Division of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Patrick C Wheeler
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,Department of Sport and Exercise Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Xin He
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel K K Ling
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick S H Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel T P Fong
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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10
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Xiao S, Zhang X, Deng L, Zhang S, Cui K, Fu W. Relationships between Foot Morphology and Foot Muscle Strength in Healthy Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17041274. [PMID: 32079188 PMCID: PMC7068515 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate if measurements of foot morphology in sitting and standing positions can predict foot muscle strength. Twenty-six healthy male adults were recruited, and their foot morphology and foot muscle strength were measured. Foot morphological variables, toe flexor strength, and metatarsophalangeal joint flexor strength were measured by using a digital caliper, Ailitech-AFG500 dynameter and metatarsophalangeal joint flexor strength tester, respectively. Partial correlation and multivariate stepwise regression were used to explore the relationships between foot morphology and toe/metatarsophalangeal joint strength. Results adjusted by age and body mass index were as follows: (1) truncated foot length in sitting and standing positions and foot width in standing position were positively correlated with the flexor strength of the first toe; (2) foot length, foot width, and truncated foot length in both positions were positively related to the flexor strength of the other toes; (3) arch height index in sitting position and differences in navicular height were negatively associated with the flexor strength of the other toes; (4) differences in foot width were negatively associated with metatarsophalangeal joint flexor strength; and (5) the multivariate stepwise regression model showed that truncated foot length in sitting position, navicular height in standing position, differences in navicular height, foot width in sitting position, and differences in foot width were significantly correlated with toe/metatarsophalangeal joint flexor strength. Simple measurements of foot morphological characteristics can effectively predict foot muscle strength. Preliminary findings provided practical implications for the improvement of the foot ability by making specific foot muscle training sessions in professional sports and by compensating the predicted muscle strength defects to prevent foot injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (S.X.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (S.Z.); (K.C.)
| | - Xini Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (S.X.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (S.Z.); (K.C.)
| | - Liqin Deng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (S.X.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (S.Z.); (K.C.)
| | - Shen Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (S.X.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (S.Z.); (K.C.)
| | - Kedong Cui
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (S.X.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (S.Z.); (K.C.)
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (S.X.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (S.Z.); (K.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-6550-7368
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Zhao X, Tsujimoto T, Kim B, Katayama Y, Tanaka K. Association of Foot Structure with the Strength of Muscles that Move the Ankle and Physical Performance. J Foot Ankle Surg 2019; 57:1143-1147. [PMID: 30368426 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The human foot plays an important role in supporting body weight, maintaining postural balance, and absorbing ground reaction forces. Although many studies have indicated that a causal relationship exists between foot structure and alterations in lower extremity kinematics, there is little evidence regarding the possible association of foot structure with strength of muscles that move the ankle and physical performance. A total of 67 adult men with a mean age of 51.19 ± 8.82 years participated in this study. Foot structural parameters were assessed using a 3-dimensional foot scanner. Strength of muscles that move the ankle was measured with a dynamometer. Physical performance items, including agility, force, and proprioception, were also measured. We found that all the measured parameters of the length, width, girth, and height of the foot were positively correlated with the strength of plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, eversion, and inversion (r ranged from 0.26 to 0.57; p < .05). Moreover, all or part of the parameters of the length, width, and girth of the foot but not the height and angles of the foot were correlated significantly with vertical jump, stepping forward and backward, and stepping side to side (r ranged from 0.25 to 0.44; p < .05). These findings indicate a weak-to-moderate association between foot structure and the strength of muscles that move the ankle, as well as physical performance. We therefore suggest that a larger foot may have greater muscle strength of the ankle joint and better physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Zhao
- Researcher, Research Academy of Grand Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | | | - Bokun Kim
- Researcher, Faculty of Sports Health Care, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Yasutomi Katayama
- Associate Professor, Faculty of Education, Kogakkan University, Mie, Japan
| | - Kiyoji Tanaka
- Professor, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Inui K, Ikoma K, Imai K, Ohashi S, Maki M, Kido M, Hara Y, Oka Y, Fujiwara H, Kubo T. Examination of the Correlation Between Foot Morphology Measurements Using Pedography and Radiographic Measurements. J Foot Ankle Surg 2017; 56:298-303. [PMID: 28117255 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pedography provides excellent visualization of the footprint. However, the correlation between the footprint images and radiographic measures has not been thoroughly evaluated. Therefore, the objectives of our study were to examine the correlation between the pedography-based measures of foot morphology and radiographic measurements and to propose reference values for the diagnosis of flatfoot using footprint imaging. The plantar footprints of 100 right feet were photographed using a pedography standing platform. The sole and arch areas were measured to calculate the footprint index (FPI). The lateral talar-first metatarsal angle (LTM) and calcaneal pitch angle (CP) were measured on standing lateral radiographs, and the talonavicular coverage angle was measured on frontal radiographs. The Pearson moment correlation between the FPI and radiography-based measures was calculated. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated using an LTM of <-4° as the identifying criterion of flatfoot. The sensitivity and specificity of FPI were calculated for LTM values <-4°. The FPI correlated with the LTM (y = -17.964 ± 52.644x, R = 0.588) and CP (y = 9.2304 ± 27.739x, R = 0.659) but not with the talonavicular coverage angle (y = 26.01 ± 15.78x, R = 0.207). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.753, with a cutoff FPI of 0.208, yielding a sensitivity of 0.462 and specificity of 0.934 for flatfoot identification. Pedography could provide an easy screening tool for flatfoot, with an FPI cutoff of 0.208, yielding a specificity of 93.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inui
- Orthopedist, Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ikoma
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kan Imai
- Orthopedist, Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suzuyo Ohashi
- Orthopedist, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Maki
- Orthopedist, Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Kido
- Orthopedist, Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hara
- Orthopedist, Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Oka
- Orthopedist, Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Fujiwara
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kubo
- Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Backus SB, Sustaita D, Odhner LU, Dollar AM. Mechanical analysis of avian feet: multiarticular muscles in grasping and perching. R Soc Open Sci 2015; 2:140350. [PMID: 26064598 PMCID: PMC4448815 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The grasping capability of birds' feet is a hallmark of their evolution, but the mechanics of avian foot function are not well understood. Two evolutionary trends that contribute to the mechanical complexity of the avian foot are the variation in the relative lengths of the phalanges and the subdivision and variation of the digital flexor musculature observed among taxa. We modelled the grasping behaviour of a simplified bird foot in response to the downward and upward forces imparted by carrying and perching tasks, respectively. Specifically, we compared the performance of various foot geometries performing these tasks when actuated by distally inserted flexors only, versus by both distally inserted and proximally inserted flexors. Our analysis demonstrates that most species possess relative phalanx lengths that are conducive to grasps actuated only by a single distally inserted tendon per digit. Furthermore, proximally inserted flexors are often required during perching, but the distally inserted flexors are sufficient when grasping and carrying objects. These results are reflected in differences in the relative development of proximally and distally inserted digital flexor musculature among 'perching' and 'grasping' taxa. Thus, our results shed light on the relative roles of variation in phalanx length and digit flexor muscle distribution in an integrative, mechanical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer B. Backus
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Author for correspondence: Spencer B. Backus e-mail:
| | - Diego Sustaita
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02917, USA
| | - Lael U. Odhner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Aaron M. Dollar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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