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Jorge A, Lichtenstein E, Faude O, Roth R. Muscle Activity and Kinematics During Three Hamstring Strengthening Exercises Compared to Sprinting: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2024; 19:569-580. [PMID: 38707851 PMCID: PMC11065773 DOI: 10.26603/001c.116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During sprinting, the biceps femoris long head predominantly gets injured, while hamstring strengthening exercises predominantly activate the semitendinosus more effectively. Understanding how joint dominance influences hamstring activity may offer clarity on appropriate exercise selection in strengthening programs. Purpose This study compared three hip-dominant hamstring exercises: the rocker, perpetuum mobile fast and slow (PMfast and PMslow) and the Nordic Hamstring exercise (NHE) on their potential to simulate sprint-like activity and kinematics. Methods Muscle activity of the posterior kinetic chain (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus, and medial gastrocnemius) was measured with surface electromyography (sEMG) during the exercises and treadmill running at 75% of the individual maximal sprint velocity in male athletes. sEMG data were normalized to maximal sprinting. 3D-motion capture was employed to assess hip and knee angles. Results Eight male athletes were included (age: 24.0 years ± SD 2.9; body mass: 76.8 kg ± 7.7; height: 1.79 m ± 0.08). Greater activity of the hamstrings occurred during the explosive exercises ranging from 63.9% [95%CI: 56.3-71.5%] (rocker) to 49.0% [95%CI: 40.4-57.6%] (PMfast) vs. 34.0% [95%CI: 29.1-38.9%] (NHE) to 32.1% [95%CI: 26.9-37.3%] (PMslow). The rocker showed greatest hamstring and gluteus maximus activity. Biceps femoris consistently showed greater activity than the semitendinosus across all exercises in peak (mean difference: 0.16, [95%CI: 0.07-0.26]) and average (mean difference: 0.06, [95%CI: 0.01-0.11]) activity. PMfast, PMslow and NHE demonstrated less hip flexion angle at peak hamstring activity than the rocker and high-speed running and every exercise showed less hamstring elongation stress than during high-speed running. Discussion Hamstring activity is comparable to high-intensity treadmill running for NHE and PMslow, and greater for the rocker and PMfast. Gluteus maximus activity varied, with the rocker and PMfast showing greater activity than in sprinting. All examined exercises demonstrated their peak activity at short hamstring muscle length. Level of evidence 3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelso Jorge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and HealthUniversity of Basel
| | | | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and HealthUniversity of Basel
| | - Ralf Roth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and HealthUniversity of Basel
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Hjaltadóttir AÞ, Hafsteinsson D, Árnason Á, Briem K. Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging of proximal and distal hamstrings cross sectional area in individuals with history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Physiother Theory Pract 2024; 40:487-493. [PMID: 36263941 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2135980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasound (US) imaging is used by physical therapists for diagnosis and assessment of musculoskeletal injury and follow-up. PURPOSE The aim was to identify long-term effects of graft harvesting on hamstrings muscle mass among athletes who had undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). METHODS Twenty-eight participants (ages 18-55) were recruited: 18 with history of ACLR using semitendinosus (ST) autograft and 10 healthy controls. Images of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of ST and biceps femoris (BF) were captured at 30% and 70% of the distance from the ischial tuberosity to the popliteal crease. A mixed model ANOVA was used to identify inter-limb differences in the CSA of ST and BF at each location, for each group. RESULTS Inter-limb differences were found for the CSA of ST but not BF across both locations for the ACLR group, not controls (p < .001). Within the ACLR group, ST atrophy of the injured limb was relatively greater at the distal vs. proximal location (p < .001). CONCLUSION US imaging identified selective atrophy of ST on the injured side with no compensatory hypertrophy of BF. Specific rehabilitation may influence muscle mass of medial vs. lateral hamstrings muscle groups after ACLR using a ST graft, and monitored with US imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Þórey Hjaltadóttir
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
- Physiotherapy Garðabær, Garðaflöt 16-18, 210 Garðabær, Iceland
- Department of orthopaedics, Landspitali University Hospital, Fossvogur, 103 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Daði Hafsteinsson
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
- Gáski Physiotherapy, Bolholt 8, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Árni Árnason
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
- Gáski Physiotherapy, Bolholt 8, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kristín Briem
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
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Marín Fermín T, Aminake G, Vasiliadis AV, Kalifis G, Grabowski R, Macchiarola L, Al-Dolaymi AA. Surgical treatment of distal hamstring tendon injuries yield a higher return-to-sports rate: A systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024; 32:763-776. [PMID: 38344882 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to compare the patient-reported outcomes and return to sports of the conservative and surgical treatment of distal hamstring tendon injuries. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, two reviewers searched PubMed, Scopus and Virtual Health Library databases in January 2023. Clinical studies evaluating conservative or surgical management outcomes of distal hamstring tendon injuries were considered eligible for this systematic review if predefined criteria were fulfilled: (1) published in English or Spanish; (2) evaluated any of the following: patient-reported outcomes, return-to-sports rate (RTS-R) or return-to-sports time (RTS-T). Data were presented in tables using absolute values from individual studies and derived pooled percentages. RESULTS Eighteen studies were included for 67 patients and 68 distal hamstring tendon injuries. Initially, 39 patients (58.2%) underwent surgical treatment, whereas 28 (41.8%) were treated conservatively. Among conservative treatment patients, 15 failed and had to be operated on (53.6%), all with distal semitendinosus tendon injuries. Anchor fixation was the technique of choice in 20 lesions (36.4%), tenodesis in 16 (29.1%), tenectomy in 14 (25.5%) and sutures were preferred in five (9%). Thirteen out of 28 patients (46.4%) undergoing initial conservative treatment returned to sports at a mean of 3.6 months (range 1 week to 12 months), in contrast to surgical treatment, in which 36 out of 39 patients (92.3%) returned at a mean of 4.2 months (range 6 weeks to 12 months). Additionally, 14 of 15 patients (93.3%) converted to surgical treatment after failed conservative treatment returned to sports at a mean of 7.6 months after injury. CONCLUSION Initial surgical treatment of distal hamstring tendon injuries yields a high RTS-R (92.3%) at a mean of 4.2 months. Furthermore, 15 out of 28 patients (53.6%) initially treated conservatively had to be operated on, delaying the RTS-T (mean 7.6 months after injury) without affecting their RTS-R. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodorakys Marín Fermín
- Centro Médico Profesional Las Mercedes, Caracas, Venezuela
- Thessaloniki Minimally Invasive Surgery (TheMIS) Orthopaedic Center, St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Angelo V Vasiliadis
- Sports Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Kalifis
- Thessaloniki Minimally Invasive Surgery (TheMIS) Orthopaedic Center, St. Luke's Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Radoslaw Grabowski
- SPORTO Clinic, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Luca Macchiarola
- Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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Hassid BV, Warrick AE, Ray JW. Hamstring Strain Ultrasound Case Series: Dominant Semitendinosus Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Athletes. J Athl Train 2024; 59:270-273. [PMID: 37655822 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0064.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Authors of previous studies of patients with acute hamstring strains have reported injury to the biceps femoris and semitendinosus (ST) in 50% to 100% and 0% to 30%, respectively. This retrospective case series of hamstring injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate athletes exhibited an injury pattern on ultrasound imaging that differed from what would be expected based on prior literature. We examined ultrasound images of 38 athletes with acute hamstring strains for injury location (proximal muscle, proximal myotendinous junction, midportion of muscle, distal muscle) and affected muscles (biceps femoris, ST, or semimembranosus). Twenty-six athletes (68.4%) injured the ST, and 9 athletes (23.7%) injured the biceps femoris long head. Most athletes (23, 60.5%) injured the proximal portion of the muscle or myotendinous junction. Though this study had many limitations, we demonstrated more frequent involvement of the ST and less frequent involvement of the biceps femoris than reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon V Hassid
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Alexandra E Warrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Jeremiah W Ray
- Sports Medicine, Hoag Physician Partners, Foothill Ranch, CA
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Meng L, Jin X, Qi Z, Mi L. Effects of dietary minerals deficiency and supplementation on different parts of muscle minerals content in grazing Mongolian sheep. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1301852. [PMID: 38322168 PMCID: PMC10845341 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1301852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary deficiency and supplementation of calcium, zinc, copper, cobalt, manganese or selenium on minerals content in the longissimus dorsi (LD), biceps femoris (BF) and triceps brachii (TB) of grazing Mongolian sheep. Methods We randomly divided 98 sheep into 7 treatment groups and fed them specific diets for 60 days: a total mineral nutrition diet (LCG), a calcium deficiency diet (LCa), a zinc deficiency diet (LZn), a copper deficiency diet (LCu), a cobalt deficiency diet (LCo), a manganese deficiency diet (LMn) and a selenium deficiency diet (LSe). Then 7 sheep from each group were slaughtered and samples of LD, BF and TB were collected for mineral content analysis. The remaining sheep in each group were subsequently fed specific diets for an additional 41 days: a total mineral nutrition diet (SCG), a calcium supplementation diet (SCa), a zinc supplementation diet (SZn), a copper supplementation diet (SCu), a cobalt supplementation diet (SCo), a manganese supplementation diet (SMn) and a selenium supplementation diet (SSe). Afterward, all sheep were slaughtered, and muscle samples were collected and analyzed. Results Significant findings emerged that LCa decreased sulfur (S) content in BF and increased Ca content in LD and BF, while SCa increased S and Ca content in BF and TB, respectively (P < 0.05). LZn decreased Zn, S, and potassium (K) content in LD and BF, while SZn increased Zn and S content in LD and BF, respectively (P < 0.05). LCu decreased Cu and iron (Fe) content in LD and TB, while SCu increased Fe content in TB (P < 0.05). LCo decreased phosphorus, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn content in LD (P < 0.05). LMn decreased Mn content and increased K content in TB, while SMn decreased K content in BF and TB (P < 0.05). LSe and SSe decreased and increased Se content in LD, BF, and TB, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion Dietary mineral levels have varying effects on lamb meat minerals content. It is important to ensure an adequate intake of minerals in the diet to enhance the mineral nutrition of lamb meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lan Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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Fong S, Wu D, Reed L, Cheng S, Cantave K, Chen H, McGahan P, Chen JL. Biceps femoris accessory tendon tenodesis: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7984. [PMID: 37822483 PMCID: PMC10562657 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message We present a case of lateral knee pain from snapping of an accessory tendinous insertion of the biceps femoris. After failure of conservative treatment options, tenodesis of the accessory band to the direct arm insertion at the posterolateral edge of the fibular head effectively resolved symptoms. Abstract There are several distinct causes of lateral knee pain including IT band syndrome, meniscus tears, or other soft tissue pathologies; however, a few case reports have shown the biceps femoris as a cause of lateral knee pain and snapping. Conservative treatment is of modest benefit to the patient in these scenarios, and an MRI is not always able to identify the accessory band, as in our case. Intraoperatively, we discovered an accessory band of the biceps femoris attaching to the anterolateral tibia, causing pain and snapping during knee flexion as the band passed over the fibular head. There have been various surgical attempts to address this pathology; however, we report a successful outcome after tenodesis of the accessory band to the direct insertion at the posterolateral fibular head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Fong
- Advanced Orthopedics and Sports MedicineSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Case Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOHUSA
| | - Didi Wu
- Advanced Orthopedics and Sports MedicineSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lena Reed
- Advanced Orthopedics and Sports MedicineSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samantha Cheng
- Advanced Orthopedics and Sports MedicineSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kyle Cantave
- Advanced Orthopedics and Sports MedicineSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hanyu Chen
- Advanced Orthopedics and Sports MedicineSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Patrick McGahan
- Advanced Orthopedics and Sports MedicineSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - James L. Chen
- Advanced Orthopedics and Sports MedicineSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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Karsen P, Brinkman J, Day J, McGurren D, Patel K. Painful Unilateral Knee Snapping after Hyperextension Injury and Meniscus Tear. Surg J (N Y) 2023; 9:e118-e122. [PMID: 38197089 PMCID: PMC10700144 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This case involves a healthy male with painful lateral knee pain and snapping after a hyperextension injury. Initially, this was felt to be from a displaced lateral meniscus tear; however, he failed to improve after meniscal debridement. Further workup with an ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging identified an aberrant biceps femoris anatomy. He was taken to the operating room and the aberrant slip was identified. A tenodesis of the aberrant slip to the biceps femoris was completed. This resolved the patient's pain and snapping, and he was able to return to all activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Karsen
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Joseph Brinkman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jonathan Day
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Daniel McGurren
- Department of Physical Therapy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Karan Patel
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
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Park W, Lee J, Lee H, Hong G, Park HY, Park J. Analysis of physiological tremors during different intensities of armcurl exercises using wearable three-axis accelerometers in healthy young men: a pilot study. Phys Act Nutr 2022; 26:32-40. [PMID: 36775649 PMCID: PMC9925111 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2022.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether physiological tremors (PTs) assessed using an accelerometer could be used to evaluate resistance exercise intensity. METHODS Twenty healthy young men with no prior experience of resistance exercise were recruited. Different intensities (resting, 30%, 50%, and 70% of their predetermined one-repetition maximum (1-RM)) of arm-curl exercise were used to elicit PT. The total work was held equally by varying the number of repetitions, with five sets for each intensity. Sessions of varying intensities were performed randomly with a washout period of at least a week. PT responses were recorded during exercise using accelerometers (3-axis) attached to the wrist and ear. Electromyography (EMG) data were obtained from the biceps brachii muscle during exercise. PT and EMG data were expressed as the average root mean square index. RESULTS The EMG amplitude increased significantly as exercise intensity increased. Furthermore, PT amplitude significantly increased as exercise intensity increased. Moreover, the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and lactic acid levels increased significantly. The wrist PT was related to ear PT, EMG, RPE, and lactic acid levels. Additionally, ear PT was associated with EMG, RPE, and lactic acid levels. CONCLUSION This pilot study identified changes in PT during resistance exercise at different intensities. We suggest that the use of PT analyses during these exercises provides a more intuitive delineation of resistance exercise intensity and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonil Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseob Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuseog Hong
- Convergence Center, LG Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author : Jonghoon Park, Ph.D. Department of Physical Education, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, 02841, Seoul, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-01-8520-9714 E-mail:
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Jokela A, Stenroos A, Kosola J, Valle X, Lempainen L. A systematic review of surgical intervention in the treatment of hamstring tendon ruptures: current evidence on the impact on patient outcomes. Ann Med 2022; 54:978-988. [PMID: 35416097 PMCID: PMC9009934 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2059560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring injuries are among the most common muscle injuries. They have been reported in many different sports, such as running, soccer, track and field, rugby, and waterskiing. However, they are also present among the general population. Most hamstring injuries are mild strains, but also moderate and severe injuries occur. Hamstring injuries usually occur in rapid movements involving eccentric demands of the posterior thigh. Sprinting has been found to mainly affect the isolated proximal biceps femoris, whereas stretching-type injuries most often involve an isolated proximal injury of the semimembranosus muscle. The main cause of severe 2- or 3-tendon avulsion is a rapid forceful hip flexion with the ipsilateral knee extended. Most hamstring injuries are treated non-surgically with good results. However, there are also clear indications for surgical treatment, such as severe 2- or 3-tendon avulsions. In athletes, more aggressive recommendations concerning surgical treatment can be found. For a professional athlete, a proximal isolated tendon avulsion with clear retraction should be treated operatively regardless of the injured tendon. Surgical treatment has been found to have good results in severe injuries, especially if the avulsion injury is repaired in acute phase. In chronic hamstring injuries and recurring ruptures, the anatomical apposition of the retracted muscles is more difficult to be achieved. This review article analyses the outcomes of surgical treatment of hamstring ruptures. The present study confirms the previous knowledge that surgical treatment of hamstring tendon injuries causes good results with high satisfaction rates, both in complete and partial avulsions. Early surgical repair leads to better functional results with lower complication rates, especially in complete avulsions.KEY MESSAGEsSurgical treatment of hamstring tendon ruptures leads to high satisfaction and return to sport rates.Both complete and partial hamstring tendon ruptures have better results after acute surgical repair, when compared to cases treated surgically later.Athletes with hamstring tendon ruptures should be treated more aggressively with operative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi Jokela
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Stenroos
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Kosola
- Department of Surgery, Kanta-Häme Central Hospital, Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Xavier Valle
- Medical Department, FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Harper SA, Thompson BJ. Interaction between age and fatigue on antagonist muscle coactivation during an acute post-fatigue recovery phase. Front Aging 2022; 3:1005080. [PMID: 36263146 PMCID: PMC9574075 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1005080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the age-related changes in antagonist muscle coactivation of the biceps femoris (BF) during an acute recovery period following a leg extensor fatiguing protocol. Twenty-three young (mean ± SD: age = 25.1 ± 3.0 years) and twenty-three old men (age = 71.5 ± 3.9 years) participated. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was recorded from the BF muscles for antagonist muscle coactivation. Testing involved participants performing leg extension isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) and isokinetic MVCs at 240°·s-1 at baseline (Pre) and again after the fatigue protocol at 0 (Post0), 7 (Post7), 15 (Post15), and 30 (Post30) minutes post fatigue. Root mean square (RMS) values were computed from the BF sEMG and were calculated as the first 200 ms from onset for the isometric (IsomCoact200ms) and dynamic isokinetic 240°·s-1 (DynCoact200ms) MVCs, and for the final 10° of the leg extension (DynCoact10°) on the isokinetic 240°·s-1 MVCs. Two-way ANOVAs [age group (young vs. old) × time (Pre vs. Post0 vs. Post7 vs. Post15 vs. Post30)] showed that DynCoact200ms had an effect for time (p = 0.018), with greater antagonist coactivation in Pre than Post0 (p = 0.009) and recovering by Post7 (p = 0.011) with no group differences. DynCoact10° had no age × time interaction (p = 0.070), but had a main effect for time (p = 0.020) with the Post0 being lower than the Pre. However, for this variable the young group showed a more severe Pre to Post0 fatigue decline (-45.9%) than the old group (-6.7%) indicating this may be a more sensitive variable for capturing age-related antagonist coactivation post-fatigue responses. Leg extensor fatigue affects some BF coactivation sEMG variables more than others, and any altered post-fatigue coactivation response recovers rapidly (<7 min) from baseline levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Harper
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States,Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Dennis Dolny Movement Research Clinic, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Brennan J. Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States,Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Dennis Dolny Movement Research Clinic, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States,*Correspondence: Brennan J. Thompson,
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Stevens BM, Nichols BR, Doty HI, Korak JA. Muscle Activation Patterns of the Proximal Medial and Distal Biceps Femoris and Gluteus Maximus Among 6 Hip Extension and Knee Flexion Exercises in Trained Women. Int J Exerc Sci 2022; 15:1179-1189. [PMID: 35989703 PMCID: PMC9362892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The biceps femoris (BF) is a double-jointed muscle that performs both hip extension and knee flexion, making it a challenging muscle to train during common resistance training movements. An imbalance between the posterior and anterior chain increases the risk of lower-extremity injury. The purpose of this study was to compare BF proximal (BFprox), BF medial (BFmed), and BF distal (BFdist) peak and mean muscle activation among four hip hinging movements and two knee flexion movements. A secondary variable was gluteus maximus (GMax) muscle activation among the same six movements. Fifteen trained females completed three repetitions at 75% estimated 1-repetition max among the following exercises: Romanian-deadlift (RDL), step-up, hip-extension, kickbacks, Nordic hamstring curls (Nordics), and legcurls. Repetition voltage was normalized to percent maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Eight separate one-way repeated measures ANOVAs with Sidak post hoc analysis indicated the BFprox elicited greater voltage in the kickback, Nordic, and leg-curl exercise compared to the RDL, step-up and hip-extension (p < 0.05), BFmed voltage was higher in the hip-extension, kickback, Nordic, and leg-curl vs. the step-up and RDL (p < 0.05), BFdist voltage was greater during the kickback, Nordic, and leg-curl exercise vs. the RDL, step-up and hip-extension (p < 0.05), while the GMax elicited the lowest voltage during the leg-curl vs. the other five exercises (p < 0.05). All eight ANOVAs reached statistical significance (p < 0.01). The Nordic exercises consistently elicited the highest voltage among the six exercises. Coaches, trainers, and therapist can use these findings to target different aspects of the BF for training purposes and hamstring injury management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn M Stevens
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ben R Nichols
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Holly I Doty
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - J Adam Korak
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Pietraszewski P, Gołaś A, Krzysztofik M. Comparison of Muscle Activity During 200 m Indoor Curve and Straight Sprinting in Elite Female Sprinters. J Hum Kinet 2021; 80:309-16. [PMID: 34868438 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess whether peak surface electromyography (sEMG) amplitude of selected lower limb muscles differed during a) curve and straight sprinting, b) sprinting in inside and outside lanes between lower limbs. Eleven well-trained female sprinters (personal best: 24.1 ± 1.1 s) were included in a randomized within-subject design study, in which participants underwent two experimental conditions: all-out 200 m indoor sprints in the innermost and outermost lane. Peak sEMG amplitude was recorded bilaterally from gastrocnemius medialis, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, tibialis anterior, and vastus lateralis muscles. Left gastrocnemius medialis peak sEMG amplitude was significantly higher than for the right leg muscle during curve (p = 0.011) and straight sprinting (p < 0.001) when sprinting in the inside lane, and also significantly higher when sprinting in the inside vs. outside lane for both curve and straight sprinting (p = 0.037 and p = 0.027, respectively). Moreover, left biceps femoris peak sEMG amplitude was significantly higher during straight sprinting in the inside vs. outside lane (p = 0.006). Furthermore, right and left vastus lateralis peak sEMG amplitude was significantly higher during curve sprinting in the inside lane (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively) and for the left leg muscle peak sEMG amplitude was significantly higher during curve compared to straight sprinting in the outside lane (p = 0.024). Results indicate that curve sprinting creates greater demands mainly for the gastrocnemius medialis of the inner than the outer leg, but the degree of these requirements seems to depend on the radius of the curve, thus significant changes were noted during sprinting in the inside lane, but not in the outside lane.
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13
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Reddy R. Primary Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma of the Biceps Femoris Muscle Complicated by Hemorrhage: An Underrecognized Entity. Cureus 2021; 13:e16958. [PMID: 34527451 PMCID: PMC8418958 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma currently known as undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma is the commonest soft tissue sarcoma of mesenchymal origin. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma is commonly located in the extremities, trunk, head and neck in decreasing order of frequency. We report a case of primary undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the biceps femoris muscle in a 50-year-old male complicated by hemorrhage. Diagnostic workup included ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histopathology and positive results on immunohistochemistry especially CD-68. High-grade liposarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma were regarded as differential diagnoses of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Demonstration of spontaneous hemorrhage within the lesion on follow-up ultrasonography done at one month from the time of diagnosis deserves a special mention in this report. Radical excision with tumor-free margins of the biceps femoris and tendon reconstruction was undertaken. MRI at six months follow-up did not reveal tumor recurrence at the site of surgery and CT chest did not reveal metastases.
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14
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Farfán E, Rojas S, Olivé-Vilás R, Rodríguez-Baeza A. Morphological study on the origin of the semitendinosus muscle in the long head of biceps femoris. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2282-2290. [PMID: 34472147 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hamstring muscle injuries are the most prevalent among athletes who engage in sprinting activities. Their most frequent location is where the long head of the biceps femoris joins with the semitendinosus muscle to form the conjoint hamstring tendon. Just distal to this area, an additional group of fibers of the semitendinosus originate from medial aspect of biceps femoris. The objective of this study was to analyze the morphological characteristics of this union and to discuss its potential role in hamstring tears. Anatomical dissection was performed on 35 thighs. Samples obtained from this region were sectioned and stained with Masson's trichrome for further histological evaluation. A group of fibers from the semitendinosus muscle originating from the long head of the biceps femoris were observed in all 35 specimens. This origin was located 67 ± 12 mm from the ischial tuberosity and was 32 ± 14 mm in length. This group of muscle fibers had a width of 10.9 ± 5.3 mm and a thickness in the anteroposterior axis of 3.2 ± 1.4 mm. Its pennation angle was 9.2 ± 1.5 degrees. Microscopic examination showed muscle cells from both muscles contacting interposed tendinous tissue. In conclusion, fibers of the semitendinosus muscle consistently arise from the proximal aspect of the long head of biceps femoris. The morphological characteristics of this junction have functional implications. The horizontal component of the semitendinosus vector could pull the long head of the biceps femoris medially during its shortening-lengthening cycle, rendering it an intrinsic risk factor for hamstring injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Farfán
- Anatomy Department, Medical School, Universidad Pontificia Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Santiago Rojas
- Department of Morphological Sciences (Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ramón Olivé-Vilás
- Sports Medicine Department, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa-CAR Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Rodríguez-Baeza
- Department of Morphological Sciences (Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit), Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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15
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Llurda-Almuzara L, Labata-Lezaun N, López-de-Celis C, Aiguadé-Aiguadé R, Romaní-Sánchez S, Rodríguez-Sanz J, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Pérez-Bellmunt A. Biceps Femoris Activation during Hamstring Strength Exercises: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:8733. [PMID: 34444481 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to systematically evaluate the biceps femoris long head activation across cross-sectional hamstring strength exercise studies. METHODS A systematic review design was followed. The search strategy conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Sciences databases found a total of 3643 studies. Once inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 29 studies were finally included in this systematic review. A total of 507 participants and 114 different exercises were analyzed. Exercises were evaluated individually and grouped into several categories: Nordics, isokinetic exercises, lunges, squats, deadlifts, good mornings, hip thrusts, bridges, leg curls, swings, hip and back extensions, and others. RESULTS Results showed the isokinetic and Nordic exercises as the categories with highest biceps femoris activation (>60% of Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction). Nordic hamstring exercise ankle dorsiflexion was the exercise that achieved the highest biceps femoris long head activation (128.1% of its Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction). CONCLUSIONS The results from this systematic review suggest that isokinetic and Nordic exercises seem to be the best option to activate biceps femoris long head. Future studies evaluating the implementation of these exercises in prevention programs are needed.
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16
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Thompson JW, Plastow R, Kayani B, Moriarty P, Asokan A, Haddad FS. Surgical Repair of Distal Biceps Femoris Avulsion Injuries in Professional Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:2325967121999643. [PMID: 33855098 PMCID: PMC8013639 DOI: 10.1177/2325967121999643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the optimal management of distal biceps femoris avulsion injuries is critical for restoring preinjury function, restoring hamstring muscle strength, increasing range of motion, and minimizing risk of complications and recurrence. Due to the rarity of these injuries, prognosis and outcomes within the literature are limited to case reports and small case series. Purpose To assess the effect of surgical repair for acute distal avulsion injuries of the biceps femoris tendon on (1) return to preinjury level of sporting function and (2) time to return to preinjury level of sporting function, patient satisfaction, and complications. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods This prospective single-surgeon study included 22 elite athletes (18 men [82%], 4 women [18%]; mean age, 26 years; age range, 17-35 years; mean body mass index, 25.3 ± 4.1 kg/m2) undergoing primary suture anchor repair of avulsion injuries of the distal biceps femoris confirmed on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Predefined outcomes relating to time for return to sporting activity, patient satisfaction, complications, and injury recurrence were recorded at regular intervals after surgery. Minimum follow-up time was 12 months (range, 12.0-26.0 months) from the date of surgery. Results The mean time from injury to surgical intervention was 12 days (range, 2-28 days). All study patients returned to their preinjury level of sporting activity, predominately professional soccer or rugby. Mean time from surgical intervention to return to full sporting activity was 16.7 ± 8.7 weeks. At 1- and 2-year follow-up, all study patients were still participating at their preinjury level of sporting activity. There was no incidence of primary injury recurrence, and no patients required further operation to the biceps origin. Conclusion Surgical repair of acute avulsion injuries of the distal biceps femoris facilitated early return to preinjury level of function with low risk of recurrence, low complication rate, and high patient satisfaction in elite athletes. Suture anchor repair of these injuries should be considered a reliable treatment option in athletes with high functional demands to permit an early return to sport with restoration of hamstring strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Thompson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricci Plastow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Babar Kayani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Moriarty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay Asokan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fares S Haddad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Andersen V, Pedersen H, Fimland MS, Shaw M, Solstad TEJ, Stien N, Cumming KT, Saeterbakken AH. Comparison of Muscle Activity in Three Single-Joint, Hip Extension Exercises in Resistance-Trained Women. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:181-187. [PMID: 33948095 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare neuromuscular activation in the gluteus maximus, the biceps femoris and the erector spinae from the Romanian deadlift, the 45-degree Roman chair back extension and the seated machine back extension. Fifteen resistance-trained females performed three repetitions with 6-RM loading in all exercises in a randomized and counterbalanced order. The activation in the whole movement as well as its lower and upper parts were analyzed. The results showed that the Romanian deadlift and the Roman chair back extension activated the gluteus maximus more than the seated machine back extension (94-140%, p < 0.01). For the biceps femoris the Roman chair elicited higher activation compared to both the Romanian deadlift and the seated machine back extension (71-174%). Further, the Romanian deadlift activated the biceps femoris more compared to the seated machine back extension (61%, p < 0.01). The analyses of the different parts of the movement showed that the Roman chair produced higher levels of activation in the upper part for both the gluteus maximus and the biceps femoris, compared to the other exercises. There were no differences in activation of the erector spinae between the three exercises (p = 1.00). In conclusion, both the Roman deadlift and the Roman chair back extension would be preferable to the seated machine back extension in regards to gluteus maximus activation. The Roman chair was superior in activating the biceps femoris compared to the two other exercises. All three exercises are appropriate selections for activating the lower back muscles. For overall lower limb activation, the Roman chair was the best exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Andersen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
| | - Helene Pedersen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
| | - Marius Steiro Fimland
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Unicare Helsefort Rehabilitation Centre, Rissa, Norway
| | - Matthew Shaw
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
| | - Tom Erik Jorung Solstad
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
| | - Nicolay Stien
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
| | | | - Atle Hole Saeterbakken
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
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18
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Lempainen L, Kosola J, Pruna R, Sinikumpu JJ, Valle X, Heinonen O, Orava S, Maffulli N. Tears of Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus, And Semitendinosus are Not Equal-A New Individual Muscle-Tendon Concept in Athletes. Scand J Surg 2021; 110:483-491. [PMID: 33612019 PMCID: PMC8688976 DOI: 10.1177/1457496920984274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Hamstring injuries are common and can now be accurately diagnosed. In addition, novel surgical indications have been introduced. However, evidence-based guidelines on the hamstring injuries in management of top-level athletes are missing. Methods: The management methods and outcomes of treatment are classically based on relatively small case series. We discuss a novel concept based on the fact that each tendon of the hamstrings muscle should be managed in an individual fashion. Furthermore, suitable indications for hamstring surgery in athletes are introduced. Results: The present study introduces modern treatment principles for hamstring injury management. Typical clinical and imagining findings as well as surgical treatment are presented based on a critical review of the available literature and personal experience. Conclusions: Hamstring injuries should not be considered to be all equal given the complexity of this anatomical region: The three separate tendons are different, and this impacts greatly on the decision-making process and outcomes in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lempainen
- Sports Trauma Research Unit, Hospital Mehiläinen NEO, Turku, Finland.,Department of Physical Activity and Health, Paavo Nurmi Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - J Kosola
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, Paavo Nurmi Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Kanta-Häme Central Hospital, Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - R Pruna
- FC Barcelona, Medical Services, FIFA Center of Excellence, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J-J Sinikumpu
- Department of Children and Adolescents, PEDEGO unit and MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - X Valle
- FC Barcelona, Medical Services, FIFA Center of Excellence, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Heinonen
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, Paavo Nurmi Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S Orava
- Sports Trauma Research Unit, Hospital Mehiläinen NEO, Turku, Finland.,Department of Physical Activity and Health, Paavo Nurmi Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - N Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, University of Salerno School of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno, Italy.,Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke on Trent, UK
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19
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Abstract
During routine cadaveric dissection of a 59-year-old female cadaver, a rare, anomalous fusion of the semitendinosus and long head of the biceps femoris muscles, arising as a common head at the origin of the ischial tuberosity, was observed. In addition, a unilateral muscular slip was noted between the gluteus maximus and the long head of the biceps femoris muscle belly. To the best of our knowledge, this variation has not been previously reported in the literature. Such variations may increase the risk of hamstring injury or compression of the sciatic nerve. Patients presenting with sciatic pain in the posterior thigh may prompt an evaluation for the aberrant origin of the hamstring muscles. It may be beneficial for surgeons, radiologists, and sports medicine specialists to be aware of such variations due to potential implications on surgical intervention, pain management, and interpretation of radiographic images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Schmuter
- Department of Anatomy, City University of New York (CUNY) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Sabastian Hajtovic
- Department of Anatomy, City University of New York (CUNY) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Rosalinda G Guce
- Department of Anatomy, City University of New York (CUNY) School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Kiran Matthews
- Department of Anatomy, City University of New York (CUNY) School of Medicine, New York, USA
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20
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Olewnik Ł, Gonera B, Kurtys K, Tubbs RS, Polguj M. "Popliteofascial muscle" or rare variant of the tensor fasciae suralis? Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2020; 80:1037-1042. [PMID: 33169351 DOI: 10.5603/fm.a2020.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anatomical variations are routinely encountered during dissections of muscles and in clinical practice, so anatomists and clinicians need to be aware of them. One such muscle is the tensor fascia suralis, a very rare muscle located in the popliteal fossa. It can originate from any of the hamstring muscles and it inserts into the fascia of the leg. This report presents a case of a variant muscle located very deep to the biceps femoris; it originated from the posterior surface of the femur and inserted into the fascia of the leg. It is unclear whether this is a rare variant of the tensor fascia suralis or a completely new muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ł Olewnik
- Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
| | - B Gonera
- Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - K Kurtys
- Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - R S Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada
| | - M Polguj
- Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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21
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Jiménez-Rubio S, Navandar A, Rivilla-García J, Paredes-Hernández V, Gómez-Ruano MÁ. Improvements in Match-Related Physical Performance of Professional Soccer Players After the Application of an on-Field Training Program for Hamstring Injury Rehabilitation. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 29:1145-50. [PMID: 31869814 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although there are multiple, validated return-to-play programs following hamstring strain injuries, no studies have evaluated their changes in match performance parameters. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was twofold as follows: (1) to determine the changes in match-based physical performance parameters in professional soccer players before and after sustaining a hamstring strain injury and undergoing a soccer-specific rehabilitation program and (2) to observe the progress of these performance parameters 6 to 10 weeks after the player returned from injury. DESIGN Prospective, quasi-experimental longitudinal study. SETTING Soccer playing and training grounds. PARTICIPANTS Nineteen players suffering a hamstring strain injury from 2 male professional teams playing in the Spanish professional football league (La Liga) were followed during the 2015-2016, 2016-2017, and 2017-2018 seasons. INTERVENTION Participation in on-field training program following a hamstring injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Match global positioning system data were collected in the following stages: prior to injury (PRE), after return to play (RTP), program, and 6 to 10 weeks following RTP (C2). Peak velocities and distances ran at sprint velocities showed most likely improvements in C2 versus PRE, and very likely improvements in RTP versus PRE. RESULTS The distances ran at high and very high intensities, the average velocity, and work-to-rest ratio showed very likely improvements in C2 versus RTP and likely improvements in RTP versus PRE. Likely improvements were observed for all variables in C2 versus RTP. The authors' results showed an improvement of physical performance during competitive match after RTP, compared with PRE. There was a steady progression in the progress, and in 8 months following RTP, there was no injury reported in the players. CONCLUSIONS The current findings may indicate that the hamstring muscle complex not only recovered completely from the injury but could also withstand a greater training and match load reducing the risk of reinjury.
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22
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Pedersen H, Saeterbakken AH, Vagle M, Fimland MS, Andersen V. Electromyographic Comparison of Flywheel Inertial Leg Curl and Nordic Hamstring Exercise Among Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:97-102. [PMID: 33120362 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) has been shown to considerably reduce hamstring injuries among soccer players. However, as the load in the NHE is the person's own bodyweight, it is a very heavy exercise and difficult to individualize. The flywheel inertial leg curl (FLC) could be an alternative since the eccentric overload is based on the amount of work produced in the concentric movement. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to compare the activation in the hamstrings at long muscle lengths in the NHE and the FLC in amateur soccer players. METHODS Fifteen male amateur soccer players performed 5 repetitions in each exercise in a randomized and counterbalanced order. The concentric and eccentric movements were divided into lower and upper phases. Surface EMG was measured distally, proximally, and in the middle, at both muscles. RESULTS In the lower phase in the eccentric movement, there were no significant differences between the 2 exercises (P = .101-.826). In the lower concentric movement, the FLC led to higher activation in all parts of both the biceps femoris (31%-52%, P < .001) and the semitendinosus (20%-35%, P = .001-.023). CONCLUSION Both exercises activated the hamstrings similarly at long muscle lengths during eccentric contractions (Nordic hamstring, nonsignificantly higher). However, when performing concentric contractions, the FLC induced higher activations. Therefore, the FLC could be a useful alternative to the NHE and particularly suitable for weaker athletes before progressing to NHE.
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23
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Riccetti M, Opplert J, Durigan JLQ, Cometti C, Babault N. Acute Static Stretching Results in Muscle-Specific Alterations amongst the Hamstring Muscles. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E119. [PMID: 32872623 DOI: 10.3390/sports8090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the acute effects of static stretching on the musculotendinous properties of two hamstring muscles. Twelve male volunteers underwent two testing sessions. One session was dedicated to the evaluation of the semitendinosus muscle before (PRE) and after (POST) static stretching (five sets of 30-s stretching), and the other session similarly explored the long head of biceps femoris muscle. In addition to the displacement of the myotendinous junction (MTJ), passive torque and maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIT) were evaluated. MVIT (-8.3 ± 10.2%, p = 0.0036, d = 0.497) and passive torque (-28.4 ± 16.9%, p = 0.0003, d = 1.017) were significantly decreased POST stretching. PRE stretching, MTJ displacement was significantly greater for semitendinosus muscle than biceps femoris muscle (27.0 ± 5.2 vs. 18.6 ± 3.6, p = 0.0011, d = 1.975). After the stretching procedure, greater MTJ displacement relative changes were observed for biceps femoris muscle as compared to semitendinosus muscle (22.4 ± 31.6 vs. -8.4 ± 17.9, p = 0.0167, d = 1.252). Because of the smaller MTJ displacement PRE stretching and greater alteration POST stretching in biceps femoris muscles, the present study demonstrated muscle-specific acute responses of hamstring muscles during stretching. Although stretching acutely impairs torque production, the passive torque reduction and alteration of MTJ displacement might impact hamstring injury prevention.
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonoperative management of injuries to the distal musculotendinous T junction of the biceps femoris is associated with variable periods of rehabilitation and high risk of recurrence. To our knowledge, the efficacy of operative treatment in patients with these acute injuries has not been previously reported. HYPOTHESIS Surgical repair of injuries to the distal musculotendinous T junction of the biceps femoris would enable return to preinjury level of sport with low risk of recurrence. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS This prospective single-surgeon study included 34 professional athletes (mean age, 26.4 ± 3.1 years; 31 male [91.2%]; 3 female [8.8%]; body mass index, 25 ± 2.0 kg/m2) undergoing primary surgical repair of acute injuries to the distal musculotendinous T junction of the biceps femoris. All study patients underwent a standardized postoperative rehabilitation program. Predefined study outcomes relating to time for return to sporting activity, patient satisfaction, range of motion, hamstring muscle strength, passive range of motion, functional progress, and complications were recorded at regular intervals after surgery. Mean follow-up time was 28.4 months (range, 24.0-36.3 months) from date of surgery. RESULTS All study patients returned to their preinjury level of sporting activity. Mean time from surgical repair to full sporting activity was 11.7 ± 3.6 weeks. No patients had recurrence of the primary injury. At 1-year follow-up, 18 patients (52.9%) were very satisfied and 16 patients (47.1%) were satisfied with the outcomes of their surgery. At 3 months after surgery, patients had improved mean passive straight leg raise (69.7° ± 11.7° vs 24.1° ± 7.4°; P < .001); increased mean isometric hamstring muscle strength at 0° (93.1% ± 5.4% vs 63.1% ± 7.7%; P < .001), 45° (76.8% ± 9.7% vs 24.8% ± 8.3%; P < .001), and 90° (96.4% ± 3.9% vs 85.6% ± 5.9%; P < .001); higher mean lower extremity functional scores (64.5 ± 4.5 vs 27.2 ± 5.4; P < .001); and improved mean Marx Activity Rating Scale scores (10.7 ± 2.7 vs 2.2 ± 2.1; P < .001) compared with preoperative values. High patient satisfaction and functional outcome scores were maintained at 1 and 2 years after surgery. CONCLUSION Surgical repair of acute injuries to the distal musculotendinous T junction of the biceps femoris is associated with high patient satisfaction, increased muscle strength, improved functional outcome scores, and high return to preinjury level of sporting activity with low risk of recurrence at short-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Kayani
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, Fitzrovia, London, UK.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, Marylebone, London, UK
| | - Atif Ayuob
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, Fitzrovia, London, UK.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, Marylebone, London, UK
| | - Fahima Begum
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, Fitzrovia, London, UK.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, Marylebone, London, UK
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, Fitzrovia, London, UK.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, Marylebone, London, UK
| | - Fares S Haddad
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, Fitzrovia, London, UK.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, Marylebone, London, UK
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25
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Marušič J, Vatovec R, Marković G, Šarabon N. Effects of eccentric training at long-muscle length on architectural and functional characteristics of the hamstrings. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2130-2142. [PMID: 32706442 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hamstring strain injuries during sprinting or stretching frequently occur at long-muscle length. Yet, previous research has mainly focused on studying the effectiveness of eccentric hamstring strengthening at shorter muscle length on hamstring performance, morphology, and hamstring strain injury risk factors. Here, we evaluated the effects of 6-week eccentric hamstring training at long-muscle length on functional and architectural characteristics of the hamstrings. Healthy and injury-free participants (n = 40; age 23.7 ± 2.5 years) were randomly assigned to control or intervention group. Training intervention consisted of 12 sessions with two eccentric hamstring exercises in a lengthened position. Outcome measures included isokinetic and isometric knee flexion peak torque, Nordic hamstring exercise peak torque, voluntary activation level, and countermovement jump performance. Ultrasonography was used to determine muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length of biceps femoris long head (BFlh). A significant time × group interaction effect was observed for all measured parameters except countermovement jump performance and muscle thickness. The training intervention resulted in increased concentric and eccentric knee flexion peak torque at 60°/s (d = 0.55-0.62, P = .02 and .03) and concentric peak torque at 180°/s (d = 0.99, P = .001), increased isometric knee flexion peak torque (d = 0.73, P = .008) and Nordic hamstring exercise peak torque (d = 1.19, P < .001), increased voluntary activation level (d = 1.29, P < .001), decreased pennation angle (d = 1.31, P < .001), and increased fascicle length (d = 1.12, P < .001) of BFlh. These results provide evidence that short-term eccentric hamstring strengthening at long-muscle length can have significant favorable effects on various architectural and functional characteristics of the hamstrings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Marušič
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Rok Vatovec
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Goran Marković
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Motus Melior Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science to practice, Ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Injuries to the hamstring complex most commonly involve the proximal musculotendinous junction of the long head of the biceps femoris (MTJ-BFlh). Nonoperative management of these injuries is associated with prolonged rehabilitation and high risk of recurrence. To our knowledge, the surgical management of acute MTJ-BFlh injuries has not been previously reported. HYPOTHESIS Surgical repair of acute MTJ-BFlh injuries enables return to sporting activity with low risk of recurrence. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS A total of 64 patients (42 male and 22 female) undergoing surgical repair of acute MTJ-BFlh injuries were included. Predefined outcomes were recorded at regular intervals after surgery. Mean follow-up time after surgery was 29.2 months (range, 24.0-37.1 months). RESULTS All study patients returned to their preinjury levels of sporting activity. Mean ± SD time from surgical intervention to return to sporting activity was 13.4 ± 5.1 weeks. Three patients had reinjury at the operative site: 1 (1.6%) with MTJ-BFlh injury and 2 (3.2%) with myofascial tears. At 3 months after surgery, patients had improved mean passive straight-leg raise (72.0° ± 11.4° vs 24.1° ± 6.8°; P < .001); increased mean isometric hamstring muscle strength at 0° (84.5 % ± 10.4% vs 25.9% ± 8.9%; P < .001), 15° (89.5% ± 7.3% vs 41.2% ± 9.7%; P < .001), and 45° (93.9% ± 5.1% vs 63.4% ± 7.6%; P < .001); higher mean Lower Extremity Functional Scale scores (71.5 ± 5.0 vs 29.8 ± 6.3; P < .001); and improved mean Marx activity rating scores (9.8 ± 2.2 vs 3.8 ± 1.9; P < .001), as compared with preoperative scores. High patient satisfaction and functional outcome scores were maintained at 1 and 2 years after surgery. CONCLUSION Surgical repair of acute MTJ-BFlh injuries enables return to preinjury level of sporting function with low risk of recurrence at short-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Ayuob
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
| | - Babar Kayani
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
| | - Fares S Haddad
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
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27
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Marušič J, Šarabon N. Comparison of electromyographic activity during Nordic hamstring exercise and exercise in lengthened position. Eur J Transl Myol 2020; 30:8957. [PMID: 32782761 PMCID: PMC7385688 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hamstring strain injuries remain among the most problematic and most frequent sport injuries. Two of the most effective methods for prevention and rehabilitation of the hamstring strain injuries are: classic eccentric training using the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) and eccentric training in a lengthened position using the glider exercise. Both exercises have disadvantages that could be fixed by adding hip flexion during the NHE. Thus, the purpose of the study was to compare peak hamstring activity (measured by electromyography) between three eccentric exercises: the standard NHE, the modified NHE and the glider. Differences were statistically tested with the analysis of the variance for repeated measurements and the paired 2-tailed post-hoc t-test. Hamstring activity during the modified NHE was significantly lower compared to the NHE and significantly higher compared to the glider. The results indicate that implementing the modified NHE could increase the effectiveness of already established rehabilitation protocols and help reduce the risk of hamstring (re-)injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Marušič
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia.,S2P, Science to practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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28
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Green B, Bourne MN, van Dyk N, Pizzari T. Recalibrating the risk of hamstring strain injury (HSI): A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for index and recurrent hamstring strain injury in sport. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:1081-1088. [PMID: 32299793 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review risk factors for hamstring strain injury (HSI). DESIGN Systematic review update. DATA SOURCES Database searches: (1) inception to 2011 (original), and (2) 2011 to December 2018 (update). Citation tracking, manual reference and ahead of press searches. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Studies presenting prospective data evaluating factors associated with the risk of index and/or recurrent HSI. METHOD Search result screening and risk of bias assessment. A best evidence synthesis for each factor and meta-analysis, where possible, to determine the association with risk of HSI. RESULTS The 78 studies captured 8,319 total HSIs, including 967 recurrences, in 71,324 athletes. Older age (standardised mean difference=1.6, p=0.002), any history of HSI (risk ratio (RR)=2.7, p<0.001), a recent HSI (RR=4.8, p<0.001), previous anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury (RR=1.7, p=0.002) and previous calf strain injury (RR=1.5, p<0.001) were significant risk factors for HSI. From the best evidence synthesis, factors relating to sports performance and match play, running and hamstring strength were most consistently associated with HSI risk. The risk of recurrent HSI is best evaluated using clinical data and not the MRI characteristics of the index injury. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION Older age and a history of HSI are the strongest risk factors for HSI. Future research may be directed towards exploring the interaction of risk factors and how these relationships fluctuate over time given the occurrence of index and recurrent HSI in sport is multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Green
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicol van Dyk
- High Performance Unit, Irish Rugby Football Union, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tania Pizzari
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Abstract
We aimed to compare dynamic exercise performance between hip extension exercises with different knee angles and between knee flexion exercises with different hip angles, and to investigate the recruitment pattern of the hamstrings in each exercise. Seven men performed 4 isokinetic exercises (3 maximal concentric contractions at 30°/s (peak torque) and 30 maximal concentric contractions at 180°/s (total work)): hip extension with the knee fully extended (HEke) and with the knee flexed at 90° (HEkf) and knee flexion with the hip fully extended (KFhe) and with the hip flexed at 90° (KFhf). The recruitment pattern of the hamstrings was evaluated in each exercise using magnetic resonance imaging (T2 calculation). The HEke condition showed significantly greater peak torque than the HEkf condition (p < 0.05). The KFhf condition had significantly greater peak torque and total work values than the KFhe condition (p < 0.05). Although the biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus had significantly increased post-exercise T2 values in the HEke (p < 0.05), KFhe, and KFhf conditions (p < 0.01), the T2 increase values were significantly greater under the KFhf than the HEke condition (p < 0.05). The semitendinosus showed a significantly greater T2 increase value than other muscles under both KFhe and KFhf conditions (p < 0.05). Performance of hip extension and knee flexion exercises increases when the hamstring muscles are in a lengthened condition. The hamstring muscles (particularly the semitendinosus) are more involved in knee flexion than in hip extension.
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30
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Hegyi A, Lahti J, Giacomo JP, Gerus P, Cronin NJ, Morin JB. Impact of Hip Flexion Angle on Unilateral and Bilateral Nordic Hamstring Exercise Torque and High-Density Electromyography Activity. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019; 49:584-92. [PMID: 30913969 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2019.8801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the bilateral Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE), hamstrings operate at relatively short lengths, which may limit the efficacy of the NHE in hamstring injury prevention. OBJECTIVES To examine knee flexion torque and biceps femoris long head (BFLH) and semitendinosus (ST) high-density electromyography (EMG) activity during the unilateral and bilateral NHE, performed with either neutral (NHE0) or 90°-flexed (NHE90) hips. METHODS In this laboratory study, exercises were performed on a novel device at the eccentric 1-repetition maximum load defined for 90° to 15° of knee range of motion. Torque and EMG signals normalized to maximal voluntary isometric activity were compared in different phases of the exercises with statistical parametric mapping. RESULTS The EMG levels were lower in NHE90 than in NHE0, mainly in the second half of the movement. Knee flexor eccentric torque was higher in NHE90 than in NHE0 from the beginning to 87% of the bilateral movement, and over the entire unilateral movement. In NHE0, ST activity compared to BFLH activity was higher during the initial movement phase and lower when the movement was close to knee extension. Torque and EMG activity were generally similar in the bilateral and unilateral modes. CONCLUSION If performed with neutral hips, the NHE selectively activates the BFLH near full knee extension. Performing the NHE with hips flexed to 90° is preferable when higher passive torque and ST selectivity are targeted at a longer muscle length. Performing these exercises unilaterally could help train each limb separately, with similar torque and EMG output to those of the bilateral conditions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(8):584-592. Epub 26 Mar 2019. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8801.
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31
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Becciolini M, Bonacchi G, Bianchi S. Ultrasound Features of the Proximal Hamstring Muscle-Tendon-Bone Unit. J Ultrasound Med 2019; 38:1367-1382. [PMID: 30260012 DOI: 10.1002/jum.14804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The hamstring muscle complex is made by a group of posterior biarticular thigh muscles, originating at the ischial tuberosity, which extend the hip and flex the knee joint. Proximal hamstring injuries are frequent among athletes, commonly involving their long myotendinous junction during an eccentric contraction. In this pictorial essay, we describe the ultrasound technique to visualize the normal anatomy of the proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone complex and present ultrasound findings in patients with traumatic injuries and tendinopathies.
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32
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Ripoll G, Alcalde MJ, Argüello A, Córdoba MDG, Panea B. Effect of the rearing system on the color of four muscles of suckling kids. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1502-1511. [PMID: 31024724 PMCID: PMC6475763 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Most suckling kids are raised on farms for cheese production, and many goat farmers rear kids with milk replacers. The aim of this work was to study the influence of the use of milk replacers on the color of four muscles. A total of 246 suckling kids of eight breeds were slaughtered to achieve carcasses of 5 kg. The color of the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and longissimus thoracis muscles was measured with a spectrophotometer, and CIELab coordinates were registered. In addition, the pH of longissimus thoracis was measured. The effect of the rearing system (RS) on the color of the studied muscles is strongly modulated by breed. In general terms, there are two groups of kids according to the color of meat. The first group has great lightness and hue angle including Malagueña, Palmera, and Tinerfeña fed natural and artificial milk. The second group with great redness includes Retinta, Payoya, and Verata fed natural and artificial milk together with Florida fed natural milk and Cabra del Guadarrama fed milk replacers. Hence, farms should consider selecting a breed and RS together. Most of the kid meat with high pH comes from kids raised on milk replacers. Because artificial RSs use very early weaning, which might induce a high pH and dark meat, two artificial rearing strategies can be proposed. The first strategy is to choose less sensitive breeds that produce meat with a normal pH. The second strategy is to restrict suckling of natural milk but minimize separation from the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ripoll
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(CITA‐Universidad de Zaragoza)ZaragozaSpain
- Animal Production and Health UnitCentro de Investigación y Tecnologia Agroalimentaria de AragónZaragozaSpain
| | | | | | - María de Guía Córdoba
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA)Escuela de Ingeniería AgrariasUniversidad de ExtremaduraBadajozSpain
| | - Begoña Panea
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(CITA‐Universidad de Zaragoza)ZaragozaSpain
- Animal Production and Health UnitCentro de Investigación y Tecnologia Agroalimentaria de AragónZaragozaSpain
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Smith CM, Housh TJ, Hill EC, Keller JL, Johnson GO, Schmidt RJ. Co-Activation, Estimated Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligament Forces, and Motor Unit Activation Strategies during the Time Course of Fatigue. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:E104. [PMID: 30248892 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to combine co-activation as well as anterior and posterior cruciate ligament force estimations with the motor unit activation strategies employed by the primary muscles that are involved in the movement at the knee joint. Fourteen male subject performed 25 maximal concentric isokinetic leg extension muscle actions at 120 s−1. Electromyographic and mechanomyographic signals from the vastus lateralis and bicep femoris, as well as force, were used to measure co-activation, and estimated anterior and posterior ligament forces during the time course of fatigue. There were decreases in quadriceps force and increases in hamstring force during the 25 leg extensions. The posterior cruciate ligament force was greater than the anterior cruciate ligament force during each leg extension. Both the posterior and anterior cruciate ligament forces decreased during the 25 leg extensions. Each muscle indicated unique neuromuscular responses, which may explain the decreases in quadriceps force and increases in the hamstring force. The combination of anterior and posterior cruciate ligament force estimation and motor unit activation strategies helped to provide a better understanding of the fatigue-related mechanism that was utilized to avoid injury and increase or maintain joint stability during the time course of fatigue.
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34
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Abstract
Background: Isolated tearing and avulsions of the distal biceps femoris sustained during sporting activities are uncommon. Purpose: To systematically review the literature to identify distal biceps femoris tears and avulsions experienced during sporting activities to determine injury prevalence, sporting activities/mechanisms, management, and time to return to sport. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review was conducted investigating studies published between January 1970 and December 2017 that reported on athletes sustaining tears and avulsions of the distal biceps femoris during sporting activity. The review followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and used the PubMed, Biosis Previews, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and EMBASE databases. Inclusion criteria were studies reporting on (1) partial or complete tears and avulsions of the distal biceps femoris with documented sporting activity causing injury, (2) injury management (operative vs nonoperative), and (3) patient outcome. Exclusion criteria consisted of studies reporting on (1) distal biceps femoris injuries without tearing, (2) injuries secondary to nonsporting activities (mechanical falls, trauma), (3) concomitant injuries to adjacent structures about the knee, and (4) studies not reporting injury management or patient outcomes. Sporting activities, injury characteristics, management, and time to return to sport were analyzed. Results: A total of 22 athletes with isolated distal biceps femoris tears or avulsions were identified. Injuries were predominantly associated with noncontact knee hyperextension with concurrent hip flexion during soccer or track and field, most commonly isolated to the musculotendinous junction. Injuries were treated surgically in 91% (20/22) of athletes. Mean (±SD) overall time to return to sport was 4.9 ± 3.3 months, and for athletes who underwent operative repair, there were no significant postoperative differences based on injury location (musculotendinous junction vs avulsion, P = .25) or injury severity (partial vs complete injury, P = .13). Conclusion: Isolated distal biceps femoris injuries occurred primarily via noncontact mechanisms. The majority of cases were treated surgically, with successful return to sport at preinjury levels. No significant difference in return to sport was appreciated based on injury location or severity. Further studies are necessary to determine the impact of treatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick M Knapik
- Sports Medicine Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kathryn B Metcalf
- Sports Medicine Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James E Voos
- Sports Medicine Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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35
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Abstract
It has been purported that the mechanism for muscular improvement after a gluteal warm-up protocol is likely to occur from neural activation. However, little is known about whether changes in muscular performance are due to changes in muscle activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether a lower-limb warm-up that targets the gluteal muscle group would improve countermovement jump and short-distance sprinting through increased muscle activity. Ten semi-professional rugby union players (age 25.4 ± 2.9 yr; height 1.83 ± 6.7 m; body mass 96.8 ± 10.6 kg) with at least three years of resistance training experience volunteered for the study. In a cross-over design, participants performed countermovement jumps and 5 m sprints before and after a gluteal warm-up and a 10 min rest (control). Electromyography was used to measure muscle activity of the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris. Countermovement jump height significantly improved (7.9%, p < 0.05) after the lower-limb warm-up protocol compared with the control (3.2%). There was a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in sprint times over 2.5 m and 5 m regardless of the condition. There was no significant change in the muscle activity in any of the conditions. The results indicate that a lower-limb warm-up can acutely enhance countermovement jump performance compared to a control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darryl J Cochrane
- c School of Sport & Exercise , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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36
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Abstract
Background: Knee injuries encountered in clinical practice can involve avulsions of the biceps femoris from the fibula and proximal tibia. Advances in tendon repair methods now allow for repairs with increased surface areas using modern suture anchor techniques. Despite descriptions of repair techniques, there are no biomechanical studies on the biceps femoris for comparison. Purpose/Hypothesis: The objective of this controlled laboratory study was to determine the failure load of the native biceps femoris distal insertion and to evaluate modern repair techniques. Our hypothesis was 2-fold: (1) Suture repairs to the tibia and fibula would perform better on tensile testing than repairs to the fibula alone, and (2) complex bridge repairs, similar to those frequently used in rotator cuff surgery, would perform better on tensile testing than simple repairs. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 40 paired, fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were dissected, identifying the biceps femoris and its insertion on the proximal tibia and fibula. The native biceps femoris footprint was left intact in 8 specimens and tested to failure on a uniaxial materials testing machine evaluating tensile properties, while in the other 32 specimens, the biceps femoris insertion was dissected using a No. 15 scalpel blade, underwent repair, and was then tested to failure on a uniaxial materials testing machine evaluating tensile properties. Four repair constructs were evaluated, with 8 specimens allocated for each: construct 1 involved a simple repair (ie, passing suture through tissue in a running Krackow fashion and tying at the anchor site) to the fibula with 2 suture anchors, construct 2 involved a simple repair to the fibula and tibia with 3 suture anchors, construct 3 was a fibular repair with a tibial suture bridge involving the fibula and tibia and 3 suture anchors, construct 4 involved a transosseous repair through the fibula and 1 suture anchor on the tibia. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate for significance of the mean failure load and stiffness between groups. Results: The mean (±95% CI) failure loads were the following: native biceps femoris, 1280 ± 247.0 N; simple fibular repair, 173 ± 84.6 N; simple fibular and tibial repair, 176 ± 48.1 N; fibular repair with tibial suture bridge, 191 ± 78.5 N; and transosseous repair, 327 ± 66.3 N. The mean stiffness values were the following: native, 46 ± 13.0 N/mm; simple fibular repair, 16 ± 5.1 N/mm; simple fibular and tibial repair, 14 ± 5.4 N/mm; fibular repair with tibial suture bridge, 13 ± 2.8 N/mm; and transosseous repair, 15 ± 2.5 N/mm. Interconstruct comparison of failure loads revealed no statistical difference between constructs utilizing anchors alone. The transosseous repair showed a significant difference for the failure load when compared with each anchor repair construct (P = .02, .02, and .04 for constructs 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Interconstruct comparison of stiffness revealed no statistical difference between all constructs (P > .86). None of the repair techniques re-created the failure load or stiffness of the native biceps femoris tendon (P = .02). Conclusion: In this biomechanical study, no difference was found between the mean failure loads of different biceps femoris repair constructs involving suture anchors alone and No. 2 braided polyester and ultra–high-molecular-weight polyethylene suture. A technique involving transosseous fibular tunnels and 2-mm suture tape illustrated a greater mean failure load than repairs relying on suture anchors for fixation. Clinical Relevance: Understanding the tensile performance of biceps femoris repair constructs aids clinicians with preoperative and intraoperative decisions. Current biceps femoris repair techniques do not approximate the native strength of the tendon. A transosseous style of repair offers the highest failure load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Branch
- Andrews Research and Education Foundation, Gulf Breeze, Florida, USA
| | - Dustin Loveland
- Andrews Research and Education Foundation, Gulf Breeze, Florida, USA
| | - Sohale Sadeghpour
- Andrews Research and Education Foundation, Gulf Breeze, Florida, USA
| | - Adam W Anz
- Andrews Research and Education Foundation, Gulf Breeze, Florida, USA
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37
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform an electromyographic and kinetic comparison of two commonly used hamstring eccentric strengthening exercises: Nordic Curl and Ball Leg Curl. After determining the maximum isometric voluntary contraction of the knee flexors, ten female athletes performed 3 repetitions of both the Nordic Curl and Ball Leg Curl, while knee angular displacement and electromyografic activity of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus were monitored. No significant differences were found between biceps femoris and semitendinosus activation in both the Nordic Curl and Ball Leg Curl. However, comparisons between exercises revealed higher activation of both the biceps femoris (74.8 ± 20 vs 50.3 ± 25.7%, p = 0.03 d = 0.53) and semitendinosus (78.3 ± 27.5 vs 44.3 ± 26.6%, p = 0.012, d = 0.63) at the closest knee angles in the Nordic Curl vs Ball Leg Curl, respectively. Hamstring muscles activation during the Nordic Curl increased, remained high (>70%) between 60 to 40° of the knee angle and then decreased to 27% of the maximal isometric voluntary contraction at the end of movement. Overall, the biceps femoris and semitendinosus showed similar patterns of activation. In conclusion, even though the hamstring muscle activation at open knee positions was similar between exercises, the Nordic Curl elicited a higher hamstring activity compared to the Ball Leg Curl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Monajati
- Department of Life and Sports Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Greenwich, Kent (UK)
| | - Eneko Larumbe-Zabala
- Clinical Research Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX (USA)
| | - Mark Goss-Sampson
- Department of Life and Sports Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Greenwich, Kent (UK)
| | - Fernando Naclerio
- Department of Life and Sports Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Greenwich, Kent (UK)
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Liu Y, Yang X, Jing X, He X, Wang L, Liu Y, Liu D. Transcriptomics Analysis on Excellent Meat Quality Traits of Skeletal Muscles of the Chinese Indigenous Min Pig Compared with the Large White Breed. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E21. [PMID: 29271915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Min pig (Sus scrofa) is a well-known indigenous breed in China. One of its main advantages over European breeds is its high meat quality. Additionally, different cuts of pig also show some different traits of meat quality. To explore the underlying mechanism responsible for the differences of meat quality between different breeds or cuts, the longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) and the biceps femoris muscle (BF) from Min and Large White pigs were investigated using transcriptome analysis. The gene expression profiling identified 1371 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between LM muscles from Min and Large White pigs, and 114 DEGs between LM and BF muscles from the same Min pigs. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment of biological functions and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the gene products were mainly involved in the IRS1/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) cascade effects, lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism pathway. Such pathways contributed to fatty acid metabolism, intramuscular fat deposition, and skeletal muscle growth in Min pig. These results give an insight into the mechanisms underlying the formation of skeletal muscle and provide candidate genes for improving meat quality. It will contribute to improving meat quality of pigs through molecular breeding.
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Suchomel TJ, Stone MH. The Relationships between Hip and Knee Extensor Cross-Sectional Area, Strength, Power, and Potentiation Characteristics. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:E66. [PMID: 29910426 DOI: 10.3390/sports5030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), maximal strength, power output, and maximum potentiation characteristics. The vastus lateralis and biceps femoris CSA, one repetition maximum (1RM) back squat, 1RM concentric-only half-squat (COHS) strength, static jump power output, and maximum potentiation characteristics of 17 resistance-trained men was assessed during several testing sessions. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationships between CSA, strength, power output, and maximum potentiation measures. Moderate-to-strong relationships existed between CSA and strength measures (r = 0.462–0.643) as well as power output (r = 0.396–0.683). In addition, moderate-to-strong relationships existed between strength and power output (r = 0.407–0.548), while trivial relationships existed between strength and maximum potentiation (r = −0.013–0.149). Finally, small negative relationships existed between CSA and maximum potentiation measures (r = −0.229–−0.239). The results of the current study provide evidence of the interplay between muscle CSA, strength, power, and potentiation. Vastus lateralis and biceps femoris CSA may positively influence an individual’s back squat and COHS maximal strength and squat jump peak power; however, muscle CSA and absolute strength measures may not contribute to an individual’s potentiation capacity. Practitioners may consider implementing resistance training strategies that improve vastus lateralis and biceps femoris size in order to benefit back squat and COHS strength. Furthermore, implementing squatting variations—both full and partial—may benefit jumping performance.
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Abstract
Background: Injury to the distal musculotendinous T junction (DMTJ) of the biceps femoris is a distinct clinical entity that behaves differently from other hamstring injuries due to its complex, multicomponent anatomy and dual innervation. Injury in this region demonstrates a particularly high rate of recurrence, even with prolonged rehabilitation times. Purpose: To describe the anatomy of the DMTJ of the biceps femoris and analyze the injury patterns seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to aid prognosis and rehabilitation and minimize the risk of recurrence. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Acute injury to the DMTJ of the biceps femoris was identified in 106 MRI examinations from 55 patients at a single institution. Each injury was classified as involving the long head, the short head, or both components of the DMTJ, with each component individually graded. Injuries were classified as recurrent if there was a previous MRI demonstrating an acute injury to the DMTJ or if there was scarring present at the site of an acute injury. Results: Of the 106 acute injuries to the DMTJ of the biceps femoris, isolated injury to the long head component was the most common (51%), with both components involved in [round 42.5% to 43%] of cases. Isolated injury to the short head component accounted for 7% of cases. The recurrence rate for reinjury to the DMTJ was 54% in this series. The date of prior injury was known in 45 of 57 recurrent cases, with 34 of these reoccurring within 3 months (76%) and 40 reoccurring within 12 months (89%). The recurrent injury was of a higher grade than the prior injury in 22 of 44 instances (50%), the same grade in 16 instances (36%), and a lower grade in 6 instances (14%). Thus, 86% of recurrent injuries were of the same or higher grade than prior injury. Conclusion: These results suggest that high-risk muscle injuries, such as that to the DMTJ of the biceps femoris, should be evaluated using MRI to determine the structural components involved and to assess the extent and severity of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Entwisle
- Imaging at Olympic Park, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuan Ling
- Imaging at Olympic Park, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Splatt
- Imaging at Olympic Park, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - David Connell
- Imaging at Olympic Park, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
In the shot put, the athlete's muscles are responsible for generating the impulses to move the athlete and project the shot into the air. Information on phasic muscle activity is lacking for the glide shot put event and therefore important technical information for coaches is not currently available. This study provides an electromyography (EMG) analysis of the muscle activity of the legs during shot put. Fifteen right-handed Irish national level shot putters performed six maximum effort throws using the glide shot put technique. EMG records of eight bilateral lower limb muscles (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, medial- and lateral-gastrocnemius) were obtained during trials. Analysis using smooth EMG linear envelopes revealed patterns of muscle activity across the phases of the throw and compare men and women performers. The results showed that the preferred leg rectus femoris, the preferred leg biceps femoris and the non-preferred leg biceps femoris play important roles in the glide technique, with the total duration of high volumes of activity between 34 and 53% of the throw cycle. A comprehensive understanding of movement and muscle activation patterns for coaches could be helpful to facilitate optimal technique throughout each of the key phases of the event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín M Howard
- a Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering , University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland.,b Biomechanics Research Unit , University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
| | - Richard Conway
- a Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering , University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
| | - Andrew J Harrison
- b Biomechanics Research Unit , University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
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Rha DW, Yi KH, Park ES, Park C, Kim HJ. Intramuscular nerve distribution of the hamstring muscles: Application to treating spasticity. Clin Anat 2016; 29:746-51. [PMID: 27213466 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to elucidate the ideal sites for botulinum toxin injection by examining the intramuscular nerve distributions in the hamstring muscles. The hamstring muscles, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus (10 specimens each) were stained by the modified Sihler method. The locations of the muscle origins, nerve entry points, and intramuscular arborized areas were recorded as percentages of the total distance from the line crossing the medial and lateral tibial condyles (0%) to the ischial tuberosity (100%). Intramuscular arborization patterns were observed at 15-30% and 50-60% for the biceps femoris, 25-40% and 60-80% for the semitendinosus, and 20-40% for the semimembranosus. This study suggests that botulinum toxin injection for spasticity of the hamstring muscles should be targeted to specific areas. These areas, where the arborization of intramuscular nerve branches is maximal, are recommended as the most effective and safest points for injection. Clin. Anat. 29:746-751, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Rha
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Yi
- School of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Sook Park
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chunung Park
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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43
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Zahedi Y, Varidi MJ, Varidi M. Proteome Changes in biceps femoris Muscle of Iranian
One-Humped Camel and Their Effect on Meat Quality Traits. Food Technol Biotechnol 2016; 54:324-334. [PMID: 27956864 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.54.03.16.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study physicochemical and quality traits of biceps femoris and longissimus thoracis muscles of male and female Iranian one-humped camel were determined during 14 days of refrigeration storage. Analysis of variance of the results showed that only shear force and temperature were affected by the gender (p<0.05). Anatomical location of the muscle influenced the meat properties except for drip loss (p<0.05). Also, except for cooking loss, ageing influenced the physicochemical and quality properties of meat; during 14 days of storage, proteolysis resulted in an increase of L* and b* values, drip loss and myofibrillar fragmentation index, and the decrease of a* value, expressed juice, shear force and sarcomere length. Proteome changes (myofibrillar proteins) during storage were investigated. Gel analysis revealed that 19 protein spots were significantly changed during 24, 72 and 168 h post-mortem. Fifteen spots were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations of actin, troponin T, capping protein, heat shock proteins (HSP) and desmin with physicochemical and quality properties of meat (p<0.05). Actin might be a potential protein marker for colour, tenderness and water-holding capacity, and HSP27 and desmin are good candidate markers for colour and tenderness, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Zahedi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources,
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 56199-11367, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Javad Varidi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Varidi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract
BACKGROUND At the present time, no systematic review, including a quality assessment, has been published about the outcome after proximal hamstring avulsion repair. PURPOSE To determine the outcome after surgical repair of proximal hamstring avulsions, to compare the outcome after acute (≤4 weeks) and delayed repairs (>4 weeks), and to compare the outcome after different surgical techniques. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and best-evidence synthesis. METHODS PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTdiscus, Cochrane library, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched (up to December 2013) for eligible studies. Two authors screened the search results separately, while quality assessment was performed by 2 authors independently using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A best-evidence synthesis was subsequently used. RESULTS Thirteen studies (387 participants) were included in this review. There were no studies with control groups of nonoperatively treated proximal hamstring avulsions. All studies had a low methodological quality. After surgical repair of proximal hamstring avulsion, 76% to 100% returned to sports, 55% to 100% returned to preinjury activity level, and 88% to 100% were satisfied with surgery. Mean hamstring strength varied between reporting studies (78%-101%), and hamstring endurance and flexibility were fully restored compared with the unaffected side. Symptoms of residual pain were reported by 8% to 61%, and reported risk of major complications was low (3% rerupture rate). No to minimal difference in outcome was found between acute and delayed repair in terms of return to sports, patient satisfaction, hamstring strength, and pain. Achilles allograft reconstruction and primary repair with suture anchors led to comparable results. CONCLUSION The quality of studies included is low. Surgical repair of proximal hamstring avulsions appears to result in a subjective highly satisfying outcome. However, decreased strength, residual pain, and decreased activity level were reported by a relevant number of patients. Minimal to no differences in outcome of acute and delayed repairs were found. Limited evidence suggests that an Achilles allograft reconstruction yields results comparable with primary repair in delayed cases where primary repair is not possible. High-level studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne D van der Made
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gustaaf Reurink
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Tol
- Department of Sports Medicine, Aspetar Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gino M Kerkhoffs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Background: Avulsion of the biceps femoris from the fibula and proximal tibia is encountered in clinical practice. While the anatomy of the primary posterolateral corner structures has been qualitatively and quantitatively described, a quantitative analysis regarding the insertions of the biceps femoris on the fibula and proximal tibia is lacking. Purpose: To quantitatively assess the insertions of the biceps femoris, fibular collateral ligament (FCL), and anterolateral ligament (ALL) on the fibula and proximal tibia as well as establish relationships among these structures and to pertinent surgical anatomy. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Dissections were performed on 12 nonpaired, fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens identifying the biceps femoris, FCL, and ALL, and their insertions on the proximal tibia and fibula. The footprint areas, orientations, and distances from relevant osseous landmarks were measured using a 3-dimensional coordinate measurement device. Results: Dissection produced 6 easily identifiable and reproducible anatomic footprints. Tibial footprints included the insertion of the ALL and an insertion of the biceps femoris (TBF). Fibular footprints included the insertion of the FCL, a distal insertion of the biceps femoris (DBF), a medial footprint of the biceps femoris (MBF), and a proximal footprint of the biceps femoris (PBF). The mean area of these footprints (95% CI) was as follows: ALL, 53.0 mm2 (38.4-67.6); TBF, 93.9 mm2 (72.0-115.8); FCL, 86.8 mm2 (72.3-101.2); DBF, 119 mm2 (91.1-146.9); MBF, 46.8 mm2 (29.0-64.5); and PBF, 215 mm2 (192.4-237.5). The mean distance (95% CI) from the Gerdy tubercle to the center of the ALL footprint was 24.3 mm (21.6-27.0) and to the center of the TBF was 22.5 mm (21.0-24.0). The center of the DBF was 8.68 mm (7.0-10.3) from the anterior border of the fibula, the center of the FCL was 14.6 mm (12.5-16.7) from the anterior border of the fibula and 20.7 mm (19.0-22.4) from the tip of the fibular styloid, and the center of the PBF was 8.96 mm (8.2-9.7) from the tip of the fibular styloid. Conclusion: A tibial footprint, distal fibular footprint, medial fibular footprint, and proximal fibular footprint were all consistent components of the insertion of the biceps femoris. Consistent relationships existed between the biceps femoris and insertions of the ALL and FCL. Clinical Relevance: The size of these footprints and distances from pertinent surgical landmarks will guide repairs of biceps femoris avulsion injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Branch
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Adam W Anz
- Andrews Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Center, Gulf Breeze, Florida, USA. ; Andrews Research and Education Foundation, Gulf Breeze, Florida, USA
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Abstract
Electromyography (EMG) is normalized in relation to a reference maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) value. Different normalization techniques are available but the most reliable method for cycling movements is unknown. This study investigated the reliability of different normalization techniques for cycling analyses. Twenty-five male cyclists (age 24.13 ± 2.79 years, body height 176.22 ± 4.87 cm and body mass 67.23 ± 4.19 kg, BMI = 21.70 ± 2.60 kg·m-1) performed different normalization procedures on two occasions, within the same testing session. The rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles were examined. Participants performed isometric normalizations (IMVC) using an isokinetic dynamometer. Five minutes of submaximal cycling (180 W) were also undertaken, allowing the mean (DMA) and peak (PDA) activation from each muscle to serve as reference values. Finally, a 10 s cycling sprint (MxDA) trial was undertaken and the highest activation from each muscle was used as the reference value. Differences between reference EMG amplitude, as a function of normalization technique and time, were examined using repeated measures ANOVAs. The test-retest reliability of each technique was also examined using linear regression, intraclass correlations and Cronbach’s alpha. The results showed that EMG amplitude differed significantly between normalization techniques for all muscles, with the IMVC and MxDA methods demonstrating the highest amplitudes. The highest levels of reliability were observed for the PDA technique for all muscles; therefore, our results support the utilization of this method for cycling analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sinclair
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Nutritional Sciences University of Central Lancashire
| | - Paul John Taylor
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Nutritional Sciences University of Central Lancashire
| | - Jack Hebron
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Nutritional Sciences University of Central Lancashire
| | - Darrell Brooks
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Nutritional Sciences University of Central Lancashire
| | - Howard Thomas Hurst
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Nutritional Sciences University of Central Lancashire
| | - Stephen Atkins
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Nutritional Sciences University of Central Lancashire
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Barker WH, Wright IM. Morphologic and morphometric features of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon in the horse. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2014; 27:366-71. [PMID: 25088706 DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-14-03-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate description of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is lacking and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to undertake morphologic and morphometic evaluations of these structures to assist in elucidating their functional and pathogenic roles in displacement of the SDFT from the calcaneal tuber. METHOD Dissections were performed on 10 normal cadaveric hindlimbs. The anatomy was photographed to allow measurements at repeatable locations and differences in SDFT dimensions at the various locations were compared using a paired student t-test. RESULTS This study demonstrated that the calcaneal insertions of the SDFT are independent from the overlying tarsal insertions of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus, which blend into the plantar surface of the fibrocartilaginous cap (FCC) of the SDFT before inserting dorsal to the insertion of the SDFT on the calcaneal tuber. The lateral insertion of the SDFT is larger in cross-sectional area (median: 219 mm²) at its origin from the FCC than its medial counterpart (median: 159 mm², p = 0.004) and has a more complex fibre alignment. The lateral site of attachment of the SDFT on the calcaneal tuber is dorsolateral to the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon and is larger (median: 525 mm²) than the medial insertion (median: 428 mm², p = 0.036), which inserts distal to the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon. CONCLUSION The features identified in this study suggest that the calcaneal insertions of the SDFT are complex and their morphological and morphometric differences are likely to contribute to clinical lesions identified at this site.
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Dolman B, Verrall G, Reid I. Physical principles demonstrate that the biceps femoris muscle relative to the other hamstring muscles exerts the most force: implications for hamstring muscle strain injuries. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2014; 4:371-377. [PMID: 25506583 PMCID: PMC4241430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Of the hamstring muscle group the biceps femoris muscle is the most commonly injured muscle in sports requiring interval sprinting. The reason for this observation is unknown. The objective of this study was to calculate the forces of all three hamstring muscles, relative to each other, during a lengthening contraction to assess for any differences that may help explain the biceps femoris predilection for injury during interval sprinting. To calculate the displacement of each individual hamstring muscle previously performed studies on cadaveric anatomical data and hamstring kinematics during sprinting were used. From these displacement calculations for each individual hamstring muscle physical principles were then used to deduce the proportion of force exerted by each individual hamstring muscle during a lengthening muscle contraction. These deductions demonstrate that the biceps femoris muscle is required to exert proportionally more force in a lengthening muscle contraction relative to the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles primarily as a consequence of having to lengthen over a greater distance within the same time frame. It is hypothesized that this property maybe a factor in the known observation of the increased susceptibility of the biceps femoris muscle to injury during repeated sprints where recurrent higher force is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Dolman
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Verrall
- Sportsmed.Sa, Sport Medicine Clinic, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Medicine, South Australian Sports Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Iain Reid
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Australia
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49
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Abstract
Muscle injuries are the most common injuries in sports, with hamstring injuries accounting for 29% of all injuries in athletes. These injuries lead to prolonged impairment and have a reinjury risk of 12% to 31%. They range from mild muscle damage without loss of structural integrity to complete muscle tearing with fiber disruption. Novel MRI scores are increasingly being used and allow a more precise prediction of return to sport. In this article, the authors review the history, mechanisms of injury, and classification systems for hamstring injuries as well as present the latest evidence related to the management of hamstring injuries, including intramuscular and both proximal and distal insertional injuries. Indications for surgical treatment of certain proximal and distal avulsions, biological augmentation to the nonoperative treatment of midsubstance injuries, and advances in risk reduction and injury prevention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Ahmad
- Lauren H. Redler, Center for Shoulder, Elbow, and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, PH-11 Center, New York, NY 10032.
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50
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Sousa ASP, Silva A, Santos R, Sousa F, Tavares JMRS. Interlimb coordination during the stance phase of gait in subjects with stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94:2515-2522. [PMID: 23871877 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the relation between contralesional and ipsilesional limbs in subjects with stroke during step-to-step transition of walking. DESIGN Observational, transversal, analytical study with a convenience sample. SETTING Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic. PARTICIPANTS Subjects (n=16) with poststroke hemiparesis with the ability to walk independently and healthy controls (n=22). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Bilateral lower limbs electromyographic activity of the soleus (SOL), gastrocnemius medialis, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, and vastus medialis (VM) muscles and the ground reaction force were analyzed during double-support and terminal stance phases of gait. RESULTS The propulsive impulse of the contralesional trailing limb was negatively correlated with the braking impulse of the leading limb during double support (r=-.639, P=.01). A moderate functional relation was observed between thigh muscles (r=-.529, P=.035), and a strong and moderate dysfunctional relation was found between the plantar flexors of the ipsilesional limb and the vastus medialis of the contralesional limb, respectively (SOL-VM, r=-.80, P<.001; gastrocnemius medialis-VM, r=-.655, P=.002). Also, a functional moderate negative correlation was found between the SOL and rectus femoris muscles of the ipsilesional limb during terminal stance and between the SOL (r=-.506, P=.046) and VM (r=-.518, P=.04) muscles of the contralesional limb during loading response, respectively. The trailing limb relative impulse contribution of the contralesional limb was lower than the ipsilesional limb of subjects with stroke (P=.02) and lower than the relative impulse contribution of the healthy limb (P=.008) during double support. CONCLUSIONS The findings obtained suggest that the lower performance of the contralesional limb in forward propulsion during gait is related not only to contralateral supraspinal damage but also to a dysfunctional influence of the ipsilesional limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia S P Sousa
- Escola Superior da Tecnologia de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Área Científica de Fisioterapia, Centro de Estudos de Movimento e Actividade Humana, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusta Silva
- Escola Superior da Tecnologia de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Área Científica de Fisioterapia, Centro de Estudos de Movimento e Actividade Humana, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rubim Santos
- Escola Superior da Tecnologia de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Área Científica de Fisioterapia, Centro de Estudos de Movimento e Actividade Humana, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Filipa Sousa
- Laboratório de Biomecânica do Porto, Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Manuel R S Tavares
- Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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