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Esmaeili MM, Nemati NH, Joupari MD. Evaluation of tribological and biological properties of Ti6Al4V coated with Si 3N 4/ND nanoparticles for orthopedic applications: a comprehensive analysis. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:045028. [PMID: 38772382 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad4e82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the biocompatibility and tribological properties of Ti6Al4V coated with silicon nitride (Si3N4)/nanodiamond using the electrophoretic deposition method were investigated. Suspensions of various aqueous and alcoholic solutions were prepared in the presence of CTAB and SDS dispersers. The most stable suspension system for the electrophoresis process was selected (aqueous media/ SDS disperser). Four different voltages (20, 30, 40 and 50 V) were applied to study the effect of voltage on the coating property. One could find that processing with 40 V obtained the best coating. The nano-composite coating was characterized using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy, mapping analysis and x-ray diffraction after the coating process. The samples were then subjected to two nanoindentation and nano-scratching tests to evaluate their tribological properties. Biocompatibility was assessed in an ex vivo environment using two cell culture tests to evaluate survival and cellular adhesion. The results showed that the hardness and modulus elasticity of the coated sample increased from 85 to 124 GPa and 1.14-3.55 GPa, respectively, compared to the non-coated sample. Additionally, the MTT test results indicated that cellular survival and proliferation of MG63 cells increased from 86% for the non-coated sample to 92% for the Ti6Al4V/Si3N4/ND sample. These findings have implications for orthopedic implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Esmaeili
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Hassanzadeh Nemati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Daliri Joupari
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Huang Z, Zhou H, Yuan F, Wu J, Yuan S, Cai K, Tao X, Zhang X, Tang C, Chen J. Investigation on the Osteogenic and Antibacterial Properties of Silicon Nitride-Coated Titanium Dental Implants. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:4059-4072. [PMID: 38748565 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The silicon nitride (Si3N4) coating exhibits promising potential in oral applications due to its excellent osteogenic and antibacterial properties. However, a comprehensive investigation of Si3N4 coatings in the context of dental implants is still lacking, especially regarding their corrosion resistance and in vivo performance. In this study, Si3N4 coatings were prepared on a titanium surface using the nonequilibrium magnetron sputtering method. A systematic comparison among the titanium group (Ti), Si3N4 coating group (Si3N4-Ti), and sandblasted and acid-etched-treated titanium group (SLA-Ti) has been conducted in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the Si3N4-Ti group had the best corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties, which were mainly attributed to the dense structure and chemical activity of Si-O and Si-N bonds on the surface. Furthermore, the Si3N4-Ti group exhibited superior cellular responses in vitro and new bone regeneration and osseointegration in vivo, respectively. In this sense, silicon nitride coating shows promising prospects in the field of dental implantology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Heyang Zhou
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shanshan Yuan
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Kunzhan Cai
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiao Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Chunbo Tang
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Afrouzian A, Bandyopadhyay A. 3D printed silicon nitride, alumina, and hydroxyapatite ceramic reinforced Ti6Al4V composites - Tailored microstructures to enhance bio-tribo-corrosion and antibacterial properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 144:105973. [PMID: 37311295 PMCID: PMC10330740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized directed energy deposition (DED) as a metal additive manufacturing (AM) technique to create ceramic-reinforced composites of Ti6Al4V (Ti64) with hydroxyapatite (HA), alumina (Al2O3), and silicon nitride (Si3N4). The resulting composites had tailored microstructures designed to improve bio-tribological and antibacterial properties simultaneously. A total of 5-wt % ceramic reinforcement were used in Ti64 in four different composites - (1) only Si3N4 (5S), (2) only Al2O3 (5A), (3) 3 wt % Si3N4 and 2 wt% HA (32SH) and (4) 3 wt % Al2O3 and 2 wt% HA (32AH). Microstructural observations revealed that martensite transformation between α and β-Ti in composites resulted in compressive residual stress at the matrix. Coherency is observed between the ceramic particles and Ti64 matrix, preventing cracking, debonding, or porosity. Vicker's hardness of the composite samples increases by 50% over the Ti64 matrix. Various strengthening mechanisms are discussed in detail, representing the reason behind the reduction of compound wear in 5S and 5A composites. Si3N4-added composites demonstrated an antibacterial response against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The multifunctional performance of ceramic-reinforced Ti64 composites makes them suitable for articulating biomedical devices such as femoral heads in hip implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Afrouzian
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Amit Bandyopadhyay
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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Zou R, Bi L, Huang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li L, Liu J, Feng L, Jiang X, Deng B. A biocompatible silicon nitride dental implant material prepared by digital light processing technology. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 141:105756. [PMID: 36898355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades, titanium has been the preferred material for dental implant fabrication. However, metallic ions and particles can cause hypersensitivity and aseptic loosening. The growing demand for metal-free dental restorations has also promoted the development of ceramic-based dental implants, such as silicon nitride. In this study, silicon nitride (Si3N4) dental implants were fabricated for biological engineering by photosensitive resin based digital light processing (DLP) technology, comparable to conventionally produced Si3N4 ceramics. The flexural strength was (770 ± 35) MPa by the three-point bending method, and the fracture toughness was (13.3 ± 1.1) MPa · m1/2 by the unilateral pre-cracked beam method. The elastic modulus measured by the bending method was (236 ± 10) GPa. To confirm whether the prepared Si3N4 ceramics possessed good biocompatibility, in vitro biological experiments were performed with the fibroblast cell line L-929, and preferable cell proliferation and apoptosis were observed at the initial stages. Hemolysis test, oral mucous membrane irritation test, and acute systemic toxicity test (oral route) further confirmed that the Si3N4 ceramics did not exhibit hemolysis reaction, oral mucosal stimulation, or systemic toxicity. The findings indicate that Si3N4 dental implant restorations with personalized structures prepared by DLP technology have good mechanical properties and biocompatibility, which has great application potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfang Zou
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China; Department of Stomatology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lunan Bi
- Shandong Industrial Ceramic Research and Design Institute Co. Ltd., Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of Stomatology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yadi Wang
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, PR China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Stomatology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Sheng X, Wang A, Wang Z, Liu H, Wang J, Li C. Advanced Surface Modification for 3D-Printed Titanium Alloy Implant Interface Functionalization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:850110. [PMID: 35299643 PMCID: PMC8921557 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.850110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of three-dimensional (3D) printed technology, 3D printed alloy implants, especially titanium alloy, play a critical role in biomedical fields such as orthopedics and dentistry. However, untreated titanium alloy implants always possess a bioinert surface that prevents the interface osseointegration, which is necessary to perform surface modification to enhance its biological functions. In this article, we discuss the principles and processes of chemical, physical, and biological surface modification technologies on 3D printed titanium alloy implants in detail. Furthermore, the challenges on antibacterial, osteogenesis, and mechanical properties of 3D-printed titanium alloy implants by surface modification are summarized. Future research studies, including the combination of multiple modification technologies or the coordination of the structure and composition of the composite coating are also present. This review provides leading-edge functionalization strategies of the 3D printed titanium alloy implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhonghan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Li,
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Aguirre TG, Cramer CL, Mitchell DJ. Review of additive manufacturing and densification techniques for the net- and near net-shaping of geometrically complex silicon nitride components. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Arjunan A, Robinson J, Baroutaji A, Tuñón-Molina A, Martí M, Serrano-Aroca Á. 3D Printed Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum Porous Superalloy with Superior Antiviral Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12721. [PMID: 34884526 PMCID: PMC8657688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic and associated supply-chain disruptions emphasise the requirement for antimicrobial materials for on-demand manufacturing. Besides aerosol transmission, SARS-CoV-2 is also propagated through contact with virus-contaminated surfaces. As such, the development of effective biofunctional materials that can inactivate SARS-CoV-2 is critical for pandemic preparedness. Such materials will enable the rational development of antiviral devices with prolonged serviceability, reducing the environmental burden of disposable alternatives. This research reveals the novel use of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) to 3D print porous Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) superalloy with potent antiviral activity (100% viral inactivation in 30 min). The porous material was rationally conceived using a multi-objective surrogate model featuring track thickness (tt) and pore diameter (ϕd) as responses. The regression analysis found the most significant parameters for Co-Cr-Mo track formation to be the interaction effects of scanning rate (Vs) and laser power (Pl) in the order PlVs>Vs>Pl. Contrastively, the pore diameter was found to be primarily driven by the hatch spacing (Sh). The study is the first to demonstrate the superior antiviral properties of 3D printed Co-Cr-Mo superalloy against an enveloped virus used as biosafe viral model of SARS-CoV-2. The material significantly outperforms the viral inactivation time of other broadly used antiviral metals such as copper and silver, as the material's viral inactivation time was from 5 h to 30 min. As such, the study goes beyond the current state-of-the-art in antiviral alloys to provide extra protection to combat the SARS-CoV-2 viral spread. The evolving nature of the COVID-19 pandemic brings new and unpredictable challenges where on-demand 3D printing of antiviral materials can achieve rapid solutions while reducing the environmental impact of disposable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Arjunan
- Centre for Engineering Innovation and Research, Additive Manufacturing of Functional Materials (AMFM) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Telford Innovation Campus, University of Wolverhampton, Telford TF2 9NT, UK; (J.R.); (A.B.)
| | - John Robinson
- Centre for Engineering Innovation and Research, Additive Manufacturing of Functional Materials (AMFM) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Telford Innovation Campus, University of Wolverhampton, Telford TF2 9NT, UK; (J.R.); (A.B.)
- Additive Analytics Ltd., Stirchley Road, Telford TF3 1EB, UK
| | - Ahmad Baroutaji
- Centre for Engineering Innovation and Research, Additive Manufacturing of Functional Materials (AMFM) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Telford Innovation Campus, University of Wolverhampton, Telford TF2 9NT, UK; (J.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Alberto Tuñón-Molina
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (A.T.-M.); (M.M.)
| | - Miguel Martí
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (A.T.-M.); (M.M.)
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (A.T.-M.); (M.M.)
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Ahmed W, Siraj S, Al-Marzouqi AH. Embracing Additive Manufacturing Technology through Fused Filament Fabrication for Antimicrobial with Enhanced Formulated Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1523. [PMID: 34065137 PMCID: PMC8125968 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial materials produced by 3D Printing technology are very beneficial, especially for biomedical applications. Antimicrobial surfaces specifically with enhanced antibacterial property have been prepared using several quaternary salt-based agents, such as quaternary ammonium salts and metallic nanoparticles (NPs), such as copper and zinc, which are incorporated into a polymeric matrix mainly through copolymerization grafting and ionic exchange. This review compared different materials for their effectiveness in providing antimicrobial properties on surfaces. This study will help researchers choose the most suitable method of developing antimicrobial surfaces with the highest efficiency, which can be applied to develop products compatible with 3D Printing Technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Ahmed
- Engineering Requirements Unit, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sidra Siraj
- Chemical Engineering Department, COE, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.S.); (A.H.A.-M.)
| | - Ali H. Al-Marzouqi
- Chemical Engineering Department, COE, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.S.); (A.H.A.-M.)
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Multifunctional natural polymer-based metallic implant surface modifications. Biointerphases 2021; 16:020803. [PMID: 33906356 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High energy traumas could cause critical damage to bone, which will require permanent implants to recover while functionally integrating with the host bone. Critical sized bone defects necessitate the use of bioactive metallic implants. Because of bioinertness, various methods involving surface modifications such as surface treatments, the development of novel alloys, bioceramic/bioglass coatings, and biofunctional molecule grafting have been utilized to effectively integrate metallic implants with a living bone. However, the applications of these methods demonstrated a need for an interphase layer improving bone-making to overcome two major risk factors: aseptic loosening and peri-implantitis. To accomplish a biologically functional bridge with the host to prevent loosening, regenerative cues, osteoimmunomodulatory modifications, and electrochemically resistant layers against corrosion appeared as imperative reinforcements. In addition, interphases carrying antibacterial cargo were proven to be successful against peri-implantitis. In the literature, metallic implant coatings employing natural polymers as the main matrix were presented as bioactive interphases, enabling rapid, robust, and functional osseointegration with the host bone. However, a comprehensive review of natural polymer coatings, bridging and grafting on metallic implants, and their activities has not been reported. In this review, state-of-the-art studies on multifunctional natural polymer-based implant coatings effectively utilized as a bone tissue engineering (BTE) modality are depicted. Protein-based, polysaccharide-based coatings and their combinations to achieve better osseointegration via the formation of an extracellular matrix-like (ECM-like) interphase with gap filling and corrosion resistance abilities are discussed in detail. The hypotheses and results of these studies are examined and criticized, and the potential future prospects of multifunctional coatings are also proposed as final remarks.
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Pezzotti G, Boschetto F, Ohgitani E, Fujita Y, Zhu W, Marin E, McEntire BJ, Bal BS, Mazda O. Silicon nitride: a potent solid-state bioceramic inactivator of ssRNA viruses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2977. [PMID: 33536558 PMCID: PMC7858580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface inactivation of human microbial pathogens has a long history. The Smith Papyrus (2600 ~ 2200 B.C.) described the use of copper surfaces to sterilize chest wounds and drinking water. Brass and bronze on doorknobs can discourage microbial spread in hospitals, and metal-base surface coatings are used in hygiene-sensitive environments, both as inactivators and modulators of cellular immunity. A limitation of these approaches is that the reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) generated at metal surfaces also damage human cells by oxidizing their proteins and lipids. Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is a non-oxide ceramic compound with known surface bacterial resistance. We show here that off-stoichiometric reactions at Si3N4 surfaces are also capable of inactivating different types of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses independent of whether their structure presents an envelop or not. The antiviral property of Si3N4 derives from a hydrolysis reaction at its surface and the subsequent formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in doses that could be metabolized by mammalian cells but are lethal to pathogens. Real-time reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests of viral RNA and in situ Raman spectroscopy suggested that the products of Si3N4 hydrolysis directly react with viral proteins and RNA. Si3N4 may have a role in controlling human epidemics related to ssRNA mutant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- grid.419025.b0000 0001 0723 4764Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606–8585 Japan ,grid.410793.80000 0001 0663 3325Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6–7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160–0023 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2–2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565–0854 Japan ,grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602–8566 Japan ,grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602–8566 Japan
| | - Francesco Boschetto
- grid.419025.b0000 0001 0723 4764Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606–8585 Japan ,grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602–8566 Japan
| | - Eriko Ohgitani
- grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602–8566 Japan
| | - Yuki Fujita
- grid.419025.b0000 0001 0723 4764Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606–8585 Japan
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- grid.419025.b0000 0001 0723 4764Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606–8585 Japan
| | - Elia Marin
- grid.419025.b0000 0001 0723 4764Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606–8585 Japan ,grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602–8566 Japan
| | - Bryan J. McEntire
- grid.422391.f0000 0004 6010 3714SINTX Technologies Corporation, 1885 West 2100 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA
| | - B. Sonny Bal
- grid.422391.f0000 0004 6010 3714SINTX Technologies Corporation, 1885 West 2100 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA
| | - Osam Mazda
- grid.272458.e0000 0001 0667 4960Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602–8566 Japan
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Long J, Nand A, Ray S. Application of Spectroscopy in Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14010203. [PMID: 33406712 PMCID: PMC7795079 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly expanding material production technique that brings new opportunities in various fields as it enables fast and low-cost prototyping as well as easy customisation. However, it is still hindered by raw material selection, processing defects and final product assessment/adjustment in pre-, in- and post-processing stages. Spectroscopic techniques offer suitable inspection, diagnosis and product trouble-shooting at each stage of AM processing. This review outlines the limitations in AM processes and the prospective role of spectroscopy in addressing these challenges. An overview on the principles and applications of AM techniques is presented, followed by the principles of spectroscopic techniques involved in AM and their applications in assessing additively manufactured parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjunjiao Long
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (A.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Ashveen Nand
- School of Environmental and Animal Sciences and School of Healthcare and Social Practice, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (A.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Sudip Ray
- MBIE Product Accelerator Programme, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (A.N.); (S.R.)
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Surface Functionalization of Polyethylene by Silicon Nitride Laser Cladding. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional coatings are commonly applied to biomaterials in order to improve their properties. In this work, polyethylene was coated with a silicon nitride (Si3N4) powder using a pulsed laser source in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. Several analytical techniques were used to characterize the functionalized surface of the polymer, including Raman spectroscopy, laser microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Antibacterial properties were tested in vitro against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The Si3N4 coating sensibly reduced the amount of living bacteria when compared to the uncoated polymer. Osteoconductivity was also tested in vitro using SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells. The presence of Si3N4 coating resulted in an increased amount of hydroxyapatite. Coating of polyethylene with silicon nitride may lead to improved performance of indwelling orthopaedic or less invasive medical devices.
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Abstract
AbstractSi3N4 ceramics show excellent characteristics of mechanical and chemical resistance in combination with good biocompatibility, antibacterial property and radiolucency. Therefore, they are intensively studied as structural materials in skeletal implant applications. Despite their attractive properties, there are limited data in the field about in vitro studies of cellular growth on ceramic implant materials. In this study, the growth of bone cells was investigated on porous silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic implant by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Partial sintering was performed at 1700 °C with limited amount of sintering additive for the production of porous Si3N4 scaffolds. All samples were then sterilized by using ethylene oxide followed by culturing MG-63 osteosarcoma cells on the substrates for in vitro assays. At 20 and 36 h, EIS was performed and results demonstrated that magnitude of the impedance as a result of the changes in the culture medium increased after incubation with osteosarcoma cells. The changes are attributed to the cellular uptake of charged molecules from the medium. Si3N4 samples appear to show large impedance magnitude changes, especially between 100 and 1 Hz. Impedance changes were also correlated with WST-1 measurements (36 h) and DAPI results.
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