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Mushtaq H, Shah SS, Zarlashat Y, Iqbal M, Abbas W. Cell Culture Adaptive Amino Acid Substitutions in FMDV Structural Proteins: A Key Mechanism for Altered Receptor Tropism. Viruses 2024; 16:512. [PMID: 38675855 PMCID: PMC11054764 DOI: 10.3390/v16040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus is a highly contagious and economically devastating virus of cloven-hooved animals, including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats, causing reduced animal productivity and posing international trade restrictions. For decades, chemically inactivated vaccines have been serving as the most effective strategy for the management of foot-and-mouth disease. Inactivated vaccines are commercially produced in cell culture systems, which require successful propagation and adaptation of field isolates, demanding a high cost and laborious time. Cell culture adaptation is chiefly indebted to amino acid substitutions in surface-exposed capsid proteins, altering the necessity of RGD-dependent receptors to heparan sulfate macromolecules for virus binding. Several amino acid substations in VP1, VP2, and VP3 capsid proteins of FMDV, both at structural and functional levels, have been characterized previously. This literature review combines frequently reported amino acid substitutions in virus capsid proteins, their critical roles in virus adaptation, and functional characterization of the substitutions. Furthermore, this data can facilitate molecular virologists to develop new vaccine strains against the foot-and-mouth disease virus, revolutionizing vaccinology via reverse genetic engineering and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mushtaq
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-C (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (H.M.); (M.I.)
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Syed Salman Shah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Yusra Zarlashat
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-C (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (H.M.); (M.I.)
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Abbas
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-C (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (H.M.); (M.I.)
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
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Truong TN, Cheng LT. Development of a Subunit Vaccine against Duck Hepatitis A Virus Serotype 3. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040523. [PMID: 35455272 PMCID: PMC9028120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we sought to develop a subunit vaccine against the increasingly prevalent Duck hepatitis A virus serotype 3 (DHAV-3). The VP1 protein of DHAV-3 and a truncated version containing the C-terminal region of VP1, termed VP1-C, were expressed recombinantly in Escherichia coli as vaccine antigens. For enhanced immune response, a truncated version of flagellin, nFliC, was included as vaccine adjuvant. Ducklings were vaccinated once for immune response analysis and challenge test. Results showed that VP1-C elicited a higher level of virus-specific antibody response and neutralization titer than VP1. The addition of nFliC further enhanced the antibody response. In terms of cellular immune response, the VP1-C + nFliC vaccine elicited the highest level of T cell proliferation among the vaccine formulations tested. Examination of the cytokine expression profile showed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the VP1-C + nFliC vaccine group expressed the highest levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-6) and TH-1 type (IL-12 and IFN-γ) cytokines. Finally, in a DHAV-3 challenge test, the VP1-C + nFliC vaccine provided a 75% protection rate (n = 8), in contrast to 25% for the VP1 vaccine. In conclusion, E. coli-expressed VP1-C has been shown to be a promising antigen when combined with nFliC and may be further developed as a single-dose subunit vaccine against DHAV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang-Nhu Truong
- International Degree Program of Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Institute of Veterinary Research and Development in Central Vietnam, Km 4, Road 2/4, Vinh Hoa, Nha Trang City 57000, Vietnam
| | - Li-Ting Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-770-3202 (ext. 5336); Fax: +886-8-7740178
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Garay E, Fontana D, Leschiutta L, Kratje R, Prieto C. Rational design of novel fusion rabies glycoproteins displaying a major antigenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus for vaccine applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:579-592. [PMID: 34971413 PMCID: PMC8718594 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric virus-like particles are self-assembling structures composed of viral proteins that had been modified to incorporate sequences from different organisms, being able to trigger immune responses against the heterologous sequence. However, the identification of suitable sites for that purpose in the carrier protein is not an easy task. In this work, we describe the generation of rabies chimeric VLPs that expose a major antigenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) by identifying suitable regions in rabies glycoprotein (RVG), as a proof of concept of a novel heterologous display platform for vaccine applications. To identify adequate sites for insertion of heterologous sequences without altering the correct folding of RVG, we identified regions that were evolutionally non-conserved in Lyssavirus glycoproteins and performed a structural analysis of those regions using a 3D model of RVG trimer that we generated. The heterologous sequence was inserted in three different sites within RVG sequence. In every case, it did not affect the correct folding of the protein and was surface exposed, being recognized by anti-FMDV antibodies in expressing cells as well as in the surface of VLPs. This work sets the base for the development of a heterologous antigen display platform based on rabies VLPs. KEY POINTS: • Adequate regions for foreign epitope display in RVG were found. • G-H loop of FMDV was inserted in three regions of RVG. • The foreign epitope was detected by specific antibodies on fusion proteins. • G-H loop was detected on the surface of chimeric VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Garay
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego Fontana
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Lautaro Leschiutta
- UNL, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Kratje
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudio Prieto
- UNL, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 - Km 472.4 - C.C. 242 - (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Chimeric VLPs Based on HIV-1 Gag and a Fusion Rabies Glycoprotein Induce Specific Antibodies against Rabies and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030251. [PMID: 33809060 PMCID: PMC7999769 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease is a livestock acute disease, causing economic losses in affected areas. Currently, control of this disease is performed by mandatory vaccination campaigns using inactivated viral vaccines. In this work, we describe the development of a chimeric VLP-based vaccine candidate for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), based on the co-expression of the HIV-1 Gag protein and a novel fusion rabies glycoprotein (RVG), which carries in its N-term the FMDV main antigen: the G-H loop. It is demonstrated by confocal microscopy that both Gag-GFP polyprotein and the G-H loop colocalize at the cell membrane and, that the Gag polyprotein of the HIV virus acts as a scaffold for enveloped VLPs that during the budding process acquires the proteins that are being expressed in the cell membrane. The obtained VLPs were spherical particles of 130 ± 40 nm in diameter (analyzed by TEM, Cryo-TEM and NTA) carrying an envelope membrane that efficiently display the GH-RVG on its surface (analyzed by gold immunolabeling). Immunostainings with a FMDV hyperimmune serum showed that the heterologous antigenic site, genetically fused to RVG, is recognized by specific G-H loop antibodies. Additionally, the cVLPs produced expose the G-H loop to the liquid surrounding (analyzed by specific ELISA). Finally, we confirmed that these FMD cVLPs are able to induce a specific humoral immune response, based on antibodies directed to the G-H loop in experimental animals.
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Genetic Determinants of Virulence between Two Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Isolates Which Caused Outbreaks of Differing Severity. mSphere 2019; 4:4/4/e00294-19. [PMID: 31413173 PMCID: PMC6695517 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00294-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains reveal different degrees of infectivity and pathogenicity in host animals. The differences in severity among outbreaks might be ascribable to these differences in infectivity among FMDV strains. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences, we estimated the infectivity of O/JPN/2000 and O/JPN/2010, which caused outbreaks of markedly different scales, in cell lines, Holstein cattle, and suckling mice. Viral growth of the two strains in cells was not remarkably different; however, O/JPN/2000 showed apparently low transmissibility in cattle. Mortality rates of suckling mice inoculated intraperitoneally with a 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of 10 for O/JPN/2000 and O/JPN/2010 also differed, at 0% and 100%, respectively. To identify genes responsible for this difference in infectivity, genetic regions of the full-length cDNA of O/JPN/2010 were replaced with corresponding fragments of O/JPN/2000. A total of eight recombinant viruses were successfully recovered, and suckling mice were intraperitoneally inoculated. Strikingly, recombinants having either VP1 or 3D derived from O/JPN/2000 showed 0% mortality in suckling mice, whereas other recombinants showed 100% mortality. This finding indicates that VP1, the outermost component of the virus particle, and 3D, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, are individually involved in the virulence of O/JPN/2010. Three-dimensional structural analysis of VP1 confirmed that amino acid differences between the two strains were located mainly at the domain interacting with the cellular receptor. On the other hand, measurement of their mutation frequencies demonstrated that O/JPN/2000 had higher replication fidelity than O/JPN/2010.IMPORTANCE Efforts to understand the universal mechanism of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection may be aided by knowledge of the molecular mechanisms which underlie differences in virulence beyond multiple topotypes and serotypes of FMDV. Here, we demonstrated independent genetic determinants of two FMDV isolates which have different transmissibility in cattle, namely, VP1 and 3D protein. Findings suggested that the selectivity of VP1 for host cell receptors and replication fidelity during replication were important individual factors in the induction of differences in virulence in the host as well as in the severity of outbreaks in the field. These findings will aid the development of safe live vaccines and antivirals which obstruct viral infection in natural hosts.
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Yoneda S, Hara-Yamada Y, Kosugi A, Nanao M, Saito T, Sato S, Yamada N, Watanabe G. CAPLIB: A New Program Library for the Modeling and Analysis of Icosahedrally Symmetric Viral Capsids. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4458-4465. [PMID: 30023893 PMCID: PMC6044609 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new program library named "CAPLIB" was developed for the modeling and analysis of icosahedrally symmetric virus capsids. CAPLIB is equipped with the mathematical data of 60 rotation matrices of icosahedral symmetry, 15 planes bisecting the entire capsid structure, and a table summarizing how the 60 asymmetric units (cells) are partitioned by the planes. CAPLIB contains the function to determine the cell numbers of atoms from the atomic positions and the function to determine the rotation axes and angles from the rotation matrices. Using CAPLIB, it is possible to generate the structure of any selected protein unit within the entire capsid by rotating a single protein unit structure. CAPLIB can classify Protein Data Bank files of capsids with the directions of rotation axes, rotate the protein structure onto the standard position, and perform various deformations of the entire capsid. The interface to the molecular graphics software, PyMOL, was also developed for efficient modeling of capsids.
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Watanabe G, Sato S, Iwadate M, Umeyama H, Hayakawa M, Murakami Y, Yoneda S. Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Determine the Structure and Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Bound to a Novel Anti-viral Drug. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 64:1393-6. [PMID: 27581644 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects millions of people worldwide and is a major cause of serious liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. In our previous study, in silico screening was used to isolate new anti-viral compounds predicted to bind to the HBV capsid. Four of the isolated compounds have been reported to suppress the cellular multiplication of HBV experimentally. In the present study, molecular dynamics simulations of the HBV capsid were performed under rotational symmetry boundary conditions, to clarify how the structure and dynamics of the capsid are affected at the atomic level by the binding of one of the isolated compounds, C13. Two simulations of the free HBV capsid, two further simulations of the capsid-C13 complex, and one simulation of the capsid-AT-130 complex were performed. For statistical confidence, each set of simulations was repeated by five times, changing the simulation conditions. C13 continued to bind at the predicted binding site during the simulations, supporting the hypothesis that C13 is a capsid-binding compound. The structure and dynamics of the HBV capsid were greatly influenced by the binding and release of C13, and these effects were essentially identical to those seen for AT-130, indicating that C13 likely inhibits the function of the HBV capsid.
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Han SC, Guo HC, Sun SQ. Three-dimensional structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus and its biological functions. Arch Virol 2014; 160:1-16. [PMID: 25377637 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), an acute, violent, infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, remains widespread in most parts of the world. It can lead to a major plague of livestock and an economical catastrophe. Structural studies of FMD virus (FMDV) have greatly contributed to our understanding of the virus life cycle and provided new horizons for the control and eradication of FMDV. To examine host-FMDV interactions and viral pathogenesis from a structural perspective, the structures of viral structural and non-structural proteins are reviewed in the context of their relevance for virus assembly and dissociation, formation of capsid-like particles and virus-receptor complexes, and viral penetration and uncoating. Moreover, possibilities for devising novel antiviral treatments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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Arcangeli C, Circelli P, Donini M, Aljabali AAA, Benvenuto E, Lomonossoff GP, Marusic C. Structure-based design and experimental engineering of a plant virus nanoparticle for the presentation of immunogenic epitopes and as a drug carrier. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:630-47. [PMID: 23672348 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2013.785920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials research for the discovery of new generation nanoparticles is one of the most active areas of nanotechnology. In the search of nature-made nanometer-sized objects, plant virus particles appear as symmetrically defined entities that can be formed by protein self-assembly. In particular, in the field of plant virology, there is plenty of literature available describing the exploitation of plant viral cages to produce safe vaccine vehicles and nanoparticles for drug delivery. In this context, we have investigated on the use of the artichoke mottled crinkle virus (AMCV) capsid both as a carrier of immunogenic epitopes and for the delivery of anticancer molecules. A dual approach that combines both in silico tools and experimental virology was applied for the rational design of immunologically active chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs) carrying immunogenic peptides. The atomic structures of wild type (wt) and chimeric VLPs were obtained by homology modeling. The effects of insertion of the HIV-1 2F5 neutralizing epitope on the structural stability of chimeric VLPs were predicted and assessed by detailed inspection of the nanoparticle intersubunit interactions at atomic level. Wt and chimeric VLPs, exposing on their surface the 2F5 epitope, were successfully produced in plants. In addition, we demonstrated that AMCV capsids could also function as drug delivery vehicles able to load the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic predictive and empirical research addressing the question of how this icosahedral virus can be used for the production of both VLPs and viral nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Arcangeli
- a ENEA, Laboratorio Biotecnologie , UTBIORAD , C.R. Casaccia, via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Roma , Italy
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