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Huang HY, Huang JH, Wang YH, Hu D, Lu YJ, She ZG, Chen GD, Yao XS, Gao H. The Oxidation Cascade of a Rare Multifunctional P450 Enzyme Involved in Asperterpenoid A Biosynthesis. Front Chem 2022; 9:785431. [PMID: 34976952 PMCID: PMC8717867 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.785431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s or CYPs) are heme-containing enzymes which catalyze a wide range of oxidation reactions in nature. In our previous study, a rare multifunctional P450 AstB was found, which can dually oxidize two methyl groups (C-19 and C-21) of preasperterpenoid A to asperterpenoid A with 3-carboxyl and 11-hydroxymethyl groups. However, the oxidation order of C-19 and C-21 catalyzed by AstB is unclear. In order to reveal this oxidation order, probable pathways catalyzed by AstB were proposed, and the oxidation order of C-19 and C-21 was obtained by quantum chemistry calculations. The potential intermediates (three new asperterpenoids D–F, 1–3) were obtained through the chemical investigation on the extract of the transformant strain and chemical conversions, which were used as the standards to detect their existences in the extract of the transformant strain with HPLC-MS. Combined with the quantum chemistry calculation and the HPLC-MS analysis, the catalyzed order of AstB in asperterpenoid A biosynthesis was revealed. Furthermore, the mPTPB inhibition of obtained asperterpenoids was evaluated, and the results showed that 3-carboxyl and the oxidation station of C-21 would be the key factors for mPTPB inhibition of asperterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yun Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hua Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong-Heng Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Dong Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Colchicine (1) is a bioactive plant alkaloid from Colchicum and Gloriosa species that is used as a pharmaceutical treatment for inflammatory diseases, including gouty arthritis and familial Mediterranean fever. The activity of this alkaloid is attributed to its ability to bind tubulin dimers and inhibit microtubule assembly, which not only promotes anti-inflammatory effects, but also makes colchicine a potent mitotic poison. The biochemical origins of colchicine biosynthesis have been investigated for over 50 years, but only recently has the underlying enzymatic machinery become clear. Here, we report the discovery of multiple pathway enzymes from Gloriosa superba that allows for the reconstitution of a complete metabolic route to 1. This includes three enzymes that process a previously established tropolone-containing intermediate into 1 via tailoring of the nitrogen atom. We further demonstrate the total biosynthesis of enantiopure (-)-1 from primary metabolites via heterologous production in a model plant, thus enabling future efforts for the metabolic engineering of this medicinal alkaloid. Additionally, our results provide insight into the timing and tissue specificity for the late stage modifications required in colchicine biosynthesis, which are likely connected to the biological functions for this class of medicinal alkaloids in native producing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Nett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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3
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Jiang Z, Gao X, Liang J, Ni S. Simultaneous quantitation of serum caffeine and its metabolites by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for CYP1A2 activity prediction in premature infants. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5141. [PMID: 34041763 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine (CA) is accepted as a probe of cytochrome P450 1A2 enzyme (CYP1A2) activity and is commonly used in premature infants with great inter-individual variability of metabolism. To evaluate the change characteristics of CYP1A2 activity in premature infants, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and optimized for the simultaneous quantitation of serum CA and its major metabolites, including paraxanthine (PX), theophylline (TP) and theobromine (TB), in premature infants. A C18 column and gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid in methanol and 0.1% formic acid in water at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min were used for compound separation. The mass spectrometer monitored the transitions of CA (m/z 195.0 → 138.0), CA-d9 (m/z 204.0 → 144.1), PX (m/z 181.0 → 124.1), TP (m/z 181.0 → 123.9) and TB (m/z 181.0 → 138.0) using multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode. CYP1A2 activity was evaluated by serum molar concentration ratios of CA and its metabolites. The results showed that CYP1A2 has a significant positive correlation with the clearance of CA, and was affected by current weight and CYP1A2*1C. The results suggested that the serum concentration ratios of CA metabolites could be used to predict the changes in CYP1A2 enzyme activity in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhong Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangbo Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Liang
- Biostatistics Unit, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Ni
- Clinical Trial Institute, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Fotoukkiaii SM, Wybouw N, Kurlovs AH, Tsakireli D, Pergantis SA, Clark RM, Vontas J, Van Leeuwen T. High-resolution genetic mapping reveals cis-regulatory and copy number variation in loci associated with cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification in a generalist arthropod pest. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009422. [PMID: 34153029 PMCID: PMC8248744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical control strategies are driving the evolution of pesticide resistance in pest populations. Understanding the genetic mechanisms of these evolutionary processes is of crucial importance to develop sustainable resistance management strategies. The acaricide pyflubumide is one of the most recently developed mitochondrial complex II inhibitors with a new mode of action that specifically targets spider mite pests. In this study, we characterize the molecular basis of pyflubumide resistance in a highly resistant population of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Classical genetic crosses indicated that pyflubumide resistance was incompletely recessive and controlled by more than one gene. To identify resistance loci, we crossed the resistant population to a highly susceptible T. urticae inbred strain and propagated resulting populations with and without pyflubumide exposure for multiple generations in an experimental evolution set-up. High-resolution genetic mapping by a bulked segregant analysis approach led to the identification of three quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to pyflubumide resistance. Two QTLs were found on the first chromosome and centered on the cytochrome P450 CYP392A16 and a cluster of CYP392E6-8 genes. Comparative transcriptomics revealed a consistent overexpression of CYP392A16 and CYP392E8 in the experimental populations that were selected for pyflubumide resistance. We further corroborated the involvement of CYP392A16 in resistance by in vitro functional expression and metabolism studies. Collectively, these experiments uncovered that CYP392A16 N-demethylates the toxic carboxamide form of pyflubumide to a non-toxic compound. A third QTL coincided with cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), a vital component of cytochrome P450 metabolism. We show here that the resistant population harbors three gene copies of CPR and that this copy number variation is associated with higher mRNA abundance. Together, we provide evidence for detoxification of pyflubumide by cytochrome P450s that is likely synergized by gene amplification of CPR. Our understanding of the causal genetic variants that drive the evolution of quantitative traits, such as polygenic pesticide resistance, remains very limited. Here, we followed a high-resolution genetic mapping approach to localize the genetic variants that cause pyflubumide resistance in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Three well-supported QTL were uncovered and pointed towards a major role for cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification. Cis-regulatory variation for cytochrome P450s was observed, and in vitro cytochrome P450 experiments showed that pyflubumide was metabolized into a non-toxic derivate. A third QTL centered on cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), which is required for cytochrome P450 activity, and is amplified in pyflubumide resistant populations. Our results indicate that pyflubumide resistance is mediated by cytochrome P450 detoxification that is enhanced by gene amplification at the CPR locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Masoumeh Fotoukkiaii
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andre H. Kurlovs
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dimitra Tsakireli
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Richard M. Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Guo J, Zhu X, Badawy S, Ihsan A, Liu Z, Xie C, Wang X. Metabolism and Mechanism of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzyme 1A2. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:40-49. [PMID: 33397254 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221999210101233135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 enzyme 1A2 (CYP1A2) is one of the most important cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the liver, accounting for 13% to 15% of hepatic CYP enzymes. CYP1A2 metabolises many clinical drugs, such as phenacetin, caffeine, clozapine, tacrine, propranolol, and mexiletine. CYP1A2 also metabolises certain precarcinogens such as aflatoxins, mycotoxins, nitrosamines, and endogenous substances such as steroids. The regulation of CYP1A2 is influenced by many factors. The transcription of CYP1A2 involves not only the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor pathway but also many additional transcription factors, and CYP1A2 expression may be affected by transcription coactivators and compression factors. Degradation of CYP1A2 mRNA and protein, alternative splicing, RNA stability, regulatory microRNAs, and DNA methylation are also known to affect the regulation of CYP1A2. Many factors can lead to changes in the activity of CYP1A2. Smoking, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ingestion, and certain drugs (e.g., omeprazole) increase its activity, while many clinical drugs such as theophylline, fluvoxamine, quinolone antibiotics, verapamil, cimetidine, and oral contraceptives can inhibit CYP1A2 activity. Here, we review the drugs metabolised by CYP1A2, the metabolic mechanism of CYP1A2, and various factors that influence CYP1A2 metabolism. The metabolic mechanism of CYP1A2 is of great significance in the development of personalised medicine and CYP1A2 target-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sara Badawy
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Changqing Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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6
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Jaladanki CK, Gahlawat A, Rathod G, Sandhu H, Jahan K, Bharatam PV. Mechanistic studies on the drug metabolism and toxicity originating from cytochromes P450. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:366-394. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1765792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K. Jaladanki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Anuj Gahlawat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Gajanan Rathod
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Hardeep Sandhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Kousar Jahan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V. Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
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7
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Hu D, Gao YH, Yao XS, Gao H. Recent advances in dissecting the demethylation reactions in natural product biosynthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 59:47-53. [PMID: 32460136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Demethylation is a chemical process widely distributed in nature to remove a methyl group from an organic molecule, which is a key aspect of diverse biological processes including biosynthesis of natural products, degradation of plant biomass and epigenetic regulation. This process is facilitated by diverse demethylases via distinct mechanisms. Recent studies have disclosed some novel demethylation reactions as well as their underlying demethylases in the biosynthesis of bacterial sterols, fungal terpenoids, and plant alkaloids. This article focuses on current advances in dissecting the demethylation reactions in biosynthesis of natural products and aims to point out the enzymatic mechanisms, which will further enhance our knowledge and understanding of demethylation process in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao-Hui Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Lopes RDO, Pereira PM, Pereira ARB, Fernandes KV, Carvalho JF, França ADSD, Valente RH, da Silva M, Ferreira-Leitão VS. Atrazine, desethylatrazine (DEA) and desisopropylatrazine (DIA) degradation by Pleurotus ostreatus INCQS 40310. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1754805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel de Oliveira Lopes
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, National Institute of Technology (INT), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication (MCTIC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maia Pereira
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, National Institute of Technology (INT), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication (MCTIC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Ramalho Brandão Pereira
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, National Institute of Technology (INT), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication (MCTIC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Keysson Vieira Fernandes
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, National Institute of Technology (INT), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication (MCTIC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia Finamor Carvalho
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, National Institute of Technology (INT), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication (MCTIC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre da Silva de França
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, National Institute of Technology (INT), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication (MCTIC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Richard Hemmi Valente
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Manuela da Silva
- Vice-Presidency of Research and Biological Collections, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viridiana S. Ferreira-Leitão
- Biocatalysis Laboratory, National Institute of Technology (INT), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication (MCTIC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Rao F, Chen Z, Zhou D, Kang Y, Guo L, Xue Y. DFT investigation on the metabolic mechanisms of theophylline by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 84:109-117. [PMID: 29957347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Theophylline, one of the most commonly used bronchodilators and respiratory stimulators for the treatment of acute and chronic asthmatic conditions, can cause permanent neurological damage through chronic or excessive ingestion. In this work, DFT calculation was performed to identify the metabolic mechanisms of theophylline by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenase. Two main metabolic pathways were investigated, namely, N1- (path A) and N3- (path B) demethylations, which proceeded through N-methyl hydroxylation followed by the decomposition of the generated carbinolamine species. N-methyl hydroxylation involved a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism, which can be generalized as the N-demethylation mechanism of xanthine derivatives. The energy gap between the low-spin double state (LS) and the high-spin quartet state (HS) was low (<1 kcal mol-1), indicating a two-state reactivity (TSR) mechanism. The generated carbinolamine species preferred to decompose through the adjacent heteroatom (O6 for path A and O2 for path B) mediated mechanism. Path B was kinetically more feasible than path A attributed to its relatively lower activation energy. 1-Methylxanthine therefore was the energetically favorable metabolite of theophylline. The observations obtained in the work were in agreement with the experimental observation, which can offer important implications for further pharmacological and clinic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Rao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Zeqin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China; College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China.
| | - Dagang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China.
| | - Yuan Kang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Linfeng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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10
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Theoretical study on the metabolic mechanisms of levmepromazine by cytochrome P450. J Mol Model 2016; 22:237. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Theoretical elucidation of the metabolic mechanisms of phenothiazine neuroleptic chlorpromazine catalyzed by cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 1A2. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Quantum chemical exploration on the metabolic mechanisms of caffeine by flavin-containing monooxygenase. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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