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Riddhi RK, Penas-Hidalgo F, Chen H, Quadrelli EA, Canivet J, Mellot-Draznieks C, Solé-Daura A. Experimental and computational aspects of molecular frustrated Lewis pairs for CO 2 hydrogenation: en route for heterogeneous systems? Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:9874-9903. [PMID: 39212094 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00267e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Catalysis plays a crucial role in advancing sustainability. The unique reactivity of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) is driving an ever-growing interest in the transition metal-free transformation of small molecules like CO2 into valuable products. In this area, there is a recent growing incentive to heterogenize molecular FLPs into porous solids, merging the benefits of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis - high activity, selectivity, and recyclability. Despite the progress, challenges remain in preventing deactivation, poisoning, and simplifying catalyst-product separation. This review explores the expanding field of FLPs in catalysis, covering existing molecular FLPs for CO2 hydrogenation and recent efforts to design heterogeneous porous systems from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. Section 2 discusses experimental examples of CO2 hydrogenation by molecular FLPs, starting with stoichiometric reactions and advancing to catalytic ones. It then examines attempts to immobilize FLPs in porous matrices, including siliceous solids, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks, and disordered polymers, highlighting current limitations and challenges. Section 3 then reviews computational studies on the mechanistic details of CO2 hydrogenation, focusing on H2 splitting and hydride/proton transfer steps, summarizing efforts to establish structure-activity relationships. It also covers the computational aspects on grafting FLPs inside MOFs. Finally, Section 4 summarizes the main design principles established so far, while addressing the complexities of translating computational approaches into the experimental realm, particularly in heterogeneous systems. This section underscores the need to strengthen the dialogue between theoretical and experimental approaches in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Kumari Riddhi
- IRCELYON, UMR 5256, Université LYON 1, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Francesc Penas-Hidalgo
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, CNRS UMR 8229, Collège de France, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, CNRS UMR 8229, Collège de France, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | | | - Jérôme Canivet
- IRCELYON, UMR 5256, Université LYON 1, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Caroline Mellot-Draznieks
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, CNRS UMR 8229, Collège de France, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Albert Solé-Daura
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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Bai X, Tian Z, Dong H, Xia N, Zhao J, Sun P, Gong G, Wang J, Wang L, Li H, Chen S. Halogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks (XOFs) Based on N⋅⋅⋅Br +⋅⋅⋅N Bonds: Robust Organic Networks Constructed by Fragile Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408428. [PMID: 38847190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Organic frameworks face a trade-off between the framework stability and the bond dynamics, which necessitates the development of innovative linkages that can generate stable frameworks without hindering efficient synthesis. Although iodine(I)-based halogen-bonded organic frameworks (XOFs) have been developed, constructing XOFs based on bromine(I) is desirable yet challenging due to the high sensitivity of bromine(I) species. In this work, we present the inaugural construction of stable bromine(I)-bridged two-dimensional (2D) halogen-bonded organic frameworks, XOF(Br)-TPy-BF4/OTf, based on sensitive [N⋅⋅⋅Br⋅⋅⋅N]+ halogen bonds. The formation of XOF(Br)-TPy-BF4/OTf was monitored by 1H NMR, XPS, IR, SEM, TEM, HR-TEM, SEAD. Their framework structures were established by the results from PXRD, theoretical simulations and SAXS. More importantly, XOF(Br) displayed excellent chemical and thermal stabilities. They exhibited stable two-dimensional framework structures in various organic solvents and aqueous media, even over a wide pH range (pH 3-12), while the corresponding model compounds BrPy2BF4/OTf decomposed quickly even in the presence of minimal water. Furthermore, the influence of the counterions were investigated by replacing BF4 with OTf, which improved the stability of XOF(Br). This characteristic enabled XOF(Br) to serve as an efficient oxidizing reagent in aqueous environments, in contrast with the sensitivity of BrPy2BF4/OTf, which performed well only in organic media. This study not only deepens our fundamental understanding of organic frameworks but also opens new avenues for the development and application of multifunctional XOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguan Bai
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Zhennan Tian
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Hongqiang Dong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Ning Xia
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan, Hubei, 442002, China
| | - Jiahao Zhao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Penghao Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Guanfei Gong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Jike Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Haohu Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Shigui Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
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Ferrer M, Alkorta I, Elguero J, Oliva-Enrich JM. A multi-FLP approach for CO 2 capture: investigating nitrogen, boron, phosphorus and aluminium doped nanographenes and the influence of a sodium cation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12433-12443. [PMID: 38596872 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00496e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of B3N3-doped hexa-cata-hexabenzocoronene (B3N3-NG), Al3N3-NG, B3P3-NG and Al3P3-NG, models of doped nanographenes (NGs), towards carbon dioxide was studied with density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//M06-2X/6-31+G* level of theory. The NG systems exhibit a poly-cyclic poly-frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) nature, featuring multiple Lewis acid/Lewis base pairs on their surface enabling the capture of several CO2 molecules. The capture of CO2 by these systems was investigated within two scenarios: (A) sequential capture of up to three CO2 molecules and (B) capture of CO2 molecules in the presence of a sodium cation. The resulting adducts were analyzed in terms of the activation barriers and relative stabilities. The presence of aluminium atoms changes the asynchrony of the reaction favoring the aluminium-oxygen bond and influences the regioselectivity of the multi-capture. A cooperative effect is predicted due to π-electron delocalization, with the sodium cation stabilizing the stationary points and favoring the addition of CO2 to the NGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Ferrer
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
- PhD Program in Theoretical Chemistry and Computational Modeling, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Josep M Oliva-Enrich
- Instituto de Química-Física Blas Cabrera (CSIC), Serrano, 119, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Kou X. Mechanistic Insight Into the Reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Liquid-State NMR Studies. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38446616 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2324299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been widely investigated as promising catalysts due to their metal-free feature and ability to activate small molecules. Over the last few years, the structure, dynamics and interactions between the Lewis centers and their effects on the reactivity with different substrates have been studied. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool in studying the reaction intermediates, kinetics and mechanism of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). Various NMR experiments have been applied to precisely determine the association or cooperativity of FLPs and one or two-dimensional spectra were obtained. Herein, insights coming from NMR spectroscopy for FLPs are presented, the structure and reactivity of FLPs in solution are described, and their effects on the kinetics and mechanism of different substrates are also illustrated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Kou
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, Analyses and Testing Center, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Sabet-Sarvestani H, Eshghi H, Izadyar M, Noroozi-Shad N, Arkan F. Understanding the effects of building block rings of π electron-rich organic photocatalysts in CO 2 transformation to amino acids. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 122:108492. [PMID: 37148634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effective factors in the performance of some Oligo (p-phenylenes) (OPPs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), as efficient organocatalysts in photocatalytic CO2 transformations are the main goals of this investigation. The studies are based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the mechanistic aspects of C-C bond formation through a coupling reaction between CO2•- and amine radical. The reaction is performed through two successive single electron transfer steps. After careful kinetic investigations by Marcus' theory rules, powerful descriptors are used to describe the behavior of observed barrier energies of electron transfer steps. The studied PAHs and OPPs consist of different numbers of rings. Thus, it can be considered different charge densities, afforded from π electrons, of PAHs and OPPs that cause distinguished efficiency in kinetic aspects of electron transfer steps. Electrostatic Surface Potential (ESP) analyses reveal a good relationship between the charge density of the studied organocatalysts in single electron transfer (SET) steps and the kinetic parameters of the steps. Moreover, the contribution of rings in the framework of PAHs and OPPs would be another effective factor in the barrier energies of SET steps. Aromatic properties of the rings, studied by the Anisotropy of the Current-Induced Density (ACID), Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shift (NICS), the multi-center bond order (MCBO), and AV1245 Indexes, are the other impressive factors in the role of rings in SET steps. The results show that the aromatic properties of the rings are not similar to each other. Higher aromaticity affords remarkable reluctance of the corresponding ring to participate in SET steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Izadyar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nazanin Noroozi-Shad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Foroogh Arkan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Reactivity of a model of B 3P 3-doped nanographene with up to three CO 2 molecules. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2407. [PMID: 36765069 PMCID: PMC9918725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of a B3P3-doped hexa-cata-hexabenzocoronene, as a model of nanographene (B3P3-NG), towards carbon dioxide was studied at the DFT M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//M06-2X/6-31+G* level of theory. This compound can be classified as a poly-cyclic poly-Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) system, as it presents more than one Lewis Acid/Lewis Base pair on its surface, making the capture of several carbon dioxide molecules possible. Two scenarios were considered to fully characterize the capture of CO2 by this multi-FLP system: (i) fixation of three CO2 molecules sequentially one by one; and (ii) simultaneous contact of three CO2 molecules with the B3P3-NG surface. The resulting adducts were analyzed as function of activation barriers and the relative stability of the CO2 capture. A cooperativity effect due to the π-delocalization of the hexa-cata-hexabenzocoronene is observed. The fixation of a CO2 molecule modifies the electronic properties. It enhances the capture of additional CO2 molecules by changing the acidy and basicity of the rest of the boron and phosphorus atoms in the B3P3-NG system.
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Ferrer M, Alkorta I, Elguero J, Oliva‐Enrich JM. Use of 5,10-Disubstituted Dibenzoazaborines and Dibenzophosphaborines as Cyclic Supports of Frustrated Lewis Pairs for the Capture of CO 2. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200204. [PMID: 35703469 PMCID: PMC9796958 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of 5,10-disubstituted dibenzoazaborines and dibenzophosphaborines towards carbon dioxide was studied at the DFT, M06-2X/def2-TZVP, computational level. The profile of this reaction comprises of three stationary points: the pre-reactive complex and adduct minima and the transition state(TS) linking both minima. Initial results show that dibenzoazaborines derivatives are less suitable to form adducts with CO2 than dibenzophosphaborine systems. The influence of the basicity on the P atom and the acidity on the B center of the dibenzophosphaborine in the reaction with CO2 was also explored. Thus, an equation was developed relating the properties (acidity, basicity and boron hybridization) of the isolated dibenzophosphaborine derivatives with the adduct energy. We found that modulation of the boron acidity allows to obtain more stable adducts than the pre-reactive complexes and isolated monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Ferrer
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC)Juan de la Cierva, 328006MadridSpain
- PhD Program in Theoretical Chemistry and Computational ModelingDoctoral SchoolUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC)Juan de la Cierva, 328006MadridSpain
| | - Jose Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC)Juan de la Cierva, 328006MadridSpain
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Mahaut D, Chardon A, Mineur L, Berionni G, Champagne B. Rational Development of a Metal-Free Bifunctional System for the C-H Activation of Methane: A Density Functional Theory Investigation. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1958-1966. [PMID: 34309144 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The activation or heterolytic splitting of methane, a challenging substrate usually restricted to transition metals, has so far proven elusive in experimental frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry. In this article, we demonstrate, using density functional theory (DFT), that 1-aza-9-boratriptycene is a conceptually simple intramolecular FLP for the activation of methane. Systematic comparison with other FLP systems allows to gain insight into their reactivity with methane. The thermodynamics and kinetics of methane activation are interpreted by referring to the analysis of the natural charges and by employing the distortion-interaction/activation strain (DIAS) model. These showed that the nature of the Lewis base influences the selectivity over the reaction pathway, with N Lewis bases favoring the deprotonation mechanism and P bases the hydride abstraction one. The lower barrier of activation for 1-aza-9-boratriptycene and the higher products stability are due to a better interaction energy than its counterparts, itself due to electrostatic interactions with the methane moiety, favorable orbital overlaps allowed by the side-attack, and space proximity between the B and N atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Mahaut
- Department of Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Chardon
- Department of Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Loïc Mineur
- Department of Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Department of Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Department of Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
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