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Ahsin A, Qamar A, Muthu S, Vetrivelan V, Cao J, Bian W. Superalkali nature of the Si 9M 5 (M = Li, Na, and K) Zintl clusters: a theoretical study on electronic structure and dynamic nonlinear optical properties. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17091-17101. [PMID: 38808233 PMCID: PMC11130639 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02396j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Zintl clusters have attracted widespread attention because of their intriguing bonding and unusual physical properties. We explore the Si9 and Si9M5 (where M = Li, Na, and K) Zintl clusters using the density functional theory combined with other methods. The exothermic nature of the Si9M5 cluster formation is disclosed, and the interactions of alkali metals with pristine Si9 are shown to be noncovalent. The reduced density gradient analysis is performed, in which increased van der Waals interactions are observed with the enlargement of the size of alkali metals. The influence of the implicit solvent model is considered, where the hyperpolarizability (βo) in the solvent is found to be about 83 times larger than that in the gas phase for Si9K5. The frequency-dependent nonlinear optical (NLO) response for the dc-Kerr effect is observed up to 1.3 × 1011 au, indicating an excellent change in refractive index by an externally applied electric field. In addition, natural bonding orbitals obtained from the second-order perturbation analysis show the charge transfer with the donor-acceptor orbitals. Electron localization function and localized orbital locator analyses are also performed to better understand the bonding electrons in designed clusters. The studied Zintl clusters demonstrate the superalkali character in addition to their remarkable optical and nonlinear optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atazaz Ahsin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Aamna Qamar
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - S Muthu
- Department of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College Cheyyar 604407 Tamil Nadu India
| | - V Vetrivelan
- Department of Physics, Government College of Engineering Srirangam Thiruchirappalli 620012 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Jianwei Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wensheng Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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Ahsin A, Qamar A, Lu Q, Bian W. Theoretically designed M@diaza[2.2.2]cryptand complexes: the role of non-covalent interactions in promoting NLO properties of organic electrides. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2357064. [PMID: 38835630 PMCID: PMC11149575 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2357064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Organic excess electron compounds with significant nonlinear optical (NLO) properties are widely employed in optoelectronic applications. Herein, single-alkali metals with diaza[2.2.2] cryptand (M@crypt,M=Li, Na, and K) are investigated for optoelectronic and NLO properties by using the density functional theory. Thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of present complexes are computed through interaction energy (Eint) and ab-initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) simulations. M@crypt complexes carry excess electrons and mimic molecular electrides. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis and reduced density gradient (RDG) spectra demonstrate the roles of the weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions between metal and complexant. The remarkable hyperpolarizability (βo) value up to 1.41 × 106 au may be credited to the presence of loosely bound excess electrons. The hyper Rayleigh scattering hyperpolarizability (βHRS) is recorded up to 1.31 × 106 au for the K@crypt. Furthermore, frequency-dependent first-order and second-order hyperpolarizability is more prominent at the applied frequency of ω = 0.042823 au. The electron localizing function (ELF) and localized orbital locator (LOL) analysis further disclose the nature of interaction between alkali metal and complexant. The TD-DFT method is adopted to get excited state parameters and absorbance properties. An electron density difference map (EDDM) is exploited to evaluate the orbital contributions in excited states. Hence, the studied electride may become a promising candidate for NLO materials. We anticipate that the present work will provide insight into further development of molecular electride for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atazaz Ahsin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aamna Qamar
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kashyap S, Batra K. Electric field effect on [Formula: see text] clusters for applications in MOSFETs and DSSCs: a DFT study. J Mol Model 2023; 29:376. [PMID: 37966671 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The structural, electronic, non-linear optical (NLO) and spectral properties of [Formula: see text] clusters with [Formula: see text] have been studied under the influence of an external electric field using density functional theory (DFT). The effect of variation in the Hf:Ti ratio on different properties of clusters is investigated. The motivation to study [Formula: see text] clusters lies in the fact that HfTiO thin films have wide applications in various optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices. So, it will be interesting to study the effect of electric field on [Formula: see text] clusters with the variation in the number of Hf, Ti and O atoms. It is observed that out of all the clusters, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the most stable clusters with high values of binding energy and HOMO-LUMO gap. The application of an external electric field on these most stable clusters distorts their geometry and their HOMO-LUMO gap decreases, dipole moment and polarizability increases as the electric field is increased from 0 a.u. to 340 x[Formula: see text] a.u. The applied electric field increases the polar character of clusters due to electron cloud deformation and hence, increases the reactivity of the clusters, thus making these clusters suitable for electrocatalytic reactions. The electric field controlled high values of dielectric constant makes these clusters suitable to be used in the oxide layer of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) with better capacitance. Under the effect of an electric field, the absorption peaks of UV-VIS spectra gets red-shifted. Due to the tuning of absorption spectra from ultraviolet to visible region, [Formula: see text] clusters can be thought of as a good replacement for [Formula: see text] in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). METHODS The computational study of [Formula: see text] clusters has been performed using DFT. For the ground state of [Formula: see text] clusters, the optimization and frequency calculations have been performed using hybrid B3LYP (Becke three-parameter exchange functional combined with Lee, Yang and Parr correlation functional) functional with LANL2DZ (Los Alamos National Laboratory effective core potentials with Double Zeta atomic set) basis set under hybrid-GGA (generalized gradient approximation). Optimization and frequency calculations have been performed in each case. The excited state calculations have been carried out within time-dependent DFT formalism for a total of 50 excited states. The computational chemistry software package Gaussian 16 along with its graphical interface Gaussview have been employed for the current study of [Formula: see text] clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Kashyap
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka Sector-16 C, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Kriti Batra
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka Sector-16 C, New Delhi, 110078, India.
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Geometric, Electronic, and Optoelectronic Properties of Carbon-Based Polynuclear C 3O[C(CN) 2] 2M 3 (where M = Li, Na, and K) Clusters: A DFT Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041827. [PMID: 36838816 PMCID: PMC9965956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based polynuclear clusters are designed and investigated for geometric, electronic, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties at the CAM-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Significant binding energies per atom (ranging from -162.4 to -160.0 kcal mol-1) indicate excellent thermodynamic stabilities of these polynuclear clusters. The frontier molecular orbital (FMOs) analysis indicates excess electron nature of the clusters with low ionization potential, suggesting that they are alkali-like. The decreased energy gaps (EH-L) with increased alkali metals size revael the improved electrical conductivity (σ). The total density of state (TDOS) study reveals the alkali metals' size-dependent electronic and conductive properties. The significant first and second hyperpolarizabilities are observed up to 5.78 × 103 and 5.55 × 106 au, respectively. The βo response shows dependence on the size of alkali metals. Furthermore, the absorption study shows transparency of these clusters in the deep-UV, and absorptions are observed at longer wavelengths (redshifted). The optical gaps from TD-DFT are considerably smaller than those of HOMO-LUMO gaps. The significant scattering hyperpolarizability (βHRS) value (1.62 × 104) is calculated for the C3 cluster, where octupolar contribution to βHRS is 92%. The dynamic first hyperpolarizability β(ω) is more pronounced for the EOPE effect at 532 nm, whereas SHG has notable values for second hyperpolarizability γ(ω).
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Ahsan F, Ayub K. Transition metalides based on facially polarized all- cis-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane - a new class of high performance second order nonlinear optical materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4732-4742. [PMID: 36662154 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04842f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Continuous attempts are being made to discover new approaches to design materials with extraordinary nonlinear optical responses. Herein, for the first time, we report the geometric, electronic, and nonlinear optical properties of novel Janus transition metalides AM-J-TM (where AM = Li, Na and K, and TM = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) containing alkali metals as a source of excess electrons for transition metals to generate metalides. The Janus organic complexant used for the study is all cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane F6C6H6 (J). These complexes contain the unique involvement of alkali metals (AM = Li, Na and K) as a source of excess electrons, which significantly affects the hyperpolarizability values of the resulting transition metalides. The NBO analysis reveals the charge transfer from alkali metals to the transition metals, thereby confirming the metalide behavior of the complexes. Moreover, the metalide nature of these complexes is validated through frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis. The values of interaction energies, vertical ionization potential (VIP) and vertical electron affinity (VEA) illustrate the stability of the metalide complexes. Ultimately, the hyperpolarizability values confirm the excellent nonlinear optical response of the designed transition metalides. The remarkable static first hyperpolarizability (β0) response up to 4 × 108 a.u. is observed for complexes of vanadium. Similarly, the complexes of AM-J-Mn and Li/Na-J-Sc show significantly high NLO response. These compounds besides providing a new entry into excess electron compounds will also pave the way for the design and synthesis of further novel NLO materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, 22060, Pakistan.
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Benyza N, Allouche F, Dammak SW, Lanez E, Lanez T. Chemical Reactivity, Topological Analysis, and Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Responses of M3O@Al12N12: A Quantum Chemical Study. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024422130118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhang B, Cheng Z, Hou J. The electronic structures and nonlinear optical properties of Alkali and Alkali earth metal atoms doped C6H6Cl6: A density functional theoretical study. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 116:108263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Zhang B, Zheng R, Wang C, Hou J. The Alkaline-earthides based parallel-stacked dimer and trimer of Janus face C6H6F6 showing extremely large nonlinear optical responses. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ahsan A, Sarfaraz S, Fayyaz F, Asghar M, Ayub K. Enhanced non-linear optical response of calix[4]pyrrole complexant based earthides in the presence of oriented external electric field. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wajid S, Kosar N, Ullah F, Gilani MA, Ayub K, Muhammad S, Mahmood T. Demonstrating the Potential of Alkali Metal-Doped Cyclic C 6O 6Li 6 Organometallics as Electrides and High-Performance NLO Materials. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29852-29861. [PMID: 34778658 PMCID: PMC8582031 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this report, the geometric and electronic properties and static and dynamic hyperpolarizabilities of alkali metal-doped C6O6Li6 organometallics are analyzed via density functional theory methods. The thermal stability of the considered complexes is examined through interaction energy (E int) calculations. Doping of alkali metal derives diffuse excess electrons, which generate the electride characteristics in the respective systems (electrons@complexant, e-@M@C6O6Li6, M = Li, Na, and K). The electronic density shifting is also supported by natural bond orbital charge analysis. These electrides are further investigated for their nonlinear optical (NLO) responses through static and dynamic hyperpolarizability analyses. The potassium-doped C6O6Li6 (K@C6O6Li6) complex has high values of second- (βtot = 2.9 × 105 au) and third-order NLO responses (γtot = 1.6 × 108 au) along with a high refractive index at 1064 nm, indicating that the NLO response of the corresponding complex increases at a higher wavelength. UV-vis absorption analysis is used to confirm the electronic excitations, which occur from the metal toward C6O6Li6. We assume that these newly designed organometallic electrides can be used in optical and optoelectronic fields for achieving better second-harmonic-generation-based NLO materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Wajid
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Naveen Kosar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Management and
Technology (UMT), C11,
Johar Town Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Faizan Ullah
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
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Ahsin A, Ayub K. Extremely large static and dynamic nonlinear optical response of small superalkali clusters NM 3M' (M, M'=Li, Na, K). J Mol Graph Model 2021; 109:108031. [PMID: 34536836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Exploring novel nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with excess electron properties is essential for advancing the use of excess electron compounds in optics. The studied superalkali clusters NM3M' (M, M' = Li, Na, K) are thermodynamically stable and their binding energies range from -27.10 to -53.84 kcal mol-1. The observed significant values for VIPs suggest their electronic stabilities. Being excess electron candidate these clusters show significant βo value (3.9 × 107 au), which nicely correlates the hyperpolarizability reported by a two-level model (βtl). Furthermore, these clusters exhibit a remarkable static second hyperpolarizability (γo) value of 1.1 × 1010 au for the NK4 superalkali cluster. The hyper Rayleigh scattering (βHRS) is also computed where the highest value of 2.9 × 107 is recorded for NNa3K superalkali. The obtained values of βvec values (projection of hyperpolarizability on dipole moment vector) also signify the excellent nonlinearity of clusters. Besides, the calculated electro-optica pockel's effect β(-ω; ω,0) and second harmonic generation β(-2ω; ω, ω) values are much pronounced at larger dispersion frequency ω = 1064 nm. Moreover, the frequency-dependent second hyperpolarizability γ(ω) with dc-Kerr effect γ(-ω; ω,0,0) and electric field induced second harmonic generation γ(-2ω; ω,ω,0) show larger values at ω = 1064 nm. Thus the highest value of the dc-Kerr constant increases up to 1.0 × 1011 au which also signifies the larger nonlinear refractive index of the studied cluster. We hope this work could open up new possibilities using superalkali clusters as NLO materials for optoelectronics, laser, second harmonic generation and as frequency doubler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atazaz Ahsin
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan.
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Zhang B, Wen J, Zhang Y, Xiong Y, Huang X, Hou J, Wang X, Guan J, Zhi Q. Design a novel type of excess electron compounds with large nonlinear optical responses using group 12 elements (Zn, Cd and Hg). J Mol Graph Model 2021; 109:108003. [PMID: 34500246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the interesting Janus-type all-cis1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane (1) molecule, a novel type of excess electron compounds MF-1-MH (MF = Li, Na and K, MH = Zn, Cd and Hg) were designed theoretically. The geometric structures, electronic structures and nonlinear optical properties of MF-1-MH compounds were studied by density functional theory. Our results show that in Li-1-MH, the obvious charge transfer between Li and MH can be observed while in Na/K-1-MH, the charge transfer between Na/K and MH is negligible. Particularly, the MF-1-MH exhibit remarkable nonlinear optical (NLO) response and the first hyperpolarizability of the K-1-Zn almost achieve 1.0 × 106 au. We hope this work will further enrich the family of excess electron compounds, so that more experimental interests and efforts can be attracted to propose and synthesize new excellent NLO materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Yuze Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Yongkang Xiong
- School of Information and Control Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266500, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Jianhua Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130022, PR China.
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Jialin Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, PR China
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