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Magni V, Interlenghi M, Cozzi A, Alì M, Salvatore C, Azzena AA, Capra D, Carriero S, Della Pepa G, Fazzini D, Granata G, Monti CB, Muscogiuri G, Pellegrino G, Schiaffino S, Castiglioni I, Papa S, Sardanelli F. Development and Validation of an AI-driven Mammographic Breast Density Classification Tool Based on Radiologist Consensus. Radiol Artif Intell 2022; 4:e210199. [PMID: 35391766 DOI: 10.1148/ryai.210199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammographic breast density (BD) is commonly visually assessed using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) four-category scale. To overcome inter- and intraobserver variability of visual assessment, the authors retrospectively developed and externally validated a software for BD classification based on convolutional neural networks from mammograms obtained between 2017 and 2020. The tool was trained using the majority BD category determined by seven board-certified radiologists who independently visually assessed 760 mediolateral oblique (MLO) images in 380 women (mean age, 57 years ± 6 [SD]) from center 1; this process mimicked training from a consensus of several human readers. External validation of the model was performed by the three radiologists whose BD assessment was closest to the majority (consensus) of the initial seven on a dataset of 384 MLO images in 197 women (mean age, 56 years ± 13) obtained from center 2. The model achieved an accuracy of 89.3% in distinguishing BI-RADS a or b (nondense breasts) versus c or d (dense breasts) categories, with an agreement of 90.4% (178 of 197 mammograms) and a reliability of 0.807 (Cohen κ) compared with the mode of the three readers. This study demonstrates accuracy and reliability of a fully automated software for BD classification. Keywords: Mammography, Breast, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Learning Algorithms, Machine Learning Algorithms Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Magni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Matteo Interlenghi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Marco Alì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Christian Salvatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Alcide A Azzena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Davide Capra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Serena Carriero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Gianmarco Della Pepa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Deborah Fazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Granata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Caterina B Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Giulia Muscogiuri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Pellegrino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Isabella Castiglioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Sergio Papa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
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