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Ralph JE, Ross JS, Zylstra AB, Kritcher AL, Robey HF, Young CV, Hurricane OA, Pak A, Callahan DA, Baker KL, Casey DT, Döppner T, Divol L, Hohenberger M, Pape SL, Patel PK, Tommasini R, Ali SJ, Amendt PA, Atherton LJ, Bachmann B, Bailey D, Benedetti LR, Berzak Hopkins L, Betti R, Bhandarkar SD, Biener J, Bionta RM, Birge NW, Bond EJ, Bradley DK, Braun T, Briggs TM, Bruhn MW, Celliers PM, Chang B, Chapman T, Chen H, Choate C, Christopherson AR, Clark DS, Crippen JW, Dewald EL, Dittrich TR, Edwards MJ, Farmer WA, Field JE, Fittinghoff D, Frenje J, Gaffney J, Gatu Johnson M, Glenzer SH, Grim GP, Haan S, Hahn KD, Hall GN, Hammel BA, Harte J, Hartouni E, Heebner JE, Hernandez VJ, Herrmann HW, Herrmann MC, Hinkel DE, Ho DD, Holder JP, Hsing WW, Huang H, Humbird KD, Izumi N, Jarrott LC, Jeet J, Jones O, Kerbel GD, Kerr SM, Khan SF, Kilkenny J, Kim Y, Geppert-Kleinrath H, Geppert-Kleinrath V, Kong C, Koning JM, Kroll JJ, Kruse MKG, Kustowski B, Landen OL, Langer S, Larson D, Lemos NC, Lindl JD, Ma T, MacDonald MJ, MacGowan BJ, Mackinnon AJ, MacLaren SA, MacPhee AG, Marinak MM, Mariscal DA, Marley EV, Masse L, Meaney KD, Meezan NB, Michel PA, Millot M, Milovich JL, Moody JD, Moore AS, Morton JW, Murphy TJ, Newman K, Di Nicola JMG, Nikroo A, Nora R, Patel MV, Pelz LJ, Peterson JL, Ping Y, Pollock BB, Ratledge M, Rice NG, Rinderknecht HG, Rosen M, Rubery MS, Salmonson JD, Sater J, Schiaffino S, Schlossberg DJ, Schneider MB, Schroeder CR, Scott HA, Sepke SM, Sequoia K, Sherlock MW, Shin S, Smalyuk VA, Spears BK, Springer PT, Stadermann M, Stoupin S, Strozzi DJ, Suter LJ, Thomas CA, Town RPJ, Trosseille C, Tubman ER, Volegov PL, Weber CR, Widmann K, Wild C, Wilde CH, Van Wonterghem BM, Woods DT, Woodworth BN, Yamaguchi M, Yang ST, Zimmerman GB. The impact of low-mode symmetry on inertial fusion energy output in the burning plasma state. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2975. [PMID: 38582938 PMCID: PMC10998902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Indirect Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have achieved a burning plasma state with neutron yields exceeding 170 kJ, roughly 3 times the prior record and a necessary stage for igniting plasmas. The results are achieved despite multiple sources of degradations that lead to high variability in performance. Results shown here, for the first time, include an empirical correction factor for mode-2 asymmetry in the burning plasma regime in addition to previously determined corrections for radiative mix and mode-1. Analysis shows that including these three corrections alone accounts for the measured fusion performance variability in the two highest performing experimental campaigns on the NIF to within error. Here we quantify the performance sensitivity to mode-2 symmetry in the burning plasma regime and apply the results, in the form of an empirical correction to a 1D performance model. Furthermore, we find the sensitivity to mode-2 determined through a series of integrated 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations to be consistent with the experimentally determined sensitivity only when including alpha-heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA.
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA.
| | | | - A L Kritcher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - H F Robey
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - C V Young
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - O A Hurricane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - K L Baker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Le Pape
- Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des Lasers Intenses chez École Polytechnique, F-91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - P K Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Tommasini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - S J Ali
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - P A Amendt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - L J Atherton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Bailey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - S D Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Biener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - R M Bionta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - N W Birge
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - E J Bond
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - T M Briggs
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M W Bruhn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Chang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Chapman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Choate
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - A R Christopherson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - D S Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - E L Dewald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - T R Dittrich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M J Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - W A Farmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J E Field
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Fittinghoff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J Gaffney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Haan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - G N Hall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - B A Hammel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Harte
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J E Heebner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - V J Hernandez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - H W Herrmann
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - M C Herrmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - D E Hinkel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - D D Ho
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J P Holder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - W W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Huang
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA, 92186, USA
| | - K D Humbird
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - L C Jarrott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Jeet
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - O Jones
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - G D Kerbel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - S M Kerr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA, 92186, USA
| | - Y Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | | | | | - C Kong
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA, 92186, USA
| | - J M Koning
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J J Kroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M K G Kruse
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Kustowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Langer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Larson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - N C Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J D Lindl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M J MacDonald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - B J MacGowan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - S A MacLaren
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M M Marinak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - D A Mariscal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - E V Marley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Masse
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - K D Meaney
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - P A Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J L Milovich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J W Morton
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, RG7 4PR, UK
| | - T J Murphy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - K Newman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J-M G Di Nicola
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Nora
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M V Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - L J Pelz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J L Peterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - B B Pollock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Ratledge
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA, 92186, USA
| | - N G Rice
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA, 92186, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - M Rosen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M S Rubery
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J D Salmonson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Sater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Schiaffino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - D J Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - C R Schroeder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - H A Scott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - S M Sepke
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Sequoia
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA, 92186, USA
| | - M W Sherlock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Shin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - B K Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - P T Springer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Stoupin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - D J Strozzi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - L J Suter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - C A Thomas
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - R P J Town
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Trosseille
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - E R Tubman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - P L Volegov
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - C R Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Wild
- Diamond Materials Gmbh, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C H Wilde
- Pacific Fusion, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA
| | - B M Van Wonterghem
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - D T Woods
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - B N Woodworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - S T Yang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
| | - G B Zimmerman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA
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Barzegar M, Schiaffino S. Editorial for "A Channel-Dimensional Feature-Reconstructed Deep Learning Model for Predicting Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes on Overall b-Value Diffusion-Weighted MRI". J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 59:1436-1437. [PMID: 37501333 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Level of Evidence5Technical Efficacy Stage2
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Barzegar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Brain mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Intelligent Quantitative Bio-Medical imaging (IQBMI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
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Cozzi A, Pinker K, Hidber A, Zhang T, Bonomo L, Lo Gullo R, Christianson B, Curti M, Rizzo S, Del Grande F, Mann RM, Schiaffino S. BI-RADS Category Assignments by GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and Google Bard: A Multilanguage Study. Radiology 2024; 311:e232133. [PMID: 38687216 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.232133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Background The performance of publicly available large language models (LLMs) remains unclear for complex clinical tasks. Purpose To evaluate the agreement between human readers and LLMs for Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) categories assigned based on breast imaging reports written in three languages and to assess the impact of discordant category assignments on clinical management. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included reports for women who underwent MRI, mammography, and/or US for breast cancer screening or diagnostic purposes at three referral centers. Reports with findings categorized as BI-RADS 1-5 and written in Italian, English, or Dutch were collected between January 2000 and October 2023. Board-certified breast radiologists and the LLMs GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 (OpenAI) and Bard, now called Gemini (Google), assigned BI-RADS categories using only the findings described by the original radiologists. Agreement between human readers and LLMs for BI-RADS categories was assessed using the Gwet agreement coefficient (AC1 value). Frequencies were calculated for changes in BI-RADS category assignments that would affect clinical management (ie, BI-RADS 0 vs BI-RADS 1 or 2 vs BI-RADS 3 vs BI-RADS 4 or 5) and compared using the McNemar test. Results Across 2400 reports, agreement between the original and reviewing radiologists was almost perfect (AC1 = 0.91), while agreement between the original radiologists and GPT-4, GPT-3.5, and Bard was moderate (AC1 = 0.52, 0.48, and 0.42, respectively). Across human readers and LLMs, differences were observed in the frequency of BI-RADS category upgrades or downgrades that would result in changed clinical management (118 of 2400 [4.9%] for human readers, 611 of 2400 [25.5%] for Bard, 573 of 2400 [23.9%] for GPT-3.5, and 435 of 2400 [18.1%] for GPT-4; P < .001) and that would negatively impact clinical management (37 of 2400 [1.5%] for human readers, 435 of 2400 [18.1%] for Bard, 344 of 2400 [14.3%] for GPT-3.5, and 255 of 2400 [10.6%] for GPT-4; P < .001). Conclusion LLMs achieved moderate agreement with human reader-assigned BI-RADS categories across reports written in three languages but also yielded a high percentage of discordant BI-RADS categories that would negatively impact clinical management. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cozzi
- From the Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland (A.C., L.B., M.C., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (K.P., R.L.G., B.C.); Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland (A.H., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); and GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (T.Z.)
| | - Katja Pinker
- From the Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland (A.C., L.B., M.C., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (K.P., R.L.G., B.C.); Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland (A.H., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); and GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (T.Z.)
| | - Andri Hidber
- From the Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland (A.C., L.B., M.C., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (K.P., R.L.G., B.C.); Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland (A.H., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); and GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (T.Z.)
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- From the Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland (A.C., L.B., M.C., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (K.P., R.L.G., B.C.); Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland (A.H., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); and GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (T.Z.)
| | - Luca Bonomo
- From the Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland (A.C., L.B., M.C., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (K.P., R.L.G., B.C.); Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland (A.H., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); and GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (T.Z.)
| | - Roberto Lo Gullo
- From the Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland (A.C., L.B., M.C., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (K.P., R.L.G., B.C.); Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland (A.H., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); and GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (T.Z.)
| | - Blake Christianson
- From the Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland (A.C., L.B., M.C., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (K.P., R.L.G., B.C.); Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland (A.H., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); and GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (T.Z.)
| | - Marco Curti
- From the Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland (A.C., L.B., M.C., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (K.P., R.L.G., B.C.); Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland (A.H., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); and GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (T.Z.)
| | - Stefania Rizzo
- From the Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland (A.C., L.B., M.C., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (K.P., R.L.G., B.C.); Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland (A.H., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); and GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (T.Z.)
| | - Filippo Del Grande
- From the Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland (A.C., L.B., M.C., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (K.P., R.L.G., B.C.); Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland (A.H., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); and GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (T.Z.)
| | - Ritse M Mann
- From the Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland (A.C., L.B., M.C., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (K.P., R.L.G., B.C.); Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland (A.H., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); and GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (T.Z.)
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- From the Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland (A.C., L.B., M.C., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Breast Imaging Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (K.P., R.L.G., B.C.); Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland (A.H., S.R., F.D.G., S.S.); Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (T.Z., R.M.M.); and GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (T.Z.)
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Giorgi Rossi P, Mancuso P, Pattacini P, Campari C, Nitrosi A, Iotti V, Ponti A, Frigerio A, Correale L, Riggi E, Giordano L, Segnan N, Di Leo G, Magni V, Sardanelli F, Fornasa F, Romanucci G, Montemezzi S, Falini P, Auzzi N, Zappa M, Ottone M, Mantellini P, Duffy SW, Armaroli P, Coriani C, Pescarolo M, Stefanelli G, Tondelli G, Beretti F, Caffarri S, Marchesi V, Canovi L, Colli M, Boschini M, Bertolini M, Ragazzi M, Pattacini P, Giorgi Rossi P, Iotti V, Ginocchi V, Ravaioli S, Vacondio R, Campari C, Caroli S, Nitrosi A, Braglia L, Cavuto S, Mancuso P, Djuric O, Venturelli F, Vicentini M, Braghiroli MB, Lonetti J, Davoli E, Bonelli E, Fornasa F, Montemezzi S, Romanucci G, Lucchi I, Martello G, Rossati C, Mantellini P, Ambrogetti D, Iossa A, Carnesciali E, Mazzalupo V, Falini P, Puliti D, Zappa M, Battisti F, Auzzi N, Verdi S, Degl'Innocenti C, Tramalloni D, Cavazza E, Busoni S, Betti E, Peruzzi F, Regini F, Sardanelli F, Di Leo G, Carbonaro LA, Magni V, Cozzi A, Spinelli D, Monaco CG, Schiaffino S, Benedek A, Menicagli L, Ferraris R, Favettini E, Dettori D, Falco P, Presti P, Segnan N, Ponti A, Frigerio A, Armaroli P, Correale L, Marra V, Milanesio L, Artuso F, Di Leo A, Castellano I, Riggi E, Casella D, Pitarella S, Vergini V, Giordano L, Duffy SW, Graewingholt A, Lang K, Falcini F. Comparing accuracy of tomosynthesis plus digital mammography or synthetic 2D mammography in breast cancer screening: baseline results of the MAITA RCT consortium. Eur J Cancer 2024; 199:113553. [PMID: 38262307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.113553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
AIM The analyses here reported aim to compare the screening performance of digital tomosynthesis (DBT) versus mammography (DM). METHODS MAITA is a consortium of four Italian trials, REtomo, Proteus, Impeto, and MAITA trial. The trials adopted a two-arm randomised design comparing DBT plus DM (REtomo and Proteus) or synthetic-2D (Impeto and MAITA trial) versus DM; multiple vendors were included. Women aged 45 to 69 years were individually randomised to one round of DBT or DM. FINDINGS From March 2014 to February 2022, 50,856 and 63,295 women were randomised to the DBT and DM arm, respectively. In the DBT arm, 6656 women were screened with DBT plus synthetic-2D. Recall was higher in the DBT arm (5·84% versus 4·96%), with differences between centres. With DBT, 0·8/1000 (95% CI 0·3 to 1·3) more women received surgical treatment for a benign lesion. The detection rate was 51% higher with DBT, ie. 2·6/1000 (95% CI 1·7 to 3·6) more cancers detected, with a similar relative increase for invasive cancers and ductal carcinoma in situ. The results were similar below and over the age of 50, at first and subsequent rounds, and with DBT plus DM and DBT plus synthetic-2D. No learning curve was appreciable. Detection of cancers >= 20 mm, with 2 or more positive lymph nodes, grade III, HER2-positive, or triple-negative was similar in the two arms. INTERPRETATION Results from MAITA confirm that DBT is superior to DM for the detection of cancers, with a possible increase in recall rate. DBT performance in screening should be assessed locally while waiting for long-term follow-up results on the impact of advanced cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cinzia Campari
- Screening coordinating centre, AUSL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Nitrosi
- Medical Physics unit, AUSL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Ponti
- SSD Epidemiologia e Screening. AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, CPO Piemonte Torino, Italy
| | - Alfonso Frigerio
- SSD Senologia di Screening AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, CPO Piemonte Torino, Italy
| | - Loredana Correale
- SSD Epidemiologia e Screening. AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, CPO Piemonte Torino, Italy
| | - Emilia Riggi
- SSD Epidemiologia e Screening. AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, CPO Piemonte Torino, Italy
| | - Livia Giordano
- SSD Epidemiologia e Screening. AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, CPO Piemonte Torino, Italy
| | - Nereo Segnan
- SSD Epidemiologia e Screening. AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, CPO Piemonte Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Leo
- IRCC Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Magni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- IRCC Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fornasa
- Breast Unit ULSS9 Scaligera, Ospedale Fracastoro, Via Circonvallazione, 1, 37047 San Bonifacio, VR, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romanucci
- Breast Unit ULSS9 Scaligera, Ospedale Fracastoro, Via Circonvallazione, 1, 37047 San Bonifacio, VR, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Falini
- ISPRO - Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica, Firenze, Italy
| | - Noemi Auzzi
- ISPRO - Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Zappa
- ISPRO - Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marta Ottone
- Epidemiology Unit, AUSL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Paola Mantellini
- ISPRO - Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stephen W Duffy
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Paola Armaroli
- SSD Epidemiologia e Screening. AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, CPO Piemonte Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesca Fornasa
- Breast Unit ULSS9 Scaligera, Ospedale Fracastoro, Via Circonvallazione, 1, 37047 San Bonifacio, VR, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Romanucci
- Breast Unit ULSS9 Scaligera, Ospedale Fracastoro, Via Circonvallazione, 1, 37047 San Bonifacio, VR, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lucchi
- Breast Unit ULSS9 Scaligera, Ospedale Fracastoro, Via Circonvallazione, 1, 37047 San Bonifacio, VR, Italy
| | - Gessica Martello
- Breast Unit ULSS9 Scaligera, Ospedale Fracastoro, Via Circonvallazione, 1, 37047 San Bonifacio, VR, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Giovanni Di Leo
- IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Magni
- IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Diana Spinelli
- IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Adrienn Benedek
- IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Menicagli
- IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Axel Graewingholt
- Mammographiescreening-Zentrum Paderborn, Breast Cancer Screening, Paderborn, NRW, Germany
| | - Kristina Lang
- Departement of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Unilabs Mammography Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Casey DT, Castillo A, Castillo E, Castor JI, Castro C, Caughey W, Cavitt R, Celeste J, Celliers PM, Cerjan C, Chandler G, Chang B, Chang C, Chang J, Chang L, Chapman R, Chapman TD, Chase L, Chen H, Chen H, Chen K, Chen LY, Cheng B, Chittenden J, Choate C, Chou J, Chrien RE, Chrisp M, Christensen K, Christensen M, Christiansen NS, Christopherson AR, Chung M, Church JA, Clark A, Clark DS, Clark K, Clark R, Claus L, Cline B, Cline JA, Cobble JA, Cochrane K, Cohen B, Cohen S, Collette MR, Collins GW, Collins LA, Collins TJB, Conder A, Conrad B, Conyers M, Cook AW, Cook D, Cook R, Cooley JC, Cooper G, Cope T, Copeland SR, Coppari F, Cortez J, Cox J, Crandall DH, Crane J, Craxton RS, Cray M, Crilly A, Crippen JW, Cross D, Cuneo M, Cuotts G, Czajka CE, Czechowicz D, Daly T, Danforth P, Danly C, Darbee R, Darlington B, Datte P, Dauffy L, Davalos G, Davidovits S, Davis P, Davis J, Dawson S, Day RD, Day TH, Dayton M, Deck C, Decker C, Deeney C, DeFriend KA, Deis G, Delamater ND, Delettrez JA, Demaret R, Demos S, Dempsey SM, Desjardin R, Desjardins T, Desjarlais MP, Dewald EL, DeYoreo J, Diaz S, Dimonte G, Dittrich TR, Divol L, Dixit SN, Dixon J, Do A, Dodd ES, Dolan D, Donovan A, Donovan M, Döppner T, Dorrer C, Dorsano N, Douglas MR, Dow D, Downie J, Downing E, Dozieres M, Draggoo V, Drake D, Drake RP, Drake T, Dreifuerst G, Drury O, DuBois DF, DuBois PF, Dunham G, Durocher M, Dylla-Spears R, Dymoke-Bradshaw AKL, Dzenitis B, Ebbers C, Eckart M, Eddinger S, Eder D, Edgell D, Edwards MJ, Efthimion P, Eggert JH, Ehrlich B, Ehrmann P, Elhadj S, Ellerbee C, Elliott NS, Ellison CL, Elsner F, Emerich M, Engelhorn K, England T, English E, Epperson P, Epstein R, Erbert G, Erickson MA, Erskine DJ, Erlandson A, Espinosa RJ, Estes C, Estabrook KG, Evans S, Fabyan A, Fair J, Fallejo R, Farmer N, Farmer WA, Farrell M, Fatherley VE, Fedorov M, Feigenbaum E, Fehrenbach T, Feit M, Felker B, Ferguson W, Fernandez JC, Fernandez-Panella A, Fess S, Field JE, Filip CV, Fincke JR, Finn T, Finnegan SM, Finucane RG, Fischer M, Fisher A, Fisher J, Fishler B, Fittinghoff D, Fitzsimmons P, Flegel M, Flippo KA, Florio J, Folta J, Folta P, Foreman LR, Forrest C, Forsman A, Fooks J, Foord M, Fortner R, Fournier K, Fratanduono DE, Frazier N, Frazier T, Frederick C, Freeman MS, Frenje J, Frey D, Frieders G, Friedrich S, Froula DH, Fry J, Fuller T, Gaffney J, Gales S, Le Galloudec B, Le Galloudec KK, Gambhir A, Gao L, Garbett WJ, Garcia A, Gates C, Gaut E, Gauthier P, Gavin Z, Gaylord J, Geddes CGR, Geissel M, Génin F, Georgeson J, Geppert-Kleinrath H, Geppert-Kleinrath V, Gharibyan N, Gibson J, Gibson C, Giraldez E, Glebov V, Glendinning SG, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Goade S, Gobby PL, Goldman SR, Golick B, Gomez M, Goncharov V, Goodin D, Grabowski P, Grafil E, Graham P, Grandy J, Grasz E, Graziani FR, Greenman G, Greenough JA, Greenwood A, Gregori G, Green T, Griego JR, Grim GP, Grondalski J, Gross S, Guckian J, Guler N, Gunney B, Guss G, Haan S, Hackbarth J, Hackel L, Hackel R, Haefner C, Hagmann C, Hahn KD, Hahn S, Haid BJ, Haines BM, Hall BM, Hall C, Hall GN, Hamamoto M, Hamel S, Hamilton CE, Hammel BA, Hammer JH, Hampton G, Hamza A, Handler A, Hansen S, Hanson D, Haque R, Harding D, Harding E, Hares JD, Harris DB, Harte JA, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett S, Hauer AA, Havre M, Hawley R, Hayes J, Hayes J, Hayes S, Hayes-Sterbenz A, Haynam CA, Haynes DA, Headley D, Heal A, Heebner JE, Heerey S, Heestand GM, Heeter R, Hein N, Heinbockel C, Hendricks C, Henesian M, Heninger J, Henrikson J, Henry EA, Herbold EB, Hermann MR, Hermes G, Hernandez JE, Hernandez VJ, Herrmann MC, Herrmann HW, Herrera OD, Hewett D, Hibbard R, Hicks DG, Higginson DP, Hill D, Hill K, Hilsabeck T, Hinkel DE, Ho DD, Ho VK, Hoffer JK, Hoffman NM, Hohenberger M, Hohensee M, Hoke W, Holdener D, Holdener F, Holder JP, Holko B, Holunga D, Holzrichter JF, Honig J, Hoover D, Hopkins D, Berzak Hopkins LF, Hoppe M, Hoppe ML, Horner J, Hornung R, Horsfield CJ, Horvath J, Hotaling D, House R, Howell L, Hsing WW, Hu SX, Huang H, Huckins J, Hui H, Humbird KD, Hund J, Hunt J, Hurricane OA, Hutton M, Huynh KHK, Inandan L, Iglesias C, Igumenshchev IV, Ivanovich I, Izumi N, Jackson M, Jackson J, Jacobs SD, James G, Jancaitis K, Jarboe J, Jarrott LC, Jasion D, Jaquez J, Jeet J, Jenei AE, Jensen J, Jimenez J, Jimenez R, Jobe D, Johal Z, Johns HM, Johnson D, Johnson MA, Gatu Johnson M, Johnson RJ, Johnson S, Johnson SA, Johnson T, Jones K, Jones O, Jones M, Jorge R, Jorgenson HJ, Julian M, Jun BI, Jungquist R, Kaae J, Kabadi N, Kaczala D, Kalantar D, Kangas K, Karasiev VV, Karasik M, Karpenko V, Kasarky A, Kasper K, Kauffman R, Kaufman MI, Keane C, Keaty L, Kegelmeyer L, Keiter PA, Kellett PA, Kellogg J, Kelly JH, Kemic S, Kemp AJ, Kemp GE, Kerbel GD, Kershaw D, Kerr SM, Kessler TJ, Key MH, Khan SF, Khater H, Kiikka C, Kilkenny J, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kimko J, Kimmel M, Kindel JM, King J, Kirkwood RK, Klaus L, Klem D, Kline JL, Klingmann J, Kluth G, Knapp P, Knauer J, Knipping J, Knudson 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Achievement of Target Gain Larger than Unity in an Inertial Fusion Experiment. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:065102. [PMID: 38394591 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.065102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
On December 5, 2022, an indirect drive fusion implosion on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) achieved a target gain G_{target} of 1.5. This is the first laboratory demonstration of exceeding "scientific breakeven" (or G_{target}>1) where 2.05 MJ of 351 nm laser light produced 3.1 MJ of total fusion yield, a result which significantly exceeds the Lawson criterion for fusion ignition as reported in a previous NIF implosion [H. Abu-Shawareb et al. (Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001]. This achievement is the culmination of more than five decades of research and gives proof that laboratory fusion, based on fundamental physics principles, is possible. This Letter reports on the target, laser, design, and experimental advancements that led to this result.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Acree
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Adams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Adams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Addis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Aden
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Adrian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B B Afeyan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Polymath Research Inc., 827 Bonde Ct., Pleasanton, California 94566, USA
| | - M Aggleton
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Aghaian
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Aguirre
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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| | - J Alfonso
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| | - N Alfonso
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - E Alger
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| | - A Allen
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| | - P A Amendt
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| | - N Antipa
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| | - B Appelbe
- Imperial College London, Plasma Physics, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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| | - E Araya
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Bliss
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Blue
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Boehly
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - K Boehm
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C D Boley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Bonanno
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E J Bond
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Bond
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M J Bonino
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Borden
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - J Bousquet
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Bowers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Bowers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Boyd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Boyle
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Bozek
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K S Bradley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P A Bradley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L Bradley
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Brannon
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P S Brantley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Brienza-Larsen
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada, 89030, USA
| | - R Briggs
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T M Briggs
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Britten
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E D Brooks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Browning
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M W Bruhn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T A Brunner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Bruns
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Brunton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Bryant
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Buczek
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Bude
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Buitano
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - S Burkhart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Burmark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Burnham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Burr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L E Busby
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Butlin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Cabeltis
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Cable
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W H Cabot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Cagadas
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Cahayag
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S E Caldwell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Calkins
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - D A Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - L Camara
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Camp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E M Campbell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J H Campbell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Carey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Carey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Carlisle
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Carlson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Carman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Carmichael
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Carpenter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Carr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J A Carrera
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Casavant
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Castillo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - E Castillo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J I Castor
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Castro
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Caughey
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Cavitt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Celeste
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Cerjan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Chang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Chang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Chang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Chang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Chapman
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T D Chapman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Chase
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Chen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - K Chen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L-Y Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Cheng
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Chittenden
- Imperial College London, Plasma Physics, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - C Choate
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Chou
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R E Chrien
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Chrisp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Christensen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Christensen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N S Christiansen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A R Christopherson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Chung
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J A Church
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Clark
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D S Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Clark
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Claus
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Cline
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J A Cline
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J A Cobble
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K Cochrane
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Cohen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Cohen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M R Collette
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - L A Collins
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T J B Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Conder
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B Conrad
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Conyers
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A W Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Cook
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - R Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J C Cooley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G Cooper
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
- University of New Mexico, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, MSC01 1120, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
| | - T Cope
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S R Copeland
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Cortez
- Gryphon Technologies, 303 Lindbergh Ave., Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Cox
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D H Crandall
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - J Crane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R S Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Cray
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Crilly
- Imperial College London, Plasma Physics, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - J W Crippen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Cross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Cuneo
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G Cuotts
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C E Czajka
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Czechowicz
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Daly
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Danforth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Danly
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R Darbee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Darlington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Datte
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Dauffy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Davalos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Davidovits
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Davis
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - J Davis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Dawson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R D Day
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T H Day
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Dayton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Deck
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Decker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Deeney
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - K A DeFriend
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G Deis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N D Delamater
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J A Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Demaret
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Demos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S M Dempsey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Desjardin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Desjardins
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M P Desjarlais
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - E L Dewald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J DeYoreo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Diaz
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - G Dimonte
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T R Dittrich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S N Dixit
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Dixon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Do
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E S Dodd
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Dolan
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Donovan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Donovan
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Dorrer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - N Dorsano
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M R Douglas
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Dow
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Dr., Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA
| | - J Downie
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Downing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Dozieres
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - V Draggoo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Drake
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - R P Drake
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- University of Michigan, Climate & Space Research Building, 2455 Hayward Street Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, USA
| | - T Drake
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - G Dreifuerst
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O Drury
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D F DuBois
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P F DuBois
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Durocher
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R Dylla-Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A K L Dymoke-Bradshaw
- Kentech Instruments Ltd., Isis Building, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - B Dzenitis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Ebbers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Eddinger
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Eder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Efthimion
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Ehrlich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Ehrmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Elhadj
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Ellerbee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N S Elliott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C L Ellison
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Elsner
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Emerich
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - K Engelhorn
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T England
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - E English
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Epperson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Epstein
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G Erbert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M A Erickson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D J Erskine
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Erlandson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R J Espinosa
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Estes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K G Estabrook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Evans
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Fabyan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Fair
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Fallejo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Farmer
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - W A Farmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Farrell
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - V E Fatherley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Fedorov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Feigenbaum
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - M Feit
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Felker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Ferguson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J C Fernandez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Fernandez-Panella
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Fess
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J E Field
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C V Filip
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J R Fincke
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T Finn
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - S M Finnegan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R G Finucane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Fischer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Fisher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Fisher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Fishler
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Fittinghoff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - M Flegel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Florio
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Folta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Folta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L R Foreman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Forsman
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Fooks
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Foord
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Fortner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D E Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Frazier
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - T Frazier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Frederick
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M S Freeman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Frey
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - G Frieders
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Friedrich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Fry
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Fuller
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Gaffney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Gales
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - B Le Galloudec
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K K Le Galloudec
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Gambhir
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Gao
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - W J Garbett
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - A Garcia
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Gates
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Gaut
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P Gauthier
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - Z Gavin
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Gaylord
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C G R Geddes
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - F Génin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Georgeson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - H Geppert-Kleinrath
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - V Geppert-Kleinrath
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - N Gharibyan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Gibson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Gibson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - E Giraldez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - V Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S G Glendinning
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Glenn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Goade
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P L Gobby
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S R Goldman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B Golick
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - V Goncharov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Goodin
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P Grabowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Grafil
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Graham
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - J Grandy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Grasz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F R Graziani
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Greenman
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Polymath Research Inc., 827 Bonde Ct., Pleasanton, California 94566, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada, 89030, USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
- Imperial College London, Plasma Physics, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Dr., Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- University of California at Berkeley, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 4165 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-1730, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Gryphon Technologies, 303 Lindbergh Ave., Livermore, California 94551, USA
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- University of New Mexico, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, MSC01 1120, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
- University of Michigan, Climate & Space Research Building, 2455 Hayward Street Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, USA
- Kentech Instruments Ltd., Isis Building, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
- Diamond Materials Gmbh, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Lab, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingodm
- Spectral Sciences Inc., 4 Fourth Ave, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803-3304, USA
- RWTH Aachen University, 52066 Aachen, Germany
- University of Michigan, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des Lasers Intenses chez École Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
- University of Nevada at Reno, Dept. of Physics, MS 0220, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
- Université of Paris-Saclay, CEA, LMCE, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- University of California at Los Angeles, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, 475 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
- Sutter Instrument, 1 Digital Dr., Novator, California 94949, USA
- SUNY Geneseo, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Integrated Science Center, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, OC11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, San José State University, San José, California 95192, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San José State University, San José California 95192-0106, USA
| | - J A Greenough
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Greenwood
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Lab, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingodm
| | - T Green
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J R Griego
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Grondalski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Gross
- Gryphon Technologies, 303 Lindbergh Ave., Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Guckian
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Dr., Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA
| | - N Guler
- Spectral Sciences Inc., 4 Fourth Ave, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803-3304, USA
| | - B Gunney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Guss
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Haan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Hackbarth
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Hackel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Hackel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Haefner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- RWTH Aachen University, 52066 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Hagmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B J Haid
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B M Haines
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B M Hall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Hall
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G N Hall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Hamamoto
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Hamel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C E Hamilton
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B A Hammel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J H Hammer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Hampton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Hamza
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Handler
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Hanson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R Haque
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Harding
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - E Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J D Hares
- Kentech Instruments Ltd., Isis Building, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - D B Harris
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J A Harte
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Hatchett
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A A Hauer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Havre
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Hawley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Hayes
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Hayes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Hayes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Hayes-Sterbenz
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C A Haynam
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D A Haynes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Headley
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Heal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J E Heebner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Heerey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G M Heestand
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Hein
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Heinbockel
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Hendricks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Henesian
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Heninger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Henrikson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E A Henry
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E B Herbold
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M R Hermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Hermes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J E Hernandez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V J Hernandez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M C Herrmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H W Herrmann
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - O D Herrera
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Hewett
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Hibbard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D G Hicks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D P Higginson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Hill
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - K Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - T Hilsabeck
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D E Hinkel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D D Ho
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V K Ho
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J K Hoffer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - N M Hoffman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Hohensee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Hoke
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Holdener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Holdener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J P Holder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Holko
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Holunga
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J F Holzrichter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Honig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Hoover
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L F Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Hoppe
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M L Hoppe
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Horner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Hornung
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C J Horsfield
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - J Horvath
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Hotaling
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R House
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Howell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H Huang
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Huckins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Hui
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K D Humbird
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Hund
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Hunt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O A Hurricane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Hutton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K H-K Huynh
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Inandan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Iglesias
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - I V Igumenshchev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - I Ivanovich
- University of Michigan, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Jackson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Jackson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S D Jacobs
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Polymath Research Inc., 827 Bonde Ct., Pleasanton, California 94566, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada, 89030, USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
- Imperial College London, Plasma Physics, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Dr., Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- University of California at Berkeley, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 4165 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-1730, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Gryphon Technologies, 303 Lindbergh Ave., Livermore, California 94551, USA
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- University of New Mexico, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, MSC01 1120, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
- University of Michigan, Climate & Space Research Building, 2455 Hayward Street Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, USA
- Kentech Instruments Ltd., Isis Building, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
- Diamond Materials Gmbh, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Lab, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingodm
- Spectral Sciences Inc., 4 Fourth Ave, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803-3304, USA
- RWTH Aachen University, 52066 Aachen, Germany
- University of Michigan, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des Lasers Intenses chez École Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
- University of Nevada at Reno, Dept. of Physics, MS 0220, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
- Université of Paris-Saclay, CEA, LMCE, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- University of California at Los Angeles, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, 475 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
- Sutter Instrument, 1 Digital Dr., Novator, California 94949, USA
- SUNY Geneseo, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Integrated Science Center, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, OC11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, San José State University, San José, California 95192, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San José State University, San José California 95192-0106, USA
| | - G James
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Jancaitis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Jarboe
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L C Jarrott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Jasion
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Jaquez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Jeet
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A E Jenei
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Jensen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Jimenez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Jimenez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Jobe
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - Z Johal
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - H M Johns
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Johnson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M A Johnson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R J Johnson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Johnson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S A Johnson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - O Jones
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R Jorge
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - H J Jorgenson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Julian
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - B I Jun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Jungquist
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Kaae
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - N Kabadi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Kaczala
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Kangas
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - V V Karasiev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Karasik
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - V Karpenko
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Kasarky
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - K Kasper
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Kauffman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M I Kaufman
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada, 89030, USA
| | - C Keane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Keaty
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Kegelmeyer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P A Keiter
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P A Kellett
- Kentech Instruments Ltd., Isis Building, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - J Kellogg
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J H Kelly
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Kemic
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A J Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G D Kerbel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Kershaw
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S M Kerr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T J Kessler
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M H Key
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Khater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Kiikka
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - Y Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Y-J Kim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Kimko
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Kimmel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J M Kindel
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - J King
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R K Kirkwood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Klaus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Klem
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J L Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Klingmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Kluth
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - P Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Knipping
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Knudson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Kobs
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Koch
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Kohut
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Kong
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J M Koning
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Koning
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Konior
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - H Kornblum
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L B Kot
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Kozlowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P M Kozlowski
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Krammen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N S Krasheninnikova
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C M Krauland
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - B Kraus
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - W Krauser
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J D Kress
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A L Kritcher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Krieger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J J Kroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W L Kruer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M K G Kruse
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Kucheyev
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Kumbera
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Kumpan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Kunimune
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - E Kur
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Kustowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T J T Kwan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G A Kyrala
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Laffite
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - M Lafon
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - K LaFortune
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L Lagin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Lairson
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Dr., Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Land
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Lane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Laney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A B Langdon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Langenbrunner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S H Langer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Langro
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N E Lanier
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T E Lanier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Larson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B F Lasinski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Lassle
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D LaTray
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Lau
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Lau
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Laumann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Laurence
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T A Laurence
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Lawson
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada, 89030, USA
| | - H P Le
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R R Leach
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Leal
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Leatherland
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - K LeChien
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Lechleiter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Lee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Lee
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Lee
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R J Leeper
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E Lefebvre
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | | | - B LeMire
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R W Lemke
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - N C Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Le Pape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des Lasers Intenses chez École Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - R Lerche
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Lerner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Letts
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Levedahl
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - T Lewis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Li
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Li
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Liao
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Z M Liao
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Liebman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Lindford
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E L Lindman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J D Lindl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Loey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R A London
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Long
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - E N Loomis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - F E Lopez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - H Lopez
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Dr., Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA
| | - E Losbanos
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Loucks
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Lowe-Webb
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Lundgren
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A P Ludwigsen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Luo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Lusk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Lyons
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Y Macallop
- Gryphon Technologies, 303 Lindbergh Ave., Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M J MacDonald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B J MacGowan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J M Mack
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S A MacLaren
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G R Magelssen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Magoon
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R M Malone
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada, 89030, USA
| | - T Malsbury
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Managan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Mancini
- University of Nevada at Reno, Dept. of Physics, MS 0220, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - K Manes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Maney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Manha
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O M Mannion
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A M Manuel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M J-E Manuel
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - E Mapoles
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Mara
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Marcotte
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - E Marin
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M M Marinak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D A Mariscal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E F Mariscal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E V Marley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J A Marozas
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Marquez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C D Marshall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F J Marshall
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Marshall
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Marshall
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - J Marticorena
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J I Martinez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Martinez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - I Maslennikov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Mason
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R J Mason
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L Masse
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - W Massey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P-E Masson-Laborde
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
- Université of Paris-Saclay, CEA, LMCE, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - N D Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Mathisen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Mathison
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Matone
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M J Matthews
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Mattoon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T R Mattsson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - K Matzen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C W Mauche
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Mauldin
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T McAbee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M McBurney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Mccarville
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R L McCrory
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A M McEvoy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C McGuffey
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Mcinnis
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P McKenty
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M S McKinley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J B McLeod
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A McPherson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Mcquillan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Meamber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K D Meaney
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Meissner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T A Mehlhorn
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - N C Mehta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Menapace
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F E Merrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B T Merritt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E C Merritt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D D Meyerhofer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Mezyk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R J Mich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P A Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Milam
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D S Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E K Miller
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada, 89030, USA
| | - J Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P E Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Miller
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - W Miller
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - V Miller-Kamm
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J L Milovich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Minner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J-L Miquel
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - S Mitchell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Molvig
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R C Montesanti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D S Montgomery
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Monticelli
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Montoya
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Moran
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J C Moreno
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Moreno
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - B E Morgan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Morrow
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J W Morton
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - E Moses
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Moy
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada, 89030, USA
| | - R Muir
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M S Murillo
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J E Murray
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J R Murray
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D H Munro
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T J Murphy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - F M Munteanu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Nafziger
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Nast
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R A Negres
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Nelson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Nelson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Nelson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Nelson
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - S Nemethy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Neumayer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Newman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Newton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Nguyen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J-M G Di Nicola
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Di Nicola
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Niemann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- University of California at Los Angeles, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, 475 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P M Nilson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Nobile
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - V Noorai
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R C Nora
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Norton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Nostrand
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V Note
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Novell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P F Nowak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Nunez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R A Nyholm
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M O'Brien
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Oceguera
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J A Oertel
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A L Oesterle
- Sutter Instrument, 1 Digital Dr., Novator, California 94949, USA
| | - J Okui
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Olejniczak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Oliveira
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Olsen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Olson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Olson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R E Olson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Y P Opachich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Orsi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C D Orth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Owen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Padalino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- SUNY Geneseo, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Integrated Science Center, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - E Padilla
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Paguio
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Paguio
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Paisner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Pajoom
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Palaniyappan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K Palma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Pannell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Papp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Paras
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Parham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Pasternak
- Gryphon Technologies, 303 Lindbergh Ave., Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S Patankar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M V Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P K Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Patterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Patterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Paul
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Dr., Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA
| | - M Paul
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Pauli
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O T Pearce
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Pearcy
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Pedretti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Pedrotti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Peer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L J Pelz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Penetrante
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Penner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Perez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L J Perkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Pernice
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Person
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Petersen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Petersen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D L Peterson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E B Peterson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J E Peterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J L Peterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R R Peterson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F Philippe
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - D Phillion
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T J Phipps
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - E Piceno
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Pickworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Pino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Piston
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Plummer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G D Pollack
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S M Pollaine
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B B Pollock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Ponce
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Ponce
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | | | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Post
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O Poujade
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
- Université of Paris-Saclay, CEA, LMCE, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - C Powell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Powell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Power
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Pozulp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Prantil
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Prasad
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Pratuch
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Price
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - K Primdahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Prisbrey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Procassini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Pruyne
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Pudliner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S R Qiu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Quan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Quinn
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Quintenz
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P B Radha
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - F Rainer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J E Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K S Raman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Raman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P W Rambo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Rana
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Randewich
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - D Rardin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Ratledge
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - N Ravelo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - F Ravizza
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Rayce
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Raymond
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - B Raymond
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Reed
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Reed
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Reichelt
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Reis
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - S Reisdorf
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V Rekow
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Rendon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Requieron
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Rever
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Reynolds
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Reynolds
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Rhodes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Rhodes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M C Richardson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Rice
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - N G Rice
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Rieben
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Rigatti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Riggs
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - K Ring
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - B Riordan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Riquier
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - C Rivers
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Roberts
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V Roberts
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Robertson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - H F Robey
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Robles
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P Rocha
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Rodriguez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Rodriguez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M D Rosen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Ross
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - J Rouse
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Rovang
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A M Rubenchik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M S Rubery
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Rushford
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Russ
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B S Ryujin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R A Sacks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R F Sacks
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K Saito
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Salmon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J D Salmonson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Sanchez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Samuelson
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - M Sanchez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Saroyan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Sater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Satsangi
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - S Sauers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Saunders
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J P Sauppe
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R Sawicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Scanlan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Schaffers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G T Schappert
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Schiaffino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D J Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D W Schmidt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P F Schmit
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J M Smidt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D H G Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Schneider
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - M Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Schollmeier
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C R Schroeder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S E Schrauth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H A Scott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - I Scott
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J M Scott
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R H H Scott
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, OC11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - C R Scullard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Sedillo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - F H Seguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Senecal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S M Sepke
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Seppala
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Sequoia
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Severyn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J M Sevier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Sewell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Seznec
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - R C Shah
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Shamlian
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Shaughnessy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Shaw
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Shaw
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Shearer
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Shelton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Shen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M W Sherlock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A I Shestakov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E L Shi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S J Shin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Shingleton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Shmayda
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Shor
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Shoup
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Shuldberg
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Siegel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F J Silva
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A N Simakov
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B T Sims
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - D Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P Singh
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - H Sio
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K Skulina
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Skupsky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Slutz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Sluyter
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Smauley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R M Smeltser
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - I Smith
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Smith
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Smith
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Dr., Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA
| | - M Schölmerich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Sohn
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Sommer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Sorce
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Sorem
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J M Soures
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M L Spaeth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B K Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Speas
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Speck
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Speck
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Spinka
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P T Springer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Stahl
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Stahoviak
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Stanley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L G Stanton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, San José State University, San José, California 95192, USA
| | - R Steele
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Steele
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Steinman
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Stemke
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Stephens
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Sterbenz
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada, 89030, USA
| | - P Sterne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Stevens
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Stevers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C H Still
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Stoeffl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J S Stolken
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Stolz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Storm
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Stone
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Stoupin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Stout
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - I Stowers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Strauser
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - H Streckart
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Streit
- Gryphon Technologies, 303 Lindbergh Ave., Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D J Strozzi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Stutz
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Summers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Suratwala
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Sutcliffe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - L J Suter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S B Sutton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V Svidzinski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Swadling
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Sweet
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Szoke
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Tabak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Takagi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Tambazidis
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - V Tang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Taranowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L A Taylor
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Telford
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Thi
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Thomas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C A Thomas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - I Thomas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Thomas
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - I J Thompson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - C B Thorsness
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Tietbohl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R E Tipton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Tobin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Tomlin
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Tommasini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A J Toreja
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Torres
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R P J Town
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Townsend
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Trenholme
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Trivelpiece
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Trosseille
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Truax
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Trummer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Trummer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Truong
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - D Tubbs
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E R Tubman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Tunnell
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada, 89030, USA
| | - D Turnbull
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R E Turner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Ulitsky
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Upadhye
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J L Vaher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P VanArsdall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D VanBlarcom
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - R VanQuinlan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B M Van Wonterghem
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W S Varnum
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A L Velikovich
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - A Vella
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C P Verdon
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - B Vermillion
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| | - S Vernon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Vesey
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Vickers
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R M Vignes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada, 89030, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada, 89030, USA
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- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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Schiaffino S, Cozzi A, Clauser P, Giannotti E, Marino MA, van Nijnatten TJA, Baltzer PAT, Lobbes MBI, Mann RM, Pinker K, Fuchsjäger MH, Pijnappel RM. Current use and future perspectives of contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM): a survey by the European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI). Eur Radiol 2024:10.1007/s00330-023-10574-7. [PMID: 38227202 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-10574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform a survey among members of the European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI) regarding the use of contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM). METHODS A panel of nine board-certified radiologists developed a 29-item online questionnaire, distributed to all EUSOBI members (inside and outside Europe) from January 25 to March 10, 2023. CEM implementation, examination protocols, reporting strategies, and current and future CEM indications were investigated. Replies were exploratively analyzed with descriptive and non-parametric statistics. RESULTS Among 434 respondents (74.9% from Europe), 50% (217/434) declared to use CEM, 155/217 (71.4%) seeing less than 200 CEMs per year. CEM use was associated with academic settings and high breast imaging workload (p < 0.001). The lack of CEM adoption was most commonly due to the perceived absence of a clinical need (65.0%) and the lack of resources to acquire CEM-capable systems (37.3%). CEM protocols varied widely, but most respondents (61.3%) had already adopted the 2022 ACR CEM BI-RADS® lexicon. CEM use in patients with contraindications to MRI was the most common current indication (80.6%), followed by preoperative staging (68.7%). Patients with MRI contraindications also represented the most commonly foreseen CEM indication (88.0%), followed by the work-up of inconclusive findings at non-contrast examinations (61.5%) and supplemental imaging in dense breasts (53.0%). Respondents declaring CEM use and higher CEM experience gave significantly more current (p = 0.004) and future indications (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Despite a trend towards academic high-workload settings and its prevalent use in patients with MRI contraindications, CEM use and progressive experience were associated with increased confidence in the technique. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT In this first survey on contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) use and perspectives among the European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI) members, the perceived absence of a clinical need chiefly drove the 50% CEM adoption rate. CEM adoption and progressive experience were associated with more extended current and future indications. KEY POINTS • Among the 434 members of the European Society of Breast Imaging who completed this survey, 50% declared to use contrast-enhanced mammography in clinical practice. • Due to the perceived absence of a clinical need, contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) is still prevalently used as a replacement for MRI in patients with MRI contraindications. • The number of current and future CEM indications marked by respondents was associated with their degree of CEM experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schiaffino
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Via Tesserete 46, 6900, Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Via Tesserete 46, 6900, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Paola Clauser
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of General and Pediatric Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabetta Giannotti
- Cambridge Breast Unit, Addenbrooke's Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Adele Marino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Thiemo J A van Nijnatten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal A T Baltzer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of General and Pediatric Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc B I Lobbes
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Ritse M Mann
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Pinker
- Department of Radiology, Breast Imaging Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael H Fuchsjäger
- Division of General Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruud M Pijnappel
- Department of Imaging, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Pesapane F, Nicosia L, Tantrige P, Schiaffino S, Liguori A, Montesano M, Bozzini A, Rotili A, Cellina M, Orsi M, Penco S, Pizzamiglio M, Carrafiello G, Cassano E. Inter-reader agreement of breast magnetic resonance imaging and contrast-enhanced mammography in breast cancer diagnosis: a multi-reader retrospective study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2023; 202:451-459. [PMID: 37747580 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-023-07093-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) are nowadays used in breast imaging but studies about their inter-reader agreement are lacking. Therefore, we compared the inter-reader agreement of CEM and MRI in breast cancer diagnosis in the same patients. METHODS Breast MRI and CEM exams performed in a single center (09/2020-09/2021) for an IRB-approved study were retrospectively and independently evaluated by four radiologists of two different centers with different levels of experience who were blinded to the clinical and other imaging data. The reference standard was the histological diagnosis or at least 1-year negative imaging follow-up. Inter-reader agreement was examined using Cohen's and Fleiss' kappa (κ) statistics and compared with the Wald test. RESULTS Of the 750 patients, 395 met inclusion criteria (44.5 ± 14 years old), with 752 breasts available for CEM and MRI. Overall agreement was moderate (κ = 0.60) for MRI and substantial (κ = 0.74) for CEM. For expert readers, the agreement was substantial (κ = 0.77) for MRI and almost perfect (κ = 0.82) for CEM; for non-expert readers was fair (κ = 0.39); and for MRI and moderate (κ = 0.57) for CEM. Pairwise agreement between expert readers and non-expert readers was moderate (κ = 0.50) for breast MRI and substantial (κ = 0.74) for CEM and it showed a statistically superior agreement of the expert over the non-expert readers only for MRI (p = 0.011) and not for CEM (p = 0.062). CONCLUSIONS The agreement of CEM was superior to that of MRI (p = 0.012), including for both expert (p = 0.031) and non-expert readers (p = 0.005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Pesapane
- Breast Imaging Division, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca Nicosia
- Breast Imaging Division, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Priyan Tantrige
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Liguori
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Montesano
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Bozzini
- Breast Imaging Division, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rotili
- Breast Imaging Division, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Michaela Cellina
- Department of Radiology, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Orsi
- Department of Radiology, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Penco
- Breast Imaging Division, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Pizzamiglio
- Breast Imaging Division, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Carrafiello
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Cassano
- Breast Imaging Division, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Cozzi A, Schiaffino S. Preoperative breast MRI in women with dense breasts: can we keep up with a rapidly changing scenario? Eur Radiol 2023; 33:8077-8079. [PMID: 37646816 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-10075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cozzi
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Via Tesserete 46, 6900, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Via Tesserete 46, 6900, Lugano, Switzerland.
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Sertorio F, Pacetti M, Schiaffino S, Secci F, Cama A, Consales A, Magnano GM. Ultrasonography as first line imaging for the diagnosis of positional plagiocephaly. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2023; 75:557-560. [PMID: 30916518 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.19.05424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last years, numerous studies evaluated different tools for the diagnosis of positional plagiocephaly (PP). The purpose of this study was to evaluate ultrasonography (US) as a first line screening test of lambdoid sutural patency in child with PP and to compare our results with the literature. METHODS All consecutive patients who referred to our Institute from January 2016 to October 2017 with the suspicion of PP, were included in the study and performed US examination of the lambdoid sutures. A 3-6-month clinical follow-up was performed by a pediatric neurosurgeon or a pediatrician to confirm the diagnosis of PP. RESULTS Thirty-five children performed US examination and in all cases the diagnosis of PP was confirmed. No cases of anticipated suture fusion were examined during this period. The concordance between US findings and clinical exam follow-up was 100%. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasonography of the lambdoid sutures represents an ideal first-line screening test and reliable alternative to other diagnostic techniques for lambdoid sutural patency in child with PP, being radiation free, fast and cheap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta Sertorio
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy -
- Department of Radiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy -
| | - Mattia Pacetti
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Secci
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Armando Cama
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Gian M Magnano
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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Schiaffino S, Pinker K, Cozzi A, Magni V, Athanasiou A, Baltzer PAT, Camps Herrero J, Clauser P, Fallenberg EM, Forrai G, Fuchsjäger MH, Gilbert FJ, Helbich T, Kilburn-Toppin F, Kuhl CK, Lesaru M, Mann RM, Panizza P, Pediconi F, Sardanelli F, Sella T, Thomassin-Naggara I, Zackrisson S, Pijnappel RM. European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI) guidelines on the management of axillary lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination: 2023 revision. Insights Imaging 2023; 14:126. [PMID: 37466753 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-023-01453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Axillary lymphadenopathy is a common side effect of COVID-19 vaccination, leading to increased imaging-detected asymptomatic and symptomatic unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy. This has threatened to negatively impact the workflow of breast imaging services, leading to the release of ten recommendations by the European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI) in August 2021. Considering the rapidly changing scenario and data scarcity, these initial recommendations kept a highly conservative approach. As of 2023, according to newly acquired evidence, EUSOBI proposes the following updates, in order to reduce unnecessary examinations and avoid delaying necessary examinations. First, recommendation n. 3 has been revised to state that breast examinations should not be delayed or rescheduled because of COVID-19 vaccination, as evidence from the first pandemic waves highlights how delayed or missed screening tests have a negative effect on breast cancer morbidity and mortality, and that there is a near-zero risk of subsequent malignant findings in asymptomatic patients who have unilateral lymphadenopathy and no suspicious breast findings. Second, recommendation n. 7 has been revised to simplify follow-up strategies: in patients without breast cancer history and no imaging findings suspicious for cancer, symptomatic and asymptomatic imaging-detected unilateral lymphadenopathy on the same side of recent COVID-19 vaccination (within 12 weeks) should be classified as a benign finding (BI-RADS 2) and no further work-up should be pursued. All other recommendations issued by EUSOBI in 2021 remain valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schiaffino
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Katja Pinker
- Division of General and Paediatric Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Radiology, Breast Imaging Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Veronica Magni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pascal A T Baltzer
- Division of General and Paediatric Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Paola Clauser
- Division of General and Paediatric Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva M Fallenberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Gabor Forrai
- Department of Radiology, Duna Medical Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael H Fuchsjäger
- Division of General Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Fiona J Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Helbich
- Division of General and Paediatric Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christiane K Kuhl
- University Hospital of Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mihai Lesaru
- Radiology and Imaging Laboratory, Fundeni Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ritse M Mann
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Panizza
- Breast Imaging Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Pediconi
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Tamar Sella
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Sophia Zackrisson
- Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ruud M Pijnappel
- Department of Imaging, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Schiaffino S, Cozzi A, Pompei B, Scarano AL, Catanese C, Catic A, Rossi L, Del Grande F, Harder Y. MRI-Conditional Breast Tissue Expander: First In-Human Multi-Case Assessment of MRI-Related Complications and Image Quality. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4410. [PMID: 37445444 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess potential complications and effects on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image quality of a new MRI-conditional breast tissue expander (Motiva Flora®) in its first in-human multi-case application. Twenty-four patients with 36 expanders underwent non-contrast breast MRI with T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences on a 3 T unit before breast tissue expander exchange surgery, being monitored during and after MRI for potential complications. Three board-certified breast radiologists blindly and independently reviewed image quality using a four-level scale ("poor", "sufficient", "good", and "excellent"), with inter-reader reliability being assessed with Kendall's τb. The maximum diameters of RFID-related artifacts on T1-weighted and DWI sequences were compared with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All 24 examinations were completed without patient-related or device-related complications. The T1-weighted and T2-weighted sequences of all the examinations had "excellent" image quality and a median 11 mm (IQR 9-12 mm) RFID artifact maximum diameter, significantly lower (p < 0.001) than on the DWI images (median 32.5 mm, IQR 28.5-34.5 mm). DWI quality was rated at least "good" in 63% of the examinations, with strong inter-reader reliability (Kendall's τb 0.837, 95% CI 0.687-0.952). This first in-human study confirms the MRI-conditional profile of this new expander, which does not affect the image quality of T1-weighted and T2-weighted sequences and moderately affects DWI quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schiaffino
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Pompei
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Angela Lia Scarano
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Carola Catanese
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Armin Catic
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Rossi
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Breast Unit of Southern Switzerland (CSSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Del Grande
- Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Yves Harder
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
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12
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Sardanelli F, Castiglioni I, Colarieti A, Schiaffino S, Di Leo G. Artificial intelligence (AI) in biomedical research: discussion on authors' declaration of AI in their articles title. Eur Radiol Exp 2023; 7:2. [PMID: 36645623 PMCID: PMC9842807 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-022-00316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) and its different approaches, from machine learning to deep learning, are not new. We discuss here about the declaration of AI in the title of those articles dealing with AI. From 1990 to 2021, while AI articles in the PubMed increased from 300 to 59,596, the percentage declaring AI in the title describes a U-like-shaped curve: about 30% in early 1990s, less than 13% in 2005-2014, again 30% in 2020-2021. A similar trend was observed for AI in medical imaging. While the initial decline could be due to the establishment of AI methods, the recent increase could be related to the capacity of AI to outperform humans, especially in image recognition, fuelled by the adoption of graphic processing units for general purpose computing. The recent increase may also be due to the relevance of open issues about AI, including the standardisation of methods, explainability of results, and concerns about AI-induced epoch-making transformations: to say "We are using AI" in the title may also reflect these concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sardanelli
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy ,grid.419557.b0000 0004 1766 7370Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Castiglioni
- grid.7563.70000 0001 2174 1754Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy ,grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Anna Colarieti
- grid.419557.b0000 0004 1766 7370Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- grid.419557.b0000 0004 1766 7370Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Leo
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Magni V, Cozzi A, Schiaffino S, Colarieti A, Sardanelli F. Artificial intelligence for digital breast tomosynthesis: Impact on diagnostic performance, reading times, and workload in the era of personalized screening. Eur J Radiol 2023; 158:110631. [PMID: 36481480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goals of the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) are the reduction of reading times, the increase of diagnostic performance, and the reduction of interval cancer rates. In this review, after outlining the journey from computer-aided detection/diagnosis systems to AI applied to digital mammography (DM), we summarize the results of studies where AI was applied to DBT, noting that long-term advantages of DBT screening and its crucial ability to decrease the interval cancer rate are still under scrutiny. AI has shown the capability to overcome some shortcomings of DBT in the screening setting by improving diagnostic performance and by reducing recall rates (from -2 % to -27 %) and reading times (up to -53 %, with an average 20 % reduction), but the ability of AI to reduce interval cancer rates has not yet been clearly investigated. Prospective validation is needed to assess the cost-effectiveness and real-world impact of AI models assisting DBT interpretation, especially in large-scale studies with low breast cancer prevalence. Finally, we focus on the incoming era of personalized and risk-stratified screening that will first see the application of contrast-enhanced breast imaging to screen women with extremely dense breasts. As the diagnostic advantage of DBT over DM was concentrated in this category, we try to understand if the application of AI to DM in the remaining cohorts of women with heterogeneously dense or non-dense breast could close the gap in diagnostic performance between DM and DBT, thus neutralizing the usefulness of AI application to DBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Magni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Anna Colarieti
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy.
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14
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Roletto A, Zanardo M, Cozzi A, Schiaffino S, Tritella S, Susini F, Gerra F, Sardanelli F. Analysis and management of the COVID-19 pandemic impact on a multispecialty diagnostic imaging department. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2022. [PMCID: PMC9715991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2022.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The propose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic on a multispecialty radiology department in a large tertiary university hospital in Northern Italy. Methods The numbers of all radiological exams performed in the radiology department of Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (namely, IRCCS) Policlinico San Donato (San Donato Milanese, Italy) from March 2019 to March 2021 were collected and compared, subdividing them both temporally, modality, sub-specialty, and setting. Results Comparing the first 12 months of the COVID-19 pandemic (from March 2020 to February 2021) with the previous 12 months (from March 2019 to February 2020), there was an overall decrease in total radiological examinations equal to 26% (from 127,998 to 94,550). The most affected modality was DXA (from 4,706 to 2,989, -36%), followed by ultrasonography (from 17,212 to 11,644, -32%), digital radiography (from 66,050 to 47,374, -28%), MRI (from 13,332 to 10,140, -24%), CT (from 19,208 to 15,746, -18%), and mammograms (from 7,490 to 6,657, -11%). Chest CTs of inpatients saw a +15% surge (from 1,087 to 1,144), with far larger sizable increments being observed for chest X-ray examinations of outpatients (from 3,032 to 7,536, +131%). Further sub-analysis according to pandemic waves highlighted an overall -65% decrease of radiological services during the first wave (from March to May 2020), curtailed to -3% during the June–October period and then again rising to -23% during the second wave (from November 2020 to February 2021). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic led to a marked decrease of total radiological examinations during the two pandemic waves, limited to -26% by the implementation of safety protocols during the second wave and by increased activity during the inter-wave period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Roletto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Zanardo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Schiaffino
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - S Tritella
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - F Susini
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - F Gerra
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - F Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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15
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Schiaffino S, Cozzi A. Contrast-enhanced mammography-guided biopsy: why, when, and where we need it. Eur Radiol 2022; 33:414-416. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-09196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Cressoni M, Cozzi A, Schiaffino S, Cadringher P, Vitali P, Basso G, Ippolito D, Sardanelli F. Computation of contrast-enhanced perfusion using only two CT scan phases: a proof-of-concept study on abdominal organs. Eur Radiol Exp 2022; 6:37. [PMID: 36031643 PMCID: PMC9420683 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-022-00292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Computed tomography perfusion imaging (CTPI) by repeated scanning has clinical relevance but implies relatively high radiation exposure. We present a method to measure perfusion from two CT scan phases only, considering tissue enhancement, feeding vessel (aortic) peak enhancement, and bolus shape.
Methods
CTPI scans (each with 40 frames acquired every 1.5 s) of 11 patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) enrolled between 2012 and 2016 were retrospectively analysed (aged 69 ± 9 years, 8/11 males). Perfusion was defined as the maximal slope of the time-enhancement curve divided by the peak enhancement of the feeding vessel (aorta). Perfusion was computed two times, first using the maximum slope derived from all data points and then using the peak tissue enhancement and the bolus shape obtained from the aortic curve.
Results
Perfusion values from the two methods were linearly related (r2 = 0.92, p < 0.001; Bland–Altman analysis bias -0.12). The mathematical model showed that the perfusion ratio of two ROIs with the same feeding vessel (aorta) corresponds to their peak enhancement ratio (r2 = 0.55, p < 0.001; Bland–Altman analysis bias -0.68). The relationship between perfusion and tissue enhancement is predicted to be linear in the clinical range of interest, being only function of perfusion, peak feeding vessel enhancement, and bolus shape.
Conclusions
This proof-of-concept study showed that perfusion values of HCC, kidney, and pancreas could be computed using enhancement measured only with two CT scan phases, if aortic peak enhancement and bolus shape are known.
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Abu-Shawareb H, Acree R, Adams P, Adams J, Addis B, Aden R, Adrian P, Afeyan BB, Aggleton M, Aghaian L, Aguirre A, Aikens D, Akre J, Albert F, Albrecht M, Albright BJ, Albritton J, Alcala J, Alday C, Alessi DA, Alexander N, Alfonso J, Alfonso N, Alger E, Ali SJ, Ali ZA, Alley WE, Amala P, Amendt PA, Amick P, Ammula S, Amorin C, Ampleford DJ, Anderson RW, Anklam T, Antipa N, Appelbe B, Aracne-Ruddle C, Araya E, Arend M, Arnold P, Arnold T, Asay J, Atherton LJ, Atkinson D, Atkinson R, Auerbach JM, Austin B, Auyang L, Awwal AS, Ayers J, Ayers S, Ayers T, Azevedo S, Bachmann B, Back CA, Bae J, Bailey DS, Bailey J, Baisden T, Baker KL, Baldis H, Barber D, Barberis M, Barker D, Barnes A, Barnes CW, Barrios MA, Barty C, Bass I, Batha SH, Baxamusa SH, Bazan G, Beagle JK, Beale R, Beck BR, Beck JB, Bedzyk M, Beeler RG, Beeler RG, Behrendt W, Belk L, Bell P, Belyaev M, Benage JF, Bennett G, Benedetti LR, Benedict LX, Berger R, Bernat T, Bernstein LA, Berry B, Bertolini L, Besenbruch G, Betcher J, Bettenhausen R, Betti R, Bezzerides B, Bhandarkar SD, Bickel R, Biener J, Biesiada T, Bigelow K, Bigelow-Granillo J, Bigman V, Bionta RM, Birge NW, Bitter M, Black AC, Bleile R, Bleuel DL, Bliss E, Bliss E, Blue B, Boehly T, Boehm K, Boley CD, Bonanno R, Bond EJ, Bond T, Bonino MJ, Borden M, Bourgade JL, Bousquet J, Bowers J, Bowers M, Boyd R, Bozek A, Bradley DK, Bradley KS, Bradley PA, Bradley L, Brannon L, Brantley PS, Braun D, Braun T, Brienza-Larsen K, Briggs TM, Britten J, Brooks ED, Browning D, Bruhn MW, Brunner TA, Bruns H, Brunton G, Bryant B, Buczek T, Bude J, Buitano L, Burkhart S, Burmark J, Burnham A, Burr R, Busby LE, Butlin B, Cabeltis R, Cable M, Cabot WH, Cagadas B, Caggiano J, Cahayag R, Caldwell SE, Calkins S, Callahan DA, Calleja-Aguirre J, Camara L, Camp D, Campbell EM, Campbell JH, Carey B, Carey R, Carlisle K, Carlson L, Carman L, Carmichael J, Carpenter A, Carr C, Carrera JA, Casavant D, Casey A, Casey DT, Castillo A, Castillo E, Castor JI, Castro C, Caughey W, Cavitt R, Celeste J, Celliers PM, Cerjan C, Chandler G, Chang B, Chang C, Chang J, Chang L, Chapman R, Chapman T, Chase L, Chen H, Chen H, Chen K, Chen LY, Cheng B, Chittenden J, Choate C, Chou J, Chrien RE, Chrisp M, Christensen K, Christensen M, Christopherson AR, Chung M, Church JA, Clark A, Clark DS, Clark K, Clark R, Claus L, Cline B, Cline JA, Cobble JA, Cochrane K, Cohen B, Cohen S, Collette MR, Collins G, Collins LA, Collins TJB, Conder A, Conrad B, Conyers M, Cook AW, Cook D, Cook R, Cooley JC, Cooper G, Cope T, Copeland SR, Coppari F, Cortez J, Cox J, Crandall DH, Crane J, Craxton RS, Cray M, Crilly A, Crippen JW, Cross D, Cuneo M, Cuotts G, Czajka CE, Czechowicz D, Daly T, Danforth P, Darbee R, Darlington B, Datte P, Dauffy L, Davalos G, Davidovits S, Davis P, Davis J, Dawson S, Day RD, Day TH, Dayton M, Deck C, Decker C, Deeney C, DeFriend KA, Deis G, Delamater ND, Delettrez JA, Demaret R, Demos S, Dempsey SM, Desjardin R, Desjardins T, Desjarlais MP, Dewald EL, DeYoreo J, Diaz S, Dimonte G, Dittrich TR, Divol L, Dixit SN, Dixon J, Dodd ES, Dolan D, Donovan A, Donovan M, Döppner T, Dorrer C, Dorsano N, Douglas MR, Dow D, Downie J, Downing E, Dozieres M, Draggoo V, Drake D, Drake RP, Drake T, Dreifuerst G, DuBois DF, DuBois PF, Dunham G, Dylla-Spears R, Dymoke-Bradshaw AKL, Dzenitis B, Ebbers C, Eckart M, Eddinger S, Eder D, Edgell D, Edwards MJ, Efthimion P, Eggert JH, Ehrlich B, Ehrmann P, Elhadj S, Ellerbee C, Elliott NS, Ellison CL, Elsner F, Emerich M, Engelhorn K, England T, English E, Epperson P, Epstein R, Erbert G, Erickson MA, Erskine DJ, Erlandson A, Espinosa RJ, Estes C, Estabrook KG, Evans S, Fabyan A, Fair J, Fallejo R, Farmer N, Farmer WA, Farrell M, Fatherley VE, Fedorov M, Feigenbaum E, Feit M, Ferguson W, Fernandez JC, Fernandez-Panella A, Fess S, Field JE, Filip CV, Fincke JR, Finn T, Finnegan SM, Finucane RG, Fischer M, Fisher A, Fisher J, Fishler B, Fittinghoff D, Fitzsimmons P, Flegel M, Flippo KA, Florio J, Folta J, Folta P, Foreman LR, Forrest C, Forsman A, Fooks J, Foord M, Fortner R, Fournier K, Fratanduono DE, Frazier N, Frazier T, Frederick C, Freeman MS, Frenje J, Frey D, Frieders G, Friedrich S, Froula DH, Fry J, Fuller T, Gaffney J, Gales S, Le Galloudec B, Le Galloudec KK, Gambhir A, Gao L, Garbett WJ, Garcia A, Gates C, Gaut E, Gauthier P, Gavin Z, Gaylord J, Geissel M, Génin F, Georgeson J, Geppert-Kleinrath H, Geppert-Kleinrath V, Gharibyan N, Gibson J, Gibson C, Giraldez E, Glebov V, Glendinning SG, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Goade S, Gobby PL, Goldman SR, Golick B, Gomez M, Goncharov V, Goodin D, Grabowski P, Grafil E, Graham P, Grandy J, Grasz E, Graziani F, Greenman G, Greenough JA, Greenwood A, Gregori G, Green T, Griego JR, Grim GP, Grondalski J, Gross S, Guckian J, Guler N, Gunney B, Guss G, Haan S, Hackbarth J, Hackel L, Hackel R, Haefner C, Hagmann C, Hahn KD, Hahn S, Haid BJ, Haines BM, Hall BM, Hall C, Hall GN, Hamamoto M, Hamel S, Hamilton CE, Hammel BA, Hammer JH, Hampton G, Hamza A, Handler A, Hansen S, Hanson D, Haque R, Harding D, Harding E, Hares JD, Harris DB, Harte JA, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett S, Hauer AA, Havre M, Hawley R, Hayes J, Hayes J, Hayes S, Hayes-Sterbenz A, Haynam CA, Haynes DA, Headley D, Heal A, Heebner JE, Heerey S, Heestand GM, Heeter R, Hein N, Heinbockel C, Hendricks C, Henesian M, Heninger J, Henrikson J, Henry EA, Herbold EB, Hermann MR, Hermes G, Hernandez JE, Hernandez VJ, Herrmann MC, Herrmann HW, Herrera OD, Hewett D, Hibbard R, Hicks DG, Hill D, Hill K, Hilsabeck T, Hinkel DE, Ho DD, Ho VK, Hoffer JK, Hoffman NM, Hohenberger M, Hohensee M, Hoke W, Holdener D, Holdener F, Holder JP, Holko B, Holunga D, Holzrichter JF, Honig J, Hoover D, Hopkins D, Berzak Hopkins L, Hoppe M, Hoppe ML, Horner J, Hornung R, Horsfield CJ, Horvath J, Hotaling D, House R, Howell L, Hsing WW, Hu SX, Huang H, Huckins J, Hui H, Humbird KD, Hund J, Hunt J, Hurricane OA, Hutton M, Huynh KHK, Inandan L, Iglesias C, Igumenshchev IV, Izumi N, Jackson M, Jackson J, Jacobs SD, James G, Jancaitis K, Jarboe J, Jarrott LC, Jasion D, Jaquez J, Jeet J, Jenei AE, Jensen J, Jimenez J, Jimenez R, Jobe D, Johal Z, Johns HM, Johnson D, Johnson MA, Gatu Johnson M, Johnson RJ, Johnson S, Johnson SA, Johnson T, Jones K, Jones O, Jones M, Jorge R, Jorgenson HJ, Julian M, Jun BI, Jungquist R, Kaae J, Kabadi N, Kaczala D, Kalantar D, Kangas K, Karasiev VV, Karasik M, Karpenko V, Kasarky A, Kasper K, Kauffman R, Kaufman MI, Keane C, Keaty L, Kegelmeyer L, Keiter PA, Kellett PA, Kellogg J, Kelly JH, Kemic S, Kemp AJ, Kemp GE, Kerbel GD, Kershaw D, Kerr SM, Kessler TJ, Key MH, Khan SF, Khater H, Kiikka C, Kilkenny J, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kimko J, Kimmel M, Kindel JM, King J, Kirkwood RK, Klaus L, Klem D, Kline JL, Klingmann J, Kluth G, Knapp P, Knauer J, Knipping J, Knudson M, Kobs D, Koch J, Kohut T, Kong C, Koning JM, Koning P, Konior S, Kornblum H, Kot LB, Kozioziemski B, Kozlowski M, Kozlowski PM, Krammen J, Krasheninnikova NS, Kraus B, Krauser W, Kress JD, Kritcher AL, Krieger E, Kroll JJ, Kruer WL, Kruse MKG, Kucheyev S, Kumbera M, Kumpan S, Kunimune J, Kustowski B, Kwan TJT, Kyrala GA, Laffite S, Lafon M, LaFortune K, Lahmann B, Lairson B, Landen OL, Langenbrunner J, Lagin L, Land T, Lane M, Laney D, Langdon AB, Langer SH, Langro A, Lanier NE, Lanier TE, Larson D, Lasinski BF, Lassle D, LaTray D, Lau G, Lau N, Laumann C, Laurence A, Laurence TA, Lawson J, Le HP, Leach RR, Leal L, Leatherland A, LeChien K, Lechleiter B, Lee A, Lee M, Lee T, Leeper RJ, Lefebvre E, Leidinger JP, LeMire B, Lemke RW, Lemos NC, Le Pape S, Lerche R, Lerner S, Letts S, Levedahl K, Lewis T, Li CK, Li H, Li J, Liao W, Liao ZM, Liedahl D, Liebman J, Lindford G, Lindman EL, Lindl JD, Loey H, London RA, Long F, Loomis EN, Lopez FE, Lopez H, Losbanos E, Loucks S, Lowe-Webb R, Lundgren E, Ludwigsen AP, Luo R, Lusk J, Lyons R, Ma T, Macallop Y, MacDonald MJ, MacGowan BJ, Mack JM, Mackinnon AJ, MacLaren SA, MacPhee AG, Magelssen GR, Magoon J, Malone RM, Malsbury T, 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A, Work K, Workman JB, Wright J, Wu M, Wuest C, Wysocki FJ, Xu H, Yamaguchi M, Yang B, Yang ST, Yatabe J, Yeamans CB, Yee BC, Yi SA, Yin L, Young B, Young CS, Young CV, Young P, Youngblood K, Zacharias R, Zagaris G, Zaitseva N, Zaka F, Ze F, Zeiger B, Zika M, Zimmerman GB, Zobrist T, Zuegel JD, Zylstra AB. Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:075001. [PMID: 36018710 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.075001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Acree
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Adams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Adams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Addis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Aden
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Adrian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B B Afeyan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Polymath Research Inc., 827 Bonde Court, Pleasanton, California, USA 94566
| | - M Aggleton
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Aghaian
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Aguirre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Aikens
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Akre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Albert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Alexander
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Alfonso
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - N Alfonso
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - E Alger
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S J Ali
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Z A Ali
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P A Amendt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Amick
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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| | - N Antipa
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Appelbe
- Imperial College London, Plasma Physics, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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| | - E Araya
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P S Brantley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Brienza-Larsen
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030, USA
| | - T M Briggs
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Britten
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E D Brooks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Browning
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M W Bruhn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T A Brunner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Bruns
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Brunton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Bryant
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Buczek
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Bude
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Buitano
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - S Burkhart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Burmark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Burnham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Burr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L E Busby
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Butlin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Cabeltis
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Cable
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W H Cabot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Cagadas
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Cahayag
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S E Caldwell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Calkins
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - D A Callahan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - L Camara
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Camp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E M Campbell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J H Campbell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Carey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Carey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Carlisle
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Carlson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Carman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Carmichael
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Carpenter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Carr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J A Carrera
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Casavant
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Castillo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - E Castillo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J I Castor
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Castro
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Caughey
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Cavitt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Celeste
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Cerjan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Chang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Chang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Chang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Chang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Chapman
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T Chapman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Chase
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Chen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - K Chen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L-Y Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Cheng
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Chittenden
- Imperial College London, Plasma Physics, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - C Choate
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Chou
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R E Chrien
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Chrisp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Christensen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Christensen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A R Christopherson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Chung
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J A Church
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Clark
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D S Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Clark
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Clark
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Claus
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Cline
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J A Cline
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J A Cobble
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K Cochrane
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Cohen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Cohen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M R Collette
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - L A Collins
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T J B Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Conder
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B Conrad
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Conyers
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A W Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Cook
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - R Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J C Cooley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G Cooper
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
- University of New Mexico, Department of Nuclear Engineering, MSC01 1120, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
| | - T Cope
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S R Copeland
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Cortez
- Gryphon Technologies, 303 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Cox
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D H Crandall
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - J Crane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R S Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Cray
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Crilly
- Imperial College London, Plasma Physics, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - J W Crippen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Cross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Cuneo
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G Cuotts
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C E Czajka
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Czechowicz
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Daly
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Danforth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Darbee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Darlington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Datte
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Dauffy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Davalos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Davidovits
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Davis
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - J Davis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Dawson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R D Day
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T H Day
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Dayton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Deck
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Decker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Deeney
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - K A DeFriend
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G Deis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N D Delamater
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J A Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Demaret
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Demos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S M Dempsey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Desjardin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Desjardins
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M P Desjarlais
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - E L Dewald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J DeYoreo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Diaz
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - G Dimonte
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T R Dittrich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S N Dixit
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Dixon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E S Dodd
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Dolan
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Donovan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Donovan
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Dorrer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - N Dorsano
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M R Douglas
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Dow
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Drive, Friday Harbor, Washington 8250, USA
| | - J Downie
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Downing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Dozieres
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - V Draggoo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Drake
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - R P Drake
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- University of Michigan, Climate & Space Research Building, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, USA
| | - T Drake
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - G Dreifuerst
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D F DuBois
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P F DuBois
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R Dylla-Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A K L Dymoke-Bradshaw
- Kentech Instruments Ltd., Isis Building, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - B Dzenitis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Ebbers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Eddinger
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Eder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Edgell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Edwards
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Efthimion
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Ehrlich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Ehrmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Elhadj
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Ellerbee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N S Elliott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C L Ellison
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Elsner
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Emerich
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - K Engelhorn
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T England
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - E English
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Epperson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Epstein
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G Erbert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M A Erickson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D J Erskine
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Erlandson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R J Espinosa
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Estes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K G Estabrook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Evans
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Fabyan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Fair
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Fallejo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Farmer
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - W A Farmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Farrell
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - V E Fatherley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Fedorov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Feigenbaum
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Feit
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Ferguson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J C Fernandez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Fernandez-Panella
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Fess
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J E Field
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C V Filip
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J R Fincke
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T Finn
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - S M Finnegan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R G Finucane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Fischer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Fisher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Fisher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Fishler
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Fittinghoff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - M Flegel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Florio
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Folta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Folta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L R Foreman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Forsman
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Fooks
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Foord
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Fortner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D E Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Frazier
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - T Frazier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Frederick
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M S Freeman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Frey
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - G Frieders
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Friedrich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Fry
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Fuller
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Gaffney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Gales
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - B Le Galloudec
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K K Le Galloudec
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Gambhir
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Gao
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - W J Garbett
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - A Garcia
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Gates
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Gaut
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P Gauthier
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - Z Gavin
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Gaylord
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - F Génin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Georgeson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - H Geppert-Kleinrath
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - V Geppert-Kleinrath
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - N Gharibyan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Gibson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Gibson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - E Giraldez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - V Glebov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S G Glendinning
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Glenn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Goade
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P L Gobby
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S R Goldman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B Golick
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - V Goncharov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Goodin
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P Grabowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Grafil
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Graham
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - J Grandy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Grasz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Graziani
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Greenman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J A Greenough
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Greenwood
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Lab, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - T Green
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J R Griego
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Grondalski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Gross
- Gryphon Technologies, 303 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Guckian
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Drive, Friday Harbor, Washington 8250, USA
| | - N Guler
- Spectral Sciences Inc., 4 Fourth Avenue, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803-3304, USA
| | - B Gunney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Guss
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Haan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Hackbarth
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Hackel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Hackel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Haefner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT, 52066 Aachen, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, 52066 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Hagmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B J Haid
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B M Haines
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B M Hall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Hall
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G N Hall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Hamamoto
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Hamel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C E Hamilton
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B A Hammel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J H Hammer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Hampton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Hamza
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Handler
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Hanson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R Haque
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Harding
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - E Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J D Hares
- Kentech Instruments Ltd., Isis Building, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - D B Harris
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J A Harte
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Hatchett
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A A Hauer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Havre
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Hawley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Hayes
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Hayes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Hayes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Hayes-Sterbenz
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C A Haynam
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D A Haynes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Headley
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Heal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J E Heebner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Heerey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G M Heestand
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Hein
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Heinbockel
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Hendricks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Henesian
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Heninger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Henrikson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E A Henry
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E B Herbold
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M R Hermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Hermes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J E Hernandez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V J Hernandez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M C Herrmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H W Herrmann
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - O D Herrera
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Hewett
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Hibbard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D G Hicks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Optical Sciences Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - D Hill
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - K Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - T Hilsabeck
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D E Hinkel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D D Ho
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V K Ho
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J K Hoffer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - N M Hoffman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Hohensee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Hoke
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Holdener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Holdener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J P Holder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Holko
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Holunga
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J F Holzrichter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Honig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Hoover
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Hoppe
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M L Hoppe
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Horner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Hornung
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C J Horsfield
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - J Horvath
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Hotaling
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R House
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Howell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - H Huang
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Huckins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Hui
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K D Humbird
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Hund
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Hunt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O A Hurricane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Hutton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K H-K Huynh
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Inandan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Iglesias
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - I V Igumenshchev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Jackson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Jackson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S D Jacobs
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G James
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Jancaitis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Jarboe
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L C Jarrott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Jasion
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Jaquez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Jeet
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A E Jenei
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Jensen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Jimenez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Jimenez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Jobe
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - Z Johal
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - H M Johns
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Johnson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M A Johnson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R J Johnson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Johnson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S A Johnson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - O Jones
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R Jorge
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - H J Jorgenson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Julian
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - B I Jun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Jungquist
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Kaae
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - N Kabadi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Kaczala
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Kangas
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - V V Karasiev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Karasik
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - V Karpenko
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Kasarky
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - K Kasper
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Kauffman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M I Kaufman
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030, USA
| | - C Keane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Washington State University, Office of Research, P.O. Box 641060, Pullman, Washington 99164-1060, USA
| | - L Keaty
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Kegelmeyer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P A Keiter
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P A Kellett
- Kentech Instruments Ltd., Isis Building, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - J Kellogg
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J H Kelly
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Kemic
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A J Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G D Kerbel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Kershaw
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S M Kerr
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T J Kessler
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M H Key
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Khater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Kiikka
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - Y Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Y-J Kim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Kimko
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Kimmel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J M Kindel
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - J King
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R K Kirkwood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Klaus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Klem
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J L Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Klingmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Kluth
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - P Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Knipping
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Knudson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Kobs
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Koch
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Kohut
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Kong
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J M Koning
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Koning
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Konior
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - H Kornblum
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L B Kot
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Kozlowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P M Kozlowski
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Krammen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N S Krasheninnikova
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B Kraus
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - W Krauser
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J D Kress
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A L Kritcher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Krieger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J J Kroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W L Kruer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M K G Kruse
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Kucheyev
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Kumbera
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Kumpan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Kunimune
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Kustowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T J T Kwan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G A Kyrala
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Laffite
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - M Lafon
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - K LaFortune
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Lairson
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Drive, Friday Harbor, Washington 8250, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Langenbrunner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L Lagin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Land
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Lane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Laney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A B Langdon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S H Langer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Langro
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N E Lanier
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T E Lanier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Larson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B F Lasinski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Lassle
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D LaTray
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Lau
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Lau
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C Laumann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Laurence
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T A Laurence
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Lawson
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030, USA
| | - H P Le
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R R Leach
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Leal
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Leatherland
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - K LeChien
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Lechleiter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Lee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Lee
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Lee
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R J Leeper
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E Lefebvre
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | | | - B LeMire
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R W Lemke
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - N C Lemos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Le Pape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des Lasers Intenses chez École Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - R Lerche
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Lerner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Letts
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Levedahl
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - T Lewis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Li
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Li
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Liao
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Z M Liao
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Liebman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Lindford
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E L Lindman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J D Lindl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Loey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R A London
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Long
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - E N Loomis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - F E Lopez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - H Lopez
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Drive, Friday Harbor, Washington 8250, USA
| | - E Losbanos
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Loucks
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Lowe-Webb
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Lundgren
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A P Ludwigsen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Luo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Lusk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Lyons
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Y Macallop
- Gryphon Technologies, 303 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M J MacDonald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B J MacGowan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J M Mack
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S A MacLaren
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A G MacPhee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G R Magelssen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Magoon
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R M Malone
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030, USA
| | - T Malsbury
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Managan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Mancini
- University of Nevada at Reno, Department of Physics, MS 0220, 1664. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - K Manes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Maney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Manha
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O M Mannion
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A M Manuel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Mapoles
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Mara
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Marcotte
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - E Marin
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M M Marinak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Mariscal
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D A Mariscal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E F Mariscal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E V Marley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J A Marozas
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Marquez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - C D Marshall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F J Marshall
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Marshall
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Marshall
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - J Marticorena
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Martinez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - I Maslennikov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Mason
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R J Mason
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L Masse
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - W Massey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P-E Masson-Laborde
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
- Université of Paris-Saclay, CEA, LMCE, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - N D Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Mathisen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Mathison
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Matone
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M J Matthews
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Mattoon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T R Mattsson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - K Matzen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C W Mauche
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Mauldin
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T McAbee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M McBurney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Mccarville
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R L McCrory
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A M McEvoy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C McGuffey
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Mcinnis
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P McKenty
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M S McKinley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J B McLeod
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A McPherson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Mcquillan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Meamber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K D Meaney
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Meissner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T A Mehlhorn
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - N C Mehta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Menapace
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F E Merrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B T Merritt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E C Merritt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D D Meyerhofer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Mezyk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R J Mich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P A Michel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Milam
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D S Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E K Miller
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030, USA
| | - J Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P E Miller
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Miller
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - W Miller
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - V Miller-Kamm
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J L Milovich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Minner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J-L Miquel
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - S Mitchell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Molvig
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R C Montesanti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D S Montgomery
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Monticelli
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Montoya
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Moran
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J C Moreno
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Moreno
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - B E Morgan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Morrow
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J W Morton
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - E Moses
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Moy
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030, USA
| | - R Muir
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M S Murillo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J E Murray
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J R Murray
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D H Munro
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T J Murphy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - F M Munteanu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Nafziger
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Nast
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R A Negres
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Nelson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Nelson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Nelson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Nelson
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - S Nemethy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Neumayer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Newman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Newton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Nguyen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J-M G Di Nicola
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Di Nicola
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Niemann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 475 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P M Nilson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Nobile
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - V Noorai
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Nora
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Norton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Nostrand
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V Note
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Novell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P F Nowak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Nunez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R A Nyholm
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M O'Brien
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Oceguera
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J A Oertel
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Okui
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Olejniczak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Oliveira
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Olsen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Olson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Olson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R E Olson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Y P Opachich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Orsi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C D Orth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Owen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Padalino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- SUNY Geneseo, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Integrated Science Center, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - E Padilla
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Paguio
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Paguio
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Paisner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Pajoom
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Palaniyappan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K Palma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Pannell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Papp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Paras
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Parham
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Pasternak
- Gryphon Technologies, 303 Lindbergh Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S Patankar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M V Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P K Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Focused Energy Inc., 11525-B Stonehollow Drive, Suite 200, Austin Texas 78758, USA
| | - R Patterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Patterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Paul
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Drive, Friday Harbor, Washington 8250, USA
| | - M Paul
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Pauli
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O T Pearce
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Pearcy
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Pedrotti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Peer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L J Pelz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Penetrante
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Penner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Perez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L J Perkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Pernice
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Person
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Petersen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Petersen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D L Peterson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E B Peterson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J E Peterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J L Peterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R R Peterson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F Philippe
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - T J Phipps
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - E Piceno
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Pickworth
- Lund University, MAX IV Laboratory, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Pino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Plummer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G D Pollack
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S M Pollaine
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B B Pollock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Ponce
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Ponce
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | | | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Post
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O Poujade
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
- Université of Paris-Saclay, CEA, LMCE, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - C Powell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Powell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Power
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Pozulp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Prantil
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Prasad
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Pratuch
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Price
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - K Primdahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Prisbrey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Procassini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Pruyne
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Pudliner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S R Qiu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Quan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Quinn
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Quintenz
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P B Radha
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - F Rainer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J E Ralph
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K S Raman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Raman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Rambo
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - S Rana
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Randewich
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - D Rardin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Ratledge
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - N Ravelo
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - F Ravizza
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Rayce
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Raymond
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - B Raymond
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Reed
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Reed
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Reichelt
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Reis
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - S Reisdorf
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V Rekow
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Rendon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Requieron
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Rever
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Reynolds
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Reynolds
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Rhodes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Rhodes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M C Richardson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Townes Laser Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - B Rice
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - N G Rice
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Rieben
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Rigatti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Riggs
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - K Ring
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - B Riordan
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Riquier
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - C Rivers
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Roberts
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V Roberts
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Robertson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - H F Robey
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Robles
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P Rocha
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Rodriguez
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Rodriguez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Rosen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Ross
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - J Rouse
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Rovang
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A M Rubenchik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M S Rubery
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Rushford
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Russ
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B S Ryujin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R A Sacks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R F Sacks
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K Saito
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - T Salmon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J D Salmonson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Sanchez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Samuelson
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - M Sanchez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Saroyan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Sater
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Satsangi
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - S Sauers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Saunders
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J P Sauppe
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R Sawicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Scanlan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Schaffers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G T Schappert
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Schiaffino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D J Schlossberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D W Schmidt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M J Schmitt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D H G Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Schneider
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - M Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Schollmeier
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Schölmerich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C R Schroeder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S E Schrauth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H A Scott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - I Scott
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J M Scott
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R H H Scott
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford OC11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - C R Scullard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Sedillo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - F H Seguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - W Seka
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Senecal
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S M Sepke
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Seppala
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Sequoia
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Severyn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J M Sevier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Sewell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Seznec
- CEA/DAM/DIF, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
| | - R C Shah
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Shamlian
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D Shaughnessy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Shaw
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Shaw
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Shearer
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Shelton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Shen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M W Sherlock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A I Shestakov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E L Shi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S J Shin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Shingleton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Shmayda
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Shor
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Shoup
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Shuldberg
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Siegel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F J Silva
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A N Simakov
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B T Sims
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - D Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P Singh
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - H Sio
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K Skulina
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Skupsky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Slutz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Sluyter
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - V A Smalyuk
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Smauley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R M Smeltser
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - I Smith
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Smith
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - L Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Smith
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Drive, Friday Harbor, Washington 8250, USA
| | - R Sohn
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Sommer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Sorce
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Sorem
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J M Soures
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M L Spaeth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B K Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Speas
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Speck
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Speck
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Spears
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Spinka
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P T Springer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Stahl
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Stahoviak
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - L G Stanton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, USA
| | - R Steele
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Steele
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Steinman
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Stemke
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Stephens
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Sterbenz
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030, USA
| | - P Sterne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Stevens
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Stevers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C B Still
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Stoeffl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J S Stolken
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Stolz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Storm
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Stone
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Stoupin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Stout
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - I Stowers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Strauser
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - H Streckart
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Streit
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| | - D J Strozzi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Suratwala
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Sutcliffe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - L J Suter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S B Sutton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - V Svidzinski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Swadling
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Sweet
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Szoke
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Tabak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Takagi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Tambazidis
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - V Tang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Taranowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L A Taylor
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Telford
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Thi
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Thomas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C A Thomas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - I Thomas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Thomas
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - I J Thompson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - C B Thorsness
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Tietbohl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R E Tipton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Tobin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Tomlin
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Tommasini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A J Toreja
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Torres
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R P J Town
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Townsend
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Trenholme
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Trivelpiece
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Trosseille
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Truax
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Trummer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Trummer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Truong
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - D Tubbs
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E R Tubman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Tunnell
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030, USA
| | - D Turnbull
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R E Turner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Ulitsky
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Upadhye
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J L Vaher
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P VanArsdall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D VanBlarcom
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | | | - R VanQuinlan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B M Van Wonterghem
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W S Varnum
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A L Velikovich
- United States Naval Research Laboratory, Plasma Physics Division, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - A Vella
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C P Verdon
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - B Vermillion
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - S Vernon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Vesey
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Vickers
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R M Vignes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Visosky
- National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Programs, United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585, USA
| | - J Vocke
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P L Volegov
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Vonhof
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Von Rotz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H X Vu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Vu
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - D Wall
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J Wall
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Wallace
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Wallin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Walmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C A Walsh
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C F Walters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Waltz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Wan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Wang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Lab, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B E Warner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Watson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R G Watt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P Watts
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| | - J Weaver
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| | - R P Weaver
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Weaver
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C R Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S V Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Wegner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Welday
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| | - L Welser-Sherrill
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| | - K Weiss
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| | - K Widmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G F Wheeler
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Whistler
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R K White
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H D Whitley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Whitman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M E Wickett
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C Widmayer
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| | - J Wiedwald
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| | - R Wilcox
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| | - S Wilcox
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| | - C Wild
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| | - B H Wilde
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| | - C H Wilde
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| | - K Wilhelmsen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M D Wilke
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| | - H Wilkens
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P Wilkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E A Williams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G J Williams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W Williams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W H Williams
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D C Wilson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B Wilson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Wilson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Wilson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Winters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Wisoff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Wittman
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Wolfe
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Wong
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K W Wong
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Wong
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Wong
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Wood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Woodhouse
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| | - J Woodruff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D T Woods
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Woods
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| | - B N Woodworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - E Wooten
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Wootton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Work
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030, USA
| | - J B Workman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Wright
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C Wuest
- Nevada National Security Site, 232 Energy Way, North Las Vegas, Nevada 89030, USA
| | - F J Wysocki
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - H Xu
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Yamaguchi
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - B Yang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S T Yang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Yatabe
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C B Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B C Yee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S A Yi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L Yin
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B Young
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C S Young
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop F663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C V Young
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Young
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Youngblood
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - R Zacharias
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G Zagaris
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Zaitseva
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Zaka
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - F Ze
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - B Zeiger
- Luxel Corporation, P.O. Box 1879, 60 Saltspring Drive, Friday Harbor, Washington 8250, USA
| | - M Zika
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - G B Zimmerman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T Zobrist
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J D Zuegel
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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Giacomazzi F, Mazzaccaro D, Schiaffino S, Giannetta M, Esseridou A, Cozzi A, Nano G, Righini P, Di Leo G, Serino G, Sardanelli F. Radiologic evolution of pulmonary arterial thrombosis associated with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. VASA 2022; 51:263-264. [DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giacomazzi
- Cardiovascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Mazzaccaro
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Giannetta
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasia Esseridou
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nano
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Righini
- Cardiovascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Leo
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Serino
- Cardiovascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Schiaffino S. Editorial comment to artificial intelligence for body composition and sarcopenia evaluation on computed tomography: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol 2022; 151:110292. [PMID: 35397407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy.
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Magni V, Interlenghi M, Cozzi A, Alì M, Salvatore C, Azzena AA, Capra D, Carriero S, Della Pepa G, Fazzini D, Granata G, Monti CB, Muscogiuri G, Pellegrino G, Schiaffino S, Castiglioni I, Papa S, Sardanelli F. Development and Validation of an AI-driven Mammographic Breast Density Classification Tool Based on Radiologist Consensus. Radiol Artif Intell 2022; 4:e210199. [PMID: 35391766 DOI: 10.1148/ryai.210199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammographic breast density (BD) is commonly visually assessed using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) four-category scale. To overcome inter- and intraobserver variability of visual assessment, the authors retrospectively developed and externally validated a software for BD classification based on convolutional neural networks from mammograms obtained between 2017 and 2020. The tool was trained using the majority BD category determined by seven board-certified radiologists who independently visually assessed 760 mediolateral oblique (MLO) images in 380 women (mean age, 57 years ± 6 [SD]) from center 1; this process mimicked training from a consensus of several human readers. External validation of the model was performed by the three radiologists whose BD assessment was closest to the majority (consensus) of the initial seven on a dataset of 384 MLO images in 197 women (mean age, 56 years ± 13) obtained from center 2. The model achieved an accuracy of 89.3% in distinguishing BI-RADS a or b (nondense breasts) versus c or d (dense breasts) categories, with an agreement of 90.4% (178 of 197 mammograms) and a reliability of 0.807 (Cohen κ) compared with the mode of the three readers. This study demonstrates accuracy and reliability of a fully automated software for BD classification. Keywords: Mammography, Breast, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Learning Algorithms, Machine Learning Algorithms Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Magni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Matteo Interlenghi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Marco Alì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Christian Salvatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Alcide A Azzena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Davide Capra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Serena Carriero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Gianmarco Della Pepa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Deborah Fazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Granata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Caterina B Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Giulia Muscogiuri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Pellegrino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Isabella Castiglioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Sergio Papa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
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Malavazos AE, Secchi F, Basilico S, Capitanio G, Boveri S, Milani V, Dubini C, Schiaffino S, Morricone L, Foschini C, Gobbo G, Piccinni R, Saibene A, Sardanelli F, Menicanti L, Guazzi M, Dong C, Romanelli MMC, Carruba M, Iacobellis G. Abdominal obesity phenotype is associated with COVID-19 chest X-ray severity score better than BMI-based obesity. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:345-359. [PMID: 33821453 PMCID: PMC8020829 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chest X-ray (CXR) severity score and BMI-based obesity are predictive risk factors for COVID-19 hospital admission. However, the relationship between abdominal obesity and CXR severity score has not yet been fully explored. METHODS This retrospective cohort study analyzed the association of different adiposity indexes, including waist circumference and body mass index (BMI), with CXR severity score in 215 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. RESULTS Patients with abdominal obesity showed significantly higher CXR severity scores and had higher rates of CXR severity scores ≥ 8 compared to those without abdominal obesity (P < 0.001; P = 0.001, respectively). By contrast, patients with normal weight, with overweight and those with BMI-based obesity showed no significant differences in either CXR severity scores or in the rates of CXR severity scores ≥ 8 (P = 0.104; P = 0.271, respectively). Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) correlated more closely with CXR severity scores than BMI (r = 0.43, P < 0.001; r = 0.41, P < 0.001; r = 0.17, P = 0.012, respectively). The area under the curves (AUCs) for waist circumference and WHtR were significantly higher than that for BMI in identifying a high CXR severity score (≥ 8) (0.68 [0.60-0.75] and 0.67 [0.60-0.74] vs 0.58 [0.51-0.66], P = 0.001). A multivariate analysis indicated abdominal obesity (risk ratio: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.25-2.45, P < 0.001), bronchial asthma (risk ratio: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.07-2.81, P = 0.026) and oxygen saturation at admission (risk ratio: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94-0.97, P < 0.001) as the only independent factors associated with high CXR severity scores. CONCLUSION Abdominal obesity phenotype is associated with a high CXR severity score better than BMI-based obesity in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Therefore, when visiting the patient in a hospital setting, waist circumference should be measured, and patients with abdominal obesity should be monitored closely. Level of evidence Cross-sectional descriptive study, Level V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Elias Malavazos
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Service, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Secchi
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Basilico
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Service, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
- School of Food Science, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Capitanio
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Service, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Boveri
- Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Milani
- Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Carola Dubini
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Service, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Lelio Morricone
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Service, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Foschini
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Gobbo
- General Medicine Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosangela Piccinni
- General Medicine Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saibene
- Department of General Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Menicanti
- Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Guazzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Cardiology University Department, Heart Failure Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Chuanhui Dong
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Operative Unit of Laboratory Medicine1-Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Carruba
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Center for Study and Research On Obesity, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Iacobellis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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22
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Cozzi A, Schiaffino S, Fanizza M, Magni V, Menicagli L, Monaco CG, Benedek A, Spinelli D, Di Leo G, Di Giulio G, Sardanelli F. Contrast-enhanced mammography for the assessment of screening recalls: a two-centre study. Eur Radiol 2022; 32:7388-7399. [PMID: 35648209 PMCID: PMC9668944 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-08868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the potential of contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) for reducing the biopsy rate of screening recalls. METHODS Recalled women were prospectively enrolled to undergo CEM alongside standard assessment (SA) through additional views, tomosynthesis, and/or ultrasound. Exclusion criteria were symptoms, implants, allergy to contrast agents, renal failure, and pregnancy. SA and CEM were independently evaluated by one of six radiologists, who recommended biopsy or 2-year follow-up. Biopsy rates according to SA or recombined CEM (rCEM) were compared with the McNemar's test. Diagnostic performance was calculated considering lesions with available final histopathology. RESULTS Between January 2019 and July 2021, 220 women were enrolled, 207 of them (median age 56.6 years) with 225 suspicious findings analysed. Three of 207 patients (1.4%) developed mild self-limiting adverse reactions to iodinated contrast agent. Overall, 135/225 findings were referred for biopsy, 90/225 by both SA and rCEM, 41/225 by SA alone and 4/225 by rCEM alone (2/4 being one DCIS and one invasive carcinoma). The rCEM biopsy rate (94/225, 41.8%, 95% CI 35.5-48.3%) was 16.4% lower (p < 0.001) than the SA biopsy rate (131/225, 58.2%, 95% CI 51.7-64.5%). Considering the 124/135 biopsies with final histopathology (44 benign, 80 malignant), rCEM showed a 93.8% sensitivity (95% CI 86.2-97.3%) and a 65.9% specificity (95% CI 51.1-78.1%), all 5 false negatives being ductal carcinoma in situ detectable as suspicious calcifications on low-energy images. CONCLUSIONS Compared to SA, the rCEM-based work-up would have avoided biopsy for 37/225 (16.4%) suspicious findings. Including low-energy images in interpretation provided optimal overall CEM sensitivity. KEY POINTS • The work-up of suspicious findings detected at mammographic breast cancer screening still leads to a high rate of unnecessary biopsies, involving between 2 and 6% of screened women. • In 207 recalled women with 225 suspicious findings, recombined images of contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) showed a 93.8% sensitivity and a 65.9% specificity, all 5 false negatives being ductal carcinoma in situ detectable on low-energy images as suspicious calcifications. • CEM could represent an easily available one-stop shop option for the morphofunctional assessment of screening recalls, potentially reducing the biopsy rate by 16.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cozzi
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- grid.419557.b0000 0004 1766 7370Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Marianna Fanizza
- grid.419425.f0000 0004 1760 3027Department of Breast Radiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Veronica Magni
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Menicagli
- grid.419557.b0000 0004 1766 7370Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Cristian Giuseppe Monaco
- grid.419557.b0000 0004 1766 7370Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Adrienn Benedek
- grid.419557.b0000 0004 1766 7370Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Diana Spinelli
- grid.419557.b0000 0004 1766 7370Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Leo
- grid.419557.b0000 0004 1766 7370Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Giulio
- grid.419425.f0000 0004 1760 3027Department of Breast Radiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy ,grid.419557.b0000 0004 1766 7370Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
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23
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Cozzi A, Magni V, Zanardo M, Schiaffino S, Sardanelli F. Contrast-enhanced Mammography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Performance. Radiology 2021; 302:568-581. [PMID: 34904875 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.211412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) is a promising technique for breast cancer detection, but conflicting results have been reported in previous meta-analyses. Purpose To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of CEM diagnostic performance considering different interpretation methods and clinical settings. Materials and Methods The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched up to July 15, 2021. Prospective and retrospective studies evaluating CEM diagnostic performance with histopathology and/or follow-up as the reference standard were included. Study quality was assessed with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool. Summary diagnostic odds ratio and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were estimated with the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) model. Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity were obtained with the hierarchical bivariate model, pooling studies with the same image interpretation approach or focused on the same findings. Heterogeneity was investigated through meta-regression and subgroup analysis. Results Sixty studies (67 study parts, 11 049 CEM examinations in 10 605 patients) were included. The overall area under the HSROC curve was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91, 0.96). Pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 55.7 (95% CI: 42.7, 72.7) with high heterogeneity (τ2 = 0.3). At meta-regression, CEM interpretation with both low-energy and recombined images had higher sensitivity (95% vs 94%, P < .001) and specificity (81% vs 71%, P = .03) compared with recombined images alone. At subgroup analysis, CEM showed a 95% pooled sensitivity (95% CI: 92, 97) and a 78% pooled specificity (95% CI: 66, 87) from nine studies in patients with dense breasts, while in 10 studies on mammography-detected suspicious findings, CEM had a 92% pooled sensitivity (95% CI: 89, 94) and an 84% pooled specificity (95% CI: 73, 91). Conclusion Contrast-enhanced mammography demonstrated high performance in breast cancer detection, especially with joint interpretation of low-energy and recombined images. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Bahl in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cozzi
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., V.M., M.Z., F.S.); and Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.)
| | - Veronica Magni
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., V.M., M.Z., F.S.); and Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.)
| | - Moreno Zanardo
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., V.M., M.Z., F.S.); and Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.)
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., V.M., M.Z., F.S.); and Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.)
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., V.M., M.Z., F.S.); and Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.)
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24
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Monti CB, Schiaffino S, Galimberti Ortiz MDM, Capra D, Zanardo M, De Benedictis E, Luporini AG, Spagnolo P, Secchi F, Sardanelli F. Potential role of epicardial adipose tissue as a biomarker of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Insights Imaging 2021; 12:161. [PMID: 34741673 PMCID: PMC8571675 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-021-01069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the radiodensity of epicardial (EAT), subcutaneous (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) before and after treatment with anthracyclines in a population of breast cancer (BC) patients, and in controls not treated with anthracyclines, to detect a potential role of EAT density as a biomarker of changes related to chemotherapy cardiotoxicity. Methods We reviewed BC patients treated with anthracyclines who underwent CT before (CT-t0) and after (CT-t1) chemotherapy, and age- and sex-matched controls who underwent two CT examinations at comparable intervals. On non-contrast scans, EAT was segmented contouring the pericardium and thresholding between -190 and -30 Hounsfield units (HU), and SAT and VAT were segmented with two 15-mm diameter regions of interest thresholded between -195 and -45 HU. Results Thirty-two female patients and 32 controls were included. There were no differences in age (p = 0.439) and follow-up duration (p = 0.162) between patients and controls. Between CT-t0 and CT-t1, EAT density decreased in BC patients (-66 HU, interquartile range [IQR] -71 to -63 HU, to -71 HU, IQR -75 to -66 HU, p = 0.003), while it did not vary in controls (p = 0.955). SAT density increased from CT-t0 to CT-t1 in BC patients (-107 HU, IQR -111 to -105 HU, to -105 HU, IQR -110 to -100 HU, p = 0.014), whereas it did not change in controls (p = 0.477). VAT density did not vary in either BC patients (p = 0.911) or controls (p = 0.627). Conclusions EAT density appears to be influenced by anthracycline treatment for BC, well known for its cardiotoxicity, shifting towards lower values indicative of a less active metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Beatrice Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Maria Del Mar Galimberti Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Capra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Moreno Zanardo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena De Benedictis
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Policlinico Di Monza, Via Amati 111, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Alberto Gianluigi Luporini
- Unit of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Pietro Spagnolo
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Francesco Secchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
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25
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Girardi V, Guaragni M, Ruzzenenti N, Palmieri F, Fogazzi G, Cozzi A, Lucchini D, Buffoli A, Schiaffino S, Sardanelli F. B3 Lesions at Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy under Ultrasound or Mammography Guidance: A Single-Center Experience on 3634 Consecutive Biopsies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5443. [PMID: 34771606 PMCID: PMC8582448 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of upgrade to cancer for breast lesions with uncertain malignant potential (B3 lesions) diagnosed at needle biopsy is highly influenced by several factors, but large series are seldom available. We retrospectively assessed the upgrade rates of a consecutive series of B3 lesions diagnosed at ultrasound- or mammography-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) at an EUSOMA-certified Breast Unit over a 7-year timeframe. The upgrade rate was defined as the number of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive cancer at pathology after excision or during follow-up divided by the total number of B3 lesions. All lesions were reviewed by one of four pathologists with a second opinion for discordant assessments of borderline cases. Excision or surveillance were defined by the multidisciplinary tumor board, with 6- and 12-month follow-up. Out of 3634 VABs (63% ultrasound-guided), 604 (17%) yielded a B3 lesion. After excision, 17/604 B3 lesions were finally upgraded to malignancy (2.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8-4.5%), 10/17 (59%) being upgraded to DCIS and 7/17 (41%) to invasive carcinoma. No cases were upgraded during follow-up. B3a lesions showed a significantly lower upgrade rate (0.4%, 95% CI 0.1-2.1%) than B3b lesions (4.7%, 95% CI 2.9-7.5%, p = 0.001), that had a 22.0 adjusted odds ratio for upgrade (95% CI 2.1-232.3). No significant difference was found in upgrade rates according to imaging guidance or needle caliper. Surveillance-oriented management can be considered for B3a lesions, while surgical excision should be pursued for B3b lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Girardi
- Breast Radiology, EUSOMA-Certified Breast Unit, Istituto Clinico Sant’Anna, Via del Franzone 31, 25127 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Monica Guaragni
- Breast Pathology, EUSOMA-Certified Breast Unit, Istituto Clinico Sant’Anna, Via del Franzone 31, 25127 Brescia, Italy; (M.G.); (N.R.)
| | - Nella Ruzzenenti
- Breast Pathology, EUSOMA-Certified Breast Unit, Istituto Clinico Sant’Anna, Via del Franzone 31, 25127 Brescia, Italy; (M.G.); (N.R.)
| | - Fabrizio Palmieri
- Breast Surgery, EUSOMA-Certified Breast Unit, Istituto Clinico Sant’Anna, Via del Franzone 31, 25127 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Fogazzi
- Breast Medical Oncology, EUSOMA-Certified Breast Unit, Istituto Clinico Sant’Anna, Via del Franzone 31, 25127 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Diana Lucchini
- Breast Psycho-Oncology, EUSOMA-Certified Breast Unit, Istituto Clinico Sant’Anna, Via del Franzone 31, 25127 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Alberto Buffoli
- Radiation Oncology, EUSOMA-Certified Breast Unit, Istituto Clinico Sant’Anna, Via del Franzone 31, 25127 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy;
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy;
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy;
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26
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Sardanelli F, Trimboli RM, Houssami N, Gilbert FJ, Helbich TH, Álvarez Benito M, Balleyguier C, Bazzocchi M, Bult P, Calabrese M, Camps Herrero J, Cartia F, Cassano E, Clauser P, Cozzi A, de Andrade DA, de Lima Docema MF, Depretto C, Dominelli V, Forrai G, Girometti R, Harms SE, Hilborne S, Ienzi R, Lobbes MBI, Losio C, Mann RM, Montemezzi S, Obdeijn IM, Ozcan UA, Pediconi F, Pinker K, Preibsch H, Raya Povedano JL, Sacchetto D, Scaperrotta GP, Schiaffino S, Schlooz M, Szabó BK, Taylor DB, Ulus ÖS, Van Goethem M, Veltman J, Weigel S, Wenkel E, Zuiani C, Di Leo G. Magnetic resonance imaging before breast cancer surgery: results of an observational multicenter international prospective analysis (MIPA). Eur Radiol 2021; 32:1611-1623. [PMID: 34643778 PMCID: PMC8831264 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can inform surgical planning but might cause overtreatment by increasing the mastectomy rate. The Multicenter International Prospective Analysis (MIPA) study investigated this controversial issue. METHODS This observational study enrolled women aged 18-80 years with biopsy-proven breast cancer, who underwent MRI in addition to conventional imaging (mammography and/or breast ultrasonography) or conventional imaging alone before surgery as routine practice at 27 centers. Exclusion criteria included planned neoadjuvant therapy, pregnancy, personal history of any cancer, and distant metastases. RESULTS Of 5896 analyzed patients, 2763 (46.9%) had conventional imaging only (noMRI group), and 3133 (53.1%) underwent MRI that was performed for diagnosis, screening, or unknown purposes in 692/3133 women (22.1%), with preoperative intent in 2441/3133 women (77.9%, MRI group). Patients in the MRI group were younger, had denser breasts, more cancers ≥ 20 mm, and a higher rate of invasive lobular histology than patients who underwent conventional imaging alone (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Mastectomy was planned based on conventional imaging in 22.4% (MRI group) versus 14.4% (noMRI group) (p < 0.001). The additional planned mastectomy rate in the MRI group was 11.3%. The overall performed first- plus second-line mastectomy rate was 36.3% (MRI group) versus 18.0% (noMRI group) (p < 0.001). In women receiving conserving surgery, MRI group had a significantly lower reoperation rate (8.5% versus 11.7%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Clinicians requested breast MRI for women with a higher a priori probability of receiving mastectomy. MRI was associated with 11.3% more mastectomies, and with 3.2% fewer reoperations in the breast conservation subgroup. KEY POINTS • In 19% of patients of the MIPA study, breast MRI was performed for screening or diagnostic purposes. • The current patient selection to preoperative breast MRI implies an 11% increase in mastectomies, counterbalanced by a 3% reduction of the reoperation rate. • Data from the MIPA study can support discussion in tumor boards when preoperative MRI is under consideration and should be shared with patients to achieve informed decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. .,Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy.
| | - Rubina M Trimboli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nehmat Houssami
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fiona J Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas H Helbich
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of General and Pediatric Radiology, Research Group: Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Massimo Bazzocchi
- Institute of Radiology, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Peter Bult
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Calabrese
- Unit of Breast Radiology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Cartia
- Unit of Breast Imaging, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Cassano
- Breast Imaging Division, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Clauser
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of General and Pediatric Radiology, Research Group: Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Catherine Depretto
- Unit of Breast Imaging, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Dominelli
- Breast Imaging Division, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gábor Forrai
- Department of Radiology, MHEK Teaching Hospital, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rossano Girometti
- Institute of Radiology, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Steven E Harms
- Breast Center of Northwest Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Sarah Hilborne
- Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raffaele Ienzi
- Department of Radiology, Di.Bi.MED, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Policlinico Universitario Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marc B I Lobbes
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudio Losio
- Department of Breast Radiology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ritse M Mann
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefania Montemezzi
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Inge-Marie Obdeijn
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Umit A Ozcan
- Unit of Radiology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Federica Pediconi
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Katja Pinker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of General and Pediatric Radiology, Research Group: Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Radiology, Breast Imaging Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heike Preibsch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Sacchetto
- Kiwifarm S.R.L, La Morra, Italy.,Disaster Medicine Service 118, ASL CN1, Saluzzo, Italy.,CRIMEDIM, Research Center in Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | | | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Margrethe Schlooz
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Botond K Szabó
- Department of Radiology, Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Donna B Taylor
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Radiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Özden S Ulus
- Unit of Radiology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mireille Van Goethem
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Radiology, Multidisciplinary Breast Clinic, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Veltman
- Maatschap Radiologie Oost-Nederland, Oldenzaal, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Weigel
- Institute of Clinical Radiology and Reference Center for Mammography, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Evelyn Wenkel
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chiara Zuiani
- Institute of Radiology, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Leo
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
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Gennaro N, Schiaffino S, Mauri G, Monfardini L. The What, the Why, and the How of Liver Ablations: A Practical Guide for the Medical Oncologist. Oncology 2021; 99:722-731. [PMID: 34515198 DOI: 10.1159/000518358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interventional oncology plays a major role within modern oncological patient management. Image-guided thermal ablation has been recognized as a successful local therapeutic option in patients with primary and secondary malignant liver diseases, as also recalled by the recent European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines on colorectal metastases. As image-guided treatments may be as effective as surgery in selected patients with liver lesions, the clinical oncologist should be familiar with the indications, risks, and technical aspects of liver ablation in order to provide their patients with the best outcomes. This article provides a broad overview of the most commonly used ablation techniques and highlights the most relevant technical aspects such as the ideal setting in the operating theatre; which image-guided methods are available, including the growing application of fusion imaging; or contrast-enhanced ultrasound for guiding/monitoring the procedure. A further aim is to expand the knowledge among medical oncologists about liver ablation procedures and to provide insights into the future perspectives of percutaneous minimally invasive procedures in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Gennaro
- Istituto di Imaging della Svizzera Italiana (IIMSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Radiology Unit IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Edmondo Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mauri
- Divisione di Radiologia Interventistica, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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28
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Bonelli LA, Calabrese M, Belli P, Corcione S, Losio C, Montemezzi S, Pediconi F, Petrillo A, Zuiani C, Camera L, Carbonaro LA, Cozzi A, De Falco Alfano D, Gristina L, Panzeri M, Poirè I, Schiaffino S, Tosto S, Trecate G, Trimboli RM, Valdora F, Viganò S, Sardanelli F. MRI versus Mammography plus Ultrasound in Women at Intermediate Breast Cancer Risk: Study Design and Protocol of the MRIB Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091635. [PMID: 34573983 PMCID: PMC8469187 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In women at high/intermediate lifetime risk of breast cancer (BC-LTR), contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) added to mammography ± ultrasound (MX ± US) increases sensitivity but decreases specificity. Screening with MRI alone is an alternative and potentially more cost-effective strategy. Here, we describe the study protocol and the characteristics of enrolled patients for MRIB feasibility, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, which aims to compare MRI alone versus MX+US in women at intermediate breast cancer risk (aged 40-59, with a 15-30% BC-LTR and/or extremely dense breasts). Two screening rounds per woman were planned in ten centers experienced in MRI screening, the primary endpoint being the rate of cancers detected in the 2 arms after 5 years of follow-up. From July 2013 to November 2015, 1254 women (mean age 47 years) were enrolled: 624 were assigned to MX+US and 630 to MRI. Most of them were aged below 50 (72%) and premenopausal (45%), and 52% used oral contraceptives. Among postmenopausal women, 15% had used hormone replacement therapy. Breast and/or ovarian cancer in mothers and/or sisters were reported by 37% of enrolled women, 79% had extremely dense breasts, and 41% had a 15-30% BC-LTR. The distribution of the major determinants of breast cancer risk profiles (breast density and family history of breast and ovarian cancer) of enrolled women varied across centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigina Ada Bonelli
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-010-5558502
| | - Massimo Calabrese
- Unit of Diagnostic Senology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (L.G.); (S.T.); (F.V.)
| | - Paolo Belli
- Department of Radiological, Radiotherapic and Hematological Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Stefano Corcione
- Breast Imaging Unit, Arcispedale Sant’Anna, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara, 44124 Cona, Italy; (S.C.); (D.D.F.A.)
| | - Claudio Losio
- Unit of Senology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; (C.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Stefania Montemezzi
- Unit of Radiology BT, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, 37126 Verona, Italy; (S.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Federica Pediconi
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Università degli Studi “La Sapienza”, 00161 Roma, Italy;
| | - Antonella Petrillo
- Radiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Chiara Zuiani
- Institute of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria “Santa Maria della Misericordia”, Università degli Studi di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Lucia Camera
- Unit of Radiology BT, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, 37126 Verona, Italy; (S.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Luca Alessandro Carbonaro
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; (L.A.C.); (S.S.); (F.S.)
- Department of Radiology, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milano, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.T.)
| | - Daniele De Falco Alfano
- Breast Imaging Unit, Arcispedale Sant’Anna, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara, 44124 Cona, Italy; (S.C.); (D.D.F.A.)
- Mammography Center, Radiology Unit, Policlinico Sant’Orsola–Malpighi, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Licia Gristina
- Unit of Diagnostic Senology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (L.G.); (S.T.); (F.V.)
| | - Marta Panzeri
- Unit of Senology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; (C.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Ilaria Poirè
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; (L.A.C.); (S.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Simona Tosto
- Unit of Diagnostic Senology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (L.G.); (S.T.); (F.V.)
| | - Giovanna Trecate
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (S.V.)
| | - Rubina Manuela Trimboli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.T.)
- Breast Imaging and Screening Unit, Department of Radiology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Valdora
- Unit of Diagnostic Senology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (L.G.); (S.T.); (F.V.)
| | - Sara Viganò
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (S.V.)
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; (L.A.C.); (S.S.); (F.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.T.)
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Monti CB, Capra D, Zanardo M, Guarnieri G, Schiaffino S, Secchi F, Sardanelli F. CT-derived epicardial adipose tissue density: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol 2021; 143:109902. [PMID: 34482178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our work was to systematically review and meta-analyze epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) density values reported in literature, assessing potential correlations of EAT density with segmentation thresholds and other technical and clinical variables. METHOD A systematic search was performed, aiming for papers reporting global EAT density values in Hounsfield Units (HU) in patients undergoing chest CT for any clinical indication. After screening titles, abstract and full text of each retrieved work, studies reporting mean and standard deviation for EAT density were ultimately included. Technical, clinical and EAT data were extracted, and divided into subgroups according to clinical conditions of reported subjects. Pooled density analyses were performed both overall and for subgroups according to clinical conditions. Metaregression analyses were done to appraise the impact of clinical and technical variables on EAT volume. RESULTS Out of 152 initially retrieved works, 13 were ultimately included, totaling for 7683 subjects. EAT density showed an overall pooled value of -85.86 HU (95% confidence interval [95% CI] -91.84, -79.89 HU), being -86.40 HU (95% CI -112.69, -60.12 HU) in healthy subjects and -80.71 HU (95% CI -87.43, -73.99 HU) in patients with coronary artery disease. EAT volume and lower and higher segmentation thresholds were found to be significantly correlated with EAT density (p = 0.044, p < 0.001 and p< 0.001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS Patients with coronary artery disease appear to present with higher EAT density values, while the correlations observed at metaregression highlight the need for well-established, shared thresholds for EAT segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina B Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Davide Capra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Moreno Zanardo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Guarnieri
- Postgraduation School in Cardiology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Secchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy
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Brancato B, Peruzzi F, Saieva C, Schiaffino S, Catarzi S, Risso GG, Cozzi A, Carriero S, Calabrese M, Montemezzi S, Zuiani C, Sardanelli F. Mammography self-evaluation online test for screening readers: an Italian Society of Medical Radiology (SIRM) initiative. Eur Radiol 2021; 32:1624-1633. [PMID: 34480624 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report and analyse the characteristics and performance of the first cohort of Italian radiologists completing the national mammography self-evaluation online test established by the Italian Society of Medical Radiology (SIRM). METHODS A specifically-built dataset of 132 mammograms (24 with screen-detected cancers and 108 negative cases) was preliminarily tested on 48 radiologists to define pass thresholds (62% sensitivity and 86% specificity) and subsequently made available online to SIRM members during a 13-month timeframe between 2018 and 2019. Associations between participants' characteristics, pass rates, and diagnostic accuracy were then investigated with descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS A total of 342 radiologists completed the test, 151/342 (44.2%) with success. All individual variables, except gender, showed a significant correlation with pass rates and diagnostic sensitivity, confirmed by univariate logistic regression, while only involvement in organised screening programs and number of mammograms read per year showed a positive association with specificity at univariate logistic regression. In the multivariable regression analysis, fewer variables remained significant: > 3000 mammograms read per year for success rate; female gender, public practice setting, and higher experience self-judgement for sensitivity; no variables were significantly associated with specificity. CONCLUSIONS This national self-evaluation test effectively differentiated multiple aspects of mammographic reading experience, but specific breast imaging experience was shown not to strictly guarantee good diagnostic accuracy. Due to its easy use and the validity of obtained results, this test could be extended to all Italian breast radiologists, regardless of their experience, also as a Breast Unit accreditation criterion. KEY POINTS • This self-evaluation test was found to be able to differentiate various degrees of mammographic interpretation experience. • Breast cancer screening readers should undergo a self-assessment test, since experience parameters alone do not guarantee diagnostic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beniamino Brancato
- Unit of Breast Imaging, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica - ISPRO, Via Cosimo il Vecchio 2, 50139, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Francesca Peruzzi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Calogero Saieva
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Molecular and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica - ISPRO, Via Cosimo il Vecchio 2, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Sandra Catarzi
- Unit of Breast Imaging, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica - ISPRO, Via Cosimo il Vecchio 2, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gemma Risso
- Unit of Breast Imaging, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica - ISPRO, Via Cosimo il Vecchio 2, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Carriero
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Calabrese
- Unit of Breast Imaging, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefania Montemezzi
- Radiology Unit - Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Piazzale Aristide Stefani 1, 37126, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Zuiani
- Department of Medical Area - Institute of Radiology, Università degli Studi di Udine, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milano, Italy
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31
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Zanardo M, Gerasia R, Giovannelli L, Scurto G, Cornacchione P, Cozzi A, Durante S, Schiaffino S, Monfardini L, Sardanelli F. A critical appraisal of the quality of guidelines for radiation protection in interventional radiology using the AGREE II tool: A EuroAIM initiative. Eur J Radiol 2021; 143:109906. [PMID: 34479125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically review and assess the methodological quality of guidelines for radiation protection in interventional radiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS On April 15th, 2021, a systematic search for guidelines on radiation protection in interventional radiology was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, National Guideline Clearinghouse, and National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence databases. Among retrieved guidelines, we then excluded those not primarily focused on radiation protection or on interventional radiology. Authors' professional role and year of publication were recorded for each included guideline. Guideline quality evaluation was performed independently by three authors using the six-domain tool "AGREE II", with an overall guideline quality score divided into three classes: low (<60%), acceptable (60-80%), and good quality (>80%). RESULTS Our literature search identified 106 citations: after applying exclusion criteria, 11 guidelines published between 2009 and 2018 were included, most of their authors being interventional radiologists (168/224, 75%). Overall quality of included guidelines was acceptable (median 72%, interquartile range 64-83%), with only one guideline (9%) with overall low quality and four guidelines (36%) with overall good quality. Among AGREE II domains, "Scope and Purpose", "Clarity of Presentations", and "Editorial Independence" had the best results (87%, 76%, and 75% respectively), while "Applicability", "Rigor of Development", and "Stakeholder Involvement" the worst (46%, 49%, and 52% respectively). CONCLUSION Considering all guidelines, the overall methodological quality was acceptable with one third of them reaching the highest score class. The "Applicability" domain had the lowest median score, highlighting a practical implementation gap to be addressed by future guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreno Zanardo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Roberta Gerasia
- Radiology Unit, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS-ISMETT), Via Ernesto Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy; AITRI, Italian Association of Interventional Radiographers, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Giovannelli
- Radiology Department, Ospedale Santa Maria del Carmine, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari di Trento, Viale Verona 4, 38068 Rovereto (TN), Italy; HTA team, FNO TSRM e PSTRP, Via Magna Grecia 30/A, 00183 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Scurto
- HTA team, FNO TSRM e PSTRP, Via Magna Grecia 30/A, 00183 Rome, Italy; Radiology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Viale Strasburgo 233, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Cornacchione
- UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento di Diagnostica per immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefano Durante
- Nursing, Technical and Rehabilitation Assistance Service, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Monfardini
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Leonida Bissolati 57, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, Italy.
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Iacobellis G, Malavazos AE, Basilico S, Tresoldi S, Rinaldo RF, Dubini C, Capitanio G, Serpi F, Schiaffino S, Oliva OA, Cariati M, Morricone L, Centanni S, Sardanelli F, Carruba M, Corsi Romanelli MM, Secchi F. Epicardial fat inflammation response to COVID-19 therapies. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1427-1433. [PMID: 34028990 PMCID: PMC8242726 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue plays a role in the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), a unique visceral fat, presents with a high degree of inflammation in severe COVID-19. Whether and how adipose tissue may respond to the COVID-19 therapies is unknown. METHODS The difference in computed tomography-measured EAT and subcutaneous (SAT) attenuation, defined as mean attenuation expressed in Hounsfield units (HU), was retrospectively analyzed in 72 patients (mean [SD] age was 59.6 [12.4] years, 50 patients [69%] were men) at the hospital admission for COVID-19 and 99 days (interquartile range = 71-129) after discharge. RESULTS At the admission, EAT-HU was significantly correlated with blood glucose levels, interleukin 6, troponin T levels, and waist circumference. EAT-HU decreased from -87.21 (16.18) to -100.0 (11) (p < 0.001), whereas SAT-HU did not change (-110.21 [12.1] to -111.11 [27.82]; p = 0.78) after therapy. Changes in EAT-HU (expressed as ∆) significantly correlated with dexamethasone therapy (r = -0.46, p = 0.006) and when dexamethasone was combined with tocilizumab (r = -0.24, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Dexamethasone therapy was associated with significant reduction of EAT inflammation in COVID-19 patients, whereas SAT showed no changes. Anti-inflammatory therapies targeting visceral fat may be helpful in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Iacobellis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Alexis Elias Malavazos
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention ServiceIstituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Donato PolyclinicSan Donato Milanese, MilanItaly
| | - Sara Basilico
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention ServiceIstituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Donato PolyclinicSan Donato Milanese, MilanItaly
| | - Silvia Tresoldi
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology ServiceAzienda Socio‐Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo and CarloMilanItaly
| | - Rocco Francesco Rinaldo
- Respiratory UnitDepartment of Health SciencesAzienda Socio‐Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo and CarloSan Paolo HospitalUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Carola Dubini
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention ServiceIstituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Donato PolyclinicSan Donato Milanese, MilanItaly
| | - Gloria Capitanio
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention ServiceIstituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Donato PolyclinicSan Donato Milanese, MilanItaly
| | - Francesca Serpi
- Post‐graduate School in RadiodiagnosticsUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Radiology UnitIstituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Donato PolyclinicSan Donato Milanese, MilanItaly
| | - Omar Alessandro Oliva
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention ServiceIstituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Donato PolyclinicSan Donato Milanese, MilanItaly
- Department of CardiologyIstituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Donato PolyclinicSan Donato Milanese, MilanItaly
| | - Maurizio Cariati
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology ServiceAzienda Socio‐Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo and CarloMilanItaly
| | - Lelio Morricone
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Stefano Centanni
- Respiratory UnitDepartment of Health SciencesAzienda Socio‐Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo and CarloSan Paolo HospitalUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Radiology UnitIstituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Donato PolyclinicSan Donato Milanese, MilanItaly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for HealthUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Michele Carruba
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineCenter for Study and Research on ObesityUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for HealthUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Operative Unit of Laboratory Medicine 1‐Clinical PathologyDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineIstituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Donato PolyclinicSan Donato Milanese, MilanItaly
| | - Francesco Secchi
- Radiology UnitIstituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Donato PolyclinicSan Donato Milanese, MilanItaly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for HealthUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
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Schiaffino S, Pinker K, Magni V, Cozzi A, Athanasiou A, Baltzer PAT, Camps Herrero J, Clauser P, Fallenberg EM, Forrai G, Fuchsjäger MH, Helbich TH, Kilburn-Toppin F, Kuhl CK, Lesaru M, Mann RM, Panizza P, Pediconi F, Pijnappel RM, Sella T, Thomassin-Naggara I, Zackrisson S, Gilbert FJ, Sardanelli F. Axillary lymphadenopathy at the time of COVID-19 vaccination: ten recommendations from the European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI). Insights Imaging 2021; 12:119. [PMID: 34417642 PMCID: PMC8378785 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-021-01062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy is a frequent mild side effect of COVID-19 vaccination. European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI) proposes ten recommendations to standardise its management and reduce unnecessary additional imaging and invasive procedures: (1) in patients with previous history of breast cancer, vaccination should be performed in the contralateral arm or in the thigh; (2) collect vaccination data for all patients referred to breast imaging services, including patients undergoing breast cancer staging and follow-up imaging examinations; (3) perform breast imaging examinations preferentially before vaccination or at least 12 weeks after the last vaccine dose; (4) in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer, apply standard imaging protocols regardless of vaccination status; (5) in any case of symptomatic or imaging-detected axillary lymphadenopathy before vaccination or at least 12 weeks after, examine with appropriate imaging the contralateral axilla and both breasts to exclude malignancy; (6) in case of axillary lymphadenopathy contralateral to the vaccination side, perform standard work-up; (7) in patients without breast cancer history and no suspicious breast imaging findings, lymphadenopathy only ipsilateral to the vaccination side within 12 weeks after vaccination can be considered benign or probably-benign, depending on clinical context; (8) in patients without breast cancer history, post-vaccination lymphadenopathy coupled with suspicious breast finding requires standard work-up, including biopsy when appropriate; (9) in patients with breast cancer history, interpret and manage post-vaccination lymphadenopathy considering the timeframe from vaccination and overall nodal metastatic risk; (10) complex or unclear cases should be managed by the multidisciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Katja Pinker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of General and Pediatric Radiology, Research Group: Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.,Department of Radiology, Breast Imaging Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Veronica Magni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pascal A T Baltzer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of General and Pediatric Radiology, Research Group: Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Paola Clauser
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of General and Pediatric Radiology, Research Group: Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Eva M Fallenberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine & Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , München , Germany
| | - Gábor Forrai
- Department of Radiology, Duna Medical Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael H Fuchsjäger
- Division of General Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas H Helbich
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of General and Pediatric Radiology, Research Group: Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Christiane K Kuhl
- University Hospital of Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mihai Lesaru
- Radiology and Imaging Laboratory, Fundeni Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ritse M Mann
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Panizza
- Breast Imaging Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Pediconi
- Department of Radiological, Oncological, and Pathological Sciences , Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" , Rome, Italy
| | - Ruud M Pijnappel
- Department of Imaging, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Sella
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Sophia Zackrisson
- Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fiona J Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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34
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Schiaffino S, Codari M, Cozzi A, Albano D, Alì M, Arioli R, Avola E, Bnà C, Cariati M, Carriero S, Cressoni M, Danna PSC, Della Pepa G, Di Leo G, Dolci F, Falaschi Z, Flor N, Foà RA, Gitto S, Leati G, Magni V, Malavazos AE, Mauri G, Messina C, Monfardini L, Paschè A, Pesapane F, Sconfienza LM, Secchi F, Segalini E, Spinazzola A, Tombini V, Tresoldi S, Vanzulli A, Vicentin I, Zagaria D, Fleischmann D, Sardanelli F. Machine Learning to Predict In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19 Patients Using Computed Tomography-Derived Pulmonary and Vascular Features. J Pers Med 2021; 11:501. [PMID: 34204911 PMCID: PMC8230339 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary parenchymal and vascular damage are frequently reported in COVID-19 patients and can be assessed with unenhanced chest computed tomography (CT), widely used as a triaging exam. Integrating clinical data, chest CT features, and CT-derived vascular metrics, we aimed to build a predictive model of in-hospital mortality using univariate analysis (Mann-Whitney U test) and machine learning models (support vectors machines (SVM) and multilayer perceptrons (MLP)). Patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and unenhanced chest CT performed on emergency department admission were included after retrieving their outcome (discharge or death), with an 85/15% training/test dataset split. Out of 897 patients, the 229 (26%) patients who died during hospitalization had higher median pulmonary artery diameter (29.0 mm) than patients who survived (27.0 mm, p < 0.001) and higher median ascending aortic diameter (36.6 mm versus 34.0 mm, p < 0.001). SVM and MLP best models considered the same ten input features, yielding a 0.747 (precision 0.522, recall 0.800) and 0.844 (precision 0.680, recall 0.567) area under the curve, respectively. In this model integrating clinical and radiological data, pulmonary artery diameter was the third most important predictor after age and parenchymal involvement extent, contributing to reliable in-hospital mortality prediction, highlighting the value of vascular metrics in improving patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.L.); (F.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Marina Codari
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (M.C.); (D.F.)
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (V.M.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Domenico Albano
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 127, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Alì
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano S.p.A., Via Simone Saint Bon 20, 20147 Milan, Italy;
| | - Roberto Arioli
- Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Corso Giuseppe Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy; (R.A.); (P.S.C.D.); (Z.F.); (A.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Emanuele Avola
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.A.); (S.C.); (G.D.P.)
| | - Claudio Bnà
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, Unit of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Leonida Bissolati 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (C.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Maurizio Cariati
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Service, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (R.A.F.); (S.T.)
| | - Serena Carriero
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.A.); (S.C.); (G.D.P.)
| | - Massimo Cressoni
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.L.); (F.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Pietro S. C. Danna
- Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Corso Giuseppe Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy; (R.A.); (P.S.C.D.); (Z.F.); (A.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Gianmarco Della Pepa
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.A.); (S.C.); (G.D.P.)
| | - Giovanni Di Leo
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.L.); (F.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesco Dolci
- Emergency Department, ASST Crema—Ospedale Maggiore, Largo Ugo Dossena 2, 26013 Crema, Italy;
| | - Zeno Falaschi
- Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Corso Giuseppe Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy; (R.A.); (P.S.C.D.); (Z.F.); (A.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Nicola Flor
- Unit of Radiology, Ospedale Universitario Luigi Sacco—ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Riccardo A. Foà
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Service, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (R.A.F.); (S.T.)
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, Unit of Radiology, ASST Crema—Ospedale Maggiore, Largo Ugo Dossena 2, 26013 Crema, Italy; (G.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Salvatore Gitto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (V.M.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Giovanni Leati
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, Unit of Radiology, ASST Crema—Ospedale Maggiore, Largo Ugo Dossena 2, 26013 Crema, Italy; (G.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Veronica Magni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (V.M.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Alexis E. Malavazos
- High Speciality Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Mauri
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (A.V.)
- Division of Interventional Radiology, IEO—Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmelo Messina
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Monfardini
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, Unit of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Leonida Bissolati 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (C.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Alessio Paschè
- Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Corso Giuseppe Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy; (R.A.); (P.S.C.D.); (Z.F.); (A.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Filippo Pesapane
- Division of Breast Radiology, IEO—Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Luca M. Sconfienza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (V.M.); (L.M.S.)
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy; (D.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Francesco Secchi
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.L.); (F.S.); (F.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (V.M.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Edoardo Segalini
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, ASST Crema—Ospedale Maggiore, Largo Ugo Dossena 2, 26013 Crema, Italy;
| | - Angelo Spinazzola
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, Unit of Radiology, ASST Crema—Ospedale Maggiore, Largo Ugo Dossena 2, 26013 Crema, Italy; (G.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Valeria Tombini
- ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy; (V.T.); (I.V.)
| | - Silvia Tresoldi
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Service, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (R.A.F.); (S.T.)
| | - Angelo Vanzulli
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (A.V.)
- ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy; (V.T.); (I.V.)
| | - Ilaria Vicentin
- ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy; (V.T.); (I.V.)
| | - Domenico Zagaria
- Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Corso Giuseppe Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy; (R.A.); (P.S.C.D.); (Z.F.); (A.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dominik Fleischmann
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (M.C.); (D.F.)
- Cardiovascular Institute, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.L.); (F.S.); (F.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.G.); (V.M.); (L.M.S.)
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35
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Albano D, Schiaffino S, Cozzi A, Messina C, Gitto S, Vanzulli A, Carriero A, Sardanelli F, Sconfienza LM. CT-Derived Chest Muscle Metrics for Outcome Prediction in COVID-19 Patients. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Monaco CG, Zaottini F, Schiaffino S, Villa A, Pepa GD, Carbonaro LA, Menicagli L, Cozzi A, Carriero S, Arpaia F, Di Leo G, Astengo D, Rosenberg I, Sardanelli F. Correction to: Chest x-ray severity score in COVID-19 patients on emergency department admission: a two-centre study. Eur Radiol Exp 2021; 5:17. [PMID: 33852107 PMCID: PMC8046860 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-021-00215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Giuseppe Monaco
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Federico Zaottini
- Unit of Radiology, Ospedale Lavagna, Via Don Giovanni Battista Bobbio 25, 16033, Lavagna, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Unit of Radiology, Ospedale Lavagna, Via Don Giovanni Battista Bobbio 25, 16033, Lavagna, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Della Pepa
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Alessandro Carbonaro
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Laura Menicagli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Carriero
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Arpaia
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Leo
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Davide Astengo
- Unit of Radiology, Ospedale Lavagna, Via Don Giovanni Battista Bobbio 25, 16033, Lavagna, Italy
| | - Ilan Rosenberg
- Unit of Radiology, Ospedale Lavagna, Via Don Giovanni Battista Bobbio 25, 16033, Lavagna, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
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37
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Salvatore C, Interlenghi M, Monti CB, Ippolito D, Capra D, Cozzi A, Schiaffino S, Polidori A, Gandola D, Alì M, Castiglioni I, Messa C, Sardanelli F. Artificial Intelligence Applied to Chest X-ray for Differential Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:530. [PMID: 33809625 PMCID: PMC8000736 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the role of artificial intelligence applied to chest X-rays (CXRs) in supporting the diagnosis of COVID-19. We trained and cross-validated a model with an ensemble of 10 convolutional neural networks with CXRs of 98 COVID-19 patients, 88 community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients, and 98 subjects without either COVID-19 or CAP, collected in two Italian hospitals. The system was tested on two independent cohorts, namely, 148 patients (COVID-19, CAP, or negative) collected by one of the two hospitals (independent testing I) and 820 COVID-19 patients collected by a multicenter study (independent testing II). On the training and cross-validation dataset, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were 0.91, 0.87, and 0.93 for COVID-19 versus negative subjects, 0.85, 0.82, and 0.94 for COVID-19 versus CAP. On the independent testing I, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 0.98, 0.88, and 0.98 for COVID-19 versus negative subjects, 0.97, 0.96, and 0.98 for COVID-19 versus CAP. On the independent testing II, the system correctly diagnosed 652 COVID-19 patients versus negative subjects (0.80 sensitivity) and correctly differentiated 674 COVID-19 versus CAP patients (0.82 sensitivity). This system appears promising for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of COVID-19, showing its potential as a second opinion tool in conditions of the variable prevalence of different types of infectious pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Salvatore
- Department of Science, Technology, and Society, Scuola Universitaria IUSS, Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- DeepTrace Technologies S.R.L., via Conservatorio 17, 20122 Milano, Italy; (M.I.); (A.P.)
| | - Matteo Interlenghi
- DeepTrace Technologies S.R.L., via Conservatorio 17, 20122 Milano, Italy; (M.I.); (A.P.)
| | - Caterina B. Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (A.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Davide Ippolito
- Department of Radiology, ASST Monza—Ospedale San Gerardo, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (D.I.); (D.G.)
| | - Davide Capra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (A.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (A.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Polidori
- DeepTrace Technologies S.R.L., via Conservatorio 17, 20122 Milano, Italy; (M.I.); (A.P.)
| | - Davide Gandola
- Department of Radiology, ASST Monza—Ospedale San Gerardo, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (D.I.); (D.G.)
| | - Marco Alì
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano S.p.A., Via Saint Bon 20, 20147 Milano, Italy;
| | - Isabella Castiglioni
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Cristina Messa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy;
- Fondazione Tecnomed, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Palazzina Ciclotrone—Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (A.C.); (F.S.)
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy;
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Schiaffino S, Albano D, Cozzi A, Messina C, Arioli R, Bnà C, Bruno A, Carbonaro LA, Carriero A, Carriero S, Danna PSC, D'Ascoli E, De Berardinis C, Della Pepa G, Falaschi Z, Gitto S, Malavazos AE, Mauri G, Monfardini L, Paschè A, Rizzati R, Secchi F, Vanzulli A, Tombini V, Vicentin I, Zagaria D, Sardanelli F, Sconfienza LM. CT-derived Chest Muscle Metrics for Outcome Prediction in Patients with COVID-19. Radiology 2021; 300:E328-E336. [PMID: 33724065 PMCID: PMC7971428 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021204141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Lower muscle mass is a known predictor of unfavorable outcomes, but its prognostic impact on patients with COVID-19 is unknown. Purpose To investigate the contribution of CT-derived muscle status in predicting clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methods Clinical or laboratory data and outcomes (intensive care unit [ICU] admission and death) were retrospectively retrieved for patients with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, who underwent chest CT on admission in four hospitals in Northern Italy from February 21 to April 30, 2020. The extent and type of pulmonary involvement, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion were assessed. Cross-sectional areas and attenuation by paravertebral muscles were measured on axial CT images at the T5 and T12 vertebral level. Multivariable linear and binary logistic regression, including calculation of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs, were used to build four models to predict ICU admission and death, which were tested and compared by using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results A total of 552 patients (364 men and 188 women; median age, 65 years [interquartile range, 54-75 years]) were included. In a CT-based model, lower-than-median T5 paravertebral muscle areas showed the highest ORs for ICU admission (OR, 4.8; 95% CI: 2.7, 8.5; P < .001) and death (OR, 2.3; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.9; P = .03). When clinical variables were included in the model, lower-than-median T5 paravertebral muscle areas still showed the highest ORs for both ICU admission (OR, 4.3; 95%: CI: 2.5, 7.7; P < .001) and death (OR, 2.3; 95% CI: 1.3, 3.7; P = .001). At receiver operating characteristic analysis, the CT-based model and the model including clinical variables showed the same area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for ICU admission prediction (AUC, 0.83; P = .38) and were not different in terms of predicting death (AUC, 0.86 vs AUC, 0.87, respectively; P = .28). Conclusion In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, lower muscle mass on CT images was independently associated with intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schiaffino
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Domenico Albano
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Carmelo Messina
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Roberto Arioli
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Claudio Bnà
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Antonio Bruno
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Luca A Carbonaro
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Alessandro Carriero
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Serena Carriero
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Pietro S C Danna
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Elisa D'Ascoli
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Claudia De Berardinis
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Gianmarco Della Pepa
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Zeno Falaschi
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Salvatore Gitto
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Alexis E Malavazos
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Giovanni Mauri
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Lorenzo Monfardini
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Alessio Paschè
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Roberto Rizzati
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Francesco Secchi
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Angelo Vanzulli
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Valeria Tombini
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Ilaria Vicentin
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Domenico Zagaria
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Luca M Sconfienza
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
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Monti CB, Capra D, Malavazos A, Florini G, Parietti C, Schiaffino S, Sardanelli F, Secchi F. Subcutaneous, Paracardiac, and Epicardial Fat CT Density Before/After Contrast Injection: Any Correlation with CAD? J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040735. [PMID: 33673256 PMCID: PMC7918165 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue, in particular epicardial adipose tissue, has been identified as a potential biomarker of cardiovascular pathologies such as coronary artery disease (CAD) in the light of its metabolic activity and close anatomic and pathophysiologic relationship to the heart. Our purpose was to evaluate epicardial adipose tissue density at both unenhanced and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), along with CT densities of paracardiac and subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well as the relations of such densities with CAD. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent cardiac CT at our institution for CAD assessment. We segmented regions of interest on epicardial, paracardiac, and subcutaneous adipose tissue on unenhanced and contrast-enhanced scans. A total of 480 patients were included, 164 of them presenting with CAD. Median epicardial adipose tissue density measured on contrast-enhanced scans (−81.5 HU; interquartile range −84.9 to −78.0) was higher than that measured on unenhanced scans (−73.4 HU; −76.9 to −69.4) (p < 0.001), whereas paracardiac and subcutaneous adipose tissue densities were not (p ≥ 0.055). Patients with or without CAD, did not show significant differences in density of epicardial, paracardiac, and subcutaneous adipose tissue either on unenhanced or contrast-enhanced scans (p ≥ 0.092). CAD patients may experience different phenomena (inflammation, fibrosis, increase in adipose depots) leading to rises or drops in epicardial adipose tissue density, resulting in variations that are difficult to detect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Beatrice Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Davide Capra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Alexis Malavazos
- Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Unit and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milano, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Florini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; (G.F.); (C.P.)
| | - Carlo Parietti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; (G.F.); (C.P.)
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milano, Italy;
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (F.S.)
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milano, Italy;
| | - Francesco Secchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.B.M.); (D.C.); (F.S.)
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milano, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Castiglioni I, Ippolito D, Interlenghi M, Monti CB, Salvatore C, Schiaffino S, Polidori A, Gandola D, Messa C, Sardanelli F. Machine learning applied on chest x-ray can aid in the diagnosis of COVID-19: a first experience from Lombardy, Italy. Eur Radiol Exp 2021; 5:7. [PMID: 33527198 PMCID: PMC7850902 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-020-00203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to train and test a deep learning classifier to support the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using chest x-ray (CXR) on a cohort of subjects from two hospitals in Lombardy, Italy. METHODS We used for training and validation an ensemble of ten convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with mainly bedside CXRs of 250 COVID-19 and 250 non-COVID-19 subjects from two hospitals (Centres 1 and 2). We then tested such system on bedside CXRs of an independent group of 110 patients (74 COVID-19, 36 non-COVID-19) from one of the two hospitals. A retrospective reading was performed by two radiologists in the absence of any clinical information, with the aim to differentiate COVID-19 from non-COVID-19 patients. Real-time polymerase chain reaction served as the reference standard. RESULTS At 10-fold cross-validation, our deep learning model classified COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients with 0.78 sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74-0.81), 0.82 specificity (95% CI 0.78-0.85), and 0.89 area under the curve (AUC) (95% CI 0.86-0.91). For the independent dataset, deep learning showed 0.80 sensitivity (95% CI 0.72-0.86) (59/74), 0.81 specificity (29/36) (95% CI 0.73-0.87), and 0.81 AUC (95% CI 0.73-0.87). Radiologists' reading obtained 0.63 sensitivity (95% CI 0.52-0.74) and 0.78 specificity (95% CI 0.61-0.90) in Centre 1 and 0.64 sensitivity (95% CI 0.52-0.74) and 0.86 specificity (95% CI 0.71-0.95) in Centre 2. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary experience based on ten CNNs trained on a limited training dataset shows an interesting potential of deep learning for COVID-19 diagnosis. Such tool is in training with new CXRs to further increase its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Castiglioni
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, National Research Council, 20090, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Ippolito
- Department of Radiology, San Gerardo Hospital, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Matteo Interlenghi
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, National Research Council, 20090, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Beatrice Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Salvatore
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- DeepTrace Technologies S.R.L., Via Conservatorio 17, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Polidori
- DeepTrace Technologies S.R.L., Via Conservatorio 17, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Gandola
- Department of Radiology, San Gerardo Hospital, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Cristina Messa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Tecnomed, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Palazzina Ciclotrone, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
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Castiglioni I, Ippolito D, Interlenghi M, Monti CB, Salvatore C, Schiaffino S, Polidori A, Gandola D, Messa C, Sardanelli F. Machine learning applied on chest x-ray can aid in the diagnosis of COVID-19: a first experience from Lombardy, Italy. Eur Radiol Exp 2021. [PMID: 33527198 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.08.20040907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to train and test a deep learning classifier to support the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using chest x-ray (CXR) on a cohort of subjects from two hospitals in Lombardy, Italy. METHODS We used for training and validation an ensemble of ten convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with mainly bedside CXRs of 250 COVID-19 and 250 non-COVID-19 subjects from two hospitals (Centres 1 and 2). We then tested such system on bedside CXRs of an independent group of 110 patients (74 COVID-19, 36 non-COVID-19) from one of the two hospitals. A retrospective reading was performed by two radiologists in the absence of any clinical information, with the aim to differentiate COVID-19 from non-COVID-19 patients. Real-time polymerase chain reaction served as the reference standard. RESULTS At 10-fold cross-validation, our deep learning model classified COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients with 0.78 sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74-0.81), 0.82 specificity (95% CI 0.78-0.85), and 0.89 area under the curve (AUC) (95% CI 0.86-0.91). For the independent dataset, deep learning showed 0.80 sensitivity (95% CI 0.72-0.86) (59/74), 0.81 specificity (29/36) (95% CI 0.73-0.87), and 0.81 AUC (95% CI 0.73-0.87). Radiologists' reading obtained 0.63 sensitivity (95% CI 0.52-0.74) and 0.78 specificity (95% CI 0.61-0.90) in Centre 1 and 0.64 sensitivity (95% CI 0.52-0.74) and 0.86 specificity (95% CI 0.71-0.95) in Centre 2. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary experience based on ten CNNs trained on a limited training dataset shows an interesting potential of deep learning for COVID-19 diagnosis. Such tool is in training with new CXRs to further increase its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Castiglioni
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, National Research Council, 20090, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Ippolito
- Department of Radiology, San Gerardo Hospital, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Matteo Interlenghi
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, National Research Council, 20090, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Beatrice Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Salvatore
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- DeepTrace Technologies S.R.L., Via Conservatorio 17, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Polidori
- DeepTrace Technologies S.R.L., Via Conservatorio 17, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Gandola
- Department of Radiology, San Gerardo Hospital, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Cristina Messa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Tecnomed, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Palazzina Ciclotrone, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
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Schiaffino S, Giacomazzi F, Esseridou A, Cozzi A, Carriero S, Mazzaccaro DP, Nano G, Di Leo G, Spagnolo P, Sardanelli F. Pulmonary thromboembolism in coronavirus disease 2019 patients undergoing thromboprophylaxis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24002. [PMID: 33429763 PMCID: PMC7793450 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the prevalence of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and its association with clinical variables in a cohort of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients receiving low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) at prophylactic dosage.In this retrospective observational study we included COVID-19 patients receiving prophylactic LMWH from admission but still referred for lower-limbs venous Doppler ultrasound (LL-US) and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for clinical PTE suspicion. A dedicated radiologist reviewed CTPA images to assess PTE presence/extension.From March 1 to April 30, 2020, 45 patients were included (34 men, median age 67 years, interquartile range [IQR] 60-76). Twenty-seven (60%) had PTE signs at CTPA, 17/27 (63%) with bilateral involvement, none with main branch PTE. In 33/45 patients (73%) patients LL-US was performed before CTPA, with 3 patients having superficial vein thrombosis (9%, none with CTPA-confirmed PTE) and 1 patient having deep vein thrombosis (3%, with CTPA-confirmed PTE). Thirty-three patients (73%) had at least one comorbidity, mainly hypertension (23/45, 51%) and cardiovascular disease (15/45, 33%). Before CTPA, 5 patients had high D-dimer (11.21 μg/mL, IQR 9.10-13.02), 19 high fibrinogen (550 mg/dL, IQR 476-590), 26 high interleukin-6 (79 pg/mL, IQR 31-282), and 11 high C-reactive protein (9.60 mg/dL, IQR 6.75-10.65), C-reactive protein being the only laboratory parameter significantly differing between patients with and without PTE (P = .002)High PTE incidence (60%) in COVID-19 hospitalized patients under prophylactic LMWH could substantiate further tailoring of anticoagulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Giacomazzi
- Unit of Cardiac Rehabilitation, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese
| | | | | | - Serena Carriero
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano
| | | | - Giovanni Nano
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
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Carbonaro LA, Schiaffino S, Clauser P, Tomkova L, Iodice M, Zuiani C, Sardanelli F. Side of contrast injection and breast size correlate with motion artifacts grade and image quality on breast MRI. Acta Radiol 2021; 62:19-26. [PMID: 32228030 DOI: 10.1177/0284185120912408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motion is a relevant cause of artifacts in breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), potentially degrading image quality, even with optimized protocols. PURPOSE To investigate the causes of motion artifacts (MA) impacting on image quality (IQ) of contrast-enhanced breast MRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective two-center study on consecutive 1.5-T contrast-enhanced breast MRI, independently reviewed by two radiologists on first subtracted and maximum intensity projection images to define the side most affected by MA. IQ was scored as 1 (optimal), 2 (reduced, but without reduction of diagnostic power), or 3 (reduced, with reduced diagnostic power). Correlations with injection side, breast size (A/B vs. C/D cups), patient age, clinical indication, and MRI scanner/protocol were assessed using χ2 and Fisher's exact statistics. RESULTS In total, 237 examinations were included, with right injection performed in 124 (52%) and left in 113 (48%). MA were more frequent on the side ipsilateral to the injection (144/237, 61%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 54-67%) than on the contralateral (93/237, 95% CI 33-46%) (P < 0.001); IQ was scored 1 in 154/237 (65%), 2 in 63/237 (27%), and 3 in 20/237 (8%) examinations; patients with A/B cups showed higher IQ score than patients with C/D cups (scores 1, 2, and 3: 54% vs. 70%; 29% vs. 25%; 17% vs. 5%, respectively, P = 0.002). No significant correlations were found for MA (P≥0.106) or IQ (P ≥ 0.318) between ipsi- or contralateral injection and right/left injection, breast size, age, indication, or scanner/protocol. CONCLUSION MA were more frequent in breasts ipsilateral to contrast injection and showed a reduced IQ for small breasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A Carbonaro
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Paola Clauser
- Medical University of Vienna/General Hospital Vienna, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Wien, Austria
| | - Ludmila Tomkova
- Institute of Radiology, University of Udine, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Iodice
- Postgraduation School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Zuiani
- Institute of Radiology, University of Udine, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria S. Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Monaco CG, Zaottini F, Schiaffino S, Villa A, Della Pepa G, Carbonaro LA, Menicagli L, Cozzi A, Carriero S, Arpaia F, Di Leo G, Astengo D, Rosenberg I, Sardanelli F. Chest x-ray severity score in COVID-19 patients on emergency department admission: a two-centre study. Eur Radiol Exp 2020; 4:68. [PMID: 33319321 PMCID: PMC7735892 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-020-00195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integration of imaging and clinical parameters could improve the stratification of COVID-19 patients on emergency department (ED) admission. We aimed to assess the extent of COVID-19 pulmonary abnormalities on chest x-ray (CXR) using a semiquantitative severity score, correlating it with clinical data and testing its interobserver agreement. METHODS From February 22 to April 8, 2020, 926 consecutive patients referring to ED of two institutions in Northern Italy for suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection were reviewed. Patients with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction positive for SARS-CoV-2 and CXR images on ED admission were included (295 patients, median age 69 years, 199 males). Five readers independently and blindly reviewed all CXRs, rating pulmonary parenchymal involvement using a 0-3 semiquantitative score in 1-point increments on 6 lung zones (range 0-18). Interobserver agreement was assessed with weighted Cohen's κ, correlations between median CXR score and clinical data with Spearman's ρ, and the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Median score showed negative correlation with SpO2 (ρ = -0.242, p < 0.001), positive correlation with white cell count (ρ = 0.277, p < 0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (ρ = 0.308, p < 0.001), and C-reactive protein (ρ = 0.367, p < 0.001), being significantly higher in subsequently dead patients (p = 0.003). Considering overall scores, readers' pairings yielded moderate (κ = 0.449, p < 0.001) to almost perfect interobserver agreement (κ = 0.872, p < 0.001), with better interobserver agreement between readers of centre 2 (up to κ = 0.872, p < 0.001) than centre 1 (κ = 0.764, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Proposed CXR pulmonary severity score in COVID-19 showed moderate to almost perfect interobserver agreement and significant but weak correlations with clinical parameters, potentially furthering CXR integration in patients' stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Giuseppe Monaco
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Federico Zaottini
- Unit of Radiology, Ospedale Lavagna, Via Don Giovanni Battista Bobbio 25, 16033, Lavagna, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Unit of Radiology, Ospedale Lavagna, Via Don Giovanni Battista Bobbio 25, 16033, Lavagna, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Della Pepa
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Alessandro Carbonaro
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Laura Menicagli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Carriero
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Arpaia
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Leo
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Davide Astengo
- Unit of Radiology, Ospedale Lavagna, Via Don Giovanni Battista Bobbio 25, 16033, Lavagna, Italy
| | - Ilan Rosenberg
- Unit of Radiology, Ospedale Lavagna, Via Don Giovanni Battista Bobbio 25, 16033, Lavagna, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Cozzi A, Schiaffino S, Giorgi Rossi P, Sardanelli F. Breast cancer screening: in the era of personalized medicine, age is just a number. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:2401-2407. [PMID: 33269240 DOI: 10.21037/qims-2020-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Paolo Giorgi Rossi
- Epidemiology Unit, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
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Iacobellis G, Secchi F, Capitanio G, Basilico S, Schiaffino S, Boveri S, Sardanelli F, Corsi Romanelli MM, Malavazos AE. Epicardial Fat Inflammation in Severe COVID-19. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:2260-2262. [PMID: 32862512 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Iacobellis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Francesco Secchi
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Capitanio
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Service, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Basilico
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Service, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Boveri
- Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Operative Unit of Laboratory Medicine1-Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexis Elias Malavazos
- Endocrinology Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Cardiovascular Prevention Service, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
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Cozzi A, Buragina G, Spinelli D, Schiaffino S, Zanardo M, Di Leo G, Carbonaro LA, Sardanelli F. Accuracy and inter-reader agreement of breast MRI for cancer staging using 0.08 mmol/kg of gadobutrol. Clin Imaging 2020; 72:154-161. [PMID: 33249403 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on gadolinium brain accumulation after contrast-enhanced MRI prompted research in dose reduction. PURPOSE To estimate accuracy and inter-reader reproducibility of tumor size measurement in breast MRI using 0.08 mmol/kg of gadobutrol. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed all women who underwent 1.5-T breast MRI for cancer staging at our department with 0.08 mmol/kg of gadobutrol. Two readers (R1 and R2, 12 and 3 years-experience) measured the largest lesion diameter. Accuracy was estimated both as correlation with pathology and rate of absolute (>5 mm) overestimation and underestimation, inter-reader reproducibility using the Bland-Altman method. Data are given as median and interquartile range. RESULTS Thirty-six patients were analyzed (median age 56 years, 49-66) for a total of 38 lesions, 24 (63%) mass enhancement, 14 (37%) non-mass enhancement. Histopathological median size (mm) of all lesions was 15 (9-25): 13 (9-19) for mass lesions, 19 (11-39) for non-mass lesions. On MRI, R1 measured (mm) 14 (10-22) for all lesions, 13 (10-19) for mass lesions, 19 (11-49) for non-mass lesions. MRI-pathology correlation was very high for all lesion categories (ρ ≥ 0.766). On MRI, R1 overestimated lesion size in 6 cases (16%), and underestimated in 3 (8%); R2, overestimated 7 cases (18%) and underestimated 3 cases (8%). At inter-reader reproducibility analysis (mm): bias 0.9, coefficient of reproducibility 13 for all lesions; -0.1 and 6 for mass lesions; 2.5 and 20 for non-mass lesions. CONCLUSIONS Breast MRI may be performed using 0.08 mmol/kg of gadobutrol with high accuracy and acceptable inter-reader agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Buragina
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Diana Spinelli
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy.
| | - Moreno Zanardo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Di Leo
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy.
| | | | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy.
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Pediconi F, Galati F, Bernardi D, Belli P, Brancato B, Calabrese M, Camera L, Carbonaro LA, Caumo F, Clauser P, Girardi V, Iacconi C, Martincich L, Panizza P, Petrillo A, Schiaffino S, Tagliafico A, Trimboli RM, Zuiani C, Sardanelli F, Montemezzi S. Breast imaging and cancer diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations from the Italian College of Breast Radiologists by SIRM. Radiol Med 2020; 125:926-930. [PMID: 32661780 PMCID: PMC7357257 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-020-01254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Italian College of Breast Radiologists by the Italian Society of Medical Radiology (SIRM) provides recommendations for breast care provision and procedural prioritization during COVID-19 pandemic, being aware that medical decisions must be currently taken balancing patient's individual and community safety: (1) patients having a scheduled or to-be-scheduled appointment for in-depth diagnostic breast imaging or needle biopsy should confirm the appointment or obtain a new one; (2) patients who have suspicious symptoms of breast cancer (in particular: new onset palpable nodule; skin or nipple retraction; orange peel skin; unilateral secretion from the nipple) should request non-deferrable tests at radiology services; (3) asymptomatic women performing annual mammographic follow-up after breast cancer treatment should preferably schedule the appointment within 1 year and 3 months from the previous check, compatibly with the local organizational conditions; (4) asymptomatic women who have not responded to the invitation for screening mammography after the onset of the pandemic or have been informed of the suspension of the screening activity should schedule the check preferably within 3 months from the date of the not performed check, compatibly with local organizational conditions. The Italian College of Breast Radiologists by SIRM recommends precautions to protect both patients and healthcare workers (radiologists, radiographers, nurses, and reception staff) from infection or disease spread on the occasion of breast imaging procedures, particularly mammography, breast ultrasound, breast magnetic resonance imaging, and breast intervention procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pediconi
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Galati
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Bernardi
- Breast Imaging and Screening Unit, Department of Radiology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Belli
- Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Beniamino Brancato
- Struttura Complessa di Senologia Clinica, Istituto per lo Studio la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Via Cosimo il Vecchio, 2, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Calabrese
- UOC Senologia Diagnostica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucia Camera
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics - Radiology Unit, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca A Carbonaro
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paola Clauser
- Division of Molecular and Gender Imaging, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna/General Hospital Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronica Girardi
- Breast Unit Eusoma Certificated, Department of Breast Imaging and Intervention, Istituto clinico S. Anna, Via del Franzone 31, 25127, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Laura Martincich
- Unit of Radiodiagnostics, Ospedale Cardinal G. Massaia -ASL AT, Via Conte Verde 125, 14100, Asti, Italy
| | - Pietro Panizza
- Breast Imaging Unit, Scientific Institute (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Petrillo
- Radiology Division, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale - IRCCS di Napoli", Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Tagliafico
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL)- Radiology Section, University of Genova, Via L.B. Alberti 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS - Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi. 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rubina M Trimboli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Zuiani
- Institute of Radiology, University of Udine, Piazzale S. M. della Misericordia 15, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefania Montemezzi
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics - Radiology Unit, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Monfardini L, Morassi M, Botti P, Stellini R, Bettari L, Pezzotti S, Alì M, Monaco CG, Magni V, Cozzi A, Schiaffino S, Bnà C. Pulmonary thromboembolism in hospitalised COVID-19 patients at moderate to high risk by Wells score: a report from Lombardy, Italy. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20200407. [PMID: 32735448 PMCID: PMC7465860 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To present a single-centre experience on CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for the assessment of hospitalised COVID-19 patients with moderate-to-high risk of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Methods: We analysed consecutive COVID-19 patients (RT-PCR confirmed) undergoing CTPA in March 2020 for PTE clinical suspicion. Clinical data were retrieved. Two experienced radiologists reviewed CTPAs to assess pulmonary parenchyma and vascular findings. Results: Among 34 patients who underwent CTPA, 26 had PTE (76%, 20 males, median age 61 years, interquartile range 54–70), 20/26 (77%) with comorbidities (mainly hypertension, 44%), and 8 (31%) subsequently dying. Eight PTE patients were under thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin, four PTE patients had lower-limbs deep vein thrombosis at ultrasound examination (performed in 33/34 patients). Bilateral PTE characterised 19/26 cases, with main branches involved in 10/26 cases. Twelve patients had a parenchymal involvement >75%, the predominant pneumonia pattern being consolidation in 10/26 patients, ground glass opacities in 9/26, crazy paving in 5/26, and both ground glass opacities and consolidation in 2/26. Conclusion: COVID-19 patients are prone to PTE. Advances in knowledge: PTE, potentially attributable to an underlying thrombophilic status, may be more frequent than expected in COVID-19 patients. Extension of prophylaxis and adaptation of diagnostic criteria should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Monfardini
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Leonida Bissolati 57, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mauro Morassi
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Leonida Bissolati 57, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Botti
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Leonida Bissolati 57, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Stellini
- Infectious Diseases Service, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Leonida Bissolati 57, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Bettari
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiovascular Department, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Leonida Bissolati 57, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Pezzotti
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Leonida Bissolati 57, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Alì
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, Italy.,Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano S.p.A., Via Simone Saint Bon 20, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristian Giuseppe Monaco
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Veronica Magni
- Medical School, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Claudio Bnà
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Leonida Bissolati 57, Brescia, Italy
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50
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Sardanelli F, Cozzi A, Monfardini L, Bnà C, Foà RA, Spinazzola A, Tresoldi S, Cariati M, Secchi F, Schiaffino S. Association of mediastinal lymphadenopathy with COVID-19 prognosis. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20:1230-1231. [PMID: 32569623 PMCID: PMC7304961 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sardanelli
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Monfardini
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, Unit of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudio Bnà
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, Unit of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro Foà
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, Unit of Radiology, ASST Crema-Ospedale Maggiore, Crema, Italy
| | - Angelo Spinazzola
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, Unit of Radiology, ASST Crema-Ospedale Maggiore, Crema, Italy
| | - Silvia Tresoldi
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Service, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cariati
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Service, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Secchi
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
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