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Schreiber LM, Lohr D, Baltes S, Vogel U, Elabyad IA, Bille M, Reiter T, Kosmala A, Gassenmaier T, Stefanescu MR, Kollmann A, Aures J, Schnitter F, Pali M, Ueda Y, Williams T, Christa M, Hofmann U, Bauer W, Gerull B, Zernecke A, Ergün S, Terekhov M. Ultra-high field cardiac MRI in large animals and humans for translational cardiovascular research. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1068390. [PMID: 37255709 PMCID: PMC10225557 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1068390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step in translational cardiovascular research is the use of large animal models to better understand normal and abnormal physiology, to test drugs or interventions, or to perform studies which would be considered unethical in human subjects. Ultrahigh field magnetic resonance imaging (UHF-MRI) at 7 T field strength is becoming increasingly available for imaging of the heart and, when compared to clinically established field strengths, promises better image quality and image information content, more precise functional analysis, potentially new image contrasts, and as all in-vivo imaging techniques, a reduction of the number of animals per study because of the possibility to scan every animal repeatedly. We present here a solution to the dual use problem of whole-body UHF-MRI systems, which are typically installed in clinical environments, to both UHF-MRI in large animals and humans. Moreover, we provide evidence that in such a research infrastructure UHF-MRI, and ideally combined with a standard small-bore UHF-MRI system, can contribute to a variety of spatial scales in translational cardiovascular research: from cardiac organoids, Zebra fish and rodent hearts to large animal models such as pigs and humans. We present pilot data from serial CINE, late gadolinium enhancement, and susceptibility weighted UHF-MRI in a myocardial infarction model over eight weeks. In 14 pigs which were delivered from a breeding facility in a national SARS-CoV-2 hotspot, we found no infection in the incoming pigs. Human scanning using CINE and phase contrast flow measurements provided good image quality of the left and right ventricle. Agreement of functional analysis between CINE and phase contrast MRI was excellent. MRI in arrested hearts or excised vascular tissue for MRI-based histologic imaging, structural imaging of myofiber and vascular smooth muscle cell architecture using high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging, and UHF-MRI for monitoring free radicals as a surrogate for MRI of reactive oxygen species in studies of oxidative stress are demonstrated. We conclude that UHF-MRI has the potential to become an important precision imaging modality in translational cardiovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Schreiber
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - David Lohr
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Baltes
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Vogel
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ibrahim A. Elabyad
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maya Bille
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Reiter
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Aleksander Kosmala
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Gassenmaier
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maria R. Stefanescu
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alena Kollmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Aures
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schnitter
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mihaela Pali
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Yuichiro Ueda
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tatiana Williams
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Christa
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Brenda Gerull
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maxim Terekhov
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Chair of Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (CHFC), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Buntkowsky G, Theiss F, Lins J, Miloslavina YA, Wienands L, Kiryutin A, Yurkovskaya A. Recent advances in the application of parahydrogen in catalysis and biochemistry. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12477-12506. [PMID: 35480380 PMCID: PMC9039419 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01346k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are analytical and diagnostic tools that are essential for a very broad field of applications, ranging from chemical analytics, to non-destructive testing of materials and the investigation of molecular dynamics, to in vivo medical diagnostics and drug research. One of the major challenges in their application to many problems is the inherent low sensitivity of magnetic resonance, which results from the small energy-differences of the nuclear spin-states. At thermal equilibrium at room temperature the normalized population difference of the spin-states, called the Boltzmann polarization, is only on the order of 10-5. Parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) is an efficient and cost-effective hyperpolarization method, which has widespread applications in Chemistry, Physics, Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Medical Imaging. PHIP creates its signal-enhancements by means of a reversible (SABRE) or irreversible (classic PHIP) chemical reaction between the parahydrogen, a catalyst, and a substrate. Here, we first give a short overview about parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization techniques and then review the current literature on method developments and applications of various flavors of the PHIP experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Franziska Theiss
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Jonas Lins
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Yuliya A Miloslavina
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Laura Wienands
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Alexey Kiryutin
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Alexandra Yurkovskaya
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
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Bengs C, Dagys L, Moustafa GAI, Whipham JW, Sabba M, Kiryutin AS, Ivanov KL, Levitt MH. Nuclear singlet relaxation by chemical exchange. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:124311. [PMID: 34598559 DOI: 10.1063/5.0066182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The population imbalance between nuclear singlet states and triplet states of strongly coupled spin-1/2 pairs, also known as nuclear singlet order, is well protected against several common relaxation mechanisms. We study the nuclear singlet relaxation of 13C pairs in aqueous solutions of 1,2-13C2 squarate over a range of pH values. The 13C singlet order is accessed by introducing 18O nuclei in order to break the chemical equivalence. The squarate dianion is in chemical equilibrium with hydrogen-squarate (SqH-) and squaric acid (SqH2) characterized by the dissociation constants pK1 = 1.5 and pK2 = 3.4. Surprisingly, we observe a striking increase in the singlet decay time constants TS when the pH of the solution exceeds ∼10, which is far above the acid-base equilibrium points. We derive general rate expressions for chemical-exchange-induced nuclear singlet relaxation and provide a qualitative explanation of the TS behavior of the squarate dianion. We identify a kinetic contribution to the singlet relaxation rate constant, which explicitly depends on kinetic rate constants. Qualitative agreement is achieved between the theory and the experimental data. This study shows that infrequent chemical events may have a strong effect on the relaxation of nuclear singlet order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bengs
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Laurynas Dagys
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gamal A I Moustafa
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - James W Whipham
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Sabba
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Malcolm H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Melchiorre G, Nelder C, Brown LJ, Dumez JN, Pileio G. Single-scan measurements of nuclear spin singlet order decay rates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9851-9859. [PMID: 33908503 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00807b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of singlet spin order decay rates are time consuming due to the long-lived nature of this form of order and the typical pseudo-2D mode of acquisition. Additionally, this acquisition modality is not ideal for experiments run on hyperpolarized order because of the single-shot nature of hyperpolarization techniques. We present a methodology based on spatial encoding that not only significantly reduces the duration of these experiments but also confers compatibility using spin hyperpolarization techniques. The method condenses in a single shot the variable delay array used to measure decay rates in conventional pseudo-2D relaxation experiments. This results in a substantial time saving factor and, more importantly, makes the experiment compatible with hyperpolarization techniques since only a single hyperpolarized sample is required. Furthermore, the presented method, besides offering savings on time and costs, avoids reproducibility concerns associated with repetition in the hyperpolarization procedure. The method accelerates the measurement and characterization of singlet order decay times, and, when coupled with hyperpolarization techniques, can facilitate the quest for systems with very long decay times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Melchiorre
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK.
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5
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Eills J, Cavallari E, Kircher R, Di Matteo G, Carrera C, Dagys L, Levitt MH, Ivanov KL, Aime S, Reineri F, Münnemann K, Budker D, Buntkowsky G, Knecht S. Singlet-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Unlocking Hyperpolarization with Metabolism*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6791-6798. [PMID: 33340439 PMCID: PMC7986935 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can be used to study biomolecular processes in the body, but typically requires nuclei such as 13 C, 15 N, or 129 Xe due to their long spin-polarization lifetimes and the absence of a proton-background signal from water and fat in the images. Here we present a novel type of 1 H imaging, in which hyperpolarized spin order is locked in a nonmagnetic long-lived correlated (singlet) state, and is only liberated for imaging by a specific biochemical reaction. In this work we produce hyperpolarized fumarate via chemical reaction of a precursor molecule with para-enriched hydrogen gas, and the proton singlet order in fumarate is released as antiphase NMR signals by enzymatic conversion to malate in D2 O. Using this model system we show two pulse sequences to rephase the NMR signals for imaging and suppress the background signals from water. The hyperpolarization-enhanced 1 H-imaging modality presented here can allow for hyperpolarized imaging without the need for low-abundance, low-sensitivity heteronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Eills
- Helmholtz Institute MainzGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung64291DarmstadtGermany
- Johannes Gutenberg University55090MainzGermany
| | - E. Cavallari
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorino10126Italy
| | - R. Kircher
- Technical University of Kaiserslautern67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - G. Di Matteo
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorino10126Italy
| | - C. Carrera
- Institute of Biostructures and BioimagingNational Research Council of ItalyTorino10126Italy
| | - L. Dagys
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJVereinigtes Königreich
| | - M. H. Levitt
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJVereinigtes Königreich
| | - K. L. Ivanov
- International Tomography CenterSiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of ScienceNovosibirsk630090Russia
- Novosibirsk State UniversityNovosibirsk630090Russia
| | - S. Aime
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorino10126Italy
| | - F. Reineri
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health SciencesUniversity of TorinoTorino10126Italy
| | - K. Münnemann
- Technical University of Kaiserslautern67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - D. Budker
- Helmholtz Institute MainzGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung64291DarmstadtGermany
- Johannes Gutenberg University55090MainzGermany
| | - G. Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Physical, ChemistryTechnical University Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermany
| | - S. Knecht
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Physical, ChemistryTechnical University Darmstadt64287DarmstadtGermany
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6
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Eills J, Cavallari E, Kircher R, Di Matteo G, Carrera C, Dagys L, Levitt MH, Ivanov KL, Aime S, Reineri F, Münnemann K, Budker D, Buntkowsky G, Knecht S. Singulett‐Kontrast‐Magnetresonanztomographie: Freisetzung der Hyperpolarisation durch den Metabolismus**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Eills
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung 64291 Darmstadt Deutschland
- Johannes Gutenberg University 55090 Mainz Deutschland
| | - E. Cavallari
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences University of Torino Torino 10126 Italien
| | - R. Kircher
- Technical University of Kaiserslautern 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
| | - G. Di Matteo
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences University of Torino Torino 10126 Italien
| | - C. Carrera
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging National Research Council of Italy Torino 10126 Italien
| | - L. Dagys
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - M. H. Levitt
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - K. L. Ivanov
- International Tomography Center Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science Novosibirsk 630090 Russland
- Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk 630090 Russland
| | - S. Aime
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences University of Torino Torino 10126 Italien
| | - F. Reineri
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences University of Torino Torino 10126 Italien
| | - K. Münnemann
- Technical University of Kaiserslautern 67663 Kaiserslautern Deutschland
| | - D. Budker
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung 64291 Darmstadt Deutschland
- Johannes Gutenberg University 55090 Mainz Deutschland
| | - G. Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Physical, Chemistry Technical University Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - S. Knecht
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Physical, Chemistry Technical University Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
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7
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Bussandri S, Acosta RH, Buljubasich L. Radiofrequency encoded Only Parahydrogen SpectroscopY. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 323:106894. [PMID: 33387958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new pulse sequence aimed to filter out NMR signals coming from thermally polarized protons in PHIP experiments based on the OPSY pulse sequence (Only Parahydrogen SpectroscopY) is presented. In analogy to OPSY, which removes thermal polarization by using a pair of magnetic field gradient pulses with an intensity ratio 1:2 and equal duration, the same effect can be achieved using inhomogeneous radiofrequency fields. The spatial dependence of the radiofrequency field is used to control the Hamiltonian, which results in an effective suppression of thermal contributions in the NMR signal, while PHIP originated signals remain unmodified. A theoretical model for the radiofrequency encoded only parahydrogen (REOPSY) sequence is presented along with an experimental implementation on a birdcage coil in a 7 T magnetic field. The control level achieved by this strategy allows the inclusion of a long train of refocusing pulses. Therefore, the new sequence can be combined with the parahydrogen discriminated PHIP (PhD-PHIP) pulse sequence as a detection block to improve sensitivity and resolution in a single-scan experiment. Experiments with REOPSY and REOPSY+PhD-PHIP are presented in thermally and hyperpolarized samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bussandri
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - R H Acosta
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L Buljubasich
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), Córdoba, Argentina.
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8
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Ariyasingha NM, Joalland B, Younes HR, Salnikov OG, Chukanov NV, Kovtunov KV, Kovtunova LM, Bukhtiyarov VI, Koptyug IV, Gelovani JG, Chekmenev EY. Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization of Diethyl Ether Anesthetic. Chemistry 2020; 26:13621-13626. [PMID: 32667687 PMCID: PMC7722203 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing regional lung function relies on the use of nuclear spin hyperpolarized gas as a contrast agent. The long gas-phase lifetimes of hyperpolarized 129 Xe make this inhalable contrast agent acceptable for clinical research today despite limitations such as high cost, low throughput of production and challenges of 129 Xe imaging on clinical MRI scanners, which are normally equipped with proton detection only. We report on low-cost and high-throughput preparation of proton-hyperpolarized diethyl ether, which can be potentially employed for pulmonary imaging with a nontoxic, simple, and sensitive overall strategy using proton detection commonly available on all clinical MRI scanners. Diethyl ether is hyperpolarized by pairwise parahydrogen addition to vinyl ethyl ether and characterized by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Proton polarization levels exceeding 8 % are achieved at near complete chemical conversion within seconds, causing the activation of radio amplification by stimulated emission radiation (RASER) throughout detection. Although gas-phase T1 relaxation of hyperpolarized diethyl ether (at partial pressure of 0.5 bar) is very efficient, with T1 of ca. 1.2 second, we demonstrate that, at low magnetic fields, the use of long-lived singlet states created via pairwise parahydrogen addition extends the relaxation decay by approximately threefold, paving the way to bioimaging applications and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuwandi M Ariyasingha
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
| | - Baptiste Joalland
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
| | - Hassan R Younes
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
| | - Oleg G Salnikov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikita V Chukanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Larisa M Kovtunova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valerii I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Juri G Gelovani
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 14 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Levitt MH. Long live the singlet state! JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:69-74. [PMID: 31307892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of long-lived states in NMR is reviewed. The relationship of long-lived-state phenomena to those associated with spin isomerism is discussed. A brief overview is given of key developments in the field of long-lived states, including chemical symmetry-switching, the role of magnetic equivalence and magnetic inequivalence, long-lived coherences, hyperpolarized NMR involving long-lived states, quantum-rotor-induced polarization, and parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarization. Current application areas of long-lived states are reviewed, and a peer into the crystal ball reveals future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
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11
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Salnikov OG, Nikolaou P, Ariyasingha NM, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Chekmenev EY. Clinical-Scale Batch-Mode Production of Hyperpolarized Propane Gas for MRI. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4741-4746. [PMID: 30855132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) are two of the most important methods to study structure, function, and dynamics from atom to organism scale. NMR approaches often suffer from an insufficient sensitivity, which, however, can be transiently boosted using hyperpolarization techniques. One of these techniques is parahydrogen-induced polarization, which has been used to produce catalyst-free hyperpolarized propane gas with proton polarization that is 3 orders of magnitude greater than equilibrium thermal polarization at a 1.5 T field of a clinical MRI scanner. Here we show that more than 0.3 L of hyperpolarized propane gas can be produced in 2 s. This production rate is more than an order of magnitude greater than that demonstrated previously, and the reported production rate is comparable to that employed for in-human MRI using HP noble gas (e.g., 129Xe) produced via a spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) hyperpolarization technique. We show that high polarization values can be retained despite the significant increase in the production rate of hyperpolarized propane. The enhanced signals of produced hyperpolarized propane gas were revealed by stopped-flow MRI visualization at 4.7 T. Achieving this high production rate enables the future use of this compound (already approved for unlimited use in foods by the corresponding regulating agencies, e.g., FDA in the USA, and more broadly as an E944 food additive) as a new inhalable contrast agent for diagnostic detection via MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg G Salnikov
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS , 3A Institutskaya St. , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , 2 Pirogova St. , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology , Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS) , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-2310 , United States
| | - Nuwandi M Ariyasingha
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio) , Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS , 3A Institutskaya St. , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , 2 Pirogova St. , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS , 3A Institutskaya St. , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , 2 Pirogova St. , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio) , Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States.,Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninskiy Prospekt 14 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
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12
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Kharkov B, Duan X, Tovar ES, Canary JW, Jerschow A. Singlet excitation in the intermediate magnetic equivalence regime and field-dependent study of singlet–triplet leakage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:2595-2600. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06883f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Measuring field-dependence of singlet lifetimes in the intermediate magnetic equivalence regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Kharkov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Saint Petersburg
- Russia
| | - Xueyou Duan
- Department of Chemistry
- New York University
- New York
- USA
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13
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Richards JE, Hooper AJJ, Bayfield OW, Cockett MCR, Dear GJ, Holmes AJ, John RO, Mewis RE, Pridmore N, Roberts AD, Whitwood AC, Duckett SB. Using hyperpolarised NMR and DFT to rationalise the unexpected hydrogenation of quinazoline to 3,4-dihydroquinazoline. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10375-10378. [PMID: 30152480 PMCID: PMC6136267 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04826f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PHIP and SABRE hyperpolarized NMR methods are used to follow the unexpected metal-catalysed hydrogenation of quinazoline (Qu) to 3,4-dihydroquinazoline as the sole product. A solution of [IrCl(IMes)(COD)] in dichloromethane reacts with H2 and Qu to form [IrCl(H)2(IMes)(Qu)2] (2). The addition of methanol then results in its conversion to [Ir(H)2(IMes)(Qu)3]Cl (3) which catalyses the hydrogenation reaction. Density functional theory calculations are used to rationalise a proposed outer sphere mechanism in which (3) converts to [IrCl(H)2(H2)(IMes)(Qu)2]Cl (4) and neutral [Ir(H)3(IMes)(Qu)2] (6), both of which are involved in the formation of 3,4-dihydroquinazoline via the stepwise transfer of H+ and H-, with H2 identified as the reductant. Successive ligand exchange in 3 results in the production of thermodynamically stable [Ir(H)2(IMes)(3,4-dihydroquinazoline)3]Cl (5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh E. Richards
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, University of York
,
Heslington
, York
YO10 5NY
, UK
.
| | - Alexander J. J. Hooper
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, University of York
,
Heslington
, York
YO10 5NY
, UK
.
| | - Oliver W. Bayfield
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, University of York
,
Heslington
, York
YO10 5NY
, UK
.
| | - Martin C. R. Cockett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, University of York
,
Heslington
, York
YO10 5NY
, UK
.
| | - Gordon J. Dear
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Ltd
, Park Road
,
Ware
, Hertfordshire
SG12 0DP
, UK
| | - A. Jonathon Holmes
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, University of York
,
Heslington
, York
YO10 5NY
, UK
.
| | - Richard O. John
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, University of York
,
Heslington
, York
YO10 5NY
, UK
.
| | - Ryan E. Mewis
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, University of York
,
Heslington
, York
YO10 5NY
, UK
.
| | - Natalie Pridmore
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, University of York
,
Heslington
, York
YO10 5NY
, UK
.
| | - Andy D. Roberts
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Ltd
, Park Road
,
Ware
, Hertfordshire
SG12 0DP
, UK
| | - Adrian C. Whitwood
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, University of York
,
Heslington
, York
YO10 5NY
, UK
.
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, University of York
,
Heslington
, York
YO10 5NY
, UK
.
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14
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Kharkov B, Duan X, Canary JW, Jerschow A. Effect of convection and B 1 inhomogeneity on singlet relaxation experiments. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 284:1-7. [PMID: 28926738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spin singlet lifetimes can often exceed the T1 length scales by a large factor. This property makes them suitable for polarization storage. The measurement of such long lifetimes itself can become challenging due to the influence of even very weak relaxation mechanisms. Here we show that a judicious choice of the singlet-to-triplet conversion method is highly important in order to achieve reliable singlet relaxation measurements. In particular, we identify thermal convection, in connection with B1 field gradients, asa significant apparent decay mechanism, which limits the ability to measure the true singlet state lifetimes. Highly B1-compensated broadband singlet excitation/detection sequences are shown to minimize the influence of macroscopic molecular motion and B1 inhomogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kharkov
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Sq. East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - X Duan
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Sq. East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - J W Canary
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Sq. East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - A Jerschow
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Sq. East, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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15
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Pileio G. Singlet NMR methodology in two-spin-1/2 systems. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 98-99:1-19. [PMID: 28283084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses methodology developed over the past 12years in order to access and manipulate singlet order in systems comprising two coupled spin-1/2 nuclei in liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Pulse sequences that are valid for different regimes are discussed, and fully analytical proofs are given using different spin dynamics techniques that include product operator methods, the single transition operator formalism, and average Hamiltonian theory. Methods used to filter singlet order from byproducts of pulse sequences are also listed and discussed analytically. The theoretical maximum amplitudes of the transformations achieved by these techniques are reported, together with the results of numerical simulations performed using custom-built simulation code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pileio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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16
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Zhang Y, Duan X, Soon PC, Sychrovský V, Canary JW, Jerschow A. Limits in Proton Nuclear Singlet-State Lifetimes Measured with para-Hydrogen-Induced Polarization. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2967-2971. [PMID: 27460052 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a hyperpolarized molecule was developed, where the polarization and the singlet state were preserved over two controlled chemical steps. Nuclear singlet-state lifetimes close to 6 min for protons are reported in dimethyl fumarate. Owing to the high symmetry (AA'X3 X3 ' and A2 systems), the singlet-state readout requires either a chemical desymmetrization or a long and repeated spin lock. Using DFT calculations and relaxation models, we further determine nuclear spin singlet lifetime limiting factors, which include the intramolecular dipolar coupling mechanism (proton-proton and proton-deuterium), the chemical shift anisotropy mechanism (symmetric and antisymmetric), and the intermolecular dipolar coupling mechanism (to oxygen and deuterium). If the limit of paramagnetic relaxation caused by residual oxygen could be lifted, the intramolecular dipolar coupling to deuterium would become the limiting relaxation mechanism and proton lifetimes upwards of 26 min could become available in the molecules considered here (dimethyl maleate and dimethyl fumarate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Sq. East, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Xueyou Duan
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Sq. East, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Pei Che Soon
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Sq. East, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Vladimír Sychrovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Electrotechnology, Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Technická 2, 166 27, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - James W Canary
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Sq. East, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Sq. East, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
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