1
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Hiller W, Grabe B, Schonert J. Molar Mass Determination for Small and Large Molecules Using Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39235468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The development of the most comprehensive universal calibration of molar mass dependences will be presented. For the first time, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) can now provide structure-, solvent-, and temperature-independent molar mass determinations for both small and large molecules. This fundamental theoretical approach provides only one single function which could perfectly describe all molar mass dependences. The new development using DOSY was tested on 477 diffusion coefficients representing altogether 56 molar mass dependences of 30 small molecules in 7 solvents, 5 different polymers in 10 solvents, and 11 temperature dependences of 2 polymers in 2 solvents, respectively. These samples cover a very large range of molar masses varying between 70 g/mol until 1 200 000 g/mol. The derived equation for the molar masses delivered a very good accuracy for all samples and might be one of the best tools for molar mass determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Bastian Grabe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Jan Schonert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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2
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Ge F, Wan T, Kong L, Xu B, Sun M, Wang B, Liang S, Wang H, Zhao X. Non-isocyanate polyurethane- co-polyglycolic acid electrospun nanofiber membrane wound dressing with high biocompatibility, hemostasis, and prevention of chronic wound formation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33693. [PMID: 39040267 PMCID: PMC11260928 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevention of chronic wound formation has already been a primary subject in wound management, particularly for deep wounds. The electrospun nanofiber membranes hold tremendous potential in the prevention of chronic wounds due to their micro/nano pore structures. Currently, many natural and synthetic materials have been utilized in the fabrication of nanofiber membranes. However, striking a balance between the structural stability and the biocompatibility remains challenging. It is necessary not only to ensure the long-term durability of nanofiber membranes but also to enhance their biocompatibility for alleviating patients' suffering. In this study, we reported a nanofiber membrane dressing with excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties, which is potential for the treatment of deep wounds. The basal material chosen for the preparation of the nanofiber membrane was a co-polyester (NI-LPGD5) synthesized by non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) and polyglycolic acid with a dihydroxy structure (LPGD-synthesized from glycolic acid and neopentyl glycol). Moreover, curcumin was also added as a bioactive substance to enhance the pro-healing effect of dressings. The physicochemical properties of the prepared nanofiber membranes were characterized through various physicochemical tools. Our results demonstrated that the NI-LPGD5 co-polymer can be electrospun into smooth fibers. Meanwhile, curcumin-loaded nanofiber membranes (Cur/NI-LPGD5) also exhibited a favorable microscopic morphology. The fabricated membranes exhibited suitable mechanical properties, outstanding hygroscopic-swelling rate and water vapor transmittance. Besides, in vitro cell culturing, the cells on the NI-LPGD5 membrane maintained their maximum viability. The potential of in vivo wound healing was further demonstrated through animal experiments. The experimental results showed that the nanofiber membranes effectively prevented chronic wounds from forming and promoted granulation tissue growth without replacing the dressing throughout the healing process. We also found that these nanofiber membranes could effectively promote the expression of related biomarkers to accelerate wound healing, particularly the Cur/NI-LPGD5 membrane. In conclusion, the fabricated membranes possess suitable physicochemical properties and promising bioactivity. As a result, it effectively prevented the formation of chronic wounds and demonstrated significant potential in reducing the frequency of dressing changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ge
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology TEDA, No. 29, 13th Street, Teda Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Tong Wan
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology TEDA, No. 29, 13th Street, Teda Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Linling Kong
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology TEDA, No. 29, 13th Street, Teda Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Bowen Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology TEDA, No. 29, 13th Street, Teda Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Mengxue Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology TEDA, No. 29, 13th Street, Teda Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Biao Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology TEDA, No. 29, 13th Street, Teda Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Shubo Liang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology TEDA, No. 29, 13th Street, Teda Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology TEDA, No. 29, 13th Street, Teda Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology TEDA, No. 29, 13th Street, Teda Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
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3
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Hiller W, Grabe B. The Universal Calibration for Structure- and Solvent-Independent Molar Mass Determinations of Polymers Using Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 38016106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
It will be shown how diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) can produce a universal calibration of molar mass dependences of polymers compared to size exclusion chromatography (SEC) or recently published DOSY methods. Whereas SEC can deliver only structure-independent universal calibrations for a particular solvent, DOSY was used for creating solvent-independent calibrations for a certain polymer. Now, we can demonstrate a universal calibration method that generates both a structure- and solvent-independent molar mass calibration. Only one mathematical function describes the structure- and solvent-independent calibrations for DOSY by implementing the Mark-Houwink approach. The derived equation is tested on polystyrene (PS), poly(ethylene oxide), and poly(methyl methacrylate) of different molar masses and in different solvents. Altogether, 94 diffusion coefficients representing 16 molar mass calibrations of the diffusion coefficients in 10 different solvents could be perfectly matched to one universal calibration function with an average deviation of just 2.5%. It was also found that the Mark-Houwink parameters calculated by DOSY are very close to the SEC data. In any case, this new approach is a very useful tool for the determination of molar masses and new Mark-Houwink parameters via DOSY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,TU Dortmund University,Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a,44227Dortmund,Germany
| | - Bastian Grabe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,TU Dortmund University,Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a,44227Dortmund,Germany
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4
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Wen C, Odle R, Cheng S. Molecular Weight Distribution of Branched Polymers: Comparison between Monte Carlo Simulation and Flory-Stockmayer Theory. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071791. [PMID: 37050404 PMCID: PMC10097263 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to predict the molecular weight distribution (MWD) for a polymer with a branched architecture, though such information will significantly benefit the design and development of branched polymers with desired properties and functions. A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method based on the Gillespie algorithm is developed to quickly compute the MWD of branched polymers formed through step-growth polymerization, with a branched polyetherimide from two backbone monomers (4,4′-bisphenol A dianhydride and m-phenylenediamine), a chain terminator (phthalic anhydride), and a branching agent (tris[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl] ethane) as an example. This polymerization involves four reactions that can be all reduced to a condensation reaction between an amine group and a carboxylic anhydride group. A comparison between the MC simulation results and the predictions of the Flory-Stockmayer theory on MWD shows that the rates of the reactions are determined by the concentrations of the functional groups on the monomers involved in each reaction. It further shows that the Flory-Stockmayer theory predicts MWD well for systems below the gel point but starts to fail for systems around or above the gel point. However, for all the systems, the MC method can be used to reliably predict MWD no matter if they are below or above the gel point. Even for a macroscopic system, a converging distribution can be quickly obtained through MC simulations on a system of only a few hundred to a few thousand monomers that have the same molar ratios as in the macroscopic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Oceanographic Big Data Mining and Application of Zhejiang Province, School of Information Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Roy Odle
- SABIC, 1 Lexan Lane, Mt. Vernon, IN 47620, USA
| | - Shengfeng Cheng
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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5
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Schlossarek T, Stepanenko V, Beuerle F, Würthner F. Self-assembled Ru(bda) Coordination Oligomers as Efficient Catalysts for Visible Light-Driven Water Oxidation in Pure Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211445. [PMID: 36315034 PMCID: PMC10100213 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble multinuclear complexes based on ruthenium 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate (bda) and ditopic bipyridine linker units are investigated in three-component visible light-driven water oxidation catalysis. Systematic studies revealed a strong enhancement of the catalytic efficiency in the absence of organic co-solvents and with increasing oligomer length. In-depth kinetic and morphological investigations suggest that the enhanced performance is induced by the self-assembly of linear Ru(bda) oligomers into aggregated superstructures. The obtained turnover frequencies (up to 14.9 s-1 ) and turnover numbers (more than 1000) per ruthenium center are the highest reported so far for Ru(bda)-based photocatalytic water oxidation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schlossarek
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Kaysan G, Kräling R, Meier M, Nirschl H, Guthausen G, Kind M. Investigation of the surfactant distribution in oil-in-water emulsions during the crystallization of the dispersed phase via nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry and diffusometry. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2022; 60:1131-1147. [PMID: 35971669 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization of melt emulsions is of great interest to the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Surfactants are used in emulsions and suspensions to stabilize the dispersed phase; thus, questions arise about the liquid-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces of the droplets or particles and the distribution of the surfactant in the different phases (continuous and dispersed phase, interface). Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation and diffusion measurements revealed that the internal and rotational mobility of surfactant molecules at the liquid-liquid interface decreases with increasing droplet sizes. Additionally, solid-liquid interfaces have fewer surfactants than liquid-liquid interfaces as a result of the desorption of the surfactant molecules during the crystallization of the droplets. Relaxation rates of surfactant molecules in aqueous solution as single molecules, micelles, and at the liquid-liquid and solid-liquid interface are analyzed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Kaysan
- Institute for Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Raphael Kräling
- Institute for Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manuel Meier
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Engler-Bunte Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matthias Kind
- Institute for Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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7
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Schlossarek T, Stepanenko V, Beuerle F, Würthner F. Self‐assembled Ru(bda) Coordination Oligomers as Efficient Catalysts for Visible Light‐Driven Water Oxidation in Pure Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202211445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schlossarek
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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8
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Grabe B, Hiller W. Molar Mass Distribution and Chemical Composition Distribution of PS- b-PMMA Block Copolymers Determined by Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Grabe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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9
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Fillbrook LL, Nothling MD, Stenzel MH, Price WS, Beves JE. Rapid Online Analysis of Photopolymerization Kinetics and Molecular Weight Using Diffusion NMR. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:166-172. [PMID: 35574764 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Online, high-throughput molecular weight analysis of polymerizations is rare, with most studies relying on tedious sampling techniques and batchwise postanalysis. The ability to track both monomer conversion and molecular weight evolution in real time could underpin precision polymer development and facilitate study of rapid polymerization reactions. Here, we use a single time-resolved diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment to simultaneously study the kinetics and molecular weight evolution during a photopolymerization, with in situ irradiation inside the NMR instrument. As a model system, we used a photoinduced electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. The data allow diffusion coefficients and intensities to be calculated every 14 s from which the polymer size and monomer conversion can be extracted. Key to this approach is (1) the use of shuffled gradient amplitudes in the diffusion NMR experiment to access reactions of any rate, (2) the addition of a relaxation agent to increase achievable time resolution and, (3) a sliding correction that accounts for viscosity changes during polymerization. Diffusion NMR offers a uniquely simple, translatable handle for online monitoring of polymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William S. Price
- Nanoscale Group, School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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10
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Faisal KS, Clulow AJ, Krasowska M, Gillam T, Miklavcic SJ, Williamson NH, Blencowe A. Interrogating the relationship between the microstructure of amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol-b-caprolactone) copolymers and their colloidal assemblies using non-interfering techniques. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1140-1152. [PMID: 34492457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the microstructural parameters of amphiphilic copolymers that control the formation and structure of aggregated colloids (e.g., micelles) is essential for the rational design of hierarchically structured systems for applications in nanomedicine, personal care and food formulations. Although many analytical techniques have been employed to study such systems, in this investigation we adopted an integrated approach using non-interfering techniques - diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) - to probe the relationship between the microstructure of poly(ethylene glycol-b-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) copolymers [e.g., block molecular weight (MW) and the mass fraction of PCL (fPCL)] and the structure of their aggregates. Systematic trends in the self-assembly behaviour were determined using a large family of well-defined block copolymers with variable PEG and PCL block lengths (number-average molecular weights (Mn) between 2 and 10 and 0.5-15 kDa, respectively) and narrow dispersity (Ð < 1.12). For all of the copolymers, a clear transition in the aggregate structure was observed when the hydrophobic fPCL was increased at a constant PEG block Mn, although the nature of this transition is also dependent on the PEG block Mn. Copolymers with low Mn PEG blocks (2 kDa) were observed to transition from unimers and loosely associated unimers to metastable aggregates and finally, to cylindrical micelles as the fPCL was increased. In comparison, copolymers with PEG block Mn of between 5 and 10 kDa transitioned from heterogenous metastable aggregates to cylindrical micelles and finally, well-defined ellipsoidal micelles (of decreasing aspect ratios) as the fPCL was increased. In all cases, the diffusion NMR spectroscopy, DLS and synchrotron SAXS results provided complementary information and the grounds for a phase diagram relating copolymer microstructure to aggregation behaviour and structure. Importantly, the absence of commonly depicted spherical micelles has implications for applications where properties may be governed by shape, such as, cellular uptake of nanomedicine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khandokar Sadique Faisal
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition & Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Marta Krasowska
- Surface Interactions and Soft Matter (SISM) Group, Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Todd Gillam
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; Surface Interactions and Soft Matter (SISM) Group, Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Stanley J Miklavcic
- Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Nathan H Williamson
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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11
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Hou J, Pearce E. Characterization of Polymer Molecular Weight Distribution by NMR Diffusometry: Experimental Criteria and Findings. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7958-7964. [PMID: 34032422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NMR diffusometry finds useful applications in characterizing molecular weight (M) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) for polymers due to its unique advantages in generic detection, chemical selectivity, and quantitation. Here, we present a fundamental study to explore how the condition of diffusion measurement impacts the determined MWD. We use the critical dilute concentration Cdilute* to explicitly delineate the boundary of the sufficiently dilute condition, below which chain interactions have a negligible impact on polymer diffusion. We present solid evidence to validate the postulated theory that links Cdilute* to molecular weight, polydispersity, and chain conformation. Quantitative analysis reveals the consequence of violating the sufficiently dilute condition with M/MWD characterization. These findings provide useful guidance for M/MWD characterization by NMR diffusion and help to rationalize the data disparity that exists in the literature. The results further provide new insights into the interplay between chain conformations and diffusion for globular structure, such as proteins, and provide a different approach toward characterizing polymer architecture and molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Hou
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Science, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Eric Pearce
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Science, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
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12
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Rudszuck T, Nirschl H, Guthausen G. Perspectives in process analytics using low field NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 323:106897. [PMID: 33518174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low field NMR is a powerful analytical tool which creates an enormous added value in process analytics. Based on specific applications in process analytics and perspectives for low field NMR in form of spectroscopy, relaxation, diffusion, and imaging in quality control, diverse applications and technical realizations like spectrometers, time domain NMR, mobile NMR sensors and MRI will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rudszuck
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Nirschl
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Guthausen
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Engler-Bunte Institut, Water Science and Technology, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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13
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Loise V, Caputo P, Porto M, Teltayev B, Angelico R, Oliviero Rossi C. Unravelling the role of a green rejuvenator agent in contrasting the aging effect on bitumen: A dynamics rheology, nuclear magnetic relaxometry and self-diffusion study. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Berger M, Schmid M. Flexible modeling of ratio outcomes in clinical and epidemiological research. Stat Methods Med Res 2019; 29:2250-2268. [DOI: 10.1177/0962280219891195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In medical studies one frequently encounters ratio outcomes. For modeling these right-skewed positive variables, two approaches are in common use. The first one assumes that the outcome follows a normal distribution after transformation (e.g. a log-normal distribution), and the second one assumes gamma distributed outcome values. Classical regression approaches relate the mean ratio to a set of explanatory variables and treat the other parameters of the underlying distribution as nuisance parameters. Here, more flexible extensions for modeling ratio outcomes are proposed that allow to relate all the distribution parameters to explanatory variables. The models are embedded into the framework of generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS), and can be fitted using a component-wise gradient boosting algorithm. The added value of the new modeling approach is demonstrated by the analysis of the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, which is a strong predictor of cardiovascular events, using data from the German Chronic Kidney Disease Study. Particularly, our results confirm various important findings on risk factors for cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Berger
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn/University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn/University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Vázquez-Leyva S, Vallejo-Castillo L, López-Morales CA, Herbert-Pucheta JE, Zepeda-Vallejo LG, Velasco-Velázquez M, Pavón L, Pérez-Tapia SM, Medina-Rivero E. Identity Profiling of Complex Mixtures of Peptide Products by Structural and Mass Mobility Orthogonal Analysis. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14392-14400. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Said Vázquez-Leyva
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Vallejo-Castillo
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A. López-Morales
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Enrique Herbert-Pucheta
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología-Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Servicio Agroalimentario Forestal, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. 56230 Chapingo, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - L. Gerardo Zepeda-Vallejo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Velasco-Velázquez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Unidad Periférica de Investigación en Biomedicina Translacional (CMN 20 de noviembre, ISSSTE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente. 14370 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sonia M. Pérez-Tapia
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT. 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emilio Medina-Rivero
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
- Consultoría Integral y Biodesarrollo LEMAR S.A.P.I. de C.V. 03300 Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Guo X, Wetzel KS, Solleder SC, Spann S, Meier MAR, Wilhelm M, Luy B, Guthausen G. 1
H PFG‐NMR Diffusion Study on a Sequence‐Defined Macromolecule: Confirming Monodispersity. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai Guo
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Katharina S. Wetzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Materialwissenschaftliches Zentrum (MZE) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Strasse am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Susanne C. Solleder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Materialwissenschaftliches Zentrum (MZE) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Strasse am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sebastian Spann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Institute for Biological Interfaces 4 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Materialwissenschaftliches Zentrum (MZE) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Strasse am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Burkhard Luy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Institute for Biological Interfaces 4 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics and Engler‐Bunte‐Institut Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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17
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Hiller W. Quantitative Studies of Block Copolymers and Their Containing Homopolymer Components by Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Technical University Dortmund Otto‐Hahn‐Str. 4a D‐44227 Dortmund Germany
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18
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Polyamide-6 structuration induced by a chemical reaction with a polyether triamine in the molten state. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Antalek B, Slater L, Bennett G. Comprehensive Structural Assessment of Linear Block Polymers by NMR and SEC. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Antalek
- Eastman Kodak Company, 1999 Lake Avenue, Rochester, New York 14650, United States
| | - Lisa Slater
- Eastman Kodak Company, 1999 Lake Avenue, Rochester, New York 14650, United States
| | - Grace Bennett
- Eastman Kodak Company, 1999 Lake Avenue, Rochester, New York 14650, United States
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20
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Reci A, Sederman AJ, Gladden LF. Optimising magnetic resonance sampling patterns for parametric characterisation. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 294:35-43. [PMID: 30005192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sampling strategies are often central to experimental design. Choosing efficiently which data to acquire can improve the estimation of parameters and reduce the acquisition time. This work is focused on designing optimal sampling patterns for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) applications, illustrated with respect to the best estimate of the parameters characterising a lognormal distribution. Lognormal distributions are commonly used as fitting models for distributions of spin-lattice relaxation time constants, spin-spin relaxation time constants and diffusion coefficients. A method for optimising the choice of points to be sampled is presented which is based on the Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) theory. The method's capabilities are demonstrated experimentally by applying it to the problem of estimating the emulsion droplet size distribution from a pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR diffusion experiment. A difference of <5% is observed between the predictions of CRLB theory and the PFG NMR experimental results. It is shown that CLRB theory is stable down to signal-to-noise ratios of ∼10. A sensitivity analysis for the CRLB theory is also performed. The method of optimizing sampling patterns is easily adapted to distributions other than lognormal and to other aspects of experimental design; case studies of optimising the sampling scheme for a fixed acquisition time and determining the potential for reduction in acquisition time for a fixed parameter estimation accuracy are presented. The experimental acquisition time is typically reduced by a factor of 3 using the proposed method compared to a constant gradient increment approach that would usually be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reci
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - A J Sederman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom.
| | - L F Gladden
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
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21
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Szutkowski K, Kołodziejska Ż, Pietralik Z, Zhukov I, Skrzypczak A, Materna K, Kozak M. Clear distinction between CAC and CMC revealed by high-resolution NMR diffusometry for a series of bis-imidazolium gemini surfactants in aqueous solutions. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38470-38482. [PMID: 35559094 PMCID: PMC9090568 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07081d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation behavior in the transition region was studied for a series of dicationic surfactants 3,3′-[α,ω-(dioxaalkane)]bis(1-dodecylimidazolium)dichlorides with varied spacer length from two to twelve carbon atoms. We employed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance diffusometry and Bayesian DOSY analysis to obtain the aggregate size distribution in the transition region. The critical concentrations CC were independently obtained from surface tension, electric conductivity, UV-Vis and NMR methods. The micelle aggregation numbers were estimated from the self-diffusion coefficients and were independently confirmed using steady-state fluorescence quenching. The morphology of the aggregates was characterized by small-angle scattering of synchrotron radiation and molecular dynamics simulations. The obtained CC values are identified as critical aggregation concentrations CAC. A broad transition region was observed, and stable micelles were obtained at much higher concentrations than CAC. The accurate CMC values could not be identified for the systems in the study. We indicated that the distribution of aggregate size becomes small and the system becomes homogeneous at much larger concentrations than CAC (typically 15–20 mM). The existence of a slow exchange between two environments, an aggregate and aqueous environment, was confirmed by 1H NMR and 2D HSQC NMR spectroscopy. The aggregation behavior in the transition region was studied for a series of dicationic surfactants 3,3′-[α,ω-(dioxaalkane)]bis(1-dodecylimidazolium)dichlorides with varied spacer length from two to twelve carbon atoms.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosma Szutkowski
- NanoBioMedical Centre
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- PL61614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Żaneta Kołodziejska
- Department of Macromolecular Physics
- Faculty of Physics
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- PL61614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Zuzanna Pietralik
- Department of Macromolecular Physics
- Faculty of Physics
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- PL61614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Igor Zhukov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- PL02106 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Andrzej Skrzypczak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- Poznań University of Technology
- PL60965 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Katarzyna Materna
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- Poznań University of Technology
- PL60965 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics
- Faculty of Physics
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- PL61614 Poznań
- Poland
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22
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Williamson NH, Röding M, Miklavcic SJ, Nydén M. Scaling exponent and dispersity of polymers in solution by diffusion NMR. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 493:393-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Cherni A, Chouzenoux E, Delsuc MA. PALMA, an improved algorithm for DOSY signal processing. Analyst 2017; 142:772-779. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01902a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NMR is a tool of choice for the measurement of diffusion coefficients of species in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afef Cherni
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)
- INSERM U596
- CNRS UMR 7104
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden
| | | | - Marc-André Delsuc
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)
- INSERM U596
- CNRS UMR 7104
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden
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24
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Guo X, Laryea E, Wilhelm M, Luy B, Nirschl H, Guthausen G. Diffusion in Polymer Solutions: Molecular Weight Distribution by PFG-NMR and Relation to SEC. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai Guo
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Pro NMR IBG-4 and MVM; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Esther Laryea
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Kaiserstrasse 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Burkhard Luy
- Pro NMR IBG-4 and MVM; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Pro NMR IBG-4 and MVM; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Pro NMR IBG-4 and MVM; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Adenauerring 20b 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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25
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Williamson NH, Röding M, Galvosas P, Miklavcic SJ, Nydén M. Obtaining T1-T2 distribution functions from 1-dimensional T1 and T2 measurements: The pseudo 2-D relaxation model. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 269:186-195. [PMID: 27344611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the pseudo 2-D relaxation model (P2DRM), a method to estimate multidimensional probability distributions of material parameters from independent 1-D measurements. We illustrate its use on 1-D T1 and T2 relaxation measurements of saturated rock and evaluate it on both simulated and experimental T1-T2 correlation measurement data sets. Results were in excellent agreement with the actual, known 2-D distribution in the case of the simulated data set. In both the simulated and experimental case, the functional relationships between T1 and T2 were in good agreement with the T1-T2 correlation maps from the 2-D inverse Laplace transform of the full 2-D data sets. When a 1-D CPMG experiment is combined with a rapid T1 measurement, the P2DRM provides a double-shot method for obtaining a T1-T2 relationship, with significantly decreased experimental time in comparison to the full T1-T2 correlation measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Williamson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Magnus Röding
- SP Food and Bioscience, Frans Perssons väg 6, 402 29 Göteborg, Sweden; School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, University College London, 220 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Petrik Galvosas
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Stanley J Miklavcic
- Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Magnus Nydén
- School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, University College London, 220 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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26
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Röding M, Bradley SJ, Williamson NH, Dewi MR, Nann T, Nydén M. The Power of Heterogeneity: Parameter Relationships from Distributions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155718. [PMID: 27182701 PMCID: PMC4868339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex scientific data is becoming the norm, many disciplines are growing immensely data-rich, and higher-dimensional measurements are performed to resolve complex relationships between parameters. Inherently multi-dimensional measurements can directly provide information on both the distributions of individual parameters and the relationships between them, such as in nuclear magnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy. However, when data originates from different measurements and comes in different forms, resolving parameter relationships is a matter of data analysis rather than experiment. We present a method for resolving relationships between parameters that are distributed individually and also correlated. In two case studies, we model the relationships between diameter and luminescence properties of quantum dots and the relationship between molecular weight and diffusion coefficient for polymers. Although it is expected that resolving complicated correlated relationships require inherently multi-dimensional measurements, our method constitutes a useful contribution to the modelling of quantitative relationships between correlated parameters and measurements. We emphasise the general applicability of the method in fields where heterogeneity and complex distributions of parameters are obstacles to scientific insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Röding
- SP Food and Bioscience, Soft Materials Science, Göteborg, Sweden
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, University College London, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Siobhan J. Bradley
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- MacDiarmid Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Melissa R. Dewi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Thomas Nann
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- MacDiarmid Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Magnus Nydén
- School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, University College London, Adelaide, Australia
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