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Effects of neonatal isoflurane anesthesia exposure on learning-specific and sensory systems in adults. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13832. [PMID: 32796946 PMCID: PMC7429916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of children undergo general anesthesia each year, and animal and human studies have indicated that exposure to anesthesia at an early age can impact neuronal development, leading to behavioral and learning impairments that manifest later in childhood and adolescence. Here, we examined the effects of isoflurane, a commonly-used general anesthetic, which was delivered to newborn rabbits. Trace eyeblink classical conditioning was used to assess the impact of neonatal anesthesia exposure on behavioral learning in adolescent subjects, and a variety of MRI techniques including fMRI, MR volumetry, spectroscopy and DTI captured functional, metabolic, and structural changes in key regions of the learning and sensory systems associated with anesthesia-induced learning impairment. Our results demonstrated a wide array of changes that were specific to anesthesia-exposed subjects, which supports previous studies that have pointed to a link between early anesthesia exposure and the development of learning and behavioral deficiencies. These findings point to the need for caution in avoiding excessive use of general anesthesia in young children and neonates.
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2
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Contingency awareness, aging, and the parietal lobe. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 91:125-135. [PMID: 32241582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Contingency awareness is thought to rely on an intact medial temporal lobe and also appears to be a function of age, as older subjects tend to be less aware. The current investigation used functional magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial direct current stimulation, and eyeblink classical conditioning to study brain processes related to contingency awareness as a function of age. Older adults were significantly less aware of the relationship between the tone-airpuff pairings than younger adults. Greater right parietal functional magnetic resonance imaging activation was associated with higher levels of contingency awareness for younger and older subjects. Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the right parietal lobe led to lower levels of awareness in younger subjects without disrupting conditioned responses. Older adults exhibited hyperactivations in the parietal and medial temporal lobes, despite showing no conditioning deficits. These findings strongly support the idea that the parietal cortex serves as a substrate for contingency awareness and that age-related disruption of this region is sufficient to impair awareness, which may be a manifestation of some form of naturally occurring age-related neglect.
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Cheng DT, Rice LC, McCaul ME, Rilee JJ, Faulkner ML, Sheu YS, Mathena JR, Desmond JE. Neural Substrates Underlying Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:620-631. [PMID: 31984510 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol consumption produces changes in the brain that often lead to cognitive impairments. One fundamental form of learning, eyeblink classical conditioning (EBC), has been widely used to study the neurobiology of learning and memory. Participants with alcohol use disorders (AUD) have consistently shown a behavioral deficit in EBC. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study is the first to examine brain function during conditioning in abstinent AUD participants and healthy participants. METHODS AUD participants met DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence, had at least a 10-year history of heavy drinking, and were abstinent from alcohol for at least 30 days. During fMRI, participants received auditory tones that predicted the occurrence of corneal airpuffs. Anticipatory eyeblink responses to these tones were monitored during the experiment to assess learning-related changes. RESULTS Behavioral results indicate that AUD participants showed significant conditioning deficits and that their history of lifetime drinks corresponded to these deficits. Despite this learning impairment, AUD participants showed hyperactivation in several key cerebellar structures (including lobule VI) during conditioning. For all participants, history of lifetime drinks corresponded with their lobule VI activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that excessive alcohol consumption is associated with abnormal cerebellar hyperactivation and conditioning impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic T Cheng
- From the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Laura C Rice
- From the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary E McCaul
- From the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica J Rilee
- From the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Monica L Faulkner
- From the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yi-Shin Sheu
- From the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joanna R Mathena
- From the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John E Desmond
- From the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Cheng DT, Meintjes EM, Stanton ME, Dodge NC, Pienaar M, Warton CM, Desmond JE, Molteno CD, Peterson BS, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW. Functional MRI of Human Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:3752-3767. [PMID: 28169393 PMCID: PMC6075216 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure has been linked to a broad range of developmental deficits, with eyeblink classical conditioning (EBC) among the most sensitive endpoints. This fMRI study compared EBC-related brain activity in 47 children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial FAS (PFAS), heavily exposed (HE) non-syndromal children, and healthy controls. All of the children had previously participated in two EBC studies conducted as part of our longitudinal study of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Although learning-related behavioral differences were seen in all groups during the scans, controls showed more conditioned responses (CR) than the alcohol-exposed groups. Despite lower conditioning levels relative to controls, the exposed groups exhibited extensive cerebellar activations. Specifically, children with FAS/PFAS showed increased activation of cerebellar lobule VI in session 2, while HE children showed increased activation in session 1. Continuous measures of prenatal alcohol use correlated with learning-related activations in cerebellum and frontal cortices. Only controls showed significant cerebellar activation-CR correlations in the deep nuclei and lateral lobule VI, suggesting that these key regions supporting EBC may be functionally disorganized in alcohol-exposed children. These findings are the first to characterize abnormalities in brain function associated with the behavioral conditioning deficits seen in children with prenatal alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic T. Cheng
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
21205, USA
| | - Ernesta M. Meintjes
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of
Health Sciences, Observatory, Western Cape 7925, South
Africa
| | | | - Neil C. Dodge
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48207,
USA
| | - Mariska Pienaar
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of
Health Sciences, Observatory, Western Cape 7925, South
Africa
| | - Christopher M.R. Warton
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of
Health Sciences, Observatory, Western Cape 7925, South
Africa
| | - John E. Desmond
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
21205, USA
| | - Christopher D. Molteno
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of
Health Sciences, Observatory, Western Cape 7925, South
Africa
| | - Bradley S. Peterson
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles andUniversity of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027,
USA
| | - Joseph L. Jacobson
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of
Health Sciences, Observatory, Western Cape 7925, South
Africa
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48207,
USA
| | - Sandra W. Jacobson
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of
Health Sciences, Observatory, Western Cape 7925, South
Africa
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48207,
USA
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5
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Weiss C, Procissi D, Power JM, Disterhoft JF. The rabbit as a behavioral model system for magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 300:196-205. [PMID: 28552515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND fMRI requires that subjects not move during image acquisition. This has been achieved by instructing people not to move, or by anesthetizing experimental animal subjects to induce immobility. We have demonstrated that a surgically implanted headbolt onto the skull of a rabbit allows their brain to be imaged comfortably while the animal is awake. This article provides a detailed method for the preparation. NEW METHOD We took advantage of the rabbit's tolerance for restraint to image the brain while holding the head at the standard stereotaxic angle. Visual stimulation was produced by flashing green LEDs and whisker stimulation was done by powering a small coil of wire attached to a fiber band. Blinking was recorded with an infrared emitter/detector directed at the eye with fiber-optic cabling. RESULTS Results indicate that a single daily session of habituation is sufficient to produce adequate immobility on subsequent days to avoid movement artifacts. Results include high resolution images in the stereotaxic plane of the rabbit. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) We see no degradation or distortion of MR signal, and the headbolt provides a means for rapid realignment of the head in the magnet from day to day, and across subjects. The use of rabbits instead of rodents allows much shorter periods of habituation, and the rabbit allows behavior to be observed during the day while the animal is in its normal wake cycle. CONCLUSIONS The natural tolerance of the rabbit for restraint makes it a valuable subject for MRI studies of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Weiss
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Daniel Procissi
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John M Power
- Translational Neuroscience Facility & Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - John F Disterhoft
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Aksenov DP, Miller MJ, Li L, Wyrwicz AM. Eyeblink classical conditioning and BOLD fMRI of anesthesia-induced changes in the developing brain. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:10-15. [PMID: 27591109 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Millions of children undergo general anesthesia each year in the USA alone, and a growing body of literature from animals and humans suggests that exposure to anesthesia at an early age can impact neuronal development, leading to learning and memory impairments later in childhood. Although a number of studies have reported behavioral and structural effects of anesthesia exposure during infancy, the functional manifestation of these changes has not been previous examined. In this study we used BOLD fMRI to measure the functional response to stimulation in the whisker barrel cortex of awake rabbits before and after learning a trace eyeblink classical conditioning paradigm. The functional changes, in terms of activated volume and time course, in rabbits exposed to isoflurane anesthesia during infancy was compared to unanesthetized controls when both groups reached young adulthood. Our findings show that whereas both groups exhibited decreased BOLD response duration after learning, the anesthesia-exposed group also showed a decrease in BOLD response volume in the whisker barrel cortex, particularly in the deeper infragranular layer. These results suggest that anesthesia exposure during infancy may affect the intracortical processes that mediate learning-related plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Limin Li
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Alice M Wyrwicz
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
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7
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Schroeder MP, Weiss C, Procissi D, Wang L, Disterhoft JF. Pretrial functional connectivity differentiates behavioral outcomes during trace eyeblink conditioning in the rabbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:161-8. [PMID: 26980784 PMCID: PMC4793201 DOI: 10.1101/lm.040220.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuations in neural activity can produce states that facilitate and accelerate task-related performance. Acquisition of trace eyeblink conditioning (tEBC) in the rabbit is enhanced when trials are contingent on optimal pretrial activity in the hippocampus. Other regions which are essential for whisker-signaled tEBC, such as the cerebellar interpositus nucleus (IPN), somatosensory and prelimbic cortices, may also show optimal connectivity prior to successful performance. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was acquired in nine rabbits during tEBC on the first and tenth days of initial training and once again after a 30-d, training-free hiatus. Data acquired during the intertrial interval was parsed depending on whether or not a conditioned response (CR) occurred on the upcoming trial and seed-based functional connectivity was calculated among the IPN, hippocampus, somatosensory, and prelimbic cortices. Functional connectivity between the left somatosensory cortex and right IPN, regions critical for establishing and producing CRs evoked by right vibrissae vibration and right corneal airpuff, was significantly negative prior to successful, CR trials as compared with unsuccessful, non-CR trials. Differences were not observed for any of the other possible combinations of connectivity. Our results demonstrate that specific pretrial functional connectivity exists within the rabbit brain and differentiates between upcoming behavioral response outcomes. Online analysis of network fluctuations has the potential to be used as the basis for therapeutic interventions to facilitate learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Schroeder
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Craig Weiss
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Daniel Procissi
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - John F Disterhoft
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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8
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Cheng DT, Meintjes EM, Stanton ME, Desmond JE, Pienaar M, Dodge NC, Power JM, Molteno CD, Disterhoft JF, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW. Functional MRI of cerebellar activity during eyeblink classical conditioning in children and adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:1390-403. [PMID: 23674498 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized human cerebellar activity during eyeblink classical conditioning (EBC) in children and adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During fMRI, participants were administered delay conditioning trials, in which the conditioned stimulus (a tone) precedes, overlaps, and coterminates with the unconditioned stimulus (a corneal airpuff). Behavioral eyeblink responses and brain activation were measured concurrently during two phases: pseudoconditioning, involving presentations of tone alone and airpuff alone, and conditioning, during which the tone and airpuff were paired. Although all participants demonstrated significant conditioning, the adults produced more conditioned responses (CRs) than the children. When brain activations during pseudoconditioning were subtracted from those elicited during conditioning, significant activity was distributed throughout the cerebellar cortex (Crus I-II, lateral lobules IV-IX, and vermis IV-VI) in all participants, suggesting multiple sites of associative learning-related plasticity. Despite their less optimal behavioral performance, the children showed greater responding in the pons, lateral lobules VIII, IX, and Crus I, and vermis VI, suggesting that they may require greater activation and/or the recruitment of supplementary structures to achieve successful conditioning. Correlation analyses relating brain activations to behavioral CRs showed a positive association of activity in cerebellar deep nuclei (including dentate, fastigial, and interposed nuclei) and vermis VI with CRs in the children. This is the first study to compare cerebellar cortical and deep nuclei activations in children versus adults during EBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic T Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Baltimore, Maryland
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Li L, Weiss C, Talk AC, Disterhoft JF, Wyrwicz AM. A MRI-compatible system for whisker stimulation. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 205:305-11. [PMID: 22322316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a system for whisker stimulation designed for functional studies in high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments. This system, which incorporates real-time optical monitoring of the vibration stimulus, can generate well-controlled and reproducible whisker deflections with amplitudes up to 2mm and frequencies up to 75 Hz, suitable for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of animals. Whiskers on either or both sides of the head can be stimulated selectively during fMRI experiments without removing the subject from the magnet. With a user-friendly graphical interface of a computer, a user can conveniently control both the whisker vibration and gating of the MR imager, and synchronize the stimulation with the fMRI acquisition to ensure precise timing of the stimulus presentation. This whisker stimulation system should facilitate a wide variety of fMRI investigations of the neural systems mediating sensory information from the whiskers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Li
- Center for Basic MR Research, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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10
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Cheng DT, Faulkner ML, Disterhoft JF, Desmond JE. The effects of aging in delay and trace human eyeblink conditioning. Psychol Aging 2011; 25:684-90. [PMID: 20677885 DOI: 10.1037/a0017978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Normal aging has been shown to impact performance during human eyeblink classical conditioning, with older adults showing lower conditioning levels than younger adults. Previous findings showed younger adults can acquire both delay and trace conditioning concurrently, but it is not known whether older adults can learn under the same conditions. Present results indicated older adults did not produce a significantly greater number of conditioned responses during acquisition, but their ability to time eyeblink responses prior to the unconditioned stimulus was preserved. The decline in eyeblink conditioning that typically accompanies aging has been extended to concurrent presentations of delay and trace conditioning trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic T Cheng
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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11
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Neural substrates underlying human delay and trace eyeblink conditioning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:8108-13. [PMID: 18523017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800374105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical conditioning paradigms, such as trace conditioning, in which a silent period elapses between the offset of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the delivery of the unconditioned stimulus (US), and delay conditioning, in which the CS and US coterminate, are widely used to study the neural substrates of associative learning. However, there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the neural systems underlying conditioning in humans. For example, evidence from animal and human patient research suggests that the hippocampus plays a critical role during trace eyeblink conditioning, but there is no evidence to date in humans that the hippocampus is active during trace eyeblink conditioning or is differentially responsive to delay and trace paradigms. The present work provides a direct comparison of the neural correlates of human delay and trace eyeblink conditioning by using functional MRI. Behavioral results showed that humans can learn both delay and trace conditioning in parallel. Comparable delay and trace activation was measured in the cerebellum, whereas greater hippocampal activity was detected during trace compared with delay conditioning. These findings further support the position that the cerebellum is involved in both delay and trace eyeblink conditioning whereas the hippocampus is critical for trace eyeblink conditioning. These results also suggest that the neural circuitry supporting delay and trace eyeblink classical conditioning in humans and laboratory animals may be functionally similar.
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12
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Miller MJ, Weiss C, Song X, Iordanescu G, Disterhoft JF, Wyrwicz AM. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of delay and trace eyeblink conditioning in the primary visual cortex of the rabbit. J Neurosci 2008; 28:4974-81. [PMID: 18463251 PMCID: PMC2682544 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5622-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary sensory cortices have been shown in recent years to undergo experience- and learning-related plasticity under a variety of experimental circumstances. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in parallel with both delay and trace eyeblink conditioning to image the learning-related functional activation within the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake, behaving rabbits. We expected that the differing level of forebrain dependence between these two conditioning paradigms should produce a differential blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional response in V1. Our results showed a significant expansion of activated volume within V1, particularly early in learning, after training with the more cognitively demanding trace paradigm. In contrast, the simpler delay paradigm produced an increase in the magnitude of the BOLD response in activated voxels, but no significant change in activated volume. No accompanying learning-related changes were observed in the primary somatosensory cortex, which mediates the unconditioned stimulus. These results suggest that the recruitment of additional neurons within V1 is necessary to support the more demanding memory imposed by the trace interval. To our knowledge, this work is the first functional imaging study to compare directly trace and delay eyeblink conditioning in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Miller
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201
- Center for Basic Magnetic Resonance Research, Evanston Northwest Healthcare Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60201, and
| | - Craig Weiss
- Physiology, Feinberg Medical School, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Xiaomu Song
- Center for Basic Magnetic Resonance Research, Evanston Northwest Healthcare Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60201, and
- Departments of Radiology and
| | - Gheorghe Iordanescu
- Center for Basic Magnetic Resonance Research, Evanston Northwest Healthcare Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60201, and
- Departments of Radiology and
| | - John F. Disterhoft
- Physiology, Feinberg Medical School, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Alice M. Wyrwicz
- Center for Basic Magnetic Resonance Research, Evanston Northwest Healthcare Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60201, and
- Departments of Radiology and
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13
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Huang RS, Sereno MI. Visual stimulus presentation using fiber optics in the MRI scanner. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 169:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Goldman MB, Heidinger L, Kulkarni K, Zhu DC, Chien A, McLaren DG, Shah J, Coffey CE, Sharif S, Chen E, Uftring SJ, Small SL, Solodkin A, Pilla RS. Changes in the amplitude and timing of the hemodynamic response associated with prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. Neuroimage 2006; 32:1375-84. [PMID: 16843683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the early stages of information processing in limbic brain circuits may underlie symptoms of severe neuropsychiatric disorders. Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle (PPI) is diminished in many of these disorders and may reflect the disruption of this CNS function. PPI is associated with brain activity in many of the same regions in humans as it is in laboratory animals, suggesting that neuroimaging studies in humans may help localize deficits that can then be elucidated in animal models. In this article, we employed a rapid presentation event-related design during continuous EPI BOLD scanning to examine hemodynamic response functions (HRFs) associated with PPI. Fourteen healthy participants listened to 100 pulse alone and 100 prepulse combined with pulse (prepulse-pulse) trials. PPI is the normalized difference in the startle response to the two trial types. Following the prepulse-pulse trials, the amplitudes of the HRFs in auditory cortices and in the anterior insula were increased, while in the cerebellum, thalamus and anterior cingulate, they were decreased, relative to the pulse alone trials. In addition, the timing of the prepulse-pulse responses was delayed in the auditory cortices, anterior insula and cerebellum. Finally, PPI measured outside the scanner was predicted by the difference in BOLD responses between trial types in the anterior insula and in the cerebellum. The results suggest that prepulse inhibition, and by extension early stages of information processing, modulate both the amplitude as well as timing of neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris B Goldman
- Department of Psychiatry-MC3077, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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