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Cong M, Wu X, Zhu L, Gu G, Ding F, Li G, Shi H. Anisotropic microtopography surface of chitosan scaffold regulating skin precursor-derived Schwann cells towards repair phenotype promotes neural regeneration. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae005. [PMID: 38414797 PMCID: PMC10898340 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
For repairing peripheral nerve and spinal cord defects, biomaterial scaffold-based cell-therapy was emerged as an effective strategy, requiring the positive response of seed cells to biomaterial substrate and environment signals. Previous work highlighted that the imposed surface properties of scaffold could provide important guidance cues to adhered cells for polarization. However, the insufficiency of native Schwann cells and unclear cellular response mechanisms remained to be addressed. Given that, this study aimed to illuminate the micropatterned chitosan-film action on the rat skin precursor-derived Schwann cells (SKP-SCs). Chitosan-film with different ridge/groove size was fabricated and applied for the SKP-SCs induction. Results indicated that SKP-SCs cultured on 30 μm size microgroove surface showed better oriented alignment phenotype. Induced SKP-SCs presented similar genic phenotype as repair Schwann cells, increasing expression of c-Jun, neural cell adhesion molecule, and neurotrophic receptor p75. Moreover, SKP-SC-secretome was subjected to cytokine array GS67 assay, data indicated the regulation of paracrine phenotype, a panel of cytokines was verified up-regulated at secreted level and gene expression level in induced SKP-SCs. These up-regulated cytokines exhibit a series of promotive neural regeneration functions, including cell survival, cell migration, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, axon growth, and cellular organization etc. through bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, the effectively polarized SKP-SCs-sourced secretome, promoted the proliferation and migration capacity of the primarily cultured native rat Schwann cells, and augmented neurites growth of the cultured motoneurons, as well as boosted axonal regrowth of the axotomy-injured motoneurons. Taken together, SKP-SCs obtained pro-neuroregeneration phenotype in adaptive response to the anisotropic topography surface of chitosan-film, displayed the oriented parallel growth, the transition towards repair Schwann cell genic phenotype, and the enhanced paracrine effect on neural regeneration. This study provided novel insights into the potency of anisotropic microtopography surface to Schwann-like cells phenotype regulation, that facilitating to provide promising engineered cell-scaffold in neural injury therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregenration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregenration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Lingjie Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Guohao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregenration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregenration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Guicai Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregenration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregenration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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He Q, Cheng Z, Zhou Q, Tong F, Li Y, Zhou X, Yu M, Ji Y, Ding F. Sensory and motor fibroblasts have different protein expression patterns and exert different growth promoting effects on sensory and motor neurons. Exp Neurol 2023; 361:114314. [PMID: 36586550 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Functional reconstruction after peripheral nerve injury depends on the ability of the regenerated sensory and motor axons to re-innervate the suitable target organs. Therefore, it is essential to explore the cellular mechanisms of peripheral nerve-specific regeneration. In a previous study, we found that sensory and motor fibroblasts can guide Schwann cells to migrate towards the same phenotype. In the present paper, we analyzed the different effects of sensory and motor fibroblasts on sensory or motor neurons. The fibroblasts and neurons co-culture assay showed that compared with motor fibroblasts, sensory fibroblasts promote the neurite outgrowth of sensory neurons on a larger scale, and vice versa. Furthermore, a higher proportion of sensory or motor fibroblasts migrated towards their respective (sensory or motor) neurons. Meanwhile, a comparative proteomic approach was applied to obtain the protein expression profiles of sensory and motor fibroblasts. Among a total of 2597 overlapping proteins identified, we counted 148 differentially expressed items, of those 116 had a significantly higher expression in sensory fibroblasts, and 32 had a significantly greater expression in motor fibroblasts. Functional categorization revealed that differentially expressed proteins were involved in regeneration, axon guidance and cytoskeleton organization, all of which might play a critical role in peripheral nerve-specific regeneration. After nerve crush injury, ITB1 protein expression decreased significantly in motor nerves and increased in sensory nerves. In vitro, ITB1 significantly promoted axonal regeneration of sensory neurons, but had no significant effect on motor neurons. Overall, sensory and motor fibroblasts express different proteins and exert different growth promoting effects on sensory and motor neurons. This comparative proteomic database of sensory and motor fibroblasts could provide future directions for in-depth research on peripheral nerve-specific regeneration. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD034827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Zhenghang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Fang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Xinyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Miaomei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Yuhua Ji
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China.
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China.
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de Oliveira LMG, Carreira RB, de Oliveira JVR, do Nascimento RP, Dos Santos Souza C, Trias E, da Silva VDA, Costa SL. Impact of Plant-Derived Compounds on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:288-309. [PMID: 36800114 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal illness characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration. Conventional therapies for ALS are based on treatment of symptoms, and the disease remains incurable. Molecular mechanisms are unclear, but studies have been pointing to involvement of glia, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamate excitotoxicity as a key factor. Nowadays, we have few treatments for this disease that only delays death, but also does not stop the neurodegenerative process. These treatments are based on glutamate blockage (riluzole), tyrosine kinase inhibition (masitinib), and antioxidant activity (edaravone). In the past few years, plant-derived compounds have been studied for neurodegenerative disorder therapies based on neuroprotection and glial cell response. In this review, we describe mechanisms of action of natural compounds associated with neuroprotective effects, and the possibilities for new therapeutic strategies in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Matheus Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barreto Carreira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Juciele Valeria Ribeiro de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Ravena Pereira do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Cleide Dos Santos Souza
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Victor Diogenes Amaral da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil.
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He QR, Cong M, Yu FH, Ji YH, Yu S, Shi HY, Ding F. Peripheral nerve fibroblasts secrete neurotrophic factors to promote axon growth of motoneurons. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1833-1840. [PMID: 35017446 PMCID: PMC8820717 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve fibroblasts play a critical role in nerve development and regeneration. Our previous study found that peripheral nerve fibroblasts have different sensory and motor phenotypes. Fibroblasts of different phenotypes can guide the migration of Schwann cells to the same sensory or motor phenotype. In this study, we analyzed the different effects of peripheral nerve-derived fibroblasts and cardiac fibroblasts on motoneurons. Compared with cardiac fibroblasts, peripheral nerve fibroblasts greatly promoted motoneuron neurite outgrowth. Transcriptome analysis results identified 491 genes that were differentially expressed in peripheral nerve fibroblasts and cardiac fibroblasts. Among these, 130 were significantly upregulated in peripheral nerve fibroblasts compared with cardiac fibroblasts. These genes may be involved in axon guidance and neuron projection. Three days after sciatic nerve transection in rats, peripheral nerve fibroblasts accumulated in the proximal and distal nerve stumps, and most expressed brain-derived neurotrophic factor. In vitro, brain-derived neurotrophic factor secreted from peripheral nerve fibroblasts increased the expression of β-actin and F-actin through the extracellular regulated protein kinase and serine/threonine kinase pathways, and enhanced motoneuron neurite outgrowth. These findings suggest that peripheral nerve fibroblasts and cardiac fibroblasts exhibit different patterns of gene expression. Peripheral nerve fibroblasts can promote motoneuron neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ru He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng Cong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fan-Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ji
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Fralish Z, Lotz EM, Chavez T, Khodabukus A, Bursac N. Neuromuscular Development and Disease: Learning From in vitro and in vivo Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764732. [PMID: 34778273 PMCID: PMC8579029 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized cholinergic synaptic interface between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber that translates presynaptic electrical impulses into motor function. NMJ formation and maintenance require tightly regulated signaling and cellular communication among motor neurons, myogenic cells, and Schwann cells. Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) can result in loss of NMJ function and motor input leading to paralysis or even death. Although small animal models have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of the NMJ structure and function, the complexities of studying this multi-tissue system in vivo and poor clinical outcomes of candidate therapies developed in small animal models has driven the need for in vitro models of functional human NMJ to complement animal studies. In this review, we discuss prevailing models of NMDs and highlight the current progress and ongoing challenges in developing human iPSC-derived (hiPSC) 3D cell culture models of functional NMJs. We first review in vivo development of motor neurons, skeletal muscle, Schwann cells, and the NMJ alongside current methods for directing the differentiation of relevant cell types from hiPSCs. We further compare the efficacy of modeling NMDs in animals and human cell culture systems in the context of five NMDs: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, and Pompe disease. Finally, we discuss further work necessary for hiPSC-derived NMJ models to function as effective personalized NMD platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Fralish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ethan M Lotz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Taylor Chavez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Gryshkov O, AL Halabi F, Kuhn AI, Leal-Marin S, Freund LJ, Förthmann M, Meier N, Barker SA, Haastert-Talini K, Glasmacher B. PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) Electrospun Scaffolds for Nerve Graft Engineering: A Comparative Study on Piezoelectric and Structural Properties, and In Vitro Biocompatibility. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11373. [PMID: 34768804 PMCID: PMC8583857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymer with trifluoroethylene (P(VDF-TrFE)) are considered as promising biomaterials for supporting nerve regeneration because of their proven biocompatibility and piezoelectric properties that could stimulate cell ingrowth due to their electrical activity upon mechanical deformation. For the first time, this study reports on the comparative analysis of PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) electrospun scaffolds in terms of structural and piezoelectric properties as well as their in vitro performance. A dynamic impact test machine was developed, validated, and utilised, to evaluate the generation of an electrical voltage upon the application of an impact load (varying load magnitude and frequency) onto the electrospun PVDF (15-20 wt%) and P(VDF-TrFE) (10-20 wt%) scaffolds. The cytotoxicity and in vitro performance of the scaffolds was evaluated with neonatal rat (nrSCs) and adult human Schwann cells (ahSCs). The neurite outgrowth behaviour from sensory rat dorsal root ganglion neurons cultured on the scaffolds was analysed qualitatively. The results showed (i) a significant increase of the β-phase content in the PVDF after electrospinning as well as a zeta potential similar to P(VDF-TrFE), (ii) a non-constant behaviour of the longitudinal piezoelectric strain constant d33, depending on the load and the load frequency, and (iii) biocompatibility with cultured Schwann cells and guiding properties for sensory neurite outgrowth. In summary, the electrospun PVDF-based scaffolds, representing piezoelectric activity, can be considered as promising materials for the development of artificial nerve conduits for the peripheral nerve injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Gryshkov
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 1, Building 8143, 30823 Garbsen, Germany; (A.I.K.); (S.L.-M.); (S.-A.B.); (B.G.)
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Fedaa AL Halabi
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 1, Building 8143, 30823 Garbsen, Germany; (A.I.K.); (S.L.-M.); (S.-A.B.); (B.G.)
| | - Antonia Isabel Kuhn
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 1, Building 8143, 30823 Garbsen, Germany; (A.I.K.); (S.L.-M.); (S.-A.B.); (B.G.)
| | - Sara Leal-Marin
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 1, Building 8143, 30823 Garbsen, Germany; (A.I.K.); (S.L.-M.); (S.-A.B.); (B.G.)
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Julie Freund
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Centre for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.J.F.); (M.F.); (K.H.-T.)
| | - Maria Förthmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Centre for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.J.F.); (M.F.); (K.H.-T.)
| | - Nils Meier
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Braunschweig University of Technology, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Sven-Alexander Barker
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 1, Building 8143, 30823 Garbsen, Germany; (A.I.K.); (S.L.-M.); (S.-A.B.); (B.G.)
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Centre for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.J.F.); (M.F.); (K.H.-T.)
| | - Birgit Glasmacher
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, An der Universität 1, Building 8143, 30823 Garbsen, Germany; (A.I.K.); (S.L.-M.); (S.-A.B.); (B.G.)
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Modified Hyaluronic Acid-Laminin-Hydrogel as Luminal Filler for Clinically Approved Hollow Nerve Guides in a Rat Critical Defect Size Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126554. [PMID: 34207389 PMCID: PMC8235360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hollow nerve guidance conduits are approved for clinical use for defect lengths of up to 3 cm. This is because also in pre-clinical evaluation they are less effective in the support of nerve regeneration over critical defect lengths. Hydrogel luminal fillers are thought to improve the regeneration outcome by providing an optimized matrix inside bioartificial nerve grafts. We evaluated here a modified hyaluronic acid-laminin-hydrogel (M-HAL) as luminal filler for two clinically approved hollow nerve guides. Collagen-based and chitosan-based nerve guides were filled with M-HAL in two different concentrations and the regeneration outcome comprehensively studied in the acute repair rat sciatic nerve 15 mm critical defect size model. Autologous nerve graft (ANG) repair served as gold-standard control. At 120 days post-surgery, all ANG rats demonstrated electrodiagnostically detectable motor recovery. Both concentrations of the hydrogel luminal filler induced improved regeneration outcome over empty nerve guides. However, neither combination with collagen- nor chitosan-based nerve guides resulted in functional recovery comparable to the ANG repair. In contrast to our previous studies, we demonstrate here that M-HAL slightly improved the overall performance of either empty nerve guide type in the critical defect size model.
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Hyung S, Lee SR, Kim J, Kim Y, Kim S, Kim HN, Jeon NL. A 3D disease and regeneration model of peripheral nervous system-on-a-chip. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd9749. [PMID: 33514550 PMCID: PMC7846159 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases involve loss of myelin sheaths and eventually lead to neurological problems. Unfortunately, the precise mechanisms remain unknown, and there are no effective therapies. To overcome these limitations, a reliable and physiologically relevant in vitro model is required. Here, we present a three-dimensional peripheral nervous system (PNS) microfluidic platform that recapitulates the full spectrum of myelination, demyelination, and remyelination using primary Schwann cells (SCs) and motor neurons (MNs). The platform enables reproducible hydrogel patterning and long-term stable coculture of MNs and SCs over 40 days in vitro based on three distinct design factors. Furthermore, the on-demand detachable substrate allows in-depth biological analysis. We demonstrated the possibility of mimicking segmental demyelination by lysophosphatidylcholine, and recovery of myelin structure by application of two drugs: benzatropine or methylcobalamin. This 3D PNS disease-on-a-chip may serve as a potential platform for understanding the pathophysiology of demyelination and screening drugs for remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Hyung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ryeol Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngtaek Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suryong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wu X, Wang L, Cong M, Shen M, He Q, Ding F, Shi H. Extracellular vesicles from skin precursor-derived Schwann cells promote axonal outgrowth and regeneration of motoneurons via Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1640. [PMID: 33490152 PMCID: PMC7812244 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Skin precursor-derived Schwann cells (SKP-SCs) have been shown to benefit the recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI) and peripheral nerve injury (PNI) with motor dysfunction. However, the effect of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from SKP-SCs responsible for neuroregeneration remains unknown. Methods Based on the obtainment and identification of rat SKP-SCs and their derived EVs, the primary rat injury model of motoneurons resulting from axotomy in vitro or nerve crush in vivo, as well as the secondary rat ischemic hypoxic injury model of motoneuron exposure to oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD) in vitro, were treated with EVs from skin precursor-derived Schwann cells (SKP-SC-EVs), respectively. Then, the axonal outgrowth and regrowth was observed and compared, and cell viability as well as the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin/p70 S6 kinase (Akt/mTOR/p70S6K) signaling pathway was detected, moreover, rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) was used to further reveal the underlying molecular mechanism. Results The internalization of SKP-SC-EVs by neuronal cells was identified in vitro and in vivo. Besides the pro-axonal outgrowth effect of SKP-SC-EVs, prospectively, the treatment of OGD-injured motoneurons with SKP-SC-EVs potentiated the restoration of neuronal viability and axonal regrowth. Furthermore, the axotomizing injury could be improved with SKP-SC-EVs treatment in vitro and in vivo. Finally, it was shown that the application of SKP-SC-EVs could activate the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway that can be abolished by rapamycin. Conclusions In summary, the addition of SKP-SC-EVs could regulate the cell growth and death signaling pathway mediated by Akt/mTOR/p70S6K, owing to the transmission of cargos in EVs to damaged motoneurons, which leads to axonal regrowth and neuronal resurrection. Thus, SKP-SC-EVs treatment could be a novel promising strategy for improving the axonal outgrowth and regeneration of motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liting Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Meng Cong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qianru He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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10
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Dietzmeyer N, Huang Z, Schüning T, Rochkind S, Almog M, Nevo Z, Lieke T, Kankowski S, Haastert-Talini K. In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation of a Novel Hyaluronic Acid-Laminin Hydrogel as Luminal Filler and Carrier System for Genetically Engineered Schwann Cells in Critical Gap Length Tubular Peripheral Nerve Graft in Rats. Cell Transplant 2020; 29:963689720910095. [PMID: 32174148 PMCID: PMC7444218 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720910095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study we investigated the suitability of a novel hyaluronic acid-laminin hydrogel (HAL) as luminal filler and carrier system for co-transplanted cells within a composite chitosan-based nerve graft (CNG) in a rat critical nerve defect model. The HAL was meant to improve the performance of our artificial nerve guides by giving additional structural and molecular support to regrowing axons. We filled hollow CNGs or two-chambered nerve guides with an inserted longitudinal chitosan film (CNG[F]s), with cell-free HAL or cell-free HA or additionally suspended either naïve Schwann cells (SCs) or fibroblast growth factor 2-overexpressing Schwann cells (FGF2-SCs) within the gels. We subjected female Lewis rats to immediate 15 mm sciatic nerve gap reconstruction and comprehensively compared axonal and functional regeneration parameters with the gold standard autologous nerve graft (ANG) repair. Motor recovery was surveyed by means of electrodiagnostic measurements at 60, 90, and 120 days post-reconstruction. Upon explantation after 120 days, lower limb target muscles were harvested for calculation of muscle-weight ratios. Semi-thin cross-sections of nerve segments distal to the grafts were evaluated histomorphometrically. After 120 days of recovery, only ANG treatment led to full motor recovery. Surprisingly, regeneration outcomes revealed no regeneration-supportive effect of HAL alone and even an impairment of peripheral nerve regeneration when combined with SCs and FGF2-SCs. Furthermore, complementary in vitro studies, conducted to elucidate the reason for this unexpected negative result, revealed that SCs and FGF2-SCs suspended within the hydrogel relatively downregulated gene expression of regeneration-supporting neurotrophic factors. In conclusion, cell-free HAL in its current formulation did not qualify for optimizing regeneration outcome through CNG[F]s. In addition, we demonstrate that our HAL, when used as a carrier system for co-transplanted SCs, changed their gene expression profile and deteriorated the pro-regenerative milieu within the nerve guides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dietzmeyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School,
Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zhong Huang
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School,
Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Schüning
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School,
Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Shimon Rochkind
- Research Center for Nerve Reconstruction, Department of
Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv,
Israel
| | - Mara Almog
- Research Center for Nerve Reconstruction, Department of
Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv,
Israel
| | - Zvi Nevo
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler
School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Prof. Nevo passed away
| | - Thorsten Lieke
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General-, Visceral-, and
Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja Kankowski
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School,
Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School,
Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Tadić V, Adam A, Goldhammer N, Lautenschlaeger J, Oberstadt M, Malci A, Le TT, Sengupta S, Stubendorff B, Keiner S, Witte OW, Grosskreutz J. Investigation of mitochondrial calcium uniporter role in embryonic and adult motor neurons from G93A hSOD1 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 75:209-222. [PMID: 30597405 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is characterized by progressive death of motor neurons (MNs) with glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload as critical mechanisms in disease pathophysiology. We used MNs from G93AhSOD1 and nontransgenic embryonic cultures and adult mice to analyze the expression of the main mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). MCU was overexpressed in cultured embryonic G93AhSOD1 MNs compared to nontransgenic MNs but downregulated in MNs from adult G93AhSOD1 mice. Furthermore, cultured embryonic G93AhSOD1 were rescued from kainate-induced excitotoxicity by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II inhibitor; KN-62, which reduced MCU expression in G93AhSOD1 MNs. MCU activation via kaempferol neither altered MCU expression nor influenced MN survival. However, its acute application served as a fine tool to study spontaneous Ca2+ activity in cultured neurons which was significantly altered by the mutated hSOD1. Pharmacological manipulation of MCU expression might open new possibilities to fight excitotoxic damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Tadić
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Adam Adam
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadine Goldhammer
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Janin Lautenschlaeger
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Moritz Oberstadt
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ayse Malci
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thanh Tu Le
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Saikata Sengupta
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Silke Keiner
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Grosskreutz
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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12
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Suh JKF, Hyung S. Primary Motor Neuron Culture to Promote Cellular Viability and Myelination. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1727:403-411. [PMID: 29222800 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7571-6_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A culture system that can recapitulate myelination in vitro will not only help us to better understand the mechanism of myelination and demyelination but also identify possible therapeutic interventions for treating demyelinating diseases. Here, we introduce a simple and reproducible myelination culture system using mouse motor neurons (MNs) and Schwann cells (SCs). Dissociated motor neurons are plated on a feeder layer of SCs, which interact with and wrap around the axons of MNs as they differentiate in culture. In our MN-SC co-culture system, MNs survive over 3 weeks and extend long axons. Both viability and axon growth of MNs in the co-culture are markedly enhanced as compared to those of MN monocultures. Co-labeling of myelin basic proteins and neuronal cell microtubules reveals that SCs form myelin sheaths by wrapping around the axons of MNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujin Hyung
- Multiscale Mechanical Design Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Wang W, Qi B, Lv H, Wu F, Liu L, Wang W, Wang Q, Hu L, Hao Y, Wang Y. A new method of isolating spinal motor neurons from fetal mouse. J Neurosci Methods 2017. [PMID: 28648716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolating of primary motor neurons from animal embryos is critical for the study of neurological disease including mechanistic discovery and therapeutic development. Density gradient centrifuge taking advantage of the buoyant of motor neuron permits the enrichment of motor neurons. Despite the metrizamide, an OptiPrep medium has been introduced to separate the motor neurons by gradient centrifuge. NEW METHOD We hereby used single density gradient of OptiPrep medium to isolate the spinal motor neurons from the fetal mouse. RESULTS Single density gradient of OptiPrep medium is effective to isolate spinal motor neurons from the fetal mouse. The immunofluorescence staining analysis showed that the purity of cultured motor neurons at 72h was between 90% and 95%. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Four gradients of OptiPrep medium have been previously used to isolate the motor neurons from spinal cord of mouse. In this study, the single gradient of OptiPrep medium was demonstrated to effectively isolate spinal motor neurons from the fetal mouse. CONCLUSIONS The single gradient of OptiPrep medium is enough to produce high purity of spinal motor neurons from the fetal mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Wang
- Graduate School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Qi
- Graduate School of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Lv
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanquan Wang
- Graduate School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangchen Hu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China; Graduate School of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
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14
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High-throughput platforms for the screening of new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1355-1366. [PMID: 27178019 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent progress in the understanding of neurodegenerative disorders, a lack of solid fundamental knowledge on the etiology of many of the major neurodegenerative diseases has made it difficult to obtain effective therapies to treat these conditions. Scientists have been looking to carry out more-human-relevant studies, with strong statistical power, to overcome the limitations of preclinical animal models that have contributed to the failure of numerous therapeutics in clinical trials. Here, we identify currently existing platforms to mimic central nervous system tissues, healthy and diseased, mainly focusing on cell-based platforms and discussing their strengths and limitations in the context of the high-throughput screening of new therapeutic targets and drugs.
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15
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Meyer C, Wrobel S, Raimondo S, Rochkind S, Heimann C, Shahar A, Ziv-Polat O, Geuna S, Grothe C, Haastert-Talini K. Peripheral Nerve Regeneration through Hydrogel-Enriched Chitosan Conduits Containing Engineered Schwann Cells for Drug Delivery. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:159-82. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x688010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical length nerve defects in the rat sciatic nerve model were reconstructed with chitosan nerve guides filled with Schwann cells (SCs) containing hydrogel. The transplanted SCs were naive or had been genetically modified to overexpress neurotrophic factors, thus providing a cellular neurotrophic factor delivery system. Prior to the assessment in vivo, in vitro studies evaluating the properties of engineered SCs overexpressing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-218kDa) demonstrated their neurite outgrowth inductive bioactivity for sympathetic PC-12 cells as well as for dissociated dorsal root ganglion cell drop cultures. SCs within NVR-hydrogel, which is mainly composed of hyaluronic acid and laminin, were delivered into the lumen of chitosan hollow conduits with a 5% degree of acetylation. The viability and neurotrophic factor production by engineered SCs within NVR-Gel inside the chitosan nerve guides was further demonstrated in vitro. In vivo we studied the outcome of peripheral nerve regeneration after reconstruction of 15-mm nerve gaps with either chitosan/NVR-Gel/SCs composite nerve guides or autologous nerve grafts (ANGs). While ANGs did guarantee for functional sensory and motor regeneration in 100% of the animals, delivery of NVR-Gel into the chitosan nerve guides obviously impaired sufficient axonal outgrowth. This obstacle was overcome to a remarkable extent when the NVR-Gel was enriched with FGF-218kDa overexpressing SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Meyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
| | - Sandra Wrobel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli studi di Torino, Orbassano, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Shimon Rochkind
- Division of Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction, Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli studi di Torino, Orbassano, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Lower-Saxony, Germany
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16
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Coculture of Primary Motor Neurons and Schwann Cells as a Model for In Vitro Myelination. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15122. [PMID: 26456300 PMCID: PMC4601011 DOI: 10.1038/srep15122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A culture system that can recapitulate myelination in vitro will not only help us better understand the mechanism of myelination and demyelination, but also find out possible therapeutic interventions for treating demyelinating diseases. Here, we introduce a simple and reproducible myelination culture system using mouse motor neurons (MNs) and Schwann cells (SCs). Dissociated motor neurons are plated on a feeder layer of SCs, which interact with and wrap around the axons of MNs as they differentiate in culture. In our MN-SC coculture system, MNs survived over 3 weeks and extended long axons. Both viability and axon growth of MNs in the coculture were markedly enhanced as compared to those of MN monoculture. Co-labeling of myelin basic proteins (MBPs) and neuronal microtubules revealed that SC formed myelin sheaths by wrapping around the axons of MNs. Furthermore, using the coculture system we found that treatment of an antioxidant substance coenzyme Q10 (Co-Q10) markedly facilitated myelination.
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17
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Lautenschläger J, Lautenschläger C, Tadic V, Süße H, Ortmann W, Denzler J, Stallmach A, Witte OW, Grosskreutz J. Novel computer vision algorithm for the reliable analysis of organelle morphology in whole cell 3D images--A pilot study for the quantitative evaluation of mitochondrial fragmentation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mitochondrion 2015; 25:49-59. [PMID: 26440825 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The function of intact organelles, whether mitochondria, Golgi apparatus or endoplasmic reticulum (ER), relies on their proper morphological organization. It is recognized that disturbances of organelle morphology are early events in disease manifestation, but reliable and quantitative detection of organelle morphology is difficult and time-consuming. Here we present a novel computer vision algorithm for the assessment of organelle morphology in whole cell 3D images. The algorithm allows the numerical and quantitative description of organelle structures, including total number and length of segments, cell and nucleus area/volume as well as novel texture parameters like lacunarity and fractal dimension. Applying the algorithm we performed a pilot study in cultured motor neurons from transgenic G93A hSOD1 mice, a model of human familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In the presence of the mutated SOD1 and upon excitotoxic treatment with kainate we demonstrate a clear fragmentation of the mitochondrial network, with an increase in the number of mitochondrial segments and a reduction in the length of mitochondria. Histogram analyses show a reduced number of tubular mitochondria and an increased number of small mitochondrial segments. The computer vision algorithm for the evaluation of organelle morphology allows an objective assessment of disease-related organelle phenotypes with greatly reduced examiner bias and will aid the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies on a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Lautenschläger
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian Lautenschläger
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Vedrana Tadic
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Herbert Süße
- Computer Vision Group, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ortmann
- Computer Vision Group, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Joachim Denzler
- Computer Vision Group, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Grosskreutz
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
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18
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Geuna S, Raimondo S, Fregnan F, Haastert-Talini K, Grothe C. In vitromodels for peripheral nerve regeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:287-96. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, and Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute; University of Turin; Ospedale San Luigi, Regione Gonzole 10 10043 Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - S. Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, and Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute; University of Turin; Ospedale San Luigi, Regione Gonzole 10 10043 Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - F. Fregnan
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, and Cavalieri Ottolenghi Neuroscience Institute; University of Turin; Ospedale San Luigi, Regione Gonzole 10 10043 Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - K. Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy; Hannover Medical School and Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN); Hannover Germany
| | - C. Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy; Hannover Medical School and Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN); Hannover Germany
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19
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Rohrbeck A, Stahl F, Höltje M, Hettwer T, Lindner P, Hagemann S, Pich A, Haastert-Talini K. C3-induced release of neurotrophic factors from Schwann cells - potential mechanism behind its regeneration promoting activity. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:232-45. [PMID: 26417907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed a peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR)(1) promoting activity of Clostridium botulinum C3(2) exoenzyme or a 26(mer) C-terminal peptide fragment covering amino acids 156-181 (C3(156-181)),(3) when delivered as one-time injection at the lesion site. The current study was performed to 1) investigate if prolonged availability of C3 and C3(156-181) at the lesion site can further enhance PNR in vivo and to 2) elucidate effects of C3 and C3(156-181) on Schwann cells (SCs)(4)in vitro. For in vivo studies, 10 mm adult rat sciatic nerve gaps were reconstructed with the epineurial pouch technique or autologous nerve grafts. Epineurial pouches were filled with a hydrogel containing i) vehicle, ii) 40 μM C3 or iii) 40 μM C3(156-181). Sensory and motor functional recovery was monitored over 12 weeks and the outcome of PNR further analyzed by nerve morphometry. In vitro, we compared gene expression profiles (microarray analysis) and neurotrophic factor expression (western blot analysis) of untreated rat neonatal SCs with those treated with C3 or C3(156-181) for 72 h. Effects on neurotrophic factor expression levels were proven in adult human SCs. Unexpectedly, prolonged delivery of C3 and C3(156-181) at the lesion site did not increase the outcome of PNR. Regarding the potential mechanism underlying their previously detected PNR promoting action, however, 6 genes were found to be commonly altered in SCs upon treatment with C3 or C3(156-181). We demonstrate significant down-regulation of genes involved in glutamate uptake (Eaac1,(5)Grin2a(6)) and changes in neurotrophic factor expression (increase of FGF-2(7) and decrease of NGF(8)). Our microarray-based expression profiling revealed novel C3-regulated genes in SCs possibly involved in the axonotrophic (regeneration promoting) effects of C3 and C3(156-181). Detection of altered neurotrophic factor expression by C3 or C3(156-181) treated primary neonatal rat SCs and primary adult human SCs supports this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Rohrbeck
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Frank Stahl
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Hettwer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School and Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick Lindner
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Hagemann
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pich
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School and Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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20
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Owens GC, Edelman DB. Photoconvertible fluorescent protein-based live imaging of mitochondrial fusion. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1313:237-46. [PMID: 25947670 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2703-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fusion and fission on a relatively fast time scale. Here, a straightforward method is described for capturing mitochondrial fusion events in real time using a photoconvertible fluorescent protein and a far-field fluorescence microscope equipped with appropriate image acquisition and analysis software. The Kaede photoconvertible fluorescent protein is tagged with a mitochondrial targeting sequence and delivered to primary neurons by lentiviral transduction, which ensures efficient low copy number transgene insertion, as well as stable transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Owens
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste. 562, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA,
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21
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Wrobel S, Serra SC, Ribeiro-Samy S, Sousa N, Heimann C, Barwig C, Grothe C, Salgado AJ, Haastert-Talini K. In vitro evaluation of cell-seeded chitosan films for peripheral nerve tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2339-49. [PMID: 24606318 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural biomaterials have attracted an increasing interest in the field of tissue-engineered nerve grafts, representing a possible alternative to autologous nerve transplantation. With the prospect of developing a novel entubulation strategy for transected nerves with cell-seeded chitosan films, we examined the biocompatibility of such films in vitro. Different types of rat Schwann cells (SCs)--immortalized, neonatal, and adult-of the chitosan substrate. Both cell types were viable on the biomaterial and showed different metabolic activities and proliferation behavior, indicating cell-type-specific cell-biomaterial interaction. Moreover, the cell types also displayed their typical morphology. In cocultures adult SCs used the BMSCs as a feeder layer and no negative interactions between both cell types were detected. Further, the chitosan films allow neurite outgrowth from dissociated sensory neurons, which is additionally supported on film preseeded with SC-BMSC cocultures. The presented chitosan films therefore demonstrate high potential for their use in tissue-engineered nerve grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Wrobel
- 1 Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy , Hannover, Germany
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22
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Advances in cellular models to explore the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:966-83. [PMID: 24198229 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common adult-onset motor neuron disorder, is fatal for most patients less than 3 years from when the first symptoms appear. The aetiologies for sporadic and most familial forms of ALS are unknown, but genetic factors are increasingly recognized as causal in a subset of patients. Studies of disease physiology suggest roles for oxidative stress, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity or protein aggregation; how these pathways interact in the complex pathophysiology of ALS awaits elucidation. Cellular models are being used to examine disease mechanisms. Recent advances include the availability of expanded cell types, from neuronal or glial cell culture to motoneuron-astrocyte co-culture genetically or environmentally modified. Cell culture experiments confirmed the central role of glial cells in ALS. The recent adaptation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) for ALS modeling could allow a broader perspective and is expected to generate new hypotheses, related particularly to mechanisms underlying genetic factors. Cellular models have provided meaningful advances in the understanding of ALS, but, to date, complete characterization of in vitro models is only partially described. Consensus on methodological approaches, strategies for validation and techniques that allow rapid adaptation to new genetic or environmental influences is needed. In this article, we review the principal cellular models being employed in ALS and highlight their contribution to the understanding of disease mechanisms. We conclude with recommendations on means to enhance the robustness and generalizability of the different concepts for experimental ALS.
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Moldovan M, Pinchenko V, Dmytriyeva O, Pankratova S, Fugleholm K, Klingelhofer J, Bock E, Berezin V, Krarup C, Kiryushko D. Peptide mimetic of the S100A4 protein modulates peripheral nerve regeneration and attenuates the progression of neuropathy in myelin protein P0 null mice. Mol Med 2013; 19:43-53. [PMID: 23508572 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently found that S100A4, a member of the multifunctional S100 protein family, protects neurons in the injured brain and identified two sequence motifs in S100A4 mediating its neurotrophic effect. Synthetic peptides encompassing these motifs stimulated neuritogenesis and survival in vitro and mimicked the S100A4-induced neuroprotection in brain trauma. Here, we investigated a possible function of S100A4 and its mimetics in the pathologies of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). We found that S100A4 was expressed in the injured PNS and that its peptide mimetic (H3) affected the regeneration and survival of myelinated axons. H3 accelerated electrophysiological, behavioral and morphological recovery after sciatic nerve crush while transiently delaying regeneration after sciatic nerve transection and repair. On the basis of the finding that both S100A4 and H3 increased neurite branching in vitro, these effects were attributed to the modulatory effect of H3 on initial axonal sprouting. In contrast to the modest effect of H3 on the time course of regeneration, H3 had a long-term neuroprotective effect in the myelin protein P0 null mice, a model of dysmyelinating neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 disease), where the peptide attenuated the deterioration of nerve conduction, demyelination and axonal loss. From these results, S100A4 mimetics emerge as a possible means to enhance axonal sprouting and survival, especially in the context of demyelinating neuropathies with secondary axonal loss, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 disease. Moreover, our data suggest that S100A4 is a neuroprotectant in PNS and that other S100 proteins, sharing high homology in the H3 motif, may have important functions in PNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Moldovan
- Nerve Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lautenschläger J, Prell T, Ruhmer J, Weidemann L, Witte OW, Grosskreutz J. Overexpression of human mutated G93A SOD1 changes dynamics of the ER mitochondria calcium cycle specifically in mouse embryonic motor neurons. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:91-100. [PMID: 23578819 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Motor neurons vulnerable to the rapidly progressive deadly neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) inherently express low amounts of calcium binding proteins (CaBP), likely to allow physiological motor neuron firing frequency modulation. At the same time motor neurons are susceptible to AMPA receptor mediated excitotoxicity and internal calcium deregulation which is not fully understood. We analysed ER mitochondria calcium cycle (ERMCC) dynamics with subsecond resolution in G93A hSOD1 overexpressing motor neurons as a model of ALS using fluorescent calcium imaging. When comparing vulnerable motor neurons and non-motor neurons from G93A hSOD1 mice and their non-transgenic littermates, we found a decelerated cytosolic calcium clearance in the presence of G93A hSOD1. While both non-transgenic as well as G93A hSOD1 motor neurons displayed large mitochondrial calcium uptake by the mitochondrial uniporter (mUP), the mitochondrial calcium extrusion system was altered in the presence of G93A hSOD1. In addition, ER calcium uptake by the sarco-/endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA) was increased in G93A hSOD1 motor neurons. In survival assays, blocking the mitochondrial sodium calcium exchanger (mNCE) by CGP37157 as well as inhibiting SERCA by cyclopiazonic acid showed protective effects against kainate induced excitotoxicity. Thus, our study shows for the first time that the functional consequence of G93A hSOD1 overexpression in intact motor neurons is indeed a disturbance of the ER mitochondria calcium cycle, and identified two promising targets for therapeutic intervention in the pathology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Lautenschläger
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany.
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Grumbles RM, Almeida VW, Casella GTB, Wood PM, Hemstapat K, Thomas CK. Motoneuron replacement for reinnervation of skeletal muscle in adult rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012; 71:921-30. [PMID: 22964786 PMCID: PMC3760019 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31826cf69a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinnervation is needed to rescue muscle when motoneurons die in disease or injury. Embryonic ventral spinal cord cells transplanted into peripheral nerve reinnervate muscle and reduce atrophy, but low motoneuron survival may limit motor unit formation. We tested whether transplantation of a purified population of embryonic motoneurons into peripheral nerve (mean ± SE, 146,458 ± 4,011 motoneurons) resulted in more motor units and reinnervation than transplantation of a mixed population of ventral spinal cord cells (72,075 ± 12,329 motoneurons). Ten weeks after either kind of transplant, similar numbers of neurons expressed choline acetyl transferase and/or Islet-1. Motoneuron numbers always exceeded the reinnervated motor unit count. Most motor end plate were simple plaques. Reinnervation significantly reduced muscle fiber atrophy. These data show that the number of transplanted motoneurons and motoneuron survival do not limit muscle reinnervation. Incomplete differentiation of motoneurons in nerve and lack of muscle activity may result in immature neuromuscular junctions that limit reinnervation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Grumbles
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136-2104, USA
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Jiang H, Qu W, Han F, Liu D, Zhang W. Establishment of immortalized Schwann cells derived from rat embryo dorsal root ganglia. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:480-6. [PMID: 22684116 PMCID: PMC3573738 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) play an important role in the development, function and regeneration of peripheral nerves. They can enhance both peripheral and central nerve regeneration by providing a supportive environment for neurite outgrowth through the release of neurotrophic factors. However, use of primary SCs for in vitro models is limited because these cells are difficult to prepare and maintain in high yield and purity under common cell culture conditions. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression induces immortalization of various cell types without substantial alterations of their phenotypes. Therefore, in this study we transfected SCs with hTERT to establish a reliable cell source and observed the effect of hTERT on SCs. In order to accomplish this, SCs were isolated from rat embryo dorsal root ganglions, transfected with hTERT at early passage (passage 3). SCs passage 4, 8, 12 and 30 after transfection (hTERT-SCs) were used for immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and western blotting. Results showed that all the early (passage 4) and late (passage 30) passage hTERT-SCs expressed hTERT mRNA and gained full telomerase activity. The transfection did not alter the mRNA expression of senescence-associated genes, such as p53 and p16. The expression of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) was significantly decreased as cell passage increased, compared to the untransfected control. On the other hand, the expression of NGF (nerve growth factor ) was elevated at early passages (passages 4 and 8) and decreased at late passages (12 and 30). These data indicate that the use of specific immortalization techniques can establish SC lines that retain characteristics of typical primary SCs, and different mechanisms responsible for regulating NGF and BDNF expression. This is the first report regarding the immortalization of SCs derived from rat embryo dorsal root ganglions. These cells are useful in studies investigating the cellular mechanisms and regenerative processes of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
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Owens GC, Walcott EC. Extensive fusion of mitochondria in spinal cord motor neurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38435. [PMID: 22701641 PMCID: PMC3368829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative roles played by trafficking, fission and fusion in the dynamics of mitochondria in neurons have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, a slow widespread redistribution of mitochondria within cultured spinal cord motor neurons was observed as a result of extensive organelle fusion. Mitochondria were labeled with a photoconvertible fluorescent protein (mitoKaede) that is red-shifted following brief irradiation with blue light. The behavior of these selectively labeled mitochondria was followed by live fluorescence imaging. Marking mitochondria within the cell soma revealed a complete mixing, within 18 hours, of these organelles with mitochondria coming from the surrounding neurites. Fusion of juxtaposed mitochondria was directly observed in neuritic processes at least 200 microns from the cell body. Within 24 hours, photoconverted mitoKaede was dispersed to all of the mitochondria in the portion of neurite under observation. When time lapse imaging over minutes was combined with long-term observation of marked mitochondria, moving organelles that traversed the field of view did not initially contain photoconverted protein, but after several hours organelles in motion contained both fluorescent proteins, coincident with widespread fusion of all of the mitochondria within the length of neurite under observation. These observations suggest that there is a widespread exchange of mitochondrial components throughout a neuron as a result of organelle fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Owens
- The Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America.
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Prell T, Lautenschläger J, Witte OW, Carri MT, Grosskreutz J. The unfolded protein response in models of human mutant G93A amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:652-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Haastert-Talini K. Culture and proliferation of highly purified adult Schwann cells from rat, dog, and man. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 846:189-200. [PMID: 22367812 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-536-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This chapter presents fast and easy protocols to obtain highly purified cultures of proliferating adult rat, canine, and human Schwann cells. Cell preparation from predegenerated adult sciatic nerves combined with the use of melanocyte growth medium supplemented with forskolin, fibroblast growth factor-2, pituitary extract, and heregulin as selective, serum-free culture medium and two methods for a consecutive cell-enrichment step are described. Our protocols result in approximately 90% pure Schwann cell cultures (or higher). The average time to obtain highly purified in vitro cultures of adult Schwann cells is 21 days.
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Sargsyan SA, Blackburn DJ, Barber SC, Grosskreutz J, De Vos KJ, Monk PN, Shaw PJ. A comparison of in vitro properties of resting SOD1 transgenic microglia reveals evidence of reduced neuroprotective function. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:91. [PMID: 21943126 PMCID: PMC3191510 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of mutant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in rodents has provided useful models for studying the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Microglia have been shown to contribute to ALS disease progression in these models, although the mechanism of this contribution remains to be elucidated. Here, we present the first evidence of the effects of overexpression of mutant (TG G93A) and wild type (TG WT) human SOD1 transgenes on a set of functional properties of microglia relevant to ALS progression, including expression of integrin β-1, spreading and migration, phagocytosis of apoptotic neuronal cell debris, and intracellular calcium changes in response to an inflammatory stimulus. Results TG SOD1 G93A but not TG SOD1 WT microglia had lower expression levels of the cell adhesion molecule subunit integrin β-1 than their NTG control cells [NTG (G93A) and NTG (WT), respectively, 92.8 ± 2.8% on TG G93A, 92.0 ± 6.6% on TG WT, 100.0 ± 1.6% on NTG (G93A), and 100.0 ± 2.7% on NTG (WT) cells], resulting in decreased spreading ability, with no effect on ability to migrate. Both TG G93A and TG WT microglia had reduced capacity to phagocytose apoptotic neuronal cell debris (13.0 ± 1.3% for TG G93A, 16.5 ± 1.9% for TG WT, 28.6 ± 1.8% for NTG (G93A), and 26.9 ± 2.8% for NTG (WT) cells). Extracellular stimulation of microglia with ATP resulted in smaller increase in intracellular free calcium in TG G93A and TG WT microglia relative to NTG controls (0.28 ± 0.02 μM for TG G93A, 0.24 ± 0.03 μM for TG WT, 0.39 ± 0.03 μM for NTG (G93A), and 0.37 ± 0.05 μM for NTG (WT) microglia). Conclusions These findings indicate that, under resting conditions, microglia from mutant SOD1 transgenic mice have a reduced capacity to elicit physiological responses following tissue disturbances and that higher levels of stimulatory signals, and/or prolonged stimulation may be necessary to initiate these responses. Overall, resting mutant SOD1-overexpressing microglia may have reduced capacity to function as sensors of disturbed tissue/cellular homeostasis in the CNS and thus have reduced neuroprotective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siranush A Sargsyan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, CO, USA.
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31
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Niu C, Yip HK. Neuroprotective signaling mechanisms of telomerase are regulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat spinal cord motor neurons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:634-52. [PMID: 21666495 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318222b97b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase can promote neuron survival and can be regulated by growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Increases of BDNF expression and telomerase activity after brain injury suggest that telomerase may be involved in BDNF-mediated neuroprotection. We investigated BDNF regulation of telomerase in rat spinal cord motor neurons (SMNs). Our results indicate that BDNF increases telomerase expression and activity levels in SMNs and activates mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/protein kinase B signals, and their downstream transcription factors nuclear factor-κB, c-Myc, and Sp1. Administration of the tyrosine kinase receptor B inhibitor K-252a, the mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 inhibitor PD98059, and the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase inhibitor LY294002 abolished BDNF-induced upregulation of these transcription factors and telomerase expression. The nuclear factor-κB inhibitor Bay11-7082 also attenuated c-Myc and Sp1 expression and increased telomerase promoter activity. Spinal cord motor neurons with higher telomerase levels induced by BDNF became more resistant to apoptosis; survival of SMNs that overexpressed the catalytic protein component of telomerase with reverse transcriptase activity was also enhanced against apoptosis. The neuronal survival-promoting effect of telomerase was mediated through the regulation of Bcl-2, Bax, p53, and maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential. Taken together, these data suggest that the neuroprotective effect of BDNF via telomerase is mediated by inhibition of apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Niu
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Neymotin A, Calingasan NY, Wille E, Naseri N, Petri S, Damiano M, Liby KT, Risingsong R, Sporn M, Beal MF, Kiaei M. Neuroprotective effect of Nrf2/ARE activators, CDDO ethylamide and CDDO trifluoroethylamide, in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:88-96. [PMID: 21457778 PMCID: PMC3109235 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and these pathologic processes are tightly regulated by the Nrf2/ARE (NF-E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element) signaling program. Therefore, modulation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway is an attractive therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS. We examined two triterpenoids, CDDO (2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid) ethylamide and CDDO trifluoroethylamide (CDDO-TFEA), that potently activate Nrf2/ARE in a cell culture model of ALS and in the G93A SOD1 mouse model of ALS. Treatment of NSC-34 cells stably expressing mutant G93A SOD1 with CDDO-TFEA upregulated Nrf2 expression and resulted in translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus. Western blot analysis showed an increase in the expression of Nrf2/ARE-regulated proteins. When treatment started at a "presymptomatic age" of 30days, both of these compounds significantly attenuated weight loss, enhanced motor performance, and extended the survival of G93A SOD1 mice. Treatment started at a "symptomatic age," as assessed by impaired motor performance, was neuroprotective and slowed disease progression. These findings provide further evidence that compounds that activate the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway may be useful in the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Neymotin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Noel Y. Calingasan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wille
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nima Naseri
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology Neuroanatomy, and Institute for Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Damiano
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Karen T. Liby
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA
| | - Renee Risingsong
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA
| | - Michael Sporn
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA
| | - M. Flint Beal
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mahmoud Kiaei
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Haastert-Talini K, Schmitte R, Korte N, Klode D, Ratzka A, Grothe C. Electrical Stimulation Accelerates Axonal and Functional Peripheral Nerve Regeneration across Long Gaps. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:661-74. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Schmitte
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nele Korte
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorothee Klode
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Ratzka
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Haastert-Talini K, Schaper-Rinkel J, Schmitte R, Bastian R, Mühlenhoff M, Schwarzer D, Draeger G, Su Y, Scheper T, Gerardy-Schahn R, Grothe C. In Vivo Evaluation of Polysialic Acid as Part of Tissue-Engineered Nerve Transplants. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:3085-98. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neurosciences (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Janett Schaper-Rinkel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neurosciences (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Schmitte
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rode Bastian
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Mühlenhoff
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David Schwarzer
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerald Draeger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yi Su
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Center for Systems Neurosciences (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neurosciences (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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Ragancokova D, Song Y, Nau H, Dengler R, Krampfl K, Petri S. Modulation of synaptic transmission and analysis of neuroprotective effects of valproic Acid and derivates in rat embryonic motoneurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:891-900. [PMID: 20422280 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating motoneuron disorder for which no effective treatment exists. There is some evidence for neuroprotective effects of valproic acid (VPA). The beneficial effects, however, are limited due to the adverse effects of VPA. To overcome this problem, a number of VPA derivates with fewer side effects have been synthesized. In the present study, we investigated the viability of highly purified embryonic motoneurons cultured on glial feeder layers, composed of either astrocytes or Schwann cells, or in monoculture, in presence of VPA and its three derivates 3-propyl-heptanoic acid (3-PHA), PE-4-yn enantiomers (R- and S-PE-4-yn). An excitotoxic stimulus, kainate (KA), was added at day in vitro 9 (DIV9) and the neuroprotective effect of either simultaneous incubation (DIV9) or pre-incubation (DIV1) of VPA and its derivates was tested. The survival of motoneurons under simultaneous application of KA and VPA derivates was not remarkably increased. Pre-incubation with VPA and even more with the derivates before the addition of KA, however, significantly reduced their vulnerability against the KA-induced neurotoxic effect. Our data suggest that the neuroprotective capacities of VPA and its three derivates tested here drastically increase when they are added several days before KA. Most prominent neuroprotective effects were seen for the PE-4-yn enantiomers. Patch-clamp experiments revealed an antiexcitotoxic effect of the S-PE-4-yn enantiomer that reduces the frequency of postsynaptic currents and enhances the inhibitory postsynaptic transmission dependent on the co-culture condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ragancokova
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, OE 7210, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Brunet N, Tarabal O, Esquerda JE, Calderó J. Excitotoxic motoneuron degeneration induced by glutamate receptor agonists and mitochondrial toxins in organotypic cultures of chick embryo spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2009; 516:277-90. [PMID: 19634179 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction appear to play an important role in motoneuron (MN) degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the present study we used an organotypic slice culture of chick embryo spinal cord to explore the responsiveness of mature MNs to different excitotoxic stimuli and mitrochondrial inhibition. We found that, in this system, MNs are highly vulnerable to excitotoxins such as glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and kainate (KA), and that the neuroprotective drug riluzole rescues MNs from KA-mediated excitotoxic death. MNs are also sensitive to chronic mitochondrial inhibition induced by malonate and 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) in a dose-dependent manner. MN degeneration induced by treatment with mitochondrial toxins displays structural changes similar to those seen following excitotoxicity and can be prevented by applying either the antiexcitotoxic drug 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium (CNQX) or riluzole. Excitotoxicity results in an increased frequency of normal spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in MNs, which is followed by a sustained deregulation of intracellular Ca2+. Tolerance to excitotoxic MN death resulting from chronic exposure to excitotoxins correlates with a reduced excitotoxin-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ and increased thapsigargin-sensitive Ca2+ stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Brunet
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel.lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), 25008 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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Schwann cells overexpressing FGF-2 alone or combined with manual stimulation do not promote functional recovery after facial nerve injury. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:408794. [PMID: 19830246 PMCID: PMC2760319 DOI: 10.1155/2009/408794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether transplantation of Schwann cells (SCs) overexpressing different isoforms of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) combined with manual stimulation (MS) of vibrissal muscles improves recovery after facial nerve transection in adult rat. PROCEDURES Transected facial nerves were entubulated with collagen alone or collagen plus naïve SCs or transfected SCs. Half of the rats received daily MS. Collateral branching was quantified from motoneuron counts after retrograde labeling from 3 facial nerve branches. Quality assessment of endplate reinnervation was combined with video-based vibrissal function analysis. RESULTS There was no difference in the extent of collateral axonal branching. The proportion of polyinnervated motor endplates for either naïve SCs or FGF-2 over-expressing SCs was identical. Postoperative MS also failed to improve recovery. CONCLUSIONS Neither FGF-2 isoform changed the extent of collateral branching or polyinnervation of motor endplates; furthermore, this motoneuron response could not be overridden by MS.
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An improved method for isolating Schwann cells from postnatal rat sciatic nerves. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 337:361-9. [PMID: 19639342 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0836-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The major difficulty in Schwann cell (SC) purification is contamination by fibroblasts, which usually become the predominant cell type during SC enrichment in vitro. Current reported measures are mainly limited by either high cost or complicated procedures with low cell yields or purity. Our objectives have been to develop an efficient, easily applicable, rapid method to obtain highly purified SC from the sciatic nerve of newborn rats. The method involves two rounds of purification to eliminate fibroblasts with the novel combined use of cytosine-B-arabinoside hydrochloride (Ara-C) action and differential cell detachment. Cultured cells were first treated with Ara-C for 24 h. The medium was replaced with the growth medium containing 20 ng/ml human heregulin1-beta1 extracellular domain (HRG1-beta1 ECD). After another 48 h in culture, the cells were treated with 0.05% trypsin, following which SCs, but not fibroblasts, were easily detached from the dishes. The advantage of this method is that the two steps can eliminate the fibroblasts complementarily. Ara-C eliminates most of the fibroblasts growing among SCs, whereas the differential cell detachment technique removes the remainder growing under or interacting with the SC layer. A purity of more than 99% SCs has been obtained, as confirmed by cell morphology and immunostaining. The purified SCs have a spindle-shaped, bipolar, and sometimes tripolar morphology, align in fascicles, and express S-100. The whole procedure takes about 10 days from primary culture to the purified SCs growing to confluence (only half the time reported previously). This protocol provides an alternative method for investigating peripheral nerve regeneration and potentially could be used to produce enough SCs to construct artificial nerve scaffolds in vitro.
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Ragancokova D, Jahn K, Kotsiari A, Schlesinger F, Haastert K, Stangel M, Petri S, Krampfl K. Analysis of neuroprotective effects of valproic acid on primary motor neurons in monoculture or co-cultures with astrocytes or Schwann cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 29:1037-43. [PMID: 19330445 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic dysregulation of the intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis (excitotoxicity) is thought to contribute to the development of motor neuron diseases. Valproic acid (VPA) is widely used as an antiepileptic drug and acts mainly by inhibition of sodium channels and by enhancing the level of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. Neuroprotective capacities of VPA are supposed to arise also from the inhibition of histone deacetylases. We investigated the viability of highly purified rat embryonic motor neurons cultured on glial feeder layers, composed of either astrocytes or Schwann cells, or in the absence of glia, monoculture in presence of VPA and/or kainate (KA) using immunocytochemistry and calcium imaging. A significant effect of the culture and co-culture conditions on the viability of motor neurons in our in vitro model of excitotoxicity was detected. The neuroprotective effect of VPA on primary embryonic motor neuron cultures was not proven. A functional interaction between VPA and KA occurred during the first 10 days in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ragancokova
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, OE 7210, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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40
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Rouleau C, Mersel M, de Weille J, Rakotoarivelo C, Fabre C, Privat A, Langley K, Petite D. A human spinal cord cell promotes motoneuron survival and maturation in vitro. J Neurosci Res 2008; 87:50-60. [PMID: 18752296 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultures of motoneurons represent a good experimental model for studying mechanisms underlying certain spinal cord pathologies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease). However, a major problem with such culture systems is the relatively short cell survival times, which limits the extent of motoneuronal maturation. In spite of supplementing culture media with various growth factors, it remains difficult to maintain motoneurons viable longer than 10 days in vitro. This study employs a new approach, in which rat motoneurons are plated on a layer of cultured cells derived from newborn human spinal cord. For all culture periods, more motoneurons remain viable in such cocultures compared with control monocultures. Moreover, although no motoneurons survive in control cultures after 22 days, viable motoneurons were observed in cocultures even after 7 weeks. Although no significant difference in neurite length was observed between 8-day mono- and cocultures, after 22 and 50 days in coculture motoneurons had a very mature morphology. They extended extremely robust, very long neurites, which formed impressive branched networks. Data obtained using a system in which the spinal cord cultures were separated from motoneurons by a porous polycarbonate filter suggest that soluble factors released from the supporting cells are in part responsible for the beneficial effects on motoneurons. Several approaches, including immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, and electron microscopy, indicated that these supporting cells, capable of extending motoneuron survival and enhancing neurite growth, had an undifferentiated or poorly differentiated, possibly mesenchymal phenotype.
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41
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Morphological features and responses to AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity of mouse motor neurons: comparison in purified, mixed anterior horn or motor neuron/glia cocultures. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 170:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Haile Y, Berski S, Dräger G, Nobre A, Stummeyer K, Gerardy-Schahn R, Grothe C. The effect of modified polysialic acid based hydrogels on the adhesion and viability of primary neurons and glial cells. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1880-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Haastert K, Semmler N, Wesemann M, Rücker M, Gellrich NC, Grothe C. Establishment of cocultures of osteoblasts, Schwann cells, and neurons towards a tissue-engineered approach for orofacial reconstruction. Cell Transplant 2007; 15:733-44. [PMID: 17269444 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In orofacial reconstruction not only the osseous structures themselves but also neighboring cranial nerves need to be regenerated. To replace autologous bone implants, biocompatible tissue-engineered scaffolds are under investigation at least for bone replacement but until now these studies have not focused on parallel reconstruction of injured cranial nerves. The present study contributes to the development of optimized tissue-engineered products that will enable regeneration of both bone and nervous tissue. For the first time, cocultures of primary osteoblasts (rat or human) and primary Schwann cells (rat or human) were established. The suitability of monocultures of osteoblasts and cocultures of osteoblasts plus Schwann cells as substrate for sensory neurons as well as motoneurons was tested here. The results suggest that whereas osteoblasts provide a good substrate for sensory neurons, motoneurons depend on the presence of Schwann cells for survival and neurite outgrowth. For prolonged availability of regeneration-promoting growth factors at the site of the graft, those proteins should be delivered by the transplanted cells themselves. To enable this, we established electroporation-based nonviral transfection of osteoblasts as well as Schwann cells. Our new cell culture system will enable investigations of the effect of graft-derived growth factors on osteoblasts and Schwann cells as well as on neurite outgrowth from cocultured neurons of the sensory and motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Haastert
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Brunet N, Tarabal O, Portero-Otín M, Oppenheim RW, Esquerda JE, Calderó J. Survival and death of mature avian motoneurons in organotypic slice culture: trophic requirements for survival and different types of degeneration. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:669-90. [PMID: 17299760 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an organotypic culture technique that uses slices of chick embryo spinal cord, in which trophic requirements for long-term survival of mature motoneurons (MNs) were studied. Slices were obtained from E16 chick embryos and maintained for up to 28 days in vitro (DIV) in a basal medium. Under these conditions, most MNs died. To promote MN survival, 14 different trophic factors were assayed. Among these 14, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor were the most effective. GDNF was able to promote MN survival for at least 28 DIV. K(+) depolarization or caspase inhibition prevented MN death but also induced degenerative-like changes in rescued MNs. Agents that elevate cAMP levels promoted the survival of a proportion of MNs for at least 7 DIV. Examination of dying MNs revealed that, in addition to cells exhibiting a caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pattern, some MNs died by a caspase-3-independent mechanism and displayed autophagic vacuoles, an extremely convoluted nucleus, and a close association with microglia. This organotypic spinal cord slice culture may provide a convenient model for testing conditions that promote survival of mature-like MNs that are affected in late-onset MN disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Brunet
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel.lular, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and IRB Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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van Bergeijk J, Haastert K, Grothe C, Claus P. Valproic acid promotes neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells independent from regulation of the survival of motoneuron protein. Chem Biol Drug Des 2007; 67:244-7. [PMID: 16611218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2006.00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disorder of motoneurons. The disease is caused by deletions or mutations of the survival of motoneuron gene 1 (SMN1). The amount of protein expressed from the second gene, SMN2, correlated with the severity of the clinical phenotype. The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) has been shown to increase the total cellular amount of functional SMN protein and is therefore considered as a drug candidate for treatment of SMA. In this study, we analyzed the effects of VPA in PC12 cells, a model system for neuronal differentiation, with regard to neurite outgrowth and SMN expression. VPA promoted neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. However, this effect did not correlate with upregulation of SMN protein levels, suggesting a SMN-independent mechanism for VPA regulation of neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Bergeijk
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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van Bergeijk J, Rydel-Könecke K, Grothe C, Claus P. The spinal muscular atrophy gene product regulates neurite outgrowth: importance of the C terminus. FASEB J 2007; 21:1492-502. [PMID: 17317728 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7136com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy is a neurodegenerative disease accompanied by a loss of motoneurons. Either mutations or deletions in the survival of motoneuron (SMN) gene are responsible for this defect. SMN is an assembly protein for RNA-protein complexes in the nucleus and is also found in axons of neurons. However, it is unclear which dysfunctions of SMN are important for disease progression. In this study we analyzed the contributions of different SMN regions for localization and neuronal differentiation associated with outgrowth of neurites. Suppression of endogenous SMN protein levels significantly decreased the growth of neurites. Down-regulation of the interacting protein gemin2 had the opposite effect. Surprisingly, selective overexpression of the SMN C-terminal domain promoted neurite outgrowth similar to full-length protein and could rescue the SMN knock-down effects. The knock-down led to a significant change in the G-/F-actin ratio, indicating a role for SMN in actin dynamics. Therefore, our data suggest a functional role for SMN in microfilament metabolism in axons of motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Bergeijk
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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47
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Haastert K, Mauritz C, Chaturvedi S, Grothe C. Human and rat adult Schwann cell cultures: fast and efficient enrichment and highly effective non-viral transfection protocol. Nat Protoc 2007; 2:99-104. [PMID: 17401343 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a fast protocol that can be used to obtain highly purified cultures of proliferating adult human and rat Schwann cells accessible for non-viral transfection methods. The use of enriched genetically modified adult Schwann cells is of interest in the context of autologous cell transplantation within nerve transplants for peripheral nerve repair. Cell preparation from pre-degenerated adult peripheral nerves is described, together with the use of melanocyte growth medium plus forskolin, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), pituitary extract and heregulin as a selective, serum-free culture medium and a subsequent cell enrichment step (cold jet). Proliferating adult Schwann cells can be efficiently genetically modified using optimized, non-viral electroporation protocols. The protocol results in Schwann cell cultures that are more than 90-95% pure, and transfection efficiencies vary depending on the initial cell constitution from 20 to 40%. The procedure takes up to 21 d, depending on the length of the pre-degeneration period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Haastert
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Center of Anatomy, OE 4140, Medical University Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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48
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Haile Y, Haastert K, Cesnulevicius K, Stummeyer K, Timmer M, Berski S, Dräger G, Gerardy-Schahn R, Grothe C. Culturing of glial and neuronal cells on polysialic acid. Biomaterials 2007; 28:1163-73. [PMID: 17123601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although peripheral nerves exhibit regeneration capacities after transection injuries, the success of nerve repair depends crucially on the length of the gap. In addition to autologous nerve grafting as the conventional neurosurgical treatment to overcome long gaps, alternative strategies are needed. Numerous experimental studies have been undertaken to find the optimal material for production of artificial prostheses, which can be introduced as conduits between the nerve stumps. The current study follows the aim to establish polysialic acid (polySia), a homopolymer of alpha2,8-linked sialic acid residues, as a novel, biocompatible, and bioresorbable material for nerve tissue engineering. As a first step towards this goal, protocols for efficient coating of cell culture dishes with soluble polySia were established. In addition, primary nerve cells which are candidates for reconstructive therapies, including neonatal and adult Schwann cells, neural progenitor cells, spinal ganglionic neurons and motoneurons were cultured on polySia substrates. Cultures were evaluated with regard to cell survival and cell proliferation capacities. polySia turned out to be stable under cell culture conditions, and induced degradable and degradation products had no negative effects on cell cultures. Furthermore, polySia revealed its compatibility for several cell types derived from rat embryonic, postnatal and adult nervous tissue when used as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Haile
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Neuroanatomy, OE-4140, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Grosskreutz J, Haastert K, Dewil M, Van Damme P, Callewaert G, Robberecht W, Dengler R, Van Den Bosch L. Role of mitochondria in kainate-induced fast Ca2+ transients in cultured spinal motor neurons. Cell Calcium 2007; 42:59-69. [PMID: 17241659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been linked to selective vulnerability towards AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. We investigated intracellular mechanisms leading to impairment of motor neuron Ca2+ homeostasis with near physiological AMPA receptor activation. Using fast solution exchange on patch-clamped cultured neurons, kainate (KA) was applied for 2s. This induced a transient increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) for seconds. Inhibition of the mitochondrial uniporter by RU-360 abolished the decay of the Ca2+ transient and caused immediate [Ca2+]c overload. Repetitive short KA stimulation caused a slowing of the decay of the Ca2+ transient and a gradual increase in peak and baseline [Ca2+]c in motor neurons, but not in other neurons, indicating saturation of the mitochondrial buffer. Furthermore, mitochondrial density was lower in motor neurons and, in a network of neurons with physiological synaptic AMPA receptor input, RU-360 acutely induced an increase in Ca2+ transients. We conclude that motor neurons have an insufficient mitochondrial capacity to buffer large Ca2+ elevations which is partly due to a reduced mitochondrial density per volume compared to non-motor neurons. This may exert deleterious effects in motor neuron disease where mitochondrial function is thought to be compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Grosskreutz
- Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, Medical School, United Kingdom.
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50
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Rakotoarivelo C, Petite D, de Weille J, Lumbroso S, Privat A, Sultan C, Mersel M. Mild surfection of neural cells, especially motoneurons, in primary culture and cell lines. Exp Neurol 2006; 204:118-30. [PMID: 17125768 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Of all cell types, motoneurons (MNs), are possibly the most difficult to maintain in culture, since their development and survival is conditioned by many factors that are still in the course of identification. This may also be the reason why they are difficult to transfect. We succeed to transfect these fragile cells with lipoplex [DOTAP:PC (10:1)-pGFP]-precoated coverslips. Here, we report that this original method, also termed 'surfection' does not perturbate MN development and survival while giving important transfection yield (15%). Lipofectamine 2000 and other well-known auxiliary lipids (DOPE, Chol) give lower surfection yields. The use of (DOTAP:PC)-based lipid vector also can be extended to several neural and non-neural cell lines with appreciable transfection yield such as a glial cell line (GCL) derived from rat spinal cord (65%), HeLa S3 (60%), COS-7 (30%) and HEK 293 cells (20%). The efficiency of DOTAP:PC (10:1) and Lipofectamine 2000 vectors in our surfection method are compared on standard HeLa S3 cell lines. Lipofectamine 2000 (72%) is slightly better than DOTAP:PC (10:1) (60%). However, the surfection method improved the efficiency of Lipofectamine 2000 itself (72%) as compared to the classical (62%) approach. In summary we have developed an original standard surfection protocol for both MN primary cultures and cell lines, thus simplifying laboratory practice; moreover, Lipofectamine 2000 used in this surfection method is more efficient for the cell lines than the manufacturer-recommended method. We emphasize that our method particularly spares fragile cells like MNs from injure and therefore, might be applied to other fragile cell type in primary cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Rakotoarivelo
- Unité 583 de l'INSERM, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80, rue Augustin-Fliche FR-34091 Montpellier, Cedex 05, France.
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