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Zhang C, Li H, Han R. An open-source video tracking system for mouse locomotor activity analysis. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:48. [PMID: 32000855 PMCID: PMC6990588 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-4916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The ability to accurately and efficiently quantify mouse locomotor activity is essential for evaluating therapeutic efficacy and phenotyping genetically modified mice, in particular for the research of neuromuscular diseases. Our objective is to develop a program for video tracking of mice and locomotion analysis. Results Here we describe a MATLAB program for video tracking of mice and locomotion analysis. The system is composed of a webcam, an open field, and a computer with MATLAB installed. Animal behavior is recorded by the webcam and the video is then analyzed for mouse position on each frame by a customized MATLAB code. The system has been tested for analyzing two or more mice simultaneously placed in individual chambers. The accumulative moving distance, velocity and thigmotaxis (percentage of time spending in the outer peripheral of the arena, which is commonly used as an index of anxiety) within a test period can be readily obtained. This system can be easily implemented in any laboratory as an in vivo locomotion assay to assess the neuromuscular abnormality of genetically modified animals and the impact of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Haiwen Li
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Renzhi Han
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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2
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Caiola M, Pittard D, Wichmann T, Galvan A. Quantification of movement in normal and parkinsonian macaques using video analysis. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 322:96-102. [PMID: 31055027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of spontaneous animal movement can be achieved using analysis of video recordings of the animals. Previous reports of video-based methods are based on outdated computer platforms or require the use of specialized equipment. NEW METHOD We developed a video analysis algorithm to quantify movement based on the commonly used MATLAB programming language. The algorithm is based on pixel differences between frames of video footage acquired with a standard video camera. RESULTS The new algorithm was validated, analyzing the amount of movements made by monkeys undergoing treatment with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to induce parkinsonism. We compared the movement quantification generated by the new system of analysis with results obtained with a conventional infrared beam break counting system, a parkinsonism rating scale, and accelerometry-based motion quantification in three rhesus macaques. The information provided by our video analysis method was consistent with that obtained with the first two methods, and more detailed than the third. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The new method can replace other methods to quantify movement. Although other video analysis methods have been described, some have since been deprecated, or involve the use of specialized hardware. The new method provides a straightforward and fast approach of analyzing the amount of movement in caged experimental animals, using conventional off-the-shelf equipment and moderate computing resources. CONCLUSIONS This video analysis method provides an affordable, open access platform to quantify animal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Caiola
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States.
| | - Damien Pittard
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Adriana Galvan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
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3
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Yabumoto T, Yoshida F, Miyauchi H, Baba K, Tsuda H, Ikenaka K, Hayakawa H, Koyabu N, Hamanaka H, Papa SM, Hirata M, Mochizuki H. MarmoDetector: A novel 3D automated system for the quantitative assessment of marmoset behavior. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 322:23-33. [PMID: 30946879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Callithrix jacchus, generally known as the common marmoset, has recently garnered interest as an experimental primate model for better understanding the basis of human social behavior, architecture and function. Modelling human neurological and psychological diseases in marmosets can enhance the knowledge obtained from rodent research for future pre-clinical studies. Hence, comprehensive and quantitative assessments of marmoset behaviors are crucial. However, systems for monitoring and analyzing marmoset behaviors have yet to be established. NEW METHOD In this paper, we present a novel multimodal system, MarmoDetector, for the automated 3D analysis of marmoset behavior under freely moving conditions. MarmoDetector allows the quantitative assessment of marmoset behaviors using computerised tracking analysis techniques that are based on a Kinect system equipped with video recordings, infrared images and depth analysis. RESULTS Using MarmoDetector, we assessed behavioral circadian rhythms continuously over several days in home cages. In addition, MarmoDetector detected acute, transient complex behaviors of alcohol injected marmosets. COMPARISON TO EXISTING METHOD Compared to 2D recording, MarmoDetector detects activities more precisely and is very sensitive as we could detect behavioral defects specifically induced by alcohol administration. CONCLUSION MarmoDetector facilitates the rapid and accurate analysis of marmoset behavior and will enhance research on the neural basis of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Yabumoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Yoshida
- Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Graduat School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Japan
| | | | - Kousuke Baba
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Advanced Hybrid Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ikenaka
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayakawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nozomu Koyabu
- The Institute of Large Laboratory Animal Sciences, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hamanaka
- Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Graduat School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Stella M Papa
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Masayuki Hirata
- Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Graduat School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology and Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Alarcón‐Nieto G, Graving JM, Klarevas‐Irby JA, Maldonado‐Chaparro AA, Mueller I, Farine DR. An automated barcode tracking system for behavioural studies in birds. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Alarcón‐Nieto
- Chair of Biodiversity and Collective BehaviourDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Jacob M. Graving
- Chair of Biodiversity and Collective BehaviourDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Department of Collective BehaviourMax Planck Institute for Ornithology Konstanz Germany
| | - James A. Klarevas‐Irby
- Chair of Biodiversity and Collective BehaviourDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Adriana A. Maldonado‐Chaparro
- Chair of Biodiversity and Collective BehaviourDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Department of Collective BehaviourMax Planck Institute for Ornithology Konstanz Germany
| | - Inge Mueller
- Department of Migration and Immuno‐EcologyMax‐Planck Institute of Ornithology Radolfzell Germany
| | - Damien R. Farine
- Chair of Biodiversity and Collective BehaviourDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Department of Collective BehaviourMax Planck Institute for Ornithology Konstanz Germany
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Non-human primate models of PD to test novel therapies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:291-324. [PMID: 28391443 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models of Parkinson disease show many similarities with the human disease. They are very useful to test novel pharmacotherapies as reviewed here. The various NHP models of this disease are described with their characteristics including the macaque, the marmoset, and the squirrel monkey models. Lesion-induced and genetic models are described. There is no drug to slow, delay, stop, or cure Parkinson disease; available treatments are symptomatic. The dopamine precursor, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) still remains the gold standard symptomatic treatment of Parkinson. However, involuntary movements termed L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias appear in most patients after chronic treatment and may become disabling. Dyskinesias are very difficult to manage and there is only amantadine approved providing only a modest benefit. In this respect, NHP models have been useful to seek new drug targets, since they reproduce motor complications observed in parkinsonian patients. Therapies to treat motor symptoms in NHP models are reviewed with a discussion of their translational value to humans. Disease-modifying treatments tested in NHP are reviewed as well as surgical treatments. Many biochemical changes in the brain of post-mortem Parkinson disease patients with dyskinesias are reviewed and compare well with those observed in NHP models. Non-motor symptoms can be categorized into psychiatric, autonomic, and sensory symptoms. These symptoms are present in most parkinsonian patients and are already installed many years before the pre-motor phase of the disease. The translational usefulness of NHP models of Parkinson is discussed for non-motor symptoms.
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SwarmSight: Measuring the temporal progression of animal group activity levels from natural-scene and laboratory videos. Behav Res Methods 2016; 49:576-587. [PMID: 27130170 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-016-0732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe SwarmSight (available at https://github.com/justasb/SwarmSight ), a novel, open-source, Microsoft Windows software tool for quantitative assessment of the temporal progression of animal group activity levels from recorded videos. The tool utilizes a background subtraction machine vision algorithm and provides an activity metric that can be used to quantitatively assess and compare animal group behavior. Here we demonstrate the tool's utility by analyzing defensive bee behavior as modulated by alarm pheromones, wild-bird feeding onset and interruption, and cockroach nest-finding activity. Although more sophisticated, commercial software packages are available, SwarmSight provides a low-cost, open-source, and easy-to-use alternative that is suitable for a wide range of users, including minimally trained research technicians and behavioral science undergraduate students in classroom laboratory settings.
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MouseMove: an open source program for semi-automated analysis of movement and cognitive testing in rodents. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16171. [PMID: 26530459 PMCID: PMC4632026 DOI: 10.1038/srep16171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Open Field (OF) test is one of the most commonly used assays for assessing exploratory behaviour and generalised locomotor activity in rodents. Nevertheless, the vast majority of researchers still rely upon costly commercial systems for recording and analysing OF test results. Consequently, our aim was to design a freely available program for analysing the OF test and to provide an accompanying protocol that was minimally invasive, rapid, unbiased, without the need for specialised equipment or training. Similar to commercial systems, we show that our software—called MouseMove—accurately quantifies numerous parameters of movement including travel distance, speed, turning and curvature. To assess its utility, we used MouseMove to quantify unilateral locomotor deficits in mice following the filament-induced middle cerebral artery occlusion model of acute ischemic stroke. MouseMove can also monitor movement within defined regions-of-interest and is therefore suitable for analysing the Novel Object Recognition test and other field-related cognitive tests. To the best of our knowledge, MouseMove is the first open source software capable of providing qualitative and quantitative information on mouse locomotion in a semi-automated and high-throughput fashion, and hence MouseMove represents a sound alternative to commercial movement analysis systems.
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Johnston TM, Fox SH. Symptomatic Models of Parkinson's Disease and L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Non-human Primates. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 22:221-35. [PMID: 25158623 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Models of Parkinson's disease (PD) can be produced in several non-human primate (NHP) species by applying neurotoxic lesions to the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. The most commonly used neurotoxin is MPTP, a compound accidentally discovered as a contaminant of street drugs. Compared to other neurotoxins, MPTP has the advantage of crossing the blood-brain barrier and can thus be administered systemically. MPTP-lesioned NHPs exhibit the main core clinical features of PD. When treated with L-DOPA, these NHP models develop involuntary movements resembling the phenomenology of human dyskinesias. In old-world NHP species (macaques, baboons), choreic and dystonic dyskinesias can be readily distinguished and quantified with specific rating scales. More recently, certain non-motor symptoms relevant to human PD have been described in L-DOPA-treated MPTP-NHPs, including a range of neuropsychiatric abnormalities and sleep disturbances. The main shortcomings of MPTP-NHP models consist in a lack of progression of the underlying neurodegenerative lesion, along with an inability to model the intracellular protein-inclusion pathology typical of PD. The strength of MPTP-NHP models lies in their face and predictive validity for symptomatic treatments of parkinsonian motor features. Indeed, these models have been instrumental to the development of several medical and surgical approaches that are currently applied to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom M Johnston
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 399, Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
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Wehrmann T, Müller JM. An objective measure of hyperactivity aspects with compressed webcam video. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2015; 9:45. [PMID: 26361496 PMCID: PMC4565011 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-015-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Objective measures of physical activity are currently not considered in clinical guidelines for the assessment of hyperactivity in the context of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) due to low and inconsistent associations between clinical ratings, missing age-related norm data and high technical requirements. METHODS This pilot study introduces a new objective measure for physical activity using compressed webcam video footage, which should be less affected by age-related variables. A pre-test established a preliminary standard procedure for testing a clinical sample of 39 children aged 6-16 years (21 with a clinical ADHD diagnosis, 18 without). Subjects were filmed for 6 min while solving a standardized cognitive performance task. Our webcam video-based video-activity score was compared with respect to two independent video-based movement ratings by students, ratings of Inattentiveness, Hyperactivity and Impulsivity by clinicians (DCL-ADHS) giving a clinical diagnosis of ADHD and parents (FBB-ADHD) and physical features (age, weight, height, BMI) using mean scores, correlations and multiple regression. RESULTS Our video-activity score showed a high agreement (r = 0.81) with video-based movement ratings, but also considerable associations with age-related physical attributes. After controlling for age-related confounders, the video-activity score showed not the expected association with clinicians' or parents' hyperactivity ratings. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary conclusion is that our video-activity score assesses physical activity but not specific information related to hyperactivity. The general problem of defining and assessing hyperactivity with objective criteria remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wehrmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, Schmeddingstrasse 50, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Michael Müller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, Schmeddingstrasse 50, 48149 Münster, Germany
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10
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Fox SH, Brotchie JM, Johnston TM. Primate Models of Complications Related to Parkinson Disease Treatment. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Nagai Y, Minamimoto T, Ando K, Obayashi S, Ito H, Ito N, Suhara T. Correlation between decreased motor activity and dopaminergic degeneration in the ventrolateral putamen in monkeys receiving repeated MPTP administrations: a positron emission tomography study. Neurosci Res 2012; 73:61-7. [PMID: 22374309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have remarkably reduced levels of dopaminergic biomarkers in the caudal putamen. However, the relationship between motor impairments and the localization of intrastriatal dopaminergic degeneration in monkey PD models remains unclear. To identify the striatal areas with dopaminergic dysfunction responsible for motor impairments, we measured changes in both general motor activity and in vivo dopaminergic biomarkers in three cynomolgus monkeys that repeatedly received 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), starting in the normal state and continuing until after tremor appearance. Binding of dopamine transporters (DAT) and D(2) receptors were measured by positron emission tomography (PET) using [(11)C]PE2I and [(11)C]raclopride, respectively. Region-of-interest-based regression analysis demonstrated the degree of general motor activity reduction to be explained by striatal DAT binding but not by D(2) receptor binding. Furthermore, voxel-based analysis revealed a significant correlation between reduced general motor activity and decreased DAT binding, specifically in the ventrolateral putamen, which corresponds to the area receiving upper body motor inputs from the primary motor cortex. These results suggest that specific functional deficits in PD models are closely related to the degeneration of dopaminergic terminals in the striatal subregion responsible for these functions and that the level of deficit is dependent on the degree of degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nagai
- Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Age-related decline in motor behavior and striatal dopamine transporter in cynomolgus monkeys. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:943-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Kyzar E, Gaikwad S, Roth A, Green J, Pham M, Stewart A, Liang Y, Kobla V, Kalueff AV. Towards high-throughput phenotyping of complex patterned behaviors in rodents: Focus on mouse self-grooming and its sequencing. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:426-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Redmond DE. Behavioral Assessment in the African Green Monkey After MPTP Administration. NEUROMETHODS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-298-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Saiki H, Hayashi T, Takahashi R, Takahashi J. Objective and quantitative evaluation of motor function in a monkey model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 190:198-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fox SH, Brotchie JM. The MPTP-lesioned non-human primate models of Parkinson’s disease. Past, present, and future. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 184:133-57. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)84007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Aguiar P, Mendonça L, Galhardo V. OpenControl: A free opensource software for video tracking and automated control of behavioral mazes. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 166:66-72. [PMID: 17681380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Operant animal behavioral tests require the interaction of the subject with sensors and actuators distributed in the experimental environment of the arena. In order to provide user independent reliable results and versatile control of these devices it is vital to use an automated control system. Commercial systems for control of animal mazes are usually based in software implementations that restrict their application to the proprietary hardware of the vendor. In this paper we present OpenControl: an opensource Visual Basic software that permits a Windows-based computer to function as a system to run fully automated behavioral experiments. OpenControl integrates video-tracking of the animal, definition of zones from the video signal for real-time assignment of animal position in the maze, control of the maze actuators from either hardware sensors or from the online video tracking, and recording of experimental data. Bidirectional communication with the maze hardware is achieved through the parallel-port interface, without the need for expensive AD-DA cards, while video tracking is attained using an inexpensive Firewire digital camera. OpenControl Visual Basic code is structurally general and versatile allowing it to be easily modified or extended to fulfill specific experimental protocols and custom hardware configurations. The Visual Basic environment was chosen in order to allow experimenters to easily adapt the code and expand it at their own needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Aguiar
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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Cox H, Togasaki DM, Chen L, Langston JW, Di Monte DA, Quik M. The selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist U50,488 reduces L-dopa-induced dyskinesias but worsens parkinsonism in MPTP-treated primates. Exp Neurol 2007; 205:101-7. [PMID: 17335811 PMCID: PMC2001245 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence demonstrate that the striatal enkephalinergic system may be involved in the development of LIDs. Preproenkephalin-B (PPE-B) transcript levels are elevated with LIDs and there are also declines in kappa-opioid and other opioid receptors in different regions of the basal ganglia. If reduced kappa-opioid receptors are linked to LIDs, it is possible that drugs that stimulate this subtype may decrease dyskinesias. We therefore initiated experiments to investigate the effect of kappa-opioid receptor activation on LIDs. We first tested the selective kappa-agonist U50,488 in rats with unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway. Chronic L-dopa treatment induced abnormal involuntary movements, including axial, orolingual and forelimb dyskinesias contralateral to the lesion. U50,488 administration prior to L-dopa treatment reduced these movements by 70%, suggesting that U50,488 has potential as an anti-dyskinetic treatment. We next tested its effect in a parkinsonian nonhuman primate model, which offers the advantage that parkinsonism and LIDs can clearly be differentiated and that the dyskinesias are similar to those in parkinsonian patients. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned monkeys were treated with L-dopa (5 mg/kg p.o.) twice daily for 3 weeks to induce dyskinesias. As in the rodent model, U50,488 (0.1-1.0 mg/kg i.m.) decreased LIDs in a dose-dependent fashion. However, the anti-parkinsonian effect of L-dopa was similarly reduced, and side effects developed, including sedation and vomiting. These data suggest that kappa-opioid agonists such as U50,488 may not be clinically useful antidyskinetic agents because they also reverse the anti-parkinsonian effect of l-dopa.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/administration & dosage
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antiparkinson Agents/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dopamine Agents
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/physiopathology
- Female
- Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology
- Levodopa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Male
- Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced
- Parkinsonian Disorders/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Saimiri
- Vomiting/chemically induced
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Cox
- The Parkinson's Institute, 1170 Morse Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
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Dorr R, Ozu M, Parisi M. Simple and inexpensive hardware and software method to measure volume changes in Xenopus oocytes expressing aquaporins. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 161:301-5. [PMID: 17178424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Water channels (aquaporins) family members have been identified in central nervous system cells. A classic method to measure membrane water permeability and its regulation is to capture and analyse images of Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing them. Laboratories dedicated to the analysis of motion images usually have powerful equipment valued in thousands of dollars. However, some scientists consider that new approaches are needed to reduce costs in scientific labs, especially in developing countries. The objective of this work is to share a very low-cost hardware and software setup based on a well-selected webcam, a hand-made adapter to a microscope and the use of free software to measure membrane water permeability in Xenopus oocytes. One of the main purposes of this setup is to maintain a high level of quality in images obtained at brief intervals (shorter than 70 ms). The presented setup helps to economize without sacrificing image analysis requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Dorr
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 Piso 7, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Poirrier JE, Poirrier L, Leprince P, Maquet P. Gemvid, an open source, modular, automated activity recording system for rats using digital video. J Circadian Rhythms 2006; 4:10. [PMID: 16934136 PMCID: PMC1564151 DOI: 10.1186/1740-3391-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of locomotor activity is a valuable tool for analysing factors influencing behaviour and for investigating brain function. Several methods have been described in the literature for measuring the amount of animal movement but most are flawed or expensive. Here, we describe an open source, modular, low-cost, user-friendly, highly sensitive, non-invasive system that records all the movements of a rat in its cage. METHODS Our activity monitoring system quantifies overall free movements of rodents without any markers, using a commercially available CCTV and a newly designed motion detection software developed on a GNU/Linux-operating computer. The operating principle is that the amount of overall movement of an object can be expressed by the difference in total area occupied by the object in two consecutive picture frames. The application is based on software modules that allow the system to be used in a high-throughput workflow. Documentation, example files, source code and binary files can be freely downloaded from the project website at http://bioinformatics.org/gemvid/. RESULTS In a series of experiments with objects of pre-defined oscillation frequencies and movements, we documented the sensitivity, reproducibility and stability of our system. We also compared data obtained with our system and data obtained with an Actiwatch device. Finally, to validate the system, results obtained from the automated observation of 6 rats during 7 days in a regular light cycle are presented and are accompanied by a stability test. The validity of this system is further demonstrated through the observation of 2 rats in constant dark conditions that displayed the expected free running of their circadian rhythm. CONCLUSION The present study describes a system that relies on video frame differences to automatically quantify overall free movements of a rodent without any markers. It allows the monitoring of rats in their own environment for an extended period of time. By using a low-cost, open source hardware/software solution, laboratories can greatly simplify their data acquisition and analysis pipelines and improve their workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Etienne Poirrier
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liege, Allee du 6 Aout, 8 (B30), 4000 Liege, Belgium
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Liege, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1 (B36), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Laurent Poirrier
- Applied Sciences Faculty, University of Liege, Chemin des Chevreuils, 1 (B52), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Leprince
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Liege, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1 (B36), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maquet
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liege, Allee du 6 Aout, 8 (B30), 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Quik M, Parameswaran N, McCallum SE, Bordia T, Bao S, McCormack A, Kim A, Tyndale RF, Langston JW, Di Monte DA. Chronic oral nicotine treatment protects against striatal degeneration in MPTP-treated primates. J Neurochem 2006; 98:1866-75. [PMID: 16882311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present studies were done to investigate the effect of long-term nicotine treatment against nigrostriatal damage in non-human primates. Monkeys were administered nicotine in drinking water for 6 months to provide chronic but intermittent delivery as with smoking. Plasma nicotine levels ranged from 10 to 15 ng/mL, which were within the range in cigarette smokers. Animals were then lesioned with low doses of the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP for several months while nicotine was continued. The results showed that levels of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporter, vesicular monoamine transporter, dopamine and nicotinic receptors were greater in nicotine-treated MPTP-lesioned primates than in lesioned animals not receiving nicotine. Nicotine had no effect in unlesioned animals. Monoamine oxidase activity was similar in unlesioned and lesioned animals treated with or without nicotine, suggesting that nicotine did not exert its effects through changes in MPTP or dopamine metabolism. MPTP-induced cell loss in the substantia nigra was unaffected by nicotine treatment, indicating that nicotine acts at the striatal level to restore/maintain dopaminergic function. These data further support the possibility that nicotine contributes to the lower incidence of Parkinson's disease in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryka Quik
- The Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, California, USA.
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Tort ABL, Neto WP, Amaral OB, Kazlauckas V, Souza DO, Lara DR. A simple webcam-based approach for the measurement of rodent locomotion and other behavioural parameters. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 157:91-7. [PMID: 16701901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We hereby describe a simple and inexpensive approach to evaluate the position and locomotion of rodents in an arena. The system is based on webcam registering of animal behaviour with subsequent analysis on customized software. Based on black/white differentiation, it provides rapid evaluation of animal position over a period of time, and can be used in a myriad of behavioural tasks in which locomotion, velocity or place preference are variables of interest. A brief review of the results obtained so far with this system and a discussion of other possible applications in behavioural neuroscience are also included. Such a system can be easily implemented in most laboratories and can significantly reduce the time and costs involved in behavioural analysis, especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano B L Tort
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Prédio Anexo. Lab. 26, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Quik M, Chen L, Parameswaran N, Xie X, Langston JW, McCallum SE. Chronic oral nicotine normalizes dopaminergic function and synaptic plasticity in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned primates. J Neurosci 2006; 26:4681-9. [PMID: 16641249 PMCID: PMC6674084 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0215-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent studies show that chronic oral nicotine partially protects against striatal damage in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated nonhuman primates. To identify the cellular changes associated with this protective action, we investigated the effects of nicotine treatment on stimulus-evoked dopamine release, dopamine turnover, and synaptic plasticity in striatum from lesioned and unlesioned animals. Monkeys were chronically (6 months) treated with nicotine in the drinking water and subsequently lesioned with the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP (6 months) while nicotine was continued. Nigrostriatal damage increased nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated fractional dopamine release from residual terminals, primarily through changes in alpha3*/alpha6* nAChRs. In contrast, fractional receptor-evoked dopamine release was similar to control in unlesioned and lesioned animals with chronic oral nicotine. Long-term nicotine administration also attenuated the enhanced K(+)-evoked fractional dopamine release from synaptosomes of MPTP-lesioned animals, suggesting that nicotine treatment had a generalized effect on dopaminergic function. This premise was further supported by experiments showing that nicotine dosing decreased the elevated dopamine turnover that occurs after nigrostriatal damage. We next investigated changes in synaptic plasticity with lesioning and nicotine treatment. Nicotine treatment alone enhanced synaptic plasticity by lowering the threshold for long-term depression (LTD) in the corticostriatal pathway. MPTP lesioning led to a loss of LTD, a measure of short-term synaptic plasticity. In contrast, LTD was preserved in nicotine-treated lesioned animals. Thus, the present data show that the disruptions in striatal dopaminergic function after nigrostriatal damage were attenuated with chronic nicotine administration. These cellular alterations may underlie the ability of nicotine to maintain/restore normal function with nigrostriatal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryka Quik
- The Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, California 94089, USA.
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