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Cosert KM, Kim S, Jalilian I, Chang M, Gates BL, Pinkerton KE, Van Winkle LS, Raghunathan VK, Leonard BC, Thomasy SM. Metallic Engineered Nanomaterials and Ocular Toxicity: A Current Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050981. [PMID: 35631569 PMCID: PMC9145553 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface, comprised of the transparent cornea, conjunctiva, and protective tear film, forms a protective barrier defending deeper structures of the eye from particulate matter and mechanical trauma. This barrier is routinely exposed to a multitude of naturally occurring and engineered nanomaterials (ENM). Metallic ENMs are particularly ubiquitous in commercial products with a high risk of ocular exposure, such as cosmetics and sunscreens. Additionally, there are several therapeutic uses for metallic ENMs owing to their attractive magnetic, antimicrobial, and functionalization properties. The increasing commercial and therapeutic applications of metallic ENMs come with a high risk of ocular exposure with poorly understood consequences to the health of the eye. While the toxicity of metallic ENMs exposure has been rigorously studied in other tissues and organs, further studies are necessary to understand the potential for adverse effects and inform product usage for individuals whose ocular health may be compromised by injury, disease, or surgical intervention. This review provides an update of current literature on the ocular toxicity of metallic ENMs in vitro and in vivo, as well as the risks and benefits of therapeutic applications of metallic ENMs in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M. Cosert
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Iman Jalilian
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Maggie Chang
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Brooke L. Gates
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.E.P.); (L.S.V.W.)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Laura S. Van Winkle
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.E.P.); (L.S.V.W.)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vijay Krishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA;
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.M.C.); (S.K.); (I.J.); (M.C.); (B.L.G.); (B.C.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-0926
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Dogra A, Kaur K, Ali J, Baboota S, Narang RS, Narang JK. Nanoformulations for Ocular Delivery of Drugs - A Patent Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 13:255-272. [PMID: 31985387 DOI: 10.2174/1872211314666200127101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of ocular therapeutics with improved efficacy, enhanced bioavailability, and acceptable patient compliance presents unique challenges. This can be attributed to the presence of protective mechanisms, physicobiological barriers, and structural obstacles in the eye. Nanotherapeutic interventions have been explored extensively over the past few years to overcome these limitations. The present review focusses on the nanoformulations developed for the diagnosis and treatment of various ocular diseases besides providing an in-depth insight into the patents reported for the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Dogra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab-143001, India
| | - Kuljeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab-143001, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh Narang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab-143001, India
| | - Jasjeet Kaur Narang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab-143001, India
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3
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Quan JH, Gao FF, Lee M, Yuk JM, Cha GH, Chu JQ, Wang H, Lee YH. Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress response and IRE1-mediated ASK1/JNK/Mcl-1 pathways in silver nanoparticle-induced apoptosis of human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Toxicology 2020; 442:152540. [PMID: 32717251 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have cytotoxic effects on various human cell types. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is very sensitive to cytotoxic damage. Retina tissue is easily affected by internal and external stimuli. However, the effect of AgNPs on human retinal cells is not known. This study examined the effect of AgNPs on ER stress induction and their mechanism of action in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) ARPE-19 cells. We found that AgNPs significantly increased ARPE-19 cell cytotoxicity and stimulated caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, as well as mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization, in ARPE-19 cells in a dose-dependent manner (0.2-5 μg/mL for 18 h). AgNPs (5 μg/mL for 18 h) induced several signature ER stress markers, as indicated by the upregulated expressions of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), phosphorylated protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), and inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1), and cleaved activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). AgNPs also activated ASK1 and JNK in ARPE-19 cells, and induced increases in Bax and Puma expressions, as well as a decrease in Mcl-1 expression. However, inhibition of the ER stress response by pretreatment with 4-PBA included apparently and dose-dependently reduced levels of p-PERK, p-IRE1, CHOP, cleaved ATF6, p-ASK1, p-JNK, cleaved caspase-3, procaspase-12, and MMP depolarization in AgNP-treated ARPE-19 cells; it also led to significantly increased Mcl-1 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner in ARPE-19 cells. Pretreatment with JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly attenuated caspase-3 cleavage and MMP depolarization and increased Mcl-1 protein levels in AgNPs-treated ARPE-19 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, our study demonstrated that AgNPs induced apoptosis in human RPE ARPE-19 cells by ER stress response and ER stress-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis via the IRE1/ASK1/JNK/Mcl-1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Hua Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Fei Fei Gao
- Department of Infection Biology and Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University, 33, Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Deajeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Infection Biology and Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Guang-Ho Cha
- Department of Infection Biology and Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jia-Qi Chu
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China.
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Department of Infection Biology and Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
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Cunningham FJ, Demirer GS, Goh NS, Zhang H, Landry MP. Nanobiolistics: An Emerging Genetic Transformation Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2124:141-159. [PMID: 32277452 PMCID: PMC10461872 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0356-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biolistic delivery of biomolecular cargoes to plants with micron-scale projectiles is a well-established technique in plant biotechnology. However, the relatively large micron-scale biolistic projectiles can result in tissue damage, low regeneration efficiency, and create difficulties for the biolistic transformation of isomorphic small cells or subcellular target organelles (i.e., mitochondria and plastids). As an alternative to micron-sized carriers, nanomaterials provide a promising approach for biomolecule delivery to plants. While most studies exploring nanoscale biolistic carriers have been carried out in animal cells and tissues, which lack a cell wall, we can nonetheless extrapolate their utility for nanobiolistic delivery of biomolecules in plant targets. Specifically, nanobiolistics has shown promising results for use in animal systems, in which nanoscale projectiles yield lower levels of cell and tissue damage while maintaining similar transformation efficiencies as their micron-scale counterparts. In this chapter, we specifically discuss biolistic delivery of nanoparticles for plant genetic transformation purposes and identify the figures of merit requiring optimization for broad-scale implementation of nanobiolistics in plant genetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Cunningham
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gozde S Demirer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Natalie S Goh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Markita P Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Juliana FR, Kesse S, Boakye-Yiadom KO, Veroniaina H, Wang H, Sun M. Promising Approach in the Treatment of Glaucoma Using Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine-Based Systems. Molecules 2019; 24:E3805. [PMID: 31652593 PMCID: PMC6833088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is considered a leading cause of blindness with the human eye being one of the body's most delicate organs. Ocular diseases encompass diverse diseases affecting the anterior and posterior ocular sections, respectively. The human eye's peculiar and exclusive anatomy and physiology continue to pose a significant obstacle to researchers and pharmacologists in the provision of efficient drug delivery. Though several traditional invasive and noninvasive eye therapies exist, including implants, eye drops, and injections, there are still significant complications that arise which may either be their low bioavailability or the grave ocular adverse effects experienced thereafter. On the other hand, new nanoscience technology and nanotechnology serve as a novel approach in ocular disease treatment. In order to interact specifically with ocular tissues and overcome ocular challenges, numerous active molecules have been modified to react with nanocarriers. In the general population of glaucoma patients, disease growth and advancement cannot be contained by decreasing intraocular pressure (IOP), hence a spiking in future research for novel drug delivery systems and target therapeutics. This review focuses on nanotechnology and its therapeutic and diagnostic prospects in ophthalmology, specifically glaucoma. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine history, the human eye anatomy, research frontiers in nanomedicine and nanotechnology, its imaging modal quality, diagnostic and surgical approach, and its possible application in glaucoma will all be further explored below. Particular focus will be on the efficiency and safety of this new therapy and its advances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Kesse
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Kofi Oti Boakye-Yiadom
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Hanitrarimalala Veroniaina
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Huihui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Meihao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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6
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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7
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Weng Y, Liu J, Jin S, Guo W, Liang X, Hu Z. Nanotechnology-based strategies for treatment of ocular disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:281-291. [PMID: 28540165 PMCID: PMC5430571 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases include various anterior and posterior segment diseases. Due to the unique anatomy and physiology of the eye, efficient ocular drug delivery is a great challenge to researchers and pharmacologists. Although there are conventional noninvasive and invasive treatments, such as eye drops, injections and implants, the current treatments either suffer from low bioavailability or severe adverse ocular effects. Alternatively, the emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology are playing an important role in the development of novel strategies for ocular disease therapy. Various active molecules have been designed to associate with nanocarriers to overcome ocular barriers and intimately interact with specific ocular tissues. In this review, we highlight the recent attempts of nanotechnology-based systems for imaging and treating ocular diseases, such as corneal d iseases, glaucoma, retina diseases, and choroid diseases. Although additional work remains, the progress described herein may pave the way to new, highly effective and important ocular nanomedicines.
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8
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Weitz AC, Behrend MR, Lee NS, Klein RL, Chiodo VA, Hauswirth WW, Humayun MS, Weiland JD, Chow RH. Imaging the response of the retina to electrical stimulation with genetically encoded calcium indicators. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:1979-88. [PMID: 23343890 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00852.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epiretinal implants for the blind are designed to stimulate surviving retinal neurons, thus bypassing the diseased photoreceptor layer. Single-unit or multielectrode recordings from isolated animal retina are commonly used to inform the design of these implants. However, such electrical recordings provide limited information about the spatial patterns of retinal activation. Calcium imaging overcomes this limitation, as imaging enables high spatial resolution mapping of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) activity as well as simultaneous recording from hundreds of RGCs. Prior experiments in amphibian retina have demonstrated proof of principle, yet experiments in mammalian retina have been hindered by the inability to load calcium indicators into mature mammalian RGCs. Here, we report a method for labeling the majority of ganglion cells in adult rat retina with genetically encoded calcium indicators, specifically GCaMP3 and GCaMP5G. Intravitreal injection of an adeno-associated viral vector targets ∼85% of ganglion cells with high specificity. Because of the large fluorescence signals provided by the GCaMP sensors, we can now for the first time visualize the response of the retina to electrical stimulation in real-time. Imaging transduced retinas mounted on multielectrode arrays reveals how stimulus pulse shape can dramatically affect the spatial extent of RGC activation, which has clear implications in prosthetic applications. Our method can be easily adapted to work with other fluorescent indicator proteins in both wild-type and transgenic mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Weitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Baltazar GC, Guha S, Lu W, Lim J, Boesze-Battaglia K, Laties AM, Tyagi P, Kompella UB, Mitchell CH. Acidic nanoparticles are trafficked to lysosomes and restore an acidic lysosomal pH and degradative function to compromised ARPE-19 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49635. [PMID: 23272048 PMCID: PMC3525582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal enzymes function optimally in acidic environments, and elevation of lysosomal pH can impede their ability to degrade material delivered to lysosomes through autophagy or phagocytosis. We hypothesize that abnormal lysosomal pH is a key aspect in diseases of accumulation and that restoring lysosomal pH will improve cell function. The propensity of nanoparticles to end up in the lysosome makes them an ideal method of delivering drugs to lysosomes. This study asked whether acidic nanoparticles could traffic to lysosomes, lower lysosomal pH and enhance lysosomal degradation by the cultured human retinal pigmented epithelial cell line ARPE-19. Acidic nanoparticles composed of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 502 H, PLGA 503 H and poly (DL-lactide) (PLA) colocalized to lysosomes of ARPE-19 cells within 60 min. PLGA 503 H and PLA lowered lysosomal pH in cells compromised by the alkalinizing agent chloroquine when measured 1 hr. after treatment, with acidification still observed 12 days later. PLA enhanced binding of Bodipy-pepstatin-A to the active site of cathepsin D in compromised cells. PLA also reduced the cellular levels of opsin and the lipofuscin-like autofluorescence associated with photoreceptor outer segments. These observations suggest the acidification produced by the nanoparticles was functionally effective. In summary, acid nanoparticles lead to a rapid and sustained lowering of lysosomal pH and improved degradative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C. Baltazar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sonia Guha
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wennan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jason Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Laties
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Puneet Tyagi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Uday B. Kompella
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Claire H. Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Prow TW. Toxicity of nanomaterials to the eye. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 2:317-33. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Hsu MH, Josephrajan T, Yeh CS, Shieh DB, Su WC, Hwu JR. Novel arylhydrazone-conjugated gold nanoparticles with DNA-cleaving ability: the first DNA-nicking nanomaterial. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1709-12. [PMID: 17953439 DOI: 10.1021/bc700222n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arylhydrazones were linked onto gold nanoparticles through the poly(ethylene glycol) spacer to produce a new type of photoinduced DNA-cleaving nanomaterials with great potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
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12
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O'Brien JA, Lummis SCR. Diolistics: incorporating fluorescent dyes into biological samples using a gene gun. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:530-4. [PMID: 17945370 PMCID: PMC2649371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The hand-held gene gun provides a rapid and efficient method of incorporating fluorescent dyes into cells, a technique that is becoming known as diolistics. Transporting fluorescent dyes into cells has, in the past, used predominantly injection or chemical methods. The use of the gene gun, combined with the new generation of fluorescent dyes, circumvents some of the problems of using these methods and also enables the study of cells that have proved difficult traditionally to transfect (e.g. those deep in tissues and/or terminally differentiated); in addition, the use of ion- or metabolite-sensitive dyes provides a route to study cellular mechanisms. Diolistics is also ideal for loading cells with optical nanosensors – nanometre-sized sensors linked to fluorescent probes. Here, we discuss the theoretical considerations of using diolistics, the advantages compared with other methods of inserting dyes into cells and the current uses of the technique, with particular consideration of nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A O'Brien
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK, CB2 2QH
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