1
|
An Overview of Cell Membrane Perforation and Resealing Mechanisms for Localized Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040886. [PMID: 35456718 PMCID: PMC9031838 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized and reversible plasma membrane disruption is a promising technique employed for the targeted deposition of exogenous therapeutic compounds for the treatment of disease. Indeed, the plasma membrane represents a significant barrier to successful delivery, and various physical methods using light, sound, and electrical energy have been developed to generate cell membrane perforations to circumvent this issue. To restore homeostasis and preserve viability, localized cellular repair mechanisms are subsequently triggered to initiate a rapid restoration of plasma membrane integrity. Here, we summarize the known emergency membrane repair responses, detailing the salient membrane sealing proteins as well as the underlying cytoskeletal remodeling that follows the physical induction of a localized plasma membrane pore, and we present an overview of potential modulation strategies that may improve targeted drug delivery approaches.
Collapse
|
2
|
Morshedi Rad D, Alsadat Rad M, Razavi Bazaz S, Kashaninejad N, Jin D, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. A Comprehensive Review on Intracellular Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005363. [PMID: 33594744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is considered an indispensable process for various studies, ranging from medical applications (cell-based therapy) to fundamental (genome-editing) and industrial (biomanufacture) approaches. Conventional macroscale delivery systems critically suffer from such issues as low cell viability, cytotoxicity, and inconsistent material delivery, which have opened up an interest in the development of more efficient intracellular delivery systems. In line with the advances in microfluidics and nanotechnology, intracellular delivery based on micro- and nanoengineered platforms has progressed rapidly and held great promises owing to their unique features. These approaches have been advanced to introduce a smorgasbord of diverse cargoes into various cell types with the maximum efficiency and the highest precision. This review differentiates macro-, micro-, and nanoengineered approaches for intracellular delivery. The macroengineered delivery platforms are first summarized and then each method is categorized based on whether it employs a carrier- or membrane-disruption-mediated mechanism to load cargoes inside the cells. Second, particular emphasis is placed on the micro- and nanoengineered advances in the delivery of biomolecules inside the cells. Furthermore, the applications and challenges of the established and emerging delivery approaches are summarized. The topic is concluded by evaluating the future perspective of intracellular delivery toward the micro- and nanoengineered approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Morshedi Rad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Maryam Alsadat Rad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Navid Kashaninejad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gupta P, Balasubramaniam N, Chang HY, Tseng FG, Santra TS. A Single-Neuron: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Cells 2020; 9:E1528. [PMID: 32585883 PMCID: PMC7349798 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is an intricate network with complex organizational principles facilitating a concerted communication between single-neurons, distinct neuron populations, and remote brain areas. The communication, technically referred to as connectivity, between single-neurons, is the center of many investigations aimed at elucidating pathophysiology, anatomical differences, and structural and functional features. In comparison with bulk analysis, single-neuron analysis can provide precise information about neurons or even sub-neuron level electrophysiology, anatomical differences, pathophysiology, structural and functional features, in addition to their communications with other neurons, and can promote essential information to understand the brain and its activity. This review highlights various single-neuron models and their behaviors, followed by different analysis methods. Again, to elucidate cellular dynamics in terms of electrophysiology at the single-neuron level, we emphasize in detail the role of single-neuron mapping and electrophysiological recording. We also elaborate on the recent development of single-neuron isolation, manipulation, and therapeutic progress using advanced micro/nanofluidic devices, as well as microinjection, electroporation, microelectrode array, optical transfection, optogenetic techniques. Further, the development in the field of artificial intelligence in relation to single-neurons is highlighted. The review concludes with between limitations and future prospects of single-neuron analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India; (P.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Nandhini Balasubramaniam
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India; (P.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India; (P.G.); (N.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu J, Fraire JC, De Smedt SC, Xiong R, Braeckmans K. Intracellular Labeling with Extrinsic Probes: Delivery Strategies and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000146. [PMID: 32351015 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extrinsic probes have outstanding properties for intracellular labeling to visualize dynamic processes in and of living cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Since extrinsic probes are in many cases cell-impermeable, different biochemical, and physical approaches have been used to break the cell membrane barrier for direct delivery into the cytoplasm. In this Review, these intracellular delivery strategies are discussed, briefly explaining the mechanisms and how they are used for live-cell labeling applications. Methods that are discussed include three biochemical agents that are used for this purpose-purpose-different nanocarriers, cell penetrating peptides and the pore-foraming bacterial toxin streptolysin O. Most successful intracellular label delivery methods are, however, based on physical principles to permeabilize the membrane and include electroporation, laser-induced photoporation, micro- and nanoinjection, nanoneedles or nanostraws, microfluidics, and nanomachines. The strengths and weaknesses of each strategy are discussed with a systematic comparison provided. Finally, the extrinsic probes that are reported for intracellular labeling so-far are summarized, together with the delivery strategies that are used and their performance. This combined information should provide for a useful guide for choosing the most suitable delivery method for the desired probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Technology (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Ranhua Xiong
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du X, Wang J, Zhou Q, Zhang L, Wang S, Zhang Z, Yao C. Advanced physical techniques for gene delivery based on membrane perforation. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1516-1525. [PMID: 29968512 PMCID: PMC6058615 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1480674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery as a promising and valid tool has been used for treating many serious diseases that conventional drug therapies cannot cure. Due to the advancement of physical technology and nanotechnology, advanced physical gene delivery methods such as electroporation, magnetoporation, sonoporation and optoporation have been extensively developed and are receiving increasing attention, which have the advantages of briefness and nontoxicity. This review introduces the technique detail of membrane perforation, with a brief discussion for future development, with special emphasis on nanoparticles mediated optoporation that have developed as an new alternative transfection technique in the last two decades. In particular, the advanced physical approaches development and new technology are highlighted, which intends to stimulate rapid advancement of perforation techniques, develop new delivery strategies and accelerate application of these techniques in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Du
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Luwei Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Sijia Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Yao
- a Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Batabyal S, Kim YT, Mohanty S. Ultrafast laser-assisted spatially targeted optoporation into cortical axons and retinal cells in the eye. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:60504. [PMID: 28662241 PMCID: PMC5490686 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.6.060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Visualization and assessment of the cellular structure and function require localized delivery of the molecules into specific cells in restricted spatial regions of the tissue and may necessitate subcellular delivery and localization. Earlier, we have shown ultrafast near-infrared laser beam-assisted optoporation of actin-staining molecules into cortical neurons with single-cell resolution and high efficiency. However, diffusion of optoporated molecules in soma degrades toward the growth cone, leading to difficulties in visualization of the actin network in the growth cone in cases of long axons. Here, we demonstrate optoporation of impermeable molecules to functional cortical neurons by precise laser subaxotomy near the growth cone, leading to visualization of the actin network in the growth cone. Further, we demonstrate patterned delivery of impermeable molecules into targeted retinal cells in the rat eye. The development of optoporation as a minimally invasive approach to reliably deliver exogenous molecules into targeted axons and soma of retinal neurons in vivo will enable enhanced visualization of the structure and function of the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Young-Tae Kim
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering, Texas, United States
| | - Samarendra Mohanty
- NanoScope Technologies LLC, Bedford, Texas, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Samarendra Mohanty, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Optogenetics is an innovative technique for optical control of cells. This field has exploded over the past decade or so and has given rise to great advances in neuroscience. A variety of applications both from the basic and applied research have emerged, turning the early ideas into a powerful paradigm for cell biology, neuroscience and medical research. This review aims at highlighting the basic concepts that are essential for a comprehensive understanding of optogenetics and some important biological/biomedical applications. Further, emphasis is placed on advancement in optogenetics-associated light-based methods for controlling gene expression, spatially-controlled optogenetic stimulation and detection of cellular activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samarendra K. Mohanty
- Biophysics and Physiology Group, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, USA. Tel. 817-272-1177, Fax: +1-817-272-3637
| | - Vasudevan Lakshminarayananan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Departments of Physics and Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON Canada. Department of Physics, Unviersity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sada T, Fujigaya T, Nakashima N. Manipulation of cell membrane using carbon nanotube scaffold as a photoresponsive stimuli generator. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2014; 15:045002. [PMID: 27877703 PMCID: PMC5090691 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/4/045002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe, for the first time, the perforation of the cell membrane in the targeted single cell based on the nanosecond pulsed near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation of a thin film of carbon nanotubes that act as an effective photon absorber as well as stimuli generator. When the power of NIR laser is over 17.5 μJ/pulse, the cell membrane after irradiation is irreversibly disrupted and results in cell death. In sharp contrast, the perforation of the cell membrane occurs at suitable laser power (∼15 μJ/pulse) without involving cell termination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Sada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsuyohiko Fujigaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (JST-CREST), 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mitchell CA, Kalies S, Cizmár T, Heisterkamp A, Torrance L, Roberts AG, Gunn-Moore FJ, Dholakia K. Femtosecond optoinjection of intact tobacco BY-2 cells using a reconfigurable photoporation platform. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79235. [PMID: 24244456 PMCID: PMC3828288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A tightly-focused ultrashort pulsed laser beam incident upon a cell membrane has previously been shown to transiently increase cell membrane permeability while maintaining the viability of the cell, a technique known as photoporation. This permeability can be used to aid the passage of membrane-impermeable biologically-relevant substances such as dyes, proteins and nucleic acids into the cell. Ultrashort-pulsed lasers have proven to be indispensable for photoporating mammalian cells but they have rarely been applied to plant cells due to their larger sizes and rigid and thick cell walls, which significantly hinders the intracellular delivery of exogenous substances. Here we demonstrate and quantify femtosecond optical injection of membrane impermeable dyes into intact BY-2 tobacco plant cells growing in culture, investigating both optical and biological parameters. Specifically, we show that the long axial extent of a propagation invariant ("diffraction-free") Bessel beam, which relaxes the requirements for tight focusing on the cell membrane, outperforms a standard Gaussian photoporation beam, achieving up to 70% optoinjection efficiency. Studies on the osmotic effects of culture media show that a hypertonic extracellular medium was found to be necessary to reduce turgor pressure and facilitate molecular entry into the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire A. Mitchell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Kalies
- Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany
| | - Tomás Cizmár
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lesley Torrance
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Alison G. Roberts
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J. Gunn-Moore
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Kishan Dholakia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Antkowiak M, Torres-Mapa ML, Stevenson DJ, Dholakia K, Gunn-Moore FJ. Femtosecond optical transfection of individual mammalian cells. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:1216-33. [PMID: 23722260 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Laser-mediated gene transfection into mammalian cells has recently emerged as a powerful alternative to more traditional transfection techniques. In particular, the use of a femtosecond-pulsed laser operating in the near-infrared (NIR) region has been proven to provide single-cell selectivity, localized delivery, low toxicity and consistent performance. This approach can easily be integrated with advanced multimodal live-cell microscopy and micromanipulation techniques. The efficiency of this technique depends on an understanding by the user of both biology and physics. Therefore, in this protocol we discuss the subtleties that apply to both fields, including sample preparation, alignment and calibration of laser optics and their integration into a microscopy platform. The entire protocol takes ~5 d to complete, from the initial setup of the femtosecond optical transfection system to the final stage of fluorescence imaging to assay for successful expression of the gene of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Antkowiak
- Scottish Universities Life Sciences Alliance (SULSA), School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu R, Lin G, Xu H. An efficient method for dorsal root ganglia neurons purification with a one-time anti-mitotic reagent treatment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60558. [PMID: 23565257 PMCID: PMC3614500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuron is an invaluable tool in axon growth, growth factor regulation, myelin formation and myelin-relevant researches. The purification of DRG neurons is a key step in these studies. Traditionally, purified DRG neurons were obtained in two weeks after exposure to several rounds of anti-mitotic reagent. Methods and Results In this report, a novel, simple and efficient method for DRG purification is presented. DRG cultures were treated once with a high-dose anti-mitotic reagent cocktail for 72 hours. Using this new method, DRG neurons were obtained with 99% purification within 1 week. We confirmed that the neurite growth and the viability of the purified DRG neurons have no difference from the DRG neurons purified by traditional method. Furthermore, P0 and MBP expression was observed in myelin by immunocytochemistry in the DRG/SC co-culture system. The formation of mature node of Ranvier in DRG-Schwann cell co-culture system was observed using anti-Nav 1.6 and anti-caspr antibody. Conclusion and Significance The results indicate that this high dose single treatment did not compromise the capacity of DRG neurons for myelin formation in the DRG/SC co-culture system. In conclusion, a convenient approach for purifying DRG neurons was developed which is time-saving and high-efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- The Geriatric Department, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
- * E-mail: (HX); (RL)
| | - Gou Lin
- LONI, Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hanpeng Xu
- The Basic Medical School, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
- * E-mail: (HX); (RL)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
St-Louis Lalonde B, Boulais E, Lebrun JJ, Meunier M. Visible and near infrared resonance plasmonic enhanced nanosecond laser optoporation of cancer cells. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:490-9. [PMID: 23577284 PMCID: PMC3617711 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a light driven, non-invasive cell membrane perforation technique based on the localized field amplification by a nanosecond pulsed laser near gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The optoporation phenomena is investigated with pulses generated by a Nd:YAG laser for two wavelengths that are either in the visible (532 nm) or near infrared (NIR) (1064 nm). Here, the main objective is to compare on and off localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) to introduce foreign material through the cell membrane using nanosecond laser pulses. The membrane permeability of human melanoma cells (MW278) has been successfully increased as shown by the intake of a fluorescent dye upon irradiation. The viability of this laser driven perforation method is evaluated by propidium iodide exclusion as well as MTT assay. Our results show that up to 25% of the cells are perforated with 532 nm pulses at 50 mJ/cm(2) and around 30% of the cells are perforated with 1064 nm pulses at 1 J/cm(2). With 532 nm pulses, the viability 2 h after treatment is 64% but it increases to 88% 72 h later. On the other hand, the irradiation with 1064 nm pulses leads to an improved 2 h viability of 81% and reaches 98% after 72 h. Scanning electron microscopy images show that the 5 pulses delivered during treatment induce changes in the AuNPs size distribution when irradiated by a 532 nm beam, while this distribution is barely affected when 1064 nm is used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastien St-Louis Lalonde
- Laser Processing and Plasmonics Laboratory, Engineering Physics Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim J, Hwang I, Britain D, Chung TD, Sun Y, Kim DH. Microfluidic approaches for gene delivery and gene therapy. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3941-8. [PMID: 22027752 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfluidics have created new and exciting prospects for gene delivery and therapy. The micro-scaled environment within microfluidic systems enables precise control and optimization of multiple processes and techniques used in gene transfection and the production of gene and drug transporters. Traditional non-viral gene transfection methods, such as electroporation, microinjection and optical gene transfection, are improved from the use of innovative microfluidic systems. Additionally, microfluidic systems have also made the production of many viral and non-viral vectors controlled, automated, and reproducible. In summary, the development and application of microfluidic systems are producing increased efficiency in gene delivery and promise improved gene therapy results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Electrical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Marchington RF, Arita Y, Tsampoula X, Gunn-Moore FJ, Dholakia K. Optical injection of mammalian cells using a microfluidic platform. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:527-536. [PMID: 21258487 PMCID: PMC3017997 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of a focused laser beam to create a sub-micron hole in the plasma membrane of a cell (photoporation), for the selective introduction of membrane impermeable substances (optical injection) including nucleic acids (optical transfection), is a powerful technique most commonly applied to treat single cells. However, particularly for femtosecond photoporation, these studies have been limited to low throughput, small-scale studies, because they require sequential dosing of individual cells. Herein, we describe a microfluidic photoporation system for increased throughput and automated optical injection of cells. Hydrodynamic focusing is employed to direct a flow of single-file cells through a focused femtosecond laser beam for photoporation. Upon traversing the beam, a number of transient pores potentially open across the extracellular membrane, which allows the uptake of the surrounding fluid media into the cytoplasm, also containing the chosen injection agent. The process is entirely automated and a rate of 1 cell/sec could readily be obtained, enabling several thousand cells to be injected per hour using this system. The efficiency of optically injecting propidium iodide into HEK293 mammalian cells was found to be 42 ± 8%, or 28 ± 4% taking into account the requirement of post-injection viability, as tested using Calcein AM. This work now opens the way for combining photoporation with microfluidic analyses, sorting, purification or on-chip cell culture studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Marchington
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Yoshihiko Arita
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Xanthi Tsampoula
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Frank J. Gunn-Moore
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TS, UK
| | - Kishan Dholakia
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stevenson DJ, Gunn-Moore FJ, Campbell P, Dholakia K. Single cell optical transfection. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7:863-71. [PMID: 20064901 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell is impermeable to most hydrophilic substances, yet the insertion of these materials into cells is an extremely important and universal requirement for the cell biologist. To address this need, many transfection techniques have been developed including viral, lipoplex, polyplex, capillary microinjection, gene gun and electroporation. The current discussion explores a procedure called optical injection, where a laser field transiently increases the membrane permeability to allow species to be internalized. If the internalized substance is a nucleic acid, such as DNA, RNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA), then the process is called optical transfection. This contactless, aseptic, single cell transfection method provides a key nanosurgical tool to the microscopist-the intracellular delivery of reagents and single nanoscopic objects. The experimental possibilities enabled by this technology are only beginning to be realized. A review of optical transfection is presented, along with a forecast of future applications of this rapidly developing and exciting technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Stevenson
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|