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Marsicano G, Bertini C, Ronconi L. Decoding cognition in neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurological conditions with multivariate pattern analysis of EEG data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105795. [PMID: 38977116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of electroencephalographic (EEG) data represents a revolutionary approach to investigate how the brain encodes information. By considering complex interactions among spatio-temporal features at the individual level, MVPA overcomes the limitations of univariate techniques, which often fail to account for the significant inter- and intra-individual neural variability. This is particularly relevant when studying clinical populations, and therefore MVPA of EEG data has recently started to be employed as a tool to study cognition in brain disorders. Here, we review the insights offered by this methodology in the study of anomalous patterns of neural activity in conditions such as autism, ADHD, schizophrenia, dyslexia, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, within different cognitive domains (perception, attention, memory, consciousness). Despite potential drawbacks that should be attentively addressed, these studies reveal a peculiar sensitivity of MVPA in unveiling dysfunctional and compensatory neurocognitive dynamics of information processing, which often remain blind to traditional univariate approaches. Such higher sensitivity in characterizing individual neurocognitive profiles can provide unique opportunities to optimise assessment and promote personalised interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Marsicano
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, Bologna 40121, Italy; Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, Cesena 47023, Italy.
| | - Caterina Bertini
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, Bologna 40121, Italy; Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, Cesena 47023, Italy.
| | - Luca Ronconi
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Floyrac A, Doumergue A, Legriel S, Deye N, Megarbane B, Richard A, Meppiel E, Masmoudi S, Lozeron P, Vicaut E, Kubis N, Holcman D. Predicting neurological outcome after cardiac arrest by combining computational parameters extracted from standard and deviant responses from auditory evoked potentials. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:988394. [PMID: 36875664 PMCID: PMC9975713 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.988394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite multimodal assessment (clinical examination, biology, brain MRI, electroencephalography, somatosensory evoked potentials, mismatch negativity at auditory evoked potentials), coma prognostic evaluation remains challenging. Methods We present here a method to predict the return to consciousness and good neurological outcome based on classification of auditory evoked potentials obtained during an oddball paradigm. Data from event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded noninvasively using four surface electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes in a cohort of 29 post-cardiac arrest comatose patients (between day 3 and day 6 following admission). We extracted retrospectively several EEG features (standard deviation and similarity for standard auditory stimulations and number of extrema and oscillations for deviant auditory stimulations) from the time responses in a window of few hundreds of milliseconds. The responses to the standard and the deviant auditory stimulations were thus considered independently. By combining these features, based on machine learning, we built a two-dimensional map to evaluate possible group clustering. Results Analysis in two-dimensions of the present data revealed two separated clusters of patients with good versus bad neurological outcome. When favoring the highest specificity of our mathematical algorithms (0.91), we found a sensitivity of 0.83 and an accuracy of 0.90, maintained when calculation was performed using data from only one central electrode. Using Gaussian, K-neighborhood and SVM classifiers, we could predict the neurological outcome of post-anoxic comatose patients, the validity of the method being tested by a cross-validation procedure. Moreover, the same results were obtained with one single electrode (Cz). Conclusion statistics of standard and deviant responses considered separately provide complementary and confirmatory predictions of the outcome of anoxic comatose patients, better assessed when combining these features on a two-dimensional statistical map. The benefit of this method compared to classical EEG and ERP predictors should be tested in a large prospective cohort. If validated, this method could provide an alternative tool to intensivists, to better evaluate neurological outcome and improve patient management, without neurophysiologist assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Floyrac
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Doumergue
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Legriel
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Department, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France.,CESP, PsyDev Team, INSERM, UVSQ, University of Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas Deye
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM U942, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Megarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM UMRS 1144, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Richard
- Service de Physiologie Clinique-Explorations Fonctionnelles, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Meppiel
- Service de Physiologie Clinique-Explorations Fonctionnelles, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Sana Masmoudi
- Service de Physiologie Clinique-Explorations Fonctionnelles, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lozeron
- Service de Physiologie Clinique-Explorations Fonctionnelles, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,LVTS UMRS 1148, Hemostasis, Thrombo-Inflammation and Neuro-Vascular Repair, CHU Xavier Bichat Secteur Claude Bernard, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eric Vicaut
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Saint-Louis- Lariboisière, APHP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Kubis
- Service de Physiologie Clinique-Explorations Fonctionnelles, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,LVTS UMRS 1148, Hemostasis, Thrombo-Inflammation and Neuro-Vascular Repair, CHU Xavier Bichat Secteur Claude Bernard, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - David Holcman
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL, Paris, France
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Berchio C, Micali N. Cognitive assessment using ERP in child and adolescent psychiatry: Difficulties and opportunities. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 319:111424. [PMID: 34883368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Event related potentials (ERPs) represent powerful tools to investigate cognitive functioning in child and adolescent psychiatry. So far, the available body of research has largely focused on advancements in analysis methods, with little attention given to the perspective of assessment. The aim of this brief report is to provide recommendations for cognitive ERPs assessment that can be applied across diagnostic categories in child and adolescent psychiatry research. First, we discuss major issues for ERPs testing using examples from common psychiatric disorders. We conclude by summing up our recommendations for methodological standards and highlighting the potential role of ERPs in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Berchio
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nadia Micali
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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4
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NeuroTec Sitem-Insel Bern: Closing the Last Mile in Neurology. CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/ctn5020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurology is focused on a model where patients receive their care through repeated visits to clinics and doctor’s offices. Diagnostic tests often require expensive and specialized equipment that are only available in clinics. However, this current model has significant drawbacks. First, diagnostic tests, such as daytime EEG and sleep studies, occur under artificial conditions in the clinic, which may mask or wrongly emphasize clinically important features. Second, early detection and high-quality management of chronic neurological disorders require repeat measurements to accurately capture the dynamics of the disease process, which is impractical to execute in the clinic for economical and logistical reasons. Third, clinic visits remain inaccessible to many patients due to geographical and economical circumstances. Fourth, global disruptions to daily life, such as the one caused by COVID-19, can seriously harm patients if access to in-person clinical visits for diagnostic and treatment purposes is throttled. Thus, translating diagnostic and treatment procedures to patients’ homes will convey multiple substantial benefits and has the potential to substantially improve clinical outcomes while reducing cost. NeuroTec was founded to accelerate the re-imagining of neurology and to promote the convergence of technological, scientific, medical and societal processes. The goal is to identify and validate new digital biomarkers that can close the last mile in neurology by enabling the translation of personalized diagnostics and therapeutic interventions from the clinic to the patient’s home.
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Lasaponara S, D'Onofrio M, Pinto M, Aiello M, Pellegrino M, Scozia G, De Lucia M, Doricchi F. Individual EEG profiling of attention deficits in left spatial neglect: A pilot study. Neurosci Lett 2021; 761:136097. [PMID: 34237413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological group studies in brain-damaged patients can be run to capture the EEG correlates of specific cognitive impairments. Nonetheless, this procedure is not adequate to characterize the inter-individual variability present in major neuropsychological syndromes. We tested the possibility of getting a reliable individual EEG characterization of deficits of endogenous orienting of spatial attention in right-brain damaged (RBD) patients with left spatial neglect (N+). We used a single-trial topographical analysis (STTA; [39] of individual scalp EEG topographies recorded during leftward and rightward orienting of attention with central cues in RBD patients with and without (N-) neglect and in healthy controls (HC). We found that the STTA successfully decoded EEG signals related to leftward and rightward orienting in five out of the six N+, five out of the six N- patients and in all the six HC. In agreement with findings from conventional average-group studies, successful classifications of EEG signals in N+ were observed during the 400-800 ms period post-cue-onset, which reflects preserved voluntary engagement of attention resources (ADAN component). These results suggest the possibility of acquiring reliable individual EEG profiles of neglect patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lasaponara
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia, Centro Ricerche di Neuropsicologia, IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Roma, Italy.
| | - Marianna D'Onofrio
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Pinto
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Centro Ricerche di Neuropsicologia, IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Michele Pellegrino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia, Centro Ricerche di Neuropsicologia, IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Scozia
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marzia De Lucia
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience - Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV - UNIL, Chemin de Mont-Paisible,16, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Doricchi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia 39, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Roma, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia, Centro Ricerche di Neuropsicologia, IRCCS, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Roma, Italy
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Shahriari Y, Vaughan TM, McCane LM, Allison BZ, Wolpaw JR, Krusienski DJ. An exploration of BCI performance variations in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using longitudinal EEG data. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:056031. [PMID: 31108477 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab22ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology enables people to use direct measures of brain activity for communication and control. The National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies and Helen Hayes Hospital are studying long-term independent home use of P300-based BCIs by people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This BCI use takes place without technical oversight, and users can encounter substantial variation in their day-to-day BCI performance. The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate features in the electroencephalogram (EEG) that correlate with successful BCI performance during home use with the goal of improving BCI for people with neuromuscular disorders. APPROACH Nine people with ALS used a P300-based BCI at home over several months for communication and computer control. Sessions from a routine calibration task were categorized as successful ([Formula: see text]70%) or unsuccessful (<70%) BCI performance. The correlation of temporal and spectral EEG features with BCI performance was then evaluated. MAIN RESULTS BCI performance was positively correlated with an increase in alpha-band (8-14 Hz) activity at locations PO8, P3, Pz, and P4; and beta-band (15-30 Hz) activity at occipital locations. In addition, performance was significantly positively correlated with a positive deflection in EEG amplitude around 220 ms at frontal mid-line locations (i.e. Fz and Cz). BCI performance was negatively correlated with delta-band (1-3 Hz) activity recorded from occipital locations. SIGNIFICANCE These results highlight the variability found in the EEG and describe EEG features that correlate with successful BCI performance during day-to-day use of a P300-based BCI by people with ALS. These results should inform studies focused on improved BCI reliability for people with neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shahriari
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, South Kingston, RI, United States of America
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Predicting risk decisions in a modified Balloon Analogue Risk Task: Conventional and single-trial ERP analyses. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:99-116. [PMID: 29204798 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) has the potential to reveal the temporal neurophysiological dynamics of risk decision-making, but this potential has not been fully explored in previous studies. When predicting risk decision with ERPs, most studies focus on between-trial analysis that reflects feedback learning, while within-trial analysis that could directly link option assessment with behavioral output has been largely ignored. Suitable task design is crucial for applying within-trial prediction. In this study, we used a modified version of the classic Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). In each trial of the task, participants made multiple rounds of decisions between a risky option (pump up the balloon) and a safe option (cash out). Behavioral results show that as the level of economic risk increased, participants were less willing to make a risky decision and also needed a longer response time to do so. In general, the ERP results showed distinct characteristics compared with previous findings based on between-trial prediction, particularly about the role of the P1 component. Specifically, both the P1 (amplitude and latency) and P3 (amplitude) components evoked by current outcomes predicted subsequent decisions. We suggest that these findings indicate the importance of selective attention (indexed by the P1) and motivational functions (indexed by the P3), which may help clarify the cognitive mechanism of risk decision-making. The theoretical significance of these findings is discussed.
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Pfeiffer C, Nguissi NAN, Chytiris M, Bidlingmeyer P, Haenggi M, Kurmann R, Zubler F, Accolla E, Viceic D, Rusca M, Oddo M, Rossetti AO, De Lucia M. Somatosensory and auditory deviance detection for outcome prediction during postanoxic coma. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1016-1024. [PMID: 30250859 PMCID: PMC6144443 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Prominent research in patients with disorders of consciousness investigated the electrophysiological correlates of auditory deviance detection as a marker of consciousness recovery. Here, we extend previous studies by investigating whether somatosensory deviance detection provides an added value for outcome prediction in postanoxic comatose patients. Methods Electroencephalography responses to frequent and rare stimuli were obtained from 66 patients on the first and second day after coma onset. Results Multivariate decoding analysis revealed an above chance‐level auditory discrimination in 25 patients on the first day and in 31 patients on the second day. Tactile discrimination was significant in 16 patients on the first day and in 23 patients on the second day. Single‐day sensory discrimination was unrelated to patients’ outcome in both modalities. However, improvement of auditory discrimination from first to the second day was predictive of good outcome with a positive predictive power (PPV) of 0.73 (CI = 0.52–0.88). Analyses considering the improvement of tactile, auditory and tactile, or either auditory or tactile discrimination showed no significant prediction of good outcome (PPVs = 0.58–0.68). Interpretation Our results show that in the acute phase of coma deviance detection is largely preserved for both auditory and tactile modalities. However, we found no evidence for an added value of somatosensory to auditory deviance detection function for coma‐outcome prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pfeiffer
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN) University Hospital (CHUV) & University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Ata Nguepnjo Nguissi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN) University Hospital (CHUV) & University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Magali Chytiris
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN) University Hospital (CHUV) & University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Phanie Bidlingmeyer
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN) University Hospital (CHUV) & University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Matthias Haenggi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine Inselspital Bern University Hospital University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Rebekka Kurmann
- Department of Neurology Inselspital Bern University Hospital University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Zubler
- Department of Neurology Inselspital Bern University Hospital University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Ettore Accolla
- Neurology Unit Department of Medicine Hôpital Cantonal Fribourg (HFR) Fribourg Switzerland.,Laboratory for Cognitive and Neurological Sciences Department of Medicine University of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland
| | | | - Marco Rusca
- Intensive Care Medicine Hôpital du Valais Sion Switzerland
| | - Mauro Oddo
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital (CHUV) & University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Andrea O Rossetti
- Neurology Service University Hospital (CHUV) & University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marzia De Lucia
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN) University Hospital (CHUV) & University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
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Pfeiffer C, Nguissi NAN, Chytiris M, Bidlingmeyer P, Haenggi M, Kurmann R, Zubler F, Oddo M, Rossetti AO, De Lucia M. Auditory discrimination improvement predicts awakening of postanoxic comatose patients treated with targeted temperature management at 36 °C. Resuscitation 2017; 118:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Prediction of cognitive outcome based on the progression of auditory discrimination during coma. Resuscitation 2016; 106:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Tzovara A, Rossetti AO, Juan E, Suys T, Viceic D, Rusca M, Oddo M, Lucia MD. Prediction of awakening from hypothermic postanoxic coma based on auditory discrimination. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:748-757. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Tzovara
- Neuroimaging Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy; and Psychosomatics and Neuroscience Centre Zurich; University of Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andrea O. Rossetti
- Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Elsa Juan
- Neuroimaging Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Tamarah Suys
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine; Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | | | - Marco Rusca
- Intensive Care Medicine Service; Valais Hospital; Sion Switzerland
| | - Mauro Oddo
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine; Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marzia De Lucia
- Neuroimaging Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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De Lucia M, Tzovara A. Reply: Replicability and impact of statistics in the detection of neural responses of consciousness. Brain 2016; 139:e32. [PMID: 27017191 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marzia De Lucia
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University and University Hospital, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Athina Tzovara
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University and University Hospital, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, CH-8032, Switzerland Neuroscience Centre Zurich University of Zurich, CH-8032, Switzerland
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