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LaChance J, Schottdorf M, Zajdel TJ, Saunders JL, Dvali S, Marshall C, Seirup L, Sammour I, Chatburn RL, Notterman DA, Cohen DJ. PVP1-The People's Ventilator Project: A fully open, low-cost, pressure-controlled ventilator research platform compatible with adult and pediatric uses. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266810. [PMID: 35544461 PMCID: PMC9094548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilators are safety-critical devices that help patients breathe, commonly found in hospital intensive care units (ICUs)-yet, the high costs and proprietary nature of commercial ventilators inhibit their use as an educational and research platform. We present a fully open ventilator device-The People's Ventilator: PVP1-with complete hardware and software documentation including detailed build instructions and a DIY cost of $1,700 USD. We validate PVP1 against both key performance criteria specified in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Emergency Use Authorization for Ventilators, and in a pediatric context against a state-of-the-art commercial ventilator. Notably, PVP1 performs well over a wide range of test conditions and performance stability is demonstrated for a minimum of 75,000 breath cycles over three days with an adult mechanical test lung. As an open project, PVP1 can enable future educational, academic, and clinical developments in the ventilator space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne LaChance
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Manuel Schottdorf
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tom J. Zajdel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonny L. Saunders
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sophie Dvali
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Chase Marshall
- RailPod, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo Seirup
- New York ISO, Rensselaer, New York, United States of America
| | - Ibrahim Sammour
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Chatburn
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Notterman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Cohen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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Brofiga M, Pisano M, Raiteri R, Massobrio P. On the road to the brain-on-a-chip: a review on strategies, methods, and applications. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34280903 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac15e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the most complex organ of our body. Such a complexity spans from the single-cell morphology up to the intricate connections that hundreds of thousands of neurons establish to create dense neuronal networks. All these components are involved in the genesis of the rich patterns of electrophysiological activity that characterize the brain. Over the years, researchers coming from different disciplines developedin vitrosimplified experimental models to investigate in a more controllable and observable way how neuronal ensembles generate peculiar firing rhythms, code external stimulations, or respond to chemical drugs. Nowadays, suchin vitromodels are namedbrain-on-a-chippointing out the relevance of the technological counterpart as artificial tool to interact with the brain: multi-electrode arrays are well-used devices to record and stimulate large-scale developing neuronal networks originated from dissociated cultures, brain slices, up to brain organoids. In this review, we will discuss the state of the art of the brain-on-a-chip, highlighting which structural and biological features a realisticin vitrobrain should embed (and how to achieve them). In particular, we identified two topological features, namely modular and three-dimensional connectivity, and a biological one (heterogeneity) that takes into account the huge number of neuronal types existing in the brain. At the end of this travel, we will show how 'far' we are from the goal and how interconnected-brain-regions-on-a-chip is the most appropriate wording to indicate the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Brofiga
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Marietta Pisano
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Raiteri
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,CNR- Institute of Biophysics, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Massobrio
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Genova, Italy
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Murray AF, Delivopoulos E. Adhesion and Growth of Neuralized Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells on Parylene-C/SiO 2 Substrates. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123174. [PMID: 34207642 PMCID: PMC8226677 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal patterning on microfabricated architectures has developed rapidly over the past few years, together with the emergence of soft biocompatible materials and tissue engineering scaffolds. Previously, we introduced a patterning technique based on serum and the biopolymer parylene-C, achieving highly compliant growth of primary neurons and astrocytes on different geometries. Here, we expanded this technique and illustrated that neuralized cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) followed stripes of variable widths with conformity equal to or higher than that of primary neurons and astrocytes. Our results indicate the presence of undifferentiated mESCs, which also conformed to the underlying patterns to a high degree. This is an exciting and unexpected outcome, as molecular mechanisms governing cell and ECM protein interactions are different in stem cells and primary cells. Our study enables further investigations into the development and electrophysiology of differentiating patterned neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F. Murray
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK;
| | - Evangelos Delivopoulos
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-11-8378-8615
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Qiu B, Bessler N, Figler K, Buchholz M, Rios AC, Malda J, Levato R, Caiazzo M. Bioprinting Neural Systems to Model Central Nervous System Diseases. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1910250. [PMID: 34566552 PMCID: PMC8444304 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201910250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To date, pharmaceutical progresses in central nervous system (CNS) diseases are clearly hampered by the lack of suitable disease models. Indeed, animal models do not faithfully represent human neurodegenerative processes and human in vitro 2D cell culture systems cannot recapitulate the in vivo complexity of neural systems. The search for valuable models of neurodegenerative diseases has recently been revived by the addition of 3D culture that allows to re-create the in vivo microenvironment including the interactions among different neural cell types and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In this review, the new challenges in the field of CNS diseases in vitro 3D modeling are discussed, focusing on the implementation of bioprinting approaches enabling positional control on the generation of the 3D microenvironments. The focus is specifically on the choice of the optimal materials to simulate the ECM brain compartment and the biofabrication technologies needed to shape the cellular components within a microenvironment that significantly represents brain biochemical and biophysical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boning Qiu
- Department of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS)Utrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Nils Bessler
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyHeidelberglaan 25Utrecht3584 CSThe Netherlands
| | - Kianti Figler
- Department of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS)Utrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
| | - Maj‐Britt Buchholz
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyHeidelberglaan 25Utrecht3584 CSThe Netherlands
| | - Anne C. Rios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyHeidelberglaan 25Utrecht3584 CSThe Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine Center UtrechtUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityHeidelberglaan 100Utrecht3584CXThe Netherlands
- Department of Equine SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 112Utrecht3584CXThe Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine Center UtrechtUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityHeidelberglaan 100Utrecht3584CXThe Netherlands
- Department of Equine SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 112Utrecht3584CXThe Netherlands
| | - Massimiliano Caiazzo
- Department of PharmaceuticsUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS)Utrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical BiotechnologyUniversity of Naples “Federico II”Via Pansini 5Naples80131Italy
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Mateus JC, Lopes CDF, Cerquido M, Leitão L, Leitão D, Cardoso S, Ventura J, Aguiar P. Improved in vitro electrophysiology using 3D-structured microelectrode arrays with a micro-mushrooms islets architecture capable of promoting topotaxis. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:036012. [PMID: 30818300 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab0b86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José C Mateus
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal. i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Joo S, Nam Y. Slow-Wave Recordings From Micro-Sized Neural Clusters Using Multiwell Type Microelectrode Arrays. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 66:403-410. [PMID: 29993399 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2843793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of microelectrode array (MEA) recordings is a very effective neurophysiological method because it is able to continuously and noninvasively obtain the spatiotemporal information of electrical activity from many neurons constituting a neural network. Very recently, studies have been published that used MEAs for the measurement of a low-frequency component of electrical activity as an indicator of diverse activity of cultured neurons. The occurrence of low-frequency activities has electrophysiological information that does not include the information from fast spikes. However, there is no in vitro experimental model suitable for measuring the low-frequency activities (slow-waves) for further study. METHODS Neural clusters consisting of dozens of neurons were placed directly onto each electrode of an MEA from which fast spikes and slow-waves were measured. RESULTS We obtained sufficient data on the early development patterns of the slow-waves and the spikes measured from many independent neural clusters confirming that the slow-waves occurred first before the emergence of the spikes in the neural clusters. We also showed that changes in the occurrence frequency of the slow-waves for synaptic blockers were measured from a large number of independent cultures. CONCLUSION Microsized neural cluster arrays, which can be combined with conventional MEAs, are suitable for multiple simultaneous recordings of slow-waves. SIGNIFICANCE Our technology provides a simple but useful method to study the generation of a low-frequency component of the electrical activity in cultured neural networks that are not yet well known as well as to expand the use of conventional MEAs.
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Joo S, Song SY, Nam YS, Nam Y. Stimuli-Responsive Neuronal Networking via Removable Alginate Masks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Joo
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Seuk Young Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sung Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonkey Nam
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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Schürmann M, Shepheard N, Frese N, Geishendorf K, Sudhoff H, Gölzhäuser A, Rückert U, Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B, Thomas A. Technical feasibility study for production of tailored multielectrode arrays and patterning of arranged neuronal networks. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192647. [PMID: 29474358 PMCID: PMC5825013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we first reveal a simple ultra violet laser lithographic method to design and produce plain tailored multielectrode arrays. Secondly, we use the same lithographic setup for surface patterning to enable controlled attachment of primary neuronal cells and help neurite guidance. For multielectrode array production, we used flat borosilicate glass directly structured with the laser lithography system. The multi layered electrode system consists of a layer of titanium coated with a layer of di-titanium nitride. Finally, these electrodes are covered with silicon nitride for insulation. The quality of the custom made multielectrode arrays was investigated by light microscopy, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The performance was verified by the detection of action potentials of primary neurons. The electrical noise of the custom-made MEA was equal to commercially available multielectrode arrays. Additionally, we demonstrated that structured coating with poly lysine, obtained with the aid of the same lithographic system, could be used to attach and guide neurons to designed structures. The process of neuron attachment and neurite guidance was investigated by light microscopy and charged particle microscopy. Importantly, the utilization of the same lithographic system for MEA fabrication and poly lysine structuring will make it easy to align the architecture of the neuronal network to the arrangement of the MEA electrode.. In future studies, this will lead to multielectrode arrays, which are able to specifically attach neuronal cell bodies to their chemically defined electrodes and guide their neurites, gaining a controlled connectivity in the neuronal network. This type of multielectrode array would be able to precisely assign a signal to a certain neuron resulting in an efficient way for analyzing the maturation of the neuronal connectivity in small neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schürmann
- Cell Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- * E-mail: (MS); (AT)
| | - Norman Shepheard
- Center for Spinelectronic Materials and Devices, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Cognitronics and Sensor Systems, Cognitive Interaction Technology Center of Excellence, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Natalie Frese
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kevin Geishendorf
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden), Institute for Metallic Materials, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Sudhoff
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rückert
- Cognitronics and Sensor Systems, Cognitive Interaction Technology Center of Excellence, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Cell Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Molecular Neurobiology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andy Thomas
- Center for Spinelectronic Materials and Devices, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden), Institute for Metallic Materials, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (MS); (AT)
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Massobrio G, Martinoia S, Massobrio P. Equivalent Circuit of the Neuro-Electronic Junction for Signal Recordings From Planar and Engulfed Micro-Nano-Electrodes. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2018; 12:3-12. [PMID: 28981426 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2749451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the latest years, several attempts to develop extracellular microtransducers to record electrophysiological activity of excitable cells have been done. In particular, many efforts have been oriented to increase the coupling conditions, and, thus, improving the quality of the recorded signal. Gold mushroom-shaped microelectrodes (GMμE) are an example of nano-devices to achieve those requirements. In this study, we developed an equivalent electrical circuit of the neuron-microelectrode system interface to simulate signal recordings from both planar and engulfed micro-nano-electrodes. To this purpose, models of the neuron, planar, gold planar microelectrode, and GMμE, neuro-electronic junction (microelectrode-electrolyte interface, cleft effect, and protein-glycocalyx electric double layer) are presented. Then, neuronal electrical activity is simulated by Hspice software, and analyzed as a function of the most sensitive biophysical models parameters, such as the neuron-microelectrode cleft width, spreading and seal resistances, ion-channel densities, double-layer properties, and microelectrode geometries. Results are referenced to the experimentally recorded electrophysiological neuronal signals reported in the literature.
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Mescola A, Canale C, Prato M, Diaspro A, Berdondini L, Maccione A, Dante S. Specific Neuron Placement on Gold and Silicon Nitride-Patterned Substrates through a Two-Step Functionalization Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:6319-6327. [PMID: 27268249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The control of neuron-substrate adhesion has been always a challenge for fabricating neuron-based cell chips and in particular for multielectrode array (MEA) devices, which warrants the investigation of the electrophysiological activity of neuronal networks. The recent introduction of high-density chips based on the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, integrating thousands of electrodes, improved the possibility to sense large networks and raised the challenge to develop newly adapted functionalization techniques to further increase neuron electrode localization to avoid the positioning of cells out of the recording area. Here, we present a simple and straightforward chemical functionalization method that leads to the precise and exclusive positioning of the neural cell bodies onto modified electrodes and inhibits, at the same time, cellular adhesion in the surrounding insulator areas. Different from other approaches, this technique does not require any adhesion molecule as well as complex patterning technique such as μ-contact printing. The functionalization was first optimized on gold (Au) and silicon nitride (Si3N4)-patterned surfaces. The procedure consisted of the introduction of a passivating layer of hydrophobic silane molecules (propyltriethoxysilane [PTES]) followed by a treatment of the Au surface using 11-amino-1-undecanethiol hydrochloride (AT). On model substrates, well-ordered neural networks and an optimal coupling between a single neuron and single micrometric functionalized Au surface were achieved. In addition, we presented the preliminary results of this functionalization method directly applied on a CMOS-MEA: the electrical spontaneous spiking and bursting activities of the network recorded for up to 4 weeks demonstrate an excellent and stable neural adhesion and functional behavior comparable with what expected using a standard adhesion factor, such as polylysine or laminin, thus demonstrating that this procedure can be considered a good starting point to develop alternatives to the traditional chip coatings to provide selective and specific neuron-substrate adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mescola
- Department of Nanophysics, ‡Department of Nanochemistry, and §Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Canale
- Department of Nanophysics, ‡Department of Nanochemistry, and §Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Department of Nanophysics, ‡Department of Nanochemistry, and §Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Department of Nanophysics, ‡Department of Nanochemistry, and §Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Berdondini
- Department of Nanophysics, ‡Department of Nanochemistry, and §Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maccione
- Department of Nanophysics, ‡Department of Nanochemistry, and §Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Dante
- Department of Nanophysics, ‡Department of Nanochemistry, and §Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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