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Simpson S, Chen Y, Wellmeyer E, Smith LC, Aragon Montes B, George O, Kimbrough A. The Hidden Brain: Uncovering Previously Overlooked Brain Regions by Employing Novel Preclinical Unbiased Network Approaches. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:595507. [PMID: 33967705 PMCID: PMC8097000 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.595507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A large focus of modern neuroscience has revolved around preselected brain regions of interest based on prior studies. While there are reasons to focus on brain regions implicated in prior work, the result has been a biased assessment of brain function. Thus, many brain regions that may prove crucial in a wide range of neurobiological problems, including neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders, have been neglected. Advances in neuroimaging and computational neuroscience have made it possible to make unbiased assessments of whole-brain function and identify previously overlooked regions of the brain. This review will discuss the tools that have been developed to advance neuroscience and network-based computational approaches used to further analyze the interconnectivity of the brain. Furthermore, it will survey examples of neural network approaches that assess connectivity in clinical (i.e., human) and preclinical (i.e., animal model) studies and discuss how preclinical studies of neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders can greatly benefit from the unbiased nature of whole-brain imaging and network neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yueyi Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Emma Wellmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Lauren C Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Brianna Aragon Montes
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Adam Kimbrough
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Witharana WKL, Clark BJ, Trivedi V, Mesina L, McNaughton BL. Immediate‐early gene
Homer1a
intranuclear transcription focus intensity as a measure of relative neural activation. Hippocampus 2018; 29:481-490. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing K. L. Witharana
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta Canada
| | - Benjamin J. Clark
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta Canada
- Department of Psychology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Vivek Trivedi
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta Canada
| | - Lilia Mesina
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta Canada
| | - Bruce L. McNaughton
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta Canada
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior University of California at Irvine, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Irvine California
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Clark BJ, Simmons CM, Berkowitz LE, Wilber AA. The retrosplenial-parietal network and reference frame coordination for spatial navigation. Behav Neurosci 2018; 132:416-429. [PMID: 30091619 PMCID: PMC6188841 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex is anatomically positioned to integrate sensory, motor, and visual information and is thought to have an important role in processing spatial information and guiding behavior through complex environments. Anatomical and theoretical work has argued that the retrosplenial cortex participates in spatial behavior in concert with input from the parietal cortex. Although the nature of these interactions is unknown, a central position is that the functional connectivity is hierarchical with egocentric spatial information processed in the parietal cortex and higher-level allocentric mappings generated in the retrosplenial cortex. Here, we review the evidence supporting this proposal. We begin by summarizing the key anatomical features of the retrosplenial-parietal network, and then review studies investigating the neural correlates of these regions during spatial behavior. Our summary of this literature suggests that the retrosplenial-parietal circuitry does not represent a strict hierarchical parcellation of function between the two regions but instead a heterogeneous mixture of egocentric-allocentric coding and integration across frames of reference. We also suggest that this circuitry should be represented as a gradient of egocentric-to-allocentric information processing from parietal to retrosplenial cortices, with more specialized encoding of global allocentric frameworks within the retrosplenial cortex and more specialized egocentric and local allocentric representations in parietal cortex. We conclude by identifying the major gaps in this literature and suggest new avenues of research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Wilber AA, Skelin I, Wu W, McNaughton BL. Laminar Organization of Encoding and Memory Reactivation in the Parietal Cortex. Neuron 2017; 95:1406-1419.e5. [PMID: 28910623 PMCID: PMC5679317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Egocentric neural coding has been observed in parietal cortex (PC), but its topographical and laminar organization is not well characterized. We used multi-site recording to look for evidence of local clustering and laminar consistency of linear and angular velocity encoding in multi-neuronal spiking activity (MUA) and in the high-frequency (300-900 Hz) component of the local field potential (HF-LFP), believed to reflect local spiking activity. Rats were trained to run many trials on a large circular platform, either to LED-cued goal locations or as a spatial sequence from memory. Tuning to specific self-motion states was observed and exhibited distinct cortical depth-invariant coding properties. These patterns of collective local and laminar activation during behavior were reactivated in compressed form during post-experience sleep and temporally coupled to cortical delta waves and hippocampal sharp-wave ripples. Thus, PC neuron motion encoding is consistent across cortical laminae, and this consistency is maintained during memory reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Wilber
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Ivan Skelin
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Statistics, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Bruce L McNaughton
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Maurer AP, Johnson SA, Hernandez AR, Reasor J, Cossio DM, Fertal KE, Mizell JM, Lubke KN, Clark BJ, Burke SN. Age-related Changes in Lateral Entorhinal and CA3 Neuron Allocation Predict Poor Performance on Object Discrimination. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:49. [PMID: 28713251 PMCID: PMC5491840 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related memory deficits correlate with dysfunction in the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus, which includes both hyperactivity and overly rigid activity patterns. While changes in intrinsic membrane currents and interneuron alterations are involved in this process, it is not known whether alterations in afferent input to CA3 also contribute. Neurons in layer II of the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) project directly to CA3 through the perforant path, but no data are available regarding the effects of advanced age on LEC activity and whether these activity patterns update in response to environmental change. Furthermore, it is not known the extent to which age-related deficits in sensory discrimination relate to the inability of aged CA3 neurons to update in response to new environments. Young and aged rats were pre-characterized on a LEGO© object discrimination task, comparable to behavioral tests in humans in which CA3 hyperactivity has been linked to impairments. The cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity with fluorescence in situ hybridization for the immediate-early gene Arc was then used to identify the principal cell populations that were active during two distinct epochs of random foraging in different environments. This approach enabled the extent to which rats could discriminate two similar objects to be related to the ability of CA3 neurons to update across different environments. In both young and aged rats, there were animals that performed poorly on the LEGO object discrimination task. In the aged rats only, however, the poor performers had a higher percent of CA3 neurons that were active during random foraging in a novel environment, but this is not related to the ability of CA3 neurons to remap when the environment changed. Afferent neurons to CA3 in LEC, as identified with the retrograde tracer choleratoxin B (CTB), also showed a higher percentage of cells that were positive for Arc mRNA in aged poor performing rats. This suggests that LEC contributes to the hyperactivity seen in CA3 of aged animals with object discrimination deficits and age-related cognitive decline may be the consequence of dysfunction endemic to the larger network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Maurer
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sarah A Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Abbi R Hernandez
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jordan Reasor
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniela M Cossio
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States.,UF Summer Neuroscience Internship Program, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kaeli E Fertal
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jack M Mizell
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Katelyn N Lubke
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Benjamin J Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New MexicoAlburquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sara N Burke
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, UF Institute on Aging, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
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