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Cao S, Yihao W, Qi T, Xiong A, Liu P, Chen Y, Zeng H, Yu F, Weng J. Combination of stem cells and nerve guide conduit for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury: A meta-analysis. Muscle Nerve 2024; 69:227-238. [PMID: 38063327 DOI: 10.1002/mus.28018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Many small-sized, single-center preclinical studies have investigated the benefits of introducing stem cells into the interior of nerve conduit. The aims of this meta-analysis are to review and contrast the effects of various types of stem cells in in vivo models used to reconstruct peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) and to assess the reliability and stability of the available evidence. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science to identify studies conducted from January 1, 2000, to September 21, 2022, and investigate stem cell therapy in peripheral nerve reconstruction animal models. Studies that met the relevant criteria were deemed eligible for this meta-analysis. RESULTS Fifty-five preclinical studies with a total of 1234 animals were incorporated. Stem cells demonstrated a positive impact on peripheral nerve regeneration at different follow-up times in the forest plots of five outcome indicators: compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, latency, muscle mass ratio, nerve conduction velocity, and sciatic functional index (SFI). In most comparisons, stem cell groups showed substantial differences compared with the control groups. The superior performance of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in terms of SFI, CMAP amplitude, and latency (p < .001) was identified. DISCUSSION The findings consistently demonstrated a favorable outcome in the reconstruction process when utilizing different groups of stem cells, as opposed to control groups where stem cells were not employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Cao
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yihao
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Qi
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Xiong
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqi Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Weng
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Gitik M, Elberg G, Reichert F, Tal M, Rotshenker S. Deletion of CD47 from Schwann cells and macrophages hastens myelin disruption/dismantling and scavenging in Schwann cells and augments myelin debris phagocytosis in macrophages. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:243. [PMID: 37872624 PMCID: PMC10594853 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelin that surrounds axons breaks in trauma and disease; e.g., peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries (PNI and SCI) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Resulting myelin debris hinders repair if not effectively scavenged by Schwann cells and macrophages in PNI and by microglia in SCI and MS. We showed previously that myelin debris evades phagocytosis as CD47 on myelin ligates SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) on macrophages and microglia, triggering SIRPα to inhibit phagocytosis in phagocytes. Using PNI as a model, we tested the in vivo significance of SIRPα-dependent phagocytosis inhibition in SIRPα null mice, showing that SIRPα deletion leads to accelerated myelin debris clearance, axon regeneration and recovery of function from PNI. Herein, we tested how deletion of CD47, a SIRPα ligand and a cell surface receptor on Schwann cells and phagocytes, affects recovery from PNI. METHODS Using CD47 null (CD47-/-) and wild type mice, we studied myelin disruption/dismantling and debris clearance, axon regeneration and recovery of function from PNI. RESULTS As expected from CD47 on myelin acting as a SIRPα ligand that normally triggers SIRPα-dependent phagocytosis inhibition in phagocytes, myelin debris clearance, axon regeneration and function recovery were all faster in CD47-/- mice than in wild type mice. Unexpectedly compared with wild type mice, myelin debris clearance started sooner and CD47-deleted Schwann cells displayed enhanced disruption/dismantling and scavenging of myelin in CD47-/- mice. Furthermore, CD47-deleted macrophages from CD47-/- mice phagocytosed more myelin debris than CD47-expressing phagocytes from wild type mice. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals two novel normally occurring CD47-dependent mechanisms that impede myelin debris clearance. First, CD47 expressed on Schwann cells inhibits myelin disruption/dismantling and debris scavenging in Schwann cells. Second, CD47 expressed on macrophages inhibits myelin debris phagocytosis in phagocytes. The two add to a third mechanism that we previously documented whereby CD47 on myelin ligates SIRPα on macrophages and microglia, triggering SIRPα-dependent phagocytosis inhibition in phagocytes. Thus, CD47 plays multiple inhibitory roles that combined impede myelin debris clearance, leading to delayed recovery from PNI. Similar inhibitory roles in microglia may hinder recovery from other pathologies in which repair depends on efficient phagocytosis (e.g., SCI and MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Gitik
- Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC, Hebrew University, Ein-Kerem Campus, 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
- Genomic Research Branch, Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science (DNBBS), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Rockville, USA
| | - Gerard Elberg
- Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC, Hebrew University, Ein-Kerem Campus, 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fanny Reichert
- Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC, Hebrew University, Ein-Kerem Campus, 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Tal
- Medical Neurobiology, Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Research on Pain, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Rotshenker
- Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC, Hebrew University, Ein-Kerem Campus, 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Krasnoff C, Ferrin P, Peters BR. Donor and Recipient Nerve Axon Counts in Gender-affirming Radial Forearm Phalloplasty: Informing Choice of Nerve Coaptations. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2023; 11:e4971. [PMID: 37180984 PMCID: PMC10171577 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000004971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A key component of success of a nerve transfer is the innervation density, which is directly affected by the donor nerve axonal density and donor-to-recipient (D:R) axon ratio. Optimal D:R axon ratio for a nerve transfer is quoted at 0.7:1 or greater. In phalloplasty surgery, there are currently minimal data available to help inform selection of donor and recipient nerves, including unavailability of axon counts. Methods Five transmasculine people who underwent gender-affirming radial forearm phalloplasty had nerve specimens processed with histomorphometric evaluation to determine axon counts and approximate donor-to-recipient axon ratios. Results Mean axon counts for recipient nerves were 6957 ± 1098 [the lateral antebrachial (LABC)], 1866 ± 590 [medial antebrachial (MABC)], and 1712 ± 121 [posterior antebrachial cutaneous (PABC)]. Mean axon counts for donor nerves were 2301 ± 551 [ilioinguinal (IL)] and 5140 ± 218 [dorsal nerve of the clitoris (DNC)]. D:R axon ratios using mean axon counts were DNC:LABC 0.739 (0.61-1.03), DNC:MABC 2.754 (1.83-5.91), DNC:PABC 3.002 (2.71-3.53), IL:LABC 0.331 (0.24-0.46), IL:MABC 1.233 (0.86-1.17), and IL:PABC 1.344 (0.85-1.82). Conclusions The DNC is the more powerful donor nerve with greater than two times the axon count of the IL. The IL nerve may be under-powered to re-innervate the LABC based on an axon ratio consistently less than 0.7:1. All other mean D:R are more than 0.7:1. DNC axon counts may be excessive for re-innervation of the MABC or PABC alone with D:R of more than 2.5:1, potentially increasing risk of neuroma formation at the coaptation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Krasnoff
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oreg
| | - Peter Ferrin
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oreg
| | - Blair R. Peters
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oreg
- Transgender Health Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oreg
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Kaplan AA, Önger ME, Kaplan S. THE EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN AND BLUEBERRY ON AXONAL REGENERATION AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 130:102260. [PMID: 36965643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the axonal regeneration and therapeutic effects of curcumin and blueberry administration following peripheral nerve injury using stereological, electron microscopic and electrophysiological methods. Animals in were assigned into one of four groups - control (Cont), injury (Inj), injury+curcumin (Cur) and injury+blueberry (Blue). Following the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury (75 Newtons for 5sec) in the Inj, Cur, and Blue groups, the rats in the Cur group received intraperitoneal injection of 30mg/kg curcumin (Sigma C1386) and the rats in the Blue group received 4g/kg blueberry by gavage over a four-week period. The rats in the Cont and Inj groups were not exposed to any substance. All animals were given standard chow. Sciatic functional index analyses were performed on the 14th and 28th days after injury, and electromyography (EMG) results were recorded. Stereological analysis of the nerve was performed under light microscopy. Light and electron microscopies were used for the histopathological evaluation of the sciatic nerve. Analysis of myelinated axon numbers revealed no significant differences between the Inj group and the Cur and Blue groups. However, a significant difference was observed between the Blue and Inj groups in terms of axonal areas. EMG test results differed between the Blue and the Inj groups (p<0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the Inj and Cur groups. Electron microscopic analysis revealed protective effects of curcumin and blueberry treatment after injury. The use of the curcumin and blueberry may represent a supportive approach to the protection of nerve fibers after peripheral nerve crush injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arife Ahsen Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medicine Faculty, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Önger
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medicine Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medicine Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey; Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
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Uloko M, Isabey EP, Peters BR. How many nerve fibers innervate the human glans clitoris: a histomorphometric evaluation of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris. J Sex Med 2023; 20:247-252. [PMID: 36763957 DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is frequently quoted in mainstream media that the clitoris has "8000 nerve endings." However, no study has yet quantified the number of nerve fibers (axons) innervating the human clitoris. The dorsal nerves of the clitoris (DNCs) are the primary source of sensation and somatic clitoral innervation. Therefore, reporting the number of axons in the DNCs is an important step in our understanding of clitoral innervation and sexual response with implications for many fields of medical practice. The purpose of this study is to quantify the mean number of axons in the human DNCs and to report the approximate mean number of nerve fibers that innervate the human glans clitoris. METHODS DNC samples were obtained from 7 transmasculine patients undergoing gender-affirming phalloplasty surgery. At the time of nerve coaptation, a small excess of the DNC (5 mm) was collected for analysis at the proximal level of the clitoral body, just distal of the emergence of the DNCs from underneath the pubic symphysis. Samples were placed into 3% glutaraldehyde fixative, postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, and serially dehydrated in ethanol and toluene. Samples were then embedded in araldite, sectioned on an ultramicrotome into 1-μm cross sections, and counterstained with 1% toluidine blue. Histomorphometric evaluation was performed at 1000x magnification with a Leitz Laborlux S microscope and image analysis software (Clemex Vision Professional) to obtain an axon counts. Descriptive statistics were performed to yield a mean and standard deviation of the number of axons in the DNCs. Assuming anatomic symmetry between bilateral DNCs, mean total number of somatic nerve fibers innervating the human glans clitoris was obtained by doubling the mean count of the DNCs. RESULTS Seven sample DNCs were collected. Of those, 5 were analyzed as 2 did not have sufficient nerve tissue present. The mean number of nerve fibers in the human DNCs was 5140 (SD = 218.4). The mean number of myelinated nerve fibers innervating the human clitoris was 10,281 (SD = 436.8). CONCLUSION This study is the first to report the number of axons in the human DNC, at a mean 5140. Given the bilateral nature of clitoral innervation and symmetry of anatomic structures, the approximate mean number of myelinated axons that innervate the human glans clitoris is 10,280. When the uncaptured unmyelinated fibers and contributions from the cavernosal innervation are accounted for, it is clear that far Moree than 8000 axons innervate the human clitoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Uloko
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Erika P Isabey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E EP5, Canada
| | - Blair R Peters
- Transgender Health Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
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Yashchyshyn ZM, Kreminska IB, Medynskyi MI, Fedorak VM, Ziablitsev SV, Diadyk OO, Fedoniuk LY. TISSUE EXPRESSION OF NEURONAL PROTEINS DURING SCIATIC NERVE REGENERATION AND INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SPECTRUM LASER RADIATION. POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2023; 51:112-119. [PMID: 37254757 DOI: 10.36740/merkur202302102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim: To determine the effect of laser irradiation of different spectrum on the expression of neuronal proteins (GFAP, S100, NSE and NF-L) in the sciatic nerve during its regeneration after crossing and surgical suturing. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The experiment was performed on 60 laboratory rats of the Wistar line (200-250 g) with crossing of the left sciatic nerve and sutur¬ing with an epineural suture end to end 30 minutes after neurotomy. 90 days later, an immunohistochemical study was performed using specific antibodies (Thermo Fisher Scientific; USA). RESULTS Results: A study of the marker of non-myelin Schwann GFAP cells showed their pronounced activation with germination in nerve thickness and the formation of weaves of processes around regenerated nerve fibers. The number of S-100-positive myelin Schwann cells decreased, the heterogeneity of their color and the loss of processes were determined. It showed a general decrease in the intensity of NSE- and NF-L-positive staining of nerve fibers regenerated after neurotomy, which was less pronounced when irradiated with a laser with a wavelength of 450-480 nm and 520 nm. CONCLUSION Conclusions: In general, the use of laser radiation had a positive effect on the repair of nerve fibers after neurotomy. According to the immunohistochemical study of neuromarkers, the effect of laser irradiation of the blue spectrum was the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iryna B Kreminska
- IVANO-FRANKIVSK NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, IVANO-FRANKIVSK, UKRAINE
| | | | | | | | - Olena O Diadyk
- V.SHUPYK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH CARE OF UKRAINE, KYIV, UKRAINE
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Anatomic Comparison of Recipient Nerves for Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Neurotization: A Randomized Control Trial. Ann Plast Surg 2022; 88:641-646. [PMID: 35180745 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although neurotization has the potential to improve sensory outcomes after autologous breast reconstruction, this technique remains controversial. There is debate regarding the clinical outcomes and the recipient nerve of choice. This histoanatomical study aims to quantitatively compare the sensory components of the recipient nerves involved in neurotization of the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. METHODS Subjects undergoing bilateral autologous breast reconstruction were enrolled. Transected nerve specimens underwent immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against neurofilament 1 and choline acetyltransferase for total and motor neurons within the axons, respectively. Photomicrographs were captured, and axons were analyzed using ImageJ. Sensory axons were calculated as equal to the difference between the total and cholinergic axonal counts. RESULTS Thirty-eight nerves from 19 subjects were included. The overall mean sensory axon count was 1246.3 (±1171.9) in the lateral cutaneous branch (LCB) of the fourth intercostal nerve and 1123.8 (±1213.0) in the anterior cutaneous branch (ACB) of the third intercostal nerve.The fourth LCB presented with an additional 10.9% sensory axonal count (P > 0.05). On average, sensory fibers constituted 36.7% and 31.7% of all fibers in the third ACBs and fourth LCBs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study provides anatomic and histological evidence that the fourth LCB and third ACB contain comparable mean numbers of sensory axons. Both constitute adequate recipient nerves for coaptation in deep inferior epigastric perforator reinnervation to achieve optimal sensory return after breast reconstruction. The fourth LCB should be preferable when the third ACB remains intact to preserve any native breast flap sensation.
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IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF NEUROFILAMENTS IN THE SCIATIC NERVE, WHICH REGENERATES AFTER NEUROTOMY AND SURGICAL SUTURING. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2022-3-81-252-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fadia NB, Bliley JM, DiBernardo GA, Crammond DJ, Schilling BK, Sivak WN, Spiess AM, Washington KM, Waldner M, Liao HT, James IB, Minteer DM, Tompkins-Rhoades C, Cottrill AR, Kim DY, Schweizer R, Bourne DA, Panagis GE, Asher Schusterman M, Egro FM, Campwala IK, Simpson T, Weber DJ, Gause T, Brooker JE, Josyula T, Guevara AA, Repko AJ, Mahoney CM, Marra KG. Long-gap peripheral nerve repair through sustained release of a neurotrophic factor in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:12/527/eaav7753. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav7753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Severe injuries to peripheral nerves are challenging to repair. Standard-of-care treatment for nerve gaps >2 to 3 centimeters is autografting; however, autografting can result in neuroma formation, loss of sensory function at the donor site, and increased operative time. To address the need for a synthetic nerve conduit to treat large nerve gaps, we investigated a biodegradable poly(caprolactone) (PCL) conduit with embedded double-walled polymeric microspheres encapsulating glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) capable of providing a sustained release of GDNF for >50 days in a 5-centimeter nerve defect in a rhesus macaque model. The GDNF-eluting conduit (PCL/GDNF) was compared to a median nerve autograft and a PCL conduit containing empty microspheres (PCL/Empty). Functional testing demonstrated similar functional recovery between the PCL/GDNF-treated group (75.64 ± 10.28%) and the autograft-treated group (77.49 ± 19.28%); both groups were statistically improved compared to PCL/Empty-treated group (44.95 ± 26.94%). Nerve conduction velocity 1 year after surgery was increased in the PCL/GDNF-treated macaques (31.41 ± 15.34 meters/second) compared to autograft (25.45 ± 3.96 meters/second) and PCL/Empty (12.60 ± 3.89 meters/second) treatment. Histological analyses included assessment of Schwann cell presence, myelination of axons, nerve fiber density, and g-ratio. PCL/GDNF group exhibited a statistically greater average area occupied by individual Schwann cells at the distal nerve (11.60 ± 33.01 μm2) compared to autograft (4.62 ± 3.99 μm2) and PCL/Empty (4.52 ± 5.16 μm2) treatment groups. This study demonstrates the efficacious bridging of a long peripheral nerve gap in a nonhuman primate model using an acellular, biodegradable nerve conduit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil B. Fadia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Bliley
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Donald J. Crammond
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Wesley N. Sivak
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alexander M. Spiess
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kia M. Washington
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Matthias Waldner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Han-Tsung Liao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Isaac B. James
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Danielle M. Minteer
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Adam R. Cottrill
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Deok-Yeol Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Riccardo Schweizer
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Debra A. Bourne
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - George E. Panagis
- Department of Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - M. Asher Schusterman
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Francesco M. Egro
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Tyler Simpson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Douglas J. Weber
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Trent Gause
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jack E. Brooker
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tvisha Josyula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Astrid A. Guevara
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alexander J. Repko
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Kacey G. Marra
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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