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Alfaar AS, Stürzbecher L, Diedrichs-Möhring M, Lam M, Roubeix C, Ritter J, Schumann K, Annamalai B, Pompös IM, Rohrer B, Sennlaub F, Reichhart N, Wildner G, Strauß O. FoxP3 expression by retinal pigment epithelial cells: transcription factor with potential relevance for the pathology of age-related macular degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:260. [PMID: 36273134 PMCID: PMC9588251 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Forkhead-Box-Protein P3 (FoxP3) is a transcription factor and marker of regulatory T cells, converting naive T cells into Tregs that can downregulate the effector function of other T cells. We previously detected the expression of FoxP3 in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, forming the outer blood–retina barrier of the immune privileged eye. Methods We investigated the expression, subcellular localization, and phosphorylation of FoxP3 in RPE cells in vivo and in vitro after treatment with various stressors including age, retinal laser burn, autoimmune inflammation, exposure to cigarette smoke, in addition of IL-1β and mechanical cell monolayer destruction. Eye tissue from humans, mouse models of retinal degeneration and rats, and ARPE-19, a human RPE cell line for in vitro experiments, underwent immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence staining, and PCR or immunoblot analysis to determine the intracellular localization and phosphorylation of FoxP3. Cytokine expression of stressed cultured RPE cells was investigated by multiplex bead analysis. Depletion of the FoxP3 gene was performed with CRISPR/Cas9 editing. Results RPE in vivo displayed increased nuclear FoxP3-expression with increases in age and inflammation, long-term exposure of mice to cigarette smoke, or after laser burn injury. The human RPE cell line ARPE-19 constitutively expressed nuclear FoxP3 under non-confluent culture conditions, representing a regulatory phenotype under chronic stress. Confluently grown cells expressed cytosolic FoxP3 that was translocated to the nucleus after treatment with IL-1β to imitate activated macrophages or after mechanical destruction of the monolayer. Moreover, with depletion of FoxP3, but not of a control gene, by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing decreased stress resistance of RPE cells. Conclusion Our data suggest that FoxP3 is upregulated by age and under cellular stress and might be important for RPE function. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02620-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Samir Alfaar
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ulm, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lucas Stürzbecher
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Diedrichs-Möhring
- Section of Immunobiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Lam
- Institut de La Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Roubeix
- Institut de La Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Julia Ritter
- Institut Für Med. Mikrobiologie, Immunologie Und Hygiene, TU München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schumann
- Institut Für Med. Mikrobiologie, Immunologie Und Hygiene, TU München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Balasubramaniam Annamalai
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Inga-Marie Pompös
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- Institut de La Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Reichhart
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhild Wildner
- Section of Immunobiology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Olaf Strauß
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Are rats more human than mice? Immunobiology 2019; 224:172-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Diedrichs-Möhring M, Kaufmann U, Wildner G. The immunopathogenesis of chronic and relapsing autoimmune uveitis – Lessons from experimental rat models. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 65:107-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Glycosaminoglycans are important mediators of neutrophilic inflammation in vivo. Cytokine 2017; 91:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dry eye disease and uveitis: A closer look at immune mechanisms in animal models of two ocular autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:1181-1192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Adage T, Piccinini AM, Falsone A, Trinker M, Robinson J, Gesslbauer B, Kungl AJ. Structure-based design of decoy chemokines as a way to explore the pharmacological potential of glycosaminoglycans. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1195-205. [PMID: 22747966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of highly negatively charged, unbranched, O-linked polysaccharides that are involved in many diseases. Their role as a protein-binding matrix on cell surfaces has long been recognized, but therapeutic approaches to interfere with protein-GAG interactions have been limited due to the complex chemistry of GAGs, on one hand, and due to the lack of specific antibodies against GAGs, on the other hand. We have developed a protein engineering platform (the so-called CellJammer(®) technology), which enables us to introduce higher GAG-binding affinity into wild-type GAG-binding proteins and to combine this with impaired biological, receptor-binding function. Chemokines are among the prototypic GAG-binding proteins and here we present selected results of our CellJammer technology applied to several of these proinflammatory proteins. An overview is given of our lead decoy protein, PA401, which is a CXCL8-based mutant protein with increased GAG-binding affinity and decreased CXCR1/2 binding and activation. Major results from our CCL2 and CCL5 programmes are also summarized and the potential for clinical application of these decoy proteins is presented.
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Dynamics of intraocular IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-10-producing cell populations during relapsing and monophasic rat experimental autoimmune uveitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49008. [PMID: 23155443 PMCID: PMC3498374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major limitation of most animal models of autoimmune diseases is that they do not reproduce the chronic or relapsing-remitting pattern characteristic of many human autoimmune diseases. This problem has been overcome in our rat models of experimentally induced monophasic or relapsing-remitting autoimmune uveitis (EAU), which depend on the inducing antigen peptides from retinal S-Antigen (monophasic EAU) or interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (relapsing EAU). These models enable us to compare autoreactive and regulatory T cell populations. Intraocular, but not peripheral T cells differ in their cytokine profiles (IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-10) at distinct time points during monophasic or relapsing EAU. Only intraocular T cells concomitantly produced IFN-γ, IL-17 and/or IL-10. Monophasic EAU presented rising numbers of cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-17 (Th1/Th17) and cells expressing IL-10 or Foxp3. During relapsing uveitis an increase of intraocular IFN-γ+ cells and a concomitant decrease of IL-17+ cells was detected, while IL-10+ populations remained stable. Foxp3+ cells and cells expressing IL-10, even in combination with IFN-γ or IL-17, increased during the resolution of monophasic EAU, suggesting a regulatory role for these T cells. In general, cells producing multiple cytokines increased in monophasic and decreased in relapsing EAU. The distinct appearance of certain intraocular populations with characteristics of regulatory cells points to a differential influence of the ocular environment on T cells that induce acute and monophasic or relapsing disease. Here we provide evidence that different autoantigens can elicit distinct and differently regulated immune responses. IFN-γ, but not IL-17 seems to be the key player in relapsing-remitting uveitis, as shown by increased, synchronized relapses after intraocular application of IFN-γ. We demonstrated dynamic changes of the cytokine pattern during monophasic and relapsing-remitting disease with strongly increasing IL-10 expression in intraocular T cells during monophasic uveitis.
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Chevigné A, Fievez V, Schmit JC, Deroo S. Engineering and screening the N-terminus of chemokines for drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1438-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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von Toerne C, Sieg C, Kaufmann U, Diedrichs-Möhring M, Nelson PJ, Wildner G. Effector T cells driving monophasic vs. relapsing/remitting experimental autoimmune uveitis show unique pathway signatures. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:272-80. [PMID: 20727594 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases often show a relapsing-remitting course. Here we describe characteristics of the autoreactive T cell response in the Lewis rat model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a model for the clinical heterogeneity seen in human uveitis. Depending on the autoantigen used, the experimental disease course can be either monophasic or relapsing/remitting. This appears to be dictated by subtle differences in the T cell effector phenotype elicited. Using transcriptomic profiling and pathway analysis, the molecular basis for the monophasic vs. relapsing/remitting effector T cell phenotype was investigated. CD4+ T cell lines specific for peptide R14 derived from interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), which mediate the relapsing disease, were compared to the monophasic disease-inducing lines responding to retinal S-antigen peptide PDSAg. Expression profiles from T cell lines representing each specificity were analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays. Differential gene expression was confirmed and extended by quantitative PCR and verified on the protein level. A set of genes was uniquely upregulated in the R14-specific T cells. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated that these genes were linked to regulatory pathways associated with antigen presentation, lymphocyte activation, regulation of apoptosis and WNT/Hedgehog signaling. R14-specific T cells were further demonstrated to have prolonged survival in vivo, and a Th1-dominated cytokine profile, while the PDSAg-specific T cells lines were more Th17-prone. Our findings suggest that the nature of specific antigens leads to subtle programming of the effector phenotype underlying recurrent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine von Toerne
- Clin. Biochemistry, Medical Policlinic, Clinic of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Schillerstr. 42, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Piccinini AM, Knebl K, Rek A, Wildner G, Diedrichs-Möhring M, Kungl AJ. Rationally evolving MCP-1/CCL2 into a decoy protein with potent anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8782-92. [PMID: 20097750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.043299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment from the blood into injured tissues during inflammatory diseases is the result of sequential events involving chemokines binding to their GPC receptors as well as to their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) co-receptors. The induction and the crucial role of MCP-1/CCL2 in the course of diseases that feature monocyte-rich infiltrates have been validated in many animal models, and several MCP-1/CCL2 as well as CCR2 antagonists have since been generated. However, despite some of them being shown to be efficacious in a number of animal models, many failed in clinical trials, and therapeutically interfering with the activity of this chemokine is not yet possible. We have therefore generated novel MCP-1/CCL2 mutants with increased GAG binding affinity and knocked out CCR2 activity, which were designed to interrupt the MCP-1/CCL2-related signaling cascade. We provide evidence that our lead mutant MCP-1(Y13A/S21K/Q23R) exhibits a 4-fold higher affinity toward the natural MCP-1 GAG ligand heparan sulfate and that it shows a complete deficiency in activating CCR2 on THP-1 cells. Furthermore, a significantly longer residual time on GAG ligands was observed by surface plasmon resonance. Finally, we were able to show that MCP-1(Y13A/S21K/Q23R) had a mild ameliorating effect on experimental autoimmune uveitis and that a marginal effect on oral tolerance in the group co-fed with Met-MCP-1(Y13A/S21K/Q23R) plus immunogenic peptide PDSAg was observed. These results suggest that disrupting wild type chemokine-GAG interactions by a chemokine-based antagonist can result in anti-inflammatory activity that could have potential therapeutic implications.
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Camelo S, Lajavardi L, Bochot A, Goldenberg B, Naud MC, Brunel N, Lescure B, Klein C, Fattal E, Behar-Cohen F, de Kozak Y. Protective effect of intravitreal injection of vasoactive intestinal peptide-loaded liposomes on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2009; 25:9-21. [PMID: 19232006 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2008.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a single intravitreal (i.v.t.) injection of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) loaded in rhodamine-conjugated liposomes (VIP-Rh-Lip) on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). METHODS An i.v.t. injection of VIP-Rh-Lip, saline, VIP, or empty-(E)-Rh-Lip was performed simultaneously, either 6 or 12 days after footpad immunization with retinal S-antigen in Lewis rats. Clinical and histologic scores were determined. Immunohistochemistry and cytokine quantification by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed in ocular tissues. Systemic immune response was determined at day 20 postimmunization by measuring proliferation and cytokine secretion of cells from inguinal lymph nodes (ILNs) draining the immunization site, specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and the serum concentration of cytokines. Ocular and systemic biodistribution of VIP-Rh-Lip was studied in normal and EAU rats by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The i.v.t. injection of VIP-Rh-Lip performed during the afferent, but not the efferent, phase of the disease reduced clinical EAU and protected against retinal damage. No effect was observed after saline, E-Rh-Lip, or VIP injection. VIP-Rh-Lip and VIP were detected in intraocular macrophages and in lymphoid organs. In VIP-Rh-Lip-treated eyes, macrophages expressed transforming growth factor-beta2, low levels of major histocompatibility complex class II, and nitric oxide synthase-2. T-cells showed activated caspase-3 with the preservation of photoreceptors. Intraocular levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-17, IL-4, GRO/KC, and CCL5 were reduced with increased IL-13. At the systemic level, treatment reduced retinal soluble autoantigen lymphocyte proliferation, decreased IL-2, and increased IL-10 in ILN cells, and diminished specific DTH and serum concentration of IL-12 and IFN-gamma. CONCLUSIONS An i.v.t. injection of VIP-Rh-Lip, performed during the afferent stage of immune response, reduced EAU pathology through the immunomodulation of intraocular macrophages and deviant stimulation of T-cells in ILN. Thus, the encapsulation of VIP within liposomes appears as an effective strategy to deliver VIP into the eye and is an efficient means of the prevention of EAU severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Camelo
- INSERM, U872 Physiopathology of Ocular Disease, Therapeutic Innovations, Paris, France
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Crane IJ, Liversidge J. Mechanisms of leukocyte migration across the blood-retina barrier. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:165-77. [PMID: 18305941 PMCID: PMC2315689 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammation in the retina is regulated by a combination of anatomical, physiological and immuno-regulatory mechanisms, referred to as the blood-retina barrier (BRB). The BRB is thought to be part of the specialised ocular microenvironment that confers protection or "immune privilege" by deviating or suppressing destructive inflammation. The barrier between the blood circulation and the retina is maintained at two separate anatomical sites. These are the endothelial cells of the inner retinal vasculature and the retinal pigment epithelial cells on Bruch's membrane between the fenestrated choroidal vessels and the outer retina. The structure and regulation of the tight junctions forming the physical barrier are described. For leukocyte migration across the BRB to occur, changes are needed in both the leukocytes themselves and the cells forming the barrier. We review how the blood-retina barrier is compromised in various inflammatory diseases and discuss the mechanisms controlling leukocyte subset migration into the retina in uveoretinitis in more detail. In particular, we examine the relative roles of selectins and integrins in leukocyte interactions with the vascular endothelium and the pivotal role of chemokines in selective recruitment of leukocyte subsets, triggering adhesion, diapedesis and migration of inflammatory cells into the retinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel J. Crane
- School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD Scotland UK
| | - Janet Liversidge
- School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD Scotland UK
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Diedrichs-Mohring M, Hoffmann C, Wildner G. Antigen-dependent monophasic or recurrent autoimmune uveitis in rats. Int Immunol 2008; 20:365-74. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Diedrichs-Möhring M, Thurau SR, Wildner G. Labrafil--a new adjuvant for peptide-specific oral tolerance in rat experimental autoimmune uveitis. Pharmacol Res 2007; 57:26-31. [PMID: 18042397 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Application of soluble antigen via the oral route results in systemic antigen-specific tolerance, a therapeutic approach that has already been used for uveitis patients. In the Lewis rat experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) can be induced by active immunisation with retinal antigens such as retinal soluble antigen (S-Ag) or interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) and peptides thereof. These normally pathogenic antigens can also be used to induce oral tolerance. In order to optimize oral tolerance induction we analysed the effect of Labrafil M 2125 CS, an orally administrable composition for pharmaceutical use, consisting of fatty acid esters and glycerides and capable of forming micro emulsions. Feeding peptide emulsified in Labrafil M 2125 CS/PBS prior to immunisation significantly improved oral tolerance compared to feeding peptide in PBS only. We observed a delayed onset of disease, reduced intraocular inflammation and less retinal destruction. Application of Labrafil M 2125 CS without tolerogen had no effect. Combined feeding of peptide with Labrafil M 2125 CS even allowed 10-fold reduction of the tolerogenic peptide dose. Furthermore, the effect of Labrafil M 2125 CS upon oral tolerance was dose-dependent, a peptide emulsion containing 0.5-2% Labrafil M 2125 CS achieved a maximal enhancement of oral tolerance induction, suggesting that Labrafil M 2125 CS might be a useful adjuvant to enhance therapeutic use of oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Diedrichs-Möhring
- Department of Ophthalmology, Section of Immunobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Mathildenstr. 8, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
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Curnow SJ, Murray PI. Inflammatory mediators of uveitis: cytokines and chemokines. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2007; 17:532-7. [PMID: 17065921 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32801094b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The study of uveitis has been restricted by the difficulty in obtaining sufficient intraocular material from both human disease and experimental models. Recent developments in cytokine and chemokine detection have overcome many of these problems. This review presents a summary of the technologic advances in this area. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in cytokine analysis, in particular multiplexed bead immunoassays, have allowed the measurement of an extensive array of cytokines and chemokines from very small sample volumes. This has revolutionized uveitis research, enabling measurement of a large profile of cytokines and chemokines in intraocular fluid, such as aqueous humour. This allows us to recognize complex patterns of cytokines and chemokines from different forms of uveitis and to examine relationships between different molecules. SUMMARY The spectrum of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines known to be implicated in uveitis has increased over recent years. Many of these molecules have also been found in experimental models of disease and may represent attractive therapeutic targets for the future. With recent advances in cytokine detection, an extension of these techniques with a more detailed analysis of different uveitis conditions may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information for this potentially blinding group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S John Curnow
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, UK.
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Ness TL, Kunkel SL, Hogaboam CM. CCR5 antagonists: the answer to inflammatory disease? Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006; 16:1051-65. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.8.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Capoulade-Métay C, Ayouba A, Kfutwah A, Lole K, Pêtres S, Dudoit Y, Deterre P, Menu E, Barré-Sinoussi F, Debré P, Theodorou I. A natural CCL5/RANTES variant antagonist for CCR1 and CCR3. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:533-41. [PMID: 16791620 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal domain of the chemokine CCL5/regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) has been shown to be critical for its biological activity on leukocytes. Several N-terminus-modified CCL5/RANTES derivatives, such as N-Terminal truncated CCL5/RANTES, Met-RANTES, and amino-oxypentane (AOP)-RANTES exhibited antagonist or partial agonist functions when investigated on the properties of their receptors CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5. Studying 95 African samples from Cameroon, we found a naturally occurring variant of CCL5/RANTES containing a missense mutation located in the first amino acid of the secreted form (S24F). S24F binds CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5 and triggers receptor down-modulation comparable to CCL5/RANTES. Moreover, in CCR5 positive cells, S24F elicits cellular calcium mobilization equivalent to that obtained with CCL5/RANTES. By contrast, S24F does not provoke any response in CCR1 and CCR3 positive cells. As CCL5/RANTES is able to attract different subtypes of leukocytes into inflamed tissue and intervenes in a wide range of allergic and autoimmune diseases, the discovery of this natural N-terminus-modified CCL5/RANTES analogue exhibiting differential effects on CCL5/RANTES receptors, opens up additional perspectives for therapeutic intervention.
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Jia Y, Li H, Chen W, Li M, Lv M, Feng P, Hu H, Zhang L. Prevention of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by in vivo expression of a novel recombinant immunotoxin DT390-RANTES. Gene Ther 2006; 13:1351-9. [PMID: 16708076 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Chemokine receptor CCR5 has been shown to be essential for the T-cell recruitment to the inflammatory site in EAE. In this study, we assumed that an immunotoxin directed at CCR5+ cells would be able to reduce the disease activity of EAE. A recombinant immunotoxin, DT390-RANTES-SRalpha, was constructed in an eukaryotic cell expression plasmid consisting of regulated on activation normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) as the targeting moiety and DT390 as the toxic moiety. DT390-RANTES was expressed in vitro and was highly toxic to activated mouse T cells with the inhibitory concentration 50 at 0.18 ng/ml. To evaluate whether DT390-RANTES was effective in preventing EAE, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with myelin basic protein, emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant and were treated by injecting cationic liposome-embedded plasmid DNA into the muscle of hind limbs. Mice treated with DT390-RANTES-SRalpha developed a much milder EAE compared to mice treated with phosphate-buffered saline or the empty plasmid DNA. Much less CCR5+-infiltrating cells were found in the central nervous system in DT390-RANTES-SRalpha-treated mice than in the control mice. This study indicates that recombinant immunotoxin can be expressed in vivo, and targeting CCR5 can attenuate the disease activity of EAE in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jia
- West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Toscano MA, Commodaro AG, Ilarregui JM, Bianco GA, Liberman A, Serra HM, Hirabayashi J, Rizzo LV, Rabinovich GA. Galectin-1 Suppresses Autoimmune Retinal Disease by Promoting Concomitant Th2- and T Regulatory-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6323-32. [PMID: 16670344 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.10.6323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular inflammatory diseases are a common cause of severe visual impairment and blindness. In this study, we investigated the immunoregulatory role of galectin-1 (Gal-1), an endogenous lectin found at sites of T cell activation and immune privilege, in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a Th1-mediated model of retinal disease. Treatment with rGal-1 either early or late during the course of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-induced EAU was sufficient to suppress ocular pathology, inhibit leukocyte infiltration, and counteract pathogenic Th1 cells. Administration of rGal-1 at the early or late phases of EAU ameliorated disease by skewing the uveitogenic response toward nonpathogenic Th2 or T regulatory-mediated anti-inflammatory responses. Consistently, adoptive transfer of CD4(+) regulatory T cells obtained from rGal-1-treated mice prevented the development of active EAU in syngeneic recipients. In addition, increased levels of apoptosis were detected in lymph nodes from mice treated with rGal-1 during the efferent phase of the disease. Our results underscore the ability of Gal-1 to counteract Th1-mediated responses through different, but potentially overlapping anti-inflammatory mechanisms and suggest a possible therapeutic use of this protein for the treatment of human uveitic diseases of autoimmune etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Toscano
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Avenida Córdoba 2351, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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