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Roberts A, Bentley L, Tang T, Stewart F, Pallini C, Juvvanapudi J, Wallace GR, Cooper AJ, Scott A, Thickett D, Lugg ST, Bancroft H, Hemming B, Ferris C, Langman G, Robinson A, Chapman J, Naidu B, Pinkney T, Taylor GS, Brock K, Stamataki Z, Brady CA, Curnow SJ, Gordon J, Qureshi O, Barnes NM. Ex vivo modelling of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade under acute, chronic, and exhaustion-like conditions of T-cell stimulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4030. [PMID: 33597595 PMCID: PMC7889918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions is proving an exciting, durable therapeutic modality in a range of cancers whereby T cells are released from checkpoint inhibition to revive their inherent anti-tumour activity. Here we have studied various ways to model ex vivo T cell function in order to compare the impact of the clinically utilised anti-PD-1 antibody, pembrolizumab (Keytruda) on the activation of human T cells: focussing on the release of pro-inflammatory IFNγ and anti-inflammatory IL-10 to assess functionality. Firstly, we investigated the actions of pembrolizumab in an acute model of T-cell activation with either immature or mature allogeneic dendritic cells (DCs); pembrolizumab enhanced IFNγ and IL-10 release from purified CD4+ T-cells in the majority of donors with a bias towards pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Next, we modelled the impact of pembrolizumab in settings of more chronic T-cell activation. In a 7-day antigen-specific response to EBV peptides, the presence of pembrolizumab resulted in a relatively modest increase in both IFNγ and IL-10 release. Where pembrolizumab was assessed against long-term stimulated CD4+ cells that had up-regulated the exhaustion markers TIM-3 and PD-1, there was a highly effective enhancement of the otherwise exhausted response to allogeneic DCs with respect to IFNγ production. By contrast, the restoration of IL-10 production was considerably more limited. Finally, to assess a direct clinical relevance we investigated the consequence of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in the disease setting of dissociated cells from lung and colon carcinomas responding to allogeneic DCs: here, pembrolizumab once more enhanced IFNγ production from the majority of tumour preparations whereas, again, the increase in IL-10 release was modest at best. In conclusion, we have shown that the contribution of PD-1-revealed by using a canonical blocking antibody to interrupt its interaction with PD-L1-to the production of an exemplar pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine, respectively, depends in magnitude and ratio on the particular stimulation setting and activation status of the target T cell. We have identified a number of in vitro assays with response profiles that mimic features of dissociated cell populations from primary tumours thereby indicating these represent disease-relevant functional assays for the screening of immune checkpoint inhibitors in current and future development. Such in vitro assays may also support patient stratification of those likely to respond to immuno-oncology therapies in the wider population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Roberts
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lindsay Bentley
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Tina Tang
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Fay Stewart
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Chiara Pallini
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Joel Juvvanapudi
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Graham R Wallace
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alison J Cooper
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Aaron Scott
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Thickett
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sebastian T Lugg
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hollie Bancroft
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Bridget Hemming
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Charlotte Ferris
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Gerald Langman
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Andrew Robinson
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Joanne Chapman
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Babu Naidu
- MIDRU, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
| | - Thomas Pinkney
- Academic Department of Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK
| | - Graham S Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kristian Brock
- Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Catherine A Brady
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - S John Curnow
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - John Gordon
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Omar Qureshi
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Nicholas M Barnes
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Kalra S, Lowndes C, Durant L, Strange RC, Al-Araji A, Hawkins CP, Curnow SJ. Th17 cells increase in RRMS as well as in SPMS, whereas various other phenotypes of Th17 increase in RRMS only. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2020; 6:2055217319899695. [PMID: 32064115 PMCID: PMC6990617 DOI: 10.1177/2055217319899695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nature and extent of inflammation seen in multiple sclerosis (MS) varies throughout the course of the disease. Changes seen in CD4+ T-helper cells in relapsing–remitting (RR) MS and secondary progressive (SP) MS might differ qualitatively and/or quantitatively. Objective The objective of this paper is to study the frequencies of all major CD4+ T-helper subtypes – Th17, Th22 and Th1 lineage cells – in relapse, remission and secondary progression alongside CCR6 status, a chemokine receptor involved in migration of these cells into the central nervous system. Methods We compared 100 patients (50 RRMS and 50 SPMS) and 50 healthy volunteers and performed flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes in blood samples. Results We demonstrated raised frequencies of various cell types along the Th17 axis; Th17, Th17.1 (IL-17+ interferon gamma+) and dual IL-17+ IL-22+ cells in RRMS. Th22 and CCR6+ Th1 cells (nonclassical Th1) were also increased in RRMS. All these cells were CCR6+. Only Th17 frequencies were elevated in SPMS. Conclusions Increased frequencies of Th17 cells are implicated both in RRMS and SPMS. The CCR6 pathway includes Th17, Th22 and Th1 nonclassical cells, of which Th22 and Th1 cells represent the greatest subsets in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalra
- Royal Stoke MS Centre of Excellence, Neurology Department, University Hospital North Midlands NHS Trust, UK
| | - C Lowndes
- Royal Stoke MS Centre of Excellence, Neurology Department, University Hospital North Midlands NHS Trust, UK
| | - L Durant
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - R C Strange
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University Medical School, UK
| | - A Al-Araji
- Royal Stoke MS Centre of Excellence, Neurology Department, University Hospital North Midlands NHS Trust, UK
| | - Clive P Hawkins
- Royal Stoke MS Centre of Excellence, Neurology Department, University Hospital North Midlands NHS Trust, UK
| | - S John Curnow
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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Rathbone E, Durant L, Kinsella J, Parker AR, Hassan-Smith G, Douglas MR, Curnow SJ. Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin light chain ratios predict disease progression in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:1044-1049. [PMID: 29743290 PMCID: PMC6166608 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-317947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the ratio of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulin kappa to lambda light chains at time of multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis predicts disease progression and whether this was intrinsic to CSF plasmablasts. METHODS CSF and peripheral blood were obtained from patients undergoing elective diagnostic lumbar puncture and included clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) (n=43), relapsing remitting MS (RRMS; n=50), primary progressive MS (PPMS; n=20) and other neurological disease controls, both inflammatory (ONID; n=23) and non-inflammatory (OND; n=114). CSF samples were assayed for free and immunoglobulin-associated light chains and on B cells and plasmablasts. Clinical follow-up data were collected during a 5-year follow-up period where available. RESULTS There was an increased median CSF κ:λ free light chain (FLC) in all MS groups (CIS: 18.2, 95% CI 6.8 to 30.3; RRMS: 4.4, 95% CI 2.7 to 11.4; PPMS: 12.0, 95% CI 3.6 to 37.1) but not controls (OND: 1.61, 95% CI 1.4 to 1.9; ONID: 1.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.2; p<0.001). This ratio predicted Expanded Disability Status Scores (EDSS) progression at 5 years, with a lower median EDSS in the group with high (>10) CSF κ:λ FLC (0.0, 95% CI 0 to 2.5 vs 2.5, 95% CI 0 to 4, high vs low; p=0.049). CSF κ:λ FLC correlated with CSF IgG1 κ:λ (r=0.776; p<0.0001) and was intrinsic to CSF plasmablasts (r=0.65; p=0.026). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that CSF immunoglobulin κ:λ ratios, determined at the time of diagnostic lumbar puncture, predict MS disease progression and may therefore be useful prognostic markers for early therapeutic stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rathbone
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lindsay Durant
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - James Kinsella
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Ghaniah Hassan-Smith
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michael R Douglas
- Department of Neurology, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust, Russells Hall Hospital, Birmingham, UK.,School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Kozielewicz P, Alomar H, Yusof S, Grafton G, Cooper AJ, Curnow SJ, Ironside JW, Pall H, Barnes NM. N-glycosylation and expression in human tissues of the orphan GPR61 receptor. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1982-1993. [PMID: 29226084 PMCID: PMC5715243 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of members of the G protein-coupled receptor class of cell surface receptors are 'orphans' with no known endogenous ligand. One of these orphan receptors is GPR61; there are little data about its expression in human cells and tissues. In this study, we investigated the post-translational modification of GPR61 by N-glycosylation at an identified consensus N-glycosylation site (N12) and the impact of this modification upon the subcellular expression of the protein. The N-glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin reduced the apparent molecular weight of immunoreactivity associated with myc-tagged GPR61 by 1-2 kDa, which was comparable to the evident molecular weight of the myc-tagged N12S GPR61 mutant with disrupted consensus N-glycosylation site. Analysis of GPR61 expression demonstrated that tunicamycin treatment reduced considerably heterologous expression of GPR61 in the cell membrane despite the N12S GPR61 mutant being readily expressed at the cell surface. These results demonstrate that GPR61 is subject to N-glycosylation but suggest this is not a prerequisite for cell surface expression, although N-glycosylation of other proteins may be important for cell membrane expression of GPR61. Expression of GPR61 protein was demonstrated at the cellular level in human hippocampus and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In the latter, there was a significantly higher expression of GPR61 in the Th17 cell subset in comparison with resting CD4+ cells, which may point toward a potential role for the GPR61 receptor in autoimmune diseases. This is the first report that GPR61 protein is subject to post-translational modification and is expressed in immune cell subsets and the hippocampus. These findings will help guide studies to investigate the function of GPR61.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kozielewicz
- Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK.,Present address: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Nanna Svartz väg 217 177 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hatun Alomar
- Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK.,Present address: Pharmacology and Toxicology Department College of Pharmacy King Saud University Riyadh 12372 Saudi Arabia
| | - Syaratul Yusof
- Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK.,Present address: Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Gillian Grafton
- Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK
| | - Alison J Cooper
- Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK
| | - S John Curnow
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK
| | - James W Ironside
- National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh UK
| | - Hardev Pall
- Neurology Department Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham UK
| | - Nicholas M Barnes
- Institute of Clinical Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK
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Williams GP, Nightingale P, Southworth S, Denniston AKO, Tomlins PJ, Turner S, Hamburger J, Bowman SJ, Curnow SJ, Rauz S. Conjunctival Neutrophils Predict Progressive Scarring in Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:5457-5469. [PMID: 27760272 PMCID: PMC5072540 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid (OcMMP) is a rare autoimmune disorder resulting in progressive conjunctival fibrosis and ocular surface failure leading to sight loss in up to 50%. This study was designed to optimize an ocular surface sampling technique for identification of novel biomarkers associated with disease activity and/or progressive fibrosis. Methods Fifty-seven patients with OcMMP underwent detailed examination of conjunctival inflammation and fibrosis using fornix depth measurement. Ocular surface impression cytology (OSIC) to sample superior bulbar conjunctiva combined with flow cytometry (OSIC-flow) profiled infiltrating leukocytes. Profiles were compared with healthy controls (HC) and disease controls (primary Sjögren's syndrome, pSS). Thirty-five OcMMP patients were followed every 3 months for 12 months. Results Overall neutrophils were elevated in OcMMP eyes when compared to pSS or HC (109 [18%] neutrophils/impression [NPI]; 2 [0.2%]; 6 [0.8%], respectively [P < 0.0001]) and in OcMMP patients with no visible inflammation when compared with HC (44.3 [7.9%]; 5.8 [0.8%]; P < 0.05). At 12 months follow-up, 53% of OcMMP eyes progressed, and this was associated with baseline conjunctival neutrophilia (P = 0.004). As a potential biomarker, a value of 44 NPI had sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values of 75%, 70%, and 73%, respectively. Notably, eyes with no visible inflammation and raised conjunctival neutrophils were more likely to progress and have a greater degree of conjunctival shrinkage compared to those without raised neutrophils. Conclusions These data suggest that OSIC-flow cytometric analyses may facilitate repeated patient sampling. Neutrophils may act as a biomarker for monitoring disease activity, progressive fibrosis, and response to therapy in OcMMP even when the eye appears clinically uninflamed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint P Williams
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom 2Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Nightingale
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Southworth
- Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair K O Denniston
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom 2Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Tomlins
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom 2Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Turner
- Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Hamburger
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Bowman
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S John Curnow
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saaeha Rauz
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom 2Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Rumel Ahmed S, Newman AS, O'Daly J, Duffy S, Grafton G, Brady CA, John Curnow S, Barnes NM, Gordon J. Inosine Acedoben Dimepranol promotes an early and sustained increase in the natural killer cell component of circulating lymphocytes: A clinical trial supporting anti-viral indications. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 42:108-114. [PMID: 27912146 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inosine Acedoben Dimepranol (IAD), licensed for the treatment of cell-mediated immune deficiencies associated with viral infections, has been reported to impact a variety of immune parameters both in vitro and in vivo. Here we report the results from a clinical trial where multiple lymphocyte subsets - CD19+ B cells, CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T-helper cells, FoxP3hi/CD25hi/CD127lo regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD3-/CD56+ NK cells, and CD3+/CD56+ NKT cells - were, together with serum immunoglobulins and IgG subclasses, followed during 14days of IAD administration to ten healthy volunteers; these selected from 27 individuals pre-screened in vitro for their capacity to respond to IAD as gauged by increases in the percentage of Treg and/or NKT cells arising in PHA-stimulated cultures. While a transient spike and dip in Treg and T-helper fractions, respectively, was noted, the outstanding consequence of IAD administration (1g po, qds) was an early and durable rise in NK cells. For half the cohort, NK cells increased as a percentage of total peripheral blood lymphocytes within 1.5h of receiving drug. By Day 5, all but one of the volunteers displayed higher NK cell percentages, such elevation - effectively a doubling or greater - being maintained at termination of study. The IAD-induced populations were as replete in Granzyme A and Perforin as basal NK cells. The novel finding of IAD boosting phenotypically competent NK numbers in healthy individuals supports the drug's indicated benefit in conditions associated with viral infection and reinforces the potential for uplift where immune performance may be compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rumel Ahmed
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Amy S Newman
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK
| | - James O'Daly
- Immcell Ltd, Swords Business Park, Swords, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean Duffy
- Immcell Ltd, Swords Business Park, Swords, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gillian Grafton
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Catherine A Brady
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK
| | - S John Curnow
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Nicholas M Barnes
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK
| | - John Gordon
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK; College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Kozielewicz P, Grafton G, Kutner A, Curnow SJ, Gordon J, Barnes NM. Novel vitamin D analogues; cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activity against a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell line and B-cells from healthy donors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:98-105. [PMID: 26485664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25D3) and vitamin D side-chain modified analogs (VDAs) have gained considerable attention as potential drugs in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), yet studies of the impact of 1,25D3 and VDAs upon other haematological malignancies are more limited. To address this gap in knowledge, we have examined the action of 1,25D3 and VDAs on a human cell line (DOHH2, K422) typifying diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and also peripheral blood B-cells isolated from healthy donors. 1,25D3 and certain VDAs displayed moderate cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic actions upon DLBCL cells. 1,25D3 and VDAs (100nM) caused the death of approximately 40% DOHH2 cells after 24h stimulation, similar to their impact on HL-60 cells (acute myeloid leukaemia cell line). In addition, 1,25D3 and VDAs displayed concentration and time-dependent anti-proliferative actions upon stimulated B-cells from healthy donors. The VDAs inhibited proliferation by approximately 30%. Hence VDAs may offer therapeutic potential for the treatment of DLBCL or conditions benefitted by B-cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kozielewicz
- Celentyx Ltd., Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK; School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Gillian Grafton
- Celentyx Ltd., Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK; School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrzej Kutner
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Warsaw 01-793, Poland
| | - S John Curnow
- Celentyx Ltd., Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK; School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - John Gordon
- Celentyx Ltd., Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Nicholas M Barnes
- Celentyx Ltd., Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK; School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Barry RJ, Alsalem JA, Faassen J, Murray PI, Curnow SJ, Wallace GR. Association analysis of TGFBR3 gene with Behçet's disease and idiopathic intermediate uveitis in a Caucasian population. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99:696-9. [PMID: 25677673 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is an important immunoregulatory cytokine in regulatory T cell (Treg) and Th17-mediated pathology, including uveitis due to Behçet's disease (BD). Of the three isoforms, TGFβ2 is found at highest levels in the aqueous humour of uninflamed eyes. TGFβ signals through a cell-surface receptor comprising three subunits (TGFBR1, 2 and 3). TGFBR3 is considered necessary for TGFβ2 signal transduction, but not for other isoforms. A polymorphism in TGFBR3 (rs1805110) has previously been identified in Han Chinese patients with BD. We investigated the frequency of this polymorphism in a Caucasian population with BD and idiopathic intermediate uveitis (IIU). METHODS The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1805110 in TGFBR3 was genotyped in 75 BD patients, 92 IIU disease controls and 85 disease-free controls. The association with both diseases was analysed using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS No significant difference in rs1805110 allele or genotype frequency was observed. A low frequency of the T allele was observed (5.88% control, 9.33% BD, 10.33% IIU) with the TT genotype absent in patients with BD and IIU (1.18% control, 0% BD and 0% IIU). Stratification analysis according to clinical features of BD did not associate with the tested SNP. CONCLUSIONS RS1805110 is not associated with BD or IIU in Caucasian patients. The T allele frequency is consistent with that presented for Caucasian populations in the HapMap database (p>0.05). Our results differ from the previous analysis in Han Chinese patients (p<0.0001), however, the possibility of having a much smaller effect due to the low minority frequency cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Barry
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jawaher A Alsalem
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Juliet Faassen
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Philip I Murray
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK Behçet's Centre of Excellence, City Hospital, Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - S John Curnow
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham R Wallace
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Qureshi KM, Lee J, Paget MB, Bailey CJ, Curnow SJ, Murray HE, Downing R. Low gravity rotational culture and the integration of immunomodulatory stem cells reduce human islet allo-reactivity. Clin Transplant 2014; 29:90-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M. Qureshi
- The Islet Research Laboratory; Worcester Clinical Research Unit; Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust; Worcester UK
| | - Jou Lee
- The Islet Research Laboratory; Worcester Clinical Research Unit; Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust; Worcester UK
| | - Michelle B. Paget
- The Islet Research Laboratory; Worcester Clinical Research Unit; Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust; Worcester UK
| | - Clifford J. Bailey
- Diabetes Research; Aston Pharmacy School; School of Life and Health Sciences; Aston University; Aston Triangle Birmingham UK
| | - S. John Curnow
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research; College of Medical and Dental Sciences; University of Birmingham Research Laboratories; Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham UK
| | - Hilary E. Murray
- The Islet Research Laboratory; Worcester Clinical Research Unit; Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust; Worcester UK
| | - Richard Downing
- The Islet Research Laboratory; Worcester Clinical Research Unit; Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust; Worcester UK
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10
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Williams GP, Pachnio A, Long HM, Rauz S, Curnow SJ. Cytokine production and antigen recognition by human mucosal homing conjunctival effector memory CD8+ T cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:8523-30. [PMID: 25395484 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Conjunctival epithelial T cells are dominated by CD3(+)CD56-TCRαβ(+)CD8αβ(+) lymphocytes. In this study we explored the antigen experience status, mucosal homing phenotype, cytokine expression, and viral antigen recognition of conjunctival epithelial CD8(+) T cells from healthy individuals. METHODS Following ocular surface impression cytology, conjunctival cells were recovered by gentle agitation and analyzed by flow cytometry for cell surface markers, cytokine production (stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate [PMA]/ionomycin), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)/cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunodominant epitope recognition using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptide tetramers. RESULTS In contrast to peripheral blood, conjunctival epithelial CD8(+) T cells were dominantly CD45RA(-)CCR7(-) effector memory cells, and the vast majority expressed the mucosal homing integrin αEβ7. Conjunctival memory CD8(+) T cells maintained effector functions with the ability to secrete IFN-γ and expression of Granzyme B, although they expressed significantly reduced amounts per cell compared to peripheral blood T cells. Interestingly, herpetic virus-specific CD8(+) T cells recognizing epitopes derived from EBV and CMV could be detected in the conjunctival cells of healthy virus carriers, although they were generally at lower frequencies than in the peripheral blood of the same donor. Virus-specific conjunctival CD8(+) T cells were dominated by CD45RA(-)CCR7(-) effector memory cells that expressed αEβ7. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the majority of conjunctival epithelial CD8(+) T cells are mucosal homing αEβ7(+) effector memory T cells, which can recognize viral epitopes and are capable of secreting Granzyme B and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint P Williams
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, City Hospital, Birmingham, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Pachnio
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M Long
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saaeha Rauz
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, City Hospital, Birmingham, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S John Curnow
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, City Hospital, Birmingham, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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11
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Williams GP, Tomlins PJ, Denniston AK, Southworth HS, Sreekantham S, Curnow SJ, Rauz S. Elevation of conjunctival epithelial CD45INTCD11b⁺CD16⁺CD14⁻ neutrophils in ocular Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:4578-85. [PMID: 23737478 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ocular complications related to Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)-Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) may persist and progress after resolution of systemic disease. This is thought to be related in part to persistent ocular innate-immune signaling. In this study, our aim was to characterize infiltrative conjunctival cellular profiles during acute (<12 months) and chronic (>12 months) disease. METHODS Consecutive patients presenting with SJS-TEN over a 12-month period were followed for 1 year. Detailed clinical examination and conjunctival impression cell recovery was analyzed by flow cytometry for the presence of intraepithelial leukocytes and compared with healthy controls (n = 21). RESULTS Ten patients were recruited of whom six had acute disease and five were classified as TEN (SCORTEN = 1, n = 4). Conjunctival inflammation was graded as absent/mild in a total of nine patients; but despite this, evidence of fornix shrinkage was observed in nine subjects. This inversely correlated with disease duration (P < 0.05). A reduction in percentage of CD8αβ(+) T cells compared with controls (80% vs. 57%; P < 0.01) was associated with a corresponding increase in the number/percentage of CD45(INT)CD11b(+)CD16(+)CD14(-) neutrophils (186 vs. 3.4, P < 0.01, 31% vs. 0.8%, P < 0.001). Neutrophils inversely correlated with disease duration (r = -0.71, P = 0.03), yet there was no absolute change in the CD8αβ(+) or neutrophil populations during the study period (P = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS These data highlight that a neutrophilic infiltrate is present in mildly inflamed or clinically quiescent conjunctival mucosa in patients with ocular SJS-TEN, where neutrophil numbers inversely correlate with disease duration. Neutrophil persistence endorses the hypothesis of an unresolved innate-inflammatory process that might account for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint P Williams
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, City Hospital, Birmingham, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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12
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Williams GP, Denniston AKO, Oswal KS, Tomlins PJ, Barry RJ, Rauz S, Curnow SJ. The dominant human conjunctival epithelial CD8αβ+ T cell population is maintained with age but the number of CD4+ T cells increases. Age (Dordr) 2012; 34:1517-1528. [PMID: 21948184 PMCID: PMC3528370 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The conjunctiva is a highly specialized ocular mucosal surface that, like other mucosa, houses a number of leukocyte populations. These leukocytes have been implicated in age-related inflammatory diseases such as dry-eye, but their phenotypic characteristics remain largely undetermined. Existing literature provides rudimentary data from predominantly immunohistochemical analyses of tissue sections, prohibiting detailed and longitudinal examination of these cells in health and disease. Using recovered cells from ocular surface impression cytology and flow cytometry, we examined the frequency of leukocyte subsets in human conjunctival epithelium and how this alters with age. Of the total CD45+ leukocyte population within the conjunctival epithelium, 87% [32-99] (median) [range] comprised lymphocytes, with 69% [47-90] identified as CD3 + CD56- T cells. In contrast to peripheral blood, the dominant conjunctival epithelial population was TCRαβ + CD8αβ + (80% [37-100]) with only 10% [0-56%] CD4+ cells. Whilst a significant increase in the CD4+ population was seen with age (r = 0.5; p < 0.01) the CD8+ population remained unchanged, resulting in an increase in the CD4:CD8 ratio (r = 0.5;p < 0.01). IFNγ expression was detectable in 18% [14-48] of conjunctival CD4+ T cells and this was significantly higher among older individuals (<35 years, 7[4-39] vs. >65 years, 43[20-145]; p < 0.05). The elevation of CD4+ cells highlights a potentially important age-related alteration in the conjunctival intra-epithelial leukocyte population, which may account for the vulnerability of the aging ocular surface to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint P Williams
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
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13
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Denniston AK, Tomlins P, Williams GP, Kottoor S, Khan I, Oswal K, Salmon M, Wallace GR, Rauz S, Murray PI, Curnow SJ. Aqueous humor suppression of dendritic cell function helps maintain immune regulation in the eye during human uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:888-96. [PMID: 22247464 PMCID: PMC3317427 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Noninfectious uveitis is characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory or immune response in the eye. It is unclear whether this represents a failure of immune privilege or an overwhelming inflammatory drive that has exceeded the capacity of regulatory mechanisms that are still functioning. The authors investigated immune regulation in the human eye during intraocular inflammation (uveitis) and its impact on dendritic cell (DC) function and subsequent T-cell responses. METHODS Myeloid DCs were isolated from the aqueous humor (AqH) and peripheral blood of patients with active uveitis and characterized by flow cytometry. The effect of uveitis AqH was interrogated in an in vitro model of peripheral blood monocyte-derived DCs from healthy controls. RESULTS Myeloid DCs isolated from uveitic AqH were characterized by elevated major histocompatibility complex classes I and II (MHC I/II), but reduced CD86 compared with matched peripheral blood DCs. Exposure of peripheral blood monocyte-derived DCs from healthy controls to the inflammatory AqH supernatant recapitulated this phenotype. Despite interferon gamma (IFNγ)-dependent upregulation of MHC I, inflammatory AqH was overall suppressive to DC function, with reduced CD86 expression and diminished T-cell responses. This suppressive effect was equal to or greater than that induced by noninflammatory AqH, but was glucocorticoid independent (in contrast to noninflammatory AqH). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the ocular microenvironment continues to regulate DC function during uveitis, despite IFNγ-driven upregulation of MHC expression, supporting the hypothesis that immune regulation within the eye is maintained during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair K. Denniston
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Tomlins
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Geraint P. Williams
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sherine Kottoor
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Khan
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kadambari Oswal
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Salmon
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Graham R. Wallace
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saaeha Rauz
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip I. Murray
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S. John Curnow
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Hidalgo E, Essex SJ, Yeo L, Curnow SJ, Filer A, Cooper MS, Thomas AM, McGettrick HM, Salmon M, Buckley CD, Raza K, Scheel-Toellner D. The response of T cells to interleukin-6 is differentially regulated by the microenvironment of the rheumatoid synovial fluid and tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:3284-93. [DOI: 10.1002/art.30570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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John Curnow S, Wallace GR. Bridging innate and adaptive immunity: removing the toll. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:395-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Williams GP, Saw VPJ, Saeed T, Evans ST, Cottrell P, Curnow SJ, Nightingale P, Rauz S. Validation of a fornix depth measurer: a putative tool for the assessment of progressive cicatrising conjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2011; 95:842-7. [PMID: 20956276 PMCID: PMC3099360 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2010.188011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Documentation of conjunctival forniceal foreshortening in cases of progressive cicatrising conjunctivitis (PCC) is important in ascertaining disease stage and progression. Lower fornix shortening is often documented subjectively or semi-objectively, whereas upper forniceal obliteration is seldom quantified. Although tools such as fornix depth measurers (FDMs) have been described, their designs limit upper fornix measurement. The purpose of this study was to custom-design a FDM to evaluate the upper fornix and to assess variability in gauging fornix depth. METHODS A polymethylmethacrylate FDM was constructed using industry-standard jewellery computer software and machinery. Two observers undertook a prospective independent evaluation of central lower fornix depth in a heterogeneous cohort of patients with clinically normal and abnormal conjunctival fornices both subjectively and by using the FDM (in mm). Upper central fornix depth was also measured. Agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS Fifty-one eyes were evaluated. There was 100% intraobserver agreement to within 1 mm for each observer for lower fornix measurement. The mean difference in fornix depth loss using the FDM between observer 1 and 2 was 1.19%, with 95% confidence of agreement (±2SD) of -15% to +20%. In total, 86% (44/51) of measurements taken by the two observers agreed to within 10% of total lower fornix depth (ie, ±1 mm) versus only 63% (32/51) of the subjective measurements. Mean upper fornix difference was 0.57 mm, with 95% confidence of agreement of between -2 and +3 mm. CONCLUSIONS This custom-designed FDM is well tolerated by patients and shows low intraobserver and interobserver variability. This enables repeatable and reproducible measurement of upper and lower fornix depths, facilitating improved rates of detection and better monitoring of progression of conjunctival scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint P Williams
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Valerie P J Saw
- Corneal and External Diseases Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tariq Saeed
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Paul Cottrell
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S John Curnow
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Nightingale
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Saaeha Rauz
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Hardie DL, Baldwin MJ, Naylor A, Haworth OJ, Hou TZ, Lax S, Curnow SJ, Willcox N, MacFadyen J, Isacke CM, Buckley CD. The stromal cell antigen CD248 (endosialin) is expressed on naive CD8+ human T cells and regulates proliferation. Immunology 2011; 133:288-95. [PMID: 21466550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD248 (endosialin) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is dynamically expressed on pericytes and fibroblasts during tissue development, tumour neovascularization and inflammation. Its role in tissue remodelling is associated with increased stromal cell proliferation and migration. We show that CD248 is also uniquely expressed by human, but not mouse (C57BL/6), CD8(+) naive T cells. CD248 is found only on CD8(+) CCR7(+) CD11a(low) naive T cells and on CD8 single-positive T cells in the thymus. Transfection of the CD248 negative T-cell line MOLT-4 with CD248 cDNA surprisingly reduced cell proliferation. Knock-down of CD248 on naive CD8 T cells increased cell proliferation. These data demonstrate opposing functions for CD248 on haematopoietic (CD8(+)) versus stromal cells and suggests that CD248 helps to maintain naive CD8(+) human T cells in a quiescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hardie
- Rheumatology Research Group, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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Denniston AK, Kottoor SH, Khan I, Oswal K, Williams GP, Abbott J, Wallace GR, Salmon M, Rauz S, Murray PI, Curnow SJ. Endogenous Cortisol and TGF-β in Human Aqueous Humor Contribute to Ocular Immune Privilege by Regulating Dendritic Cell Function. J I 2010; 186:305-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Whitehead KJ, Smith CGS, Delaney SA, Curnow SJ, Salmon M, Hughes JP, Chessell IP. Dynamic regulation of spinal pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the rat in vivo following peripheral nerve injury. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:569-76. [PMID: 20035858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal release of cytokines may play a critical role in the maladapted nociceptive signaling underlying chronic pain states. In order to investigate this biology, we have developed a novel 'high flux' intrathecal microdialysis approach in combination with multiplex bead-based immunoassay technology to concurrently monitor the spinal release of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha in rats with unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). Intrathecal microdialysis was performed under isoflurane/N(2)O anaesthesia in rats with confirmed mechanical hypersensitivity. In a first study, C-fiber strength electrical stimulation of the operated nerve in neuropathic rats was found to evoke a dramatic increase in IL-1beta efflux ( approximately 15-fold) that was significantly greater than that observed in the sham-operated group. Spinal IL-6 efflux was also responsive to primary afferent stimulation, whereas TNFalpha was not. In a second study, treatment with the glial inhibitor propentofylline for 7days normalized CCI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. In the same animals, this treatment also significantly reduced intrathecal IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha and prevented afferent stimulation-evoked cytokine release of both IL-1beta and IL-6. These results provide support for glia as the source of the majority of intrathecal IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha that accompanies mechanical hypersensitivity in the CCI rat. Moreover, our studies demonstrate the ability of a neurone-glia signaling mechanism to dynamically modulate this release and support a role of spinal IL-1beta in the phasic transmission of abnormal pain signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Whitehead
- Pain Signalling Group, Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Curnow SJ, Fairclough M, Schmutz C, Kissane S, Denniston AKO, Nash K, Buckley CD, Lord JM, Salmon M. Distinct types of fibrocyte can differentiate from mononuclear cells in the presence and absence of serum. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9730. [PMID: 20305780 PMCID: PMC2841180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrocytes are bone-marrow derived cells, expressing both haematopoietic and stromal cell markers, which contribute to tissue repair as well as pathological fibrosis. The differentiation of fibrocytes remains poorly characterised and this has limited understanding of their biology and function. In particular two methods are used to generate fibrocytes in vitro that differ fundamentally by the presence or absence of serum. Methodology/Principal Findings We show here that fibrocytes grown in the absence of serum (SF) differentiate more efficiently from peripheral blood mononuclear cells than CD14+ monocytes, and respond to serum by losing their spindle-shaped fibrocyte morphology. Although fibrocytes generated in the presence of serum (SC) express the same range of markers, they differentiate more efficiently from CD14+ monocytes and do not change their morphology in response to serum. Transcriptional analysis revealed that both types of fibrocyte are distinct from each other, fibroblasts and additional monocyte-derived progeny. The gene pathways that differ significantly between SF and SC fibrocytes include those involved in cell migration, immune responses and response to wounding. Conclusions/Significance These data show that SF and SC fibrocytes are distinct but related cell types, and suggest that they will play different roles during tissue repair and fibrosis where changes in serum proteins may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- S John Curnow
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Tomlinson JW, Durrani OM, Bujalska IJ, Gathercole LL, Tomlins PJ, Reuser TTQ, Rose GE, Curnow SJ, Stewart PM, Walker EA, Rauz S. The role of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in adipogenesis in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:398-406. [PMID: 19880789 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a sight-threatening autoimmune disease in which de novo adipogenesis has been identified as a fundamental pathogenic mechanism. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11beta-HSD1) increases cortisol bioavailability and is pivotal in mediating glucocorticoid responses in adipose tissue and inflammation. OBJECTIVE In this study we characterize 11beta-HSD1 as a determinant of the adipogenic and inflammatory pathways in TAO orbital fat (OF) compared with normal OF. PATIENTS AND METHODS OF was harvested from 46 TAO and 44 control patients undergoing orbital surgery. Samples were examined by a combination of immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, primary cell culture, specific enzyme assays, colorimetric proliferation assays, and bead-based ELISA. RESULTS Glucocorticoid (glucocorticoid receptor-alpha,11beta-HSD1, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor, IL-6, TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha inductible protein, TGF-beta2) target genes together with markers of late adipocyte differentiation (fatty-acid-binding-protein-4, glycerol-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase) were highly expressed in TAO whole OF (P < 0.05) compared with controls. Primary cultures of TAO OF stromal cells demonstrated greater 11beta-HSD1 oxoreductase activity (P < 0.05), which was regulated by cytokines, most notably TNF-alpha (P < 0.01), compared with controls. Activity increased across differentiation, and this was most marked in TAO cells (P < 0.01). Similarly, stromal cell proliferation was limited by incubation with cortisol in TAO cells only. Furthermore, cortisone decreased IL-6 (P < 0.005), IL-8 (P < 0.05), and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (P < 0.05) production by cultured TAO cells only, an effect that was abrogated by inhibition of 11beta-HSD1. CONCLUSIONS Induction of 11beta-HSD1 activity and expression by inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6) may enhance orbital adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis) and limit proliferation in TAO. 11beta-HSD1 may also have a role in regulating the local orbital inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Agius E, Lacy KE, Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Jagger AL, Papageorgiou AP, Hall S, Reed JR, Curnow SJ, Fuentes-Duculan J, Buckley CD, Salmon M, Taams LS, Krueger J, Greenwood J, Klein N, Rustin MHA, Akbar AN. Decreased TNF-alpha synthesis by macrophages restricts cutaneous immunosurveillance by memory CD4+ T cells during aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1929-40. [PMID: 19667063 PMCID: PMC2737169 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunity declines during aging, however the mechanisms involved in this decline are not known. In this study, we show that cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to recall antigens are significantly decreased in older individuals. However, this is not related to CC chemokine receptor 4, cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen, or CD11a expression by CD4+ T cells or their physical capacity for migration. Instead, there is defective activation of dermal blood vessels in older subject that results from decreased TNF-α secretion by macrophages. This prevents memory T cell entry into the skin after antigen challenge. However, isolated cutaneous macrophages from these subjects can be induced to secrete TNF-α after stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 or TLR 4 ligands in vitro, indicating that the defect is reversible. The decreased conditioning of tissue microenvironments by macrophage-derived cytokines may therefore lead to defective immunosurveillance by memory T cells. This may be a predisposing factor for the development of malignancy and infection in the skin during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Agius
- Department of Immunology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, W1T 4JF, England, UK
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Assaf A, Esteves H, Curnow SJ, Browning MJ. A threshold level of TLR9 mRNA predicts cellular responsiveness to CpG-ODN in haematological and non-haematological tumour cell lines. Cell Immunol 2009; 259:90-9. [PMID: 19573862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The human toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) detects differences between microbial and host DNA, based on unmethylated deoxycytidyl deoxyguanosine dinucleotide (CpG) motifs, leading to activation of both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. The synthetic TLR9 agonist, CpG-ODN, can substitute for microbial DNA in these responses, and is in clinical trials as an immunomodulatory agent in diseases as diverse as infections, cancer and allergic disorders. Human TLR9 is expressed on cells of haematopoietic origin (principally plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells), but has also been described as being expressed on a number of other cell types. In order to clarify the expression and function of TLR9 in a range of cells of both haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic origin, we investigated the level of expression of TLR9 mRNA, and the ability of the cells to respond to CpG-ODN by upregulation of cell surface markers, cytokine production, cellular proliferation and activation of NFkappaB. Our data show that the cellular response to CpG-ODN depended on a threshold level of expression of TLR9. TLR9 was widely expressed amongst B cell tumours (with the exception of myeloma cell lines), but we did not find either threshold levels of expression of TLR9 or responses to CpG-ODN in several myeloma or myeloid tumour cell lines or any non-haematological tumour cell lines tested in our study. TLR9-positive cells varied significantly in their responses to CpG-ODN, and the level of TLR9 expression beyond the threshold did not correlate with the magnitude of the response to CpG-ODN. Finally, CpG-ODN induced NFkappaB activation and increased cellular proliferation in Hek293 cells that had been stably transfected with hTLR9, but did not affect the expression of surface markers or synthesis of IL-6, IL-10 or TNF-alpha. Thus both haematological and non-haematological cells expressing appropriate levels of TLR9 respond to CpG-ODN, but the nature of the TLR9-mediated response is dependent on cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Assaf
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Building, England, UK
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Ball AK, Sinclair AJ, Curnow SJ, Tomlinson JW, Burdon MA, Walker EA, Stewart PM, Nightingale PG, Clarke CE, Rauz S. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leptin in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): evidence for hypothalamic leptin resistance? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 70:863-9. [PMID: 18771566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aetiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is not known, but its association with obesity is well-recognized. Recent studies have linked obesity with abnormalities in circulating inflammatory and adiposity related cytokines. The aim of this study was to characterize adipokine and inflammatory cytokine profiles in IIH. DESIGN Paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were collected from 26 patients with IIH and compared to 62 control subjects. Samples were analysed for leptin, resistin, adiponectin, insulin, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), TNFalpha, MCP-1 (CCL2), hepatocyte growth factor, nerve growth factor and PAI-1 using multiplex bead immunoassays. RESULTS CSF leptin was significantly higher in patients with IIH (P = 0.001) compared to controls after correction for age, gender and body mass index (BMI). In the control population, BMI correlated with serum leptin (r = 0.34; P = 0.007) and CSF leptin (r = 0.51; P < 0.0001), but this was not the case for the IIH population. Profiles of other inflammatory cytokines and adipokines did not differ between IIH patients and controls once anthropometric factors had been accounted for. CONCLUSIONS IIH was characterized by significantly elevated CSF leptin levels which did not correlate with BMI. We suggest that CSF leptin may be important in the pathophysiology of IIH and that obesity in IIH may occur as a result of hypothalamic leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Ball
- Department of Neurology, School of Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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25
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Simon D, Denniston AKO, Tomlins PJ, Wallace GR, Rauz S, Salmon M, Murray PI, Curnow SJ. Soluble gp130, an Antagonist of IL-6 Transsignaling, Is Elevated in Uveitis Aqueous Humor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 49:3988-91. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Simon
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and the2Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Inf
| | - Alastair K. O. Denniston
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and the2Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Inf
| | - Paul J. Tomlins
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Wallace
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and the2Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Inf
| | - Saaeha Rauz
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and the2Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Inf
| | - Mike Salmon
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and the
| | - Philip I. Murray
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S. John Curnow
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and the2Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Inf
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26
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Sinclair AJ, Ball AK, Burdon MA, Clarke CE, Stewart PM, Curnow SJ, Rauz S. Exploring the pathogenesis of IIH: An inflammatory perspective. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 201-202:212-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Scheel-Toellner D, Raza K, Assi L, Pilling D, Ross EJ, Lee WY, Curnow SJ, Buckley CD, Akbar AN, Lord JM, Salmon M. Differential regulation of nuclear and mitochondrial Bcl-2 in T cell apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 13:109-17. [PMID: 17957472 PMCID: PMC2668593 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activated T cells require anti-apoptotic cytokines for their survival. The anti-apoptotic effects of these factors are mediated by their influence on the balance of expression and localisation of pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. Among the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, the expression level of Bcl-2 itself and its interaction with the pro-apoptotic protein Bim are now regarded as crucial for the regulation of survival in activated T cells. We studied the changes in Bcl-2 levels and its subcellular distribution in relation to mitochondrial depolarisation and caspase activation in survival factor deprived T cells. Intriguingly, the total Bcl-2 level appeared to remain stable, even after caspase 3 activation indicated entry into the execution phase of apoptosis. However, cell fractionation experiments showed that while the dominant nuclear pool of Bcl-2 remained stable during apoptosis, the level of the smaller mitochondrial pool was rapidly downregulated. Signals induced by anti-apoptotic cytokines continuously replenish the mitochondrial pool, but nuclear Bcl-2 is independent of such signals. Mitochondrial Bcl-2 is lost rapidly by a caspase independent mechanism in the absence of survival factors, in contrast only a small proportion of the nuclear pool of Bcl-2 is lost during the execution phase and this loss is a caspase dependent process. We conclude that these two intracellular pools of Bcl-2 are regulated through different mechanisms and only the cytokine-mediated regulation of the mitochondrial pool is relevant to the control of the initiation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Scheel-Toellner
- MRC Centre of Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Piper KP, Horlock C, Curnow SJ, Arrazi J, Nicholls S, Mahendra P, Craddock C, Moss PAH. CXCL10-CXCR3 interactions play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease in the skin following allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Blood 2007; 110:3827-32. [PMID: 17766680 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-12-061408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) remains a serious complication following allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT), and is mediated by infiltration of alloreactive donor T cells into recipient tissue. Chemokines and their receptors play a central role in controlling the recruitment of T cells into discrete tissue sites, and determine the clinical features of GVHD in murine models. In this study, we have analyzed the serum concentration of molecules that control leukocyte migration in serial samples from 34 patients following allogeneic SCT. The chemokine CXCL10 (IP-10) was significantly elevated (> 2-fold) in serum at the time of aGVHD. Because the ligand for CXCL10 is CXCR3, the number of CXCR3(+) T cells was determined in peripheral blood, but was not increased during episodes of GVHD. To investigate the role of chemokines in the recruitment of T cells to the anatomic site of GVHD, skin biopsies were stained for CXCL10 and CXCR3 expression. CXCL10 expression was observed in the basal keratinocytes of the epidermis in patients with GVHD together with positive staining for CXCR3 on cells in dermal infiltrates. These findings indicate that CXCL10 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of skin aGVHD by the recruitment of CXCR3(+) T cells to the sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Piper
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Teobald I, Dunnion DJ, Whitbread M, Curnow SJ, Browning MJ. Phenotypic and functional differentiation of KG-1 into dendritic-like cells. Immunobiology 2007; 213:75-86. [PMID: 18207029 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cell line KG-1 has been used as an in vitro model for human dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. We have investigated the response of KG-1 cells to stimulation with a number of factors known to induce differentiation and/or maturation of DCs in vitro. KG-1 cells showed no differentiation in response to LPS, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide or CD40 ligation. Culture in the presence of TNF-alpha induced some differentiation, but only treatment with PMA and ionomycin (with or without prior culture in GM-CSF and IL-4) induced morphological and phenotypic changes consistent with DC-like maturation, and even these maximally differentiated KG-1 cells showed lower levels of surface marker expression, macromolecular endocytosis, and ability to stimulate in allogeneic MLR compared with in vitro monocyte-derived DCs. Our data show that KG-1 cells differentiate in vitro into cells with DC-like functional characteristics under the influence of strong inducers of cellular activation, but lack the potency of mature DCs in key aspects of professional antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Teobald
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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Banerjee S, Savant V, Scott RAH, Curnow SJ, Wallace GR, Murray PI. Multiplex bead analysis of vitreous humor of patients with vitreoretinal disorders. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:2203-7. [PMID: 17460280 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitreoretinal disorders are frequently characterized by increased vitreous levels of cellular mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. The study was conducted to investigate whether multiplex bead analysis could identify disease-specific profiles of these mediators in a variety of vitreoretinal diseases. METHODS Levels of 19 mediators were measured: the cytokines IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, TNF, IFN-gamma, granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and granulocyte-stimulating factor (G-CSF); the chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, and CXCL8; and the growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF), FGF, and VEGF, by using multiplex bead analysis of vitreous humor of 58 eyes undergoing vitrectomy for a variety of vitreoretinal disorders. RESULTS The predominant mediators detected were IL-6, CXCL8, and CCL2. The most complex pattern of mediators was seen in patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and included a mixture of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Patients with chronic uveitis showed a limited mediator pattern that did not suggest either a Th1 or Th2 response. By comparison, patients with lens-induced uveitis (LIU) showed significantly greater levels of cytokines than did patients with chronic uveitis, including IFN-gamma and IL-12, with a trend toward an acute Th1 inflammatory response. Moreover, in samples from patients with LIU, CXCL8 inversely correlated with time after initial surgery and duration of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Multiplex bead analysis allows the measurement of multiple mediators from a single vitreous sample. The data confirm patterns of mediators previously described in different vitreoretinal conditions. In addition, LIU mediator levels correlate with duration of treatment and time after cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Banerjee
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Raza K, Scheel-Toellner D, Lee CY, Pilling D, Curnow SJ, Falciani F, Trevino V, Kumar K, Assi LK, Lord JM, Gordon C, Buckley CD, Salmon M. Synovial fluid leukocyte apoptosis is inhibited in patients with very early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R120. [PMID: 16859518 PMCID: PMC1779404 DOI: 10.1186/ar2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial leukocyte apoptosis is inhibited in established rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In contrast, high levels of leukocyte apoptosis are seen in self-limiting crystal arthritis. The phase in the development of RA at which the inhibition of leukocyte apoptosis is first apparent, and the relationship between leukocyte apoptosis in early RA and other early arthritides, has not been defined. We measured synovial fluid leukocyte apoptosis in very early arthritis and related this to clinical outcome. Synovial fluid was obtained at presentation from 81 patients with synovitis of ≤ 3 months duration. The percentages of apoptotic neutrophils and lymphocytes were assessed on cytospin preparations. Patients were assigned to diagnostic groups after 18 months follow-up. The relationship between leukocyte apoptosis and patient outcome was assessed. Patients with early RA had significantly lower levels of neutrophil apoptosis than patients who developed non-RA persistent arthritis and those with a resolving disease course. Similarly, lymphocyte apoptosis was absent in patients with early RA whereas it was seen in patients with other early arthritides. The inhibition of synovial fluid leukocyte apoptosis in the earliest clinically apparent phase of RA distinguishes this from other early arthritides. The mechanisms for this inhibition may relate to the high levels of anti-apoptotic cytokines found in the early rheumatoid joint (e.g. IL-2, IL-4, IL-15 GMCSF, GCSF). It is likely that this process contributes to an accumulation of leukocytes in the early rheumatoid lesion and is involved in the development of the microenvironment required for persistent RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Raza
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dagmar Scheel-Toellner
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chi-Yeung Lee
- Department of Radiology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Darrell Pilling
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - S John Curnow
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Victor Trevino
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kanta Kumar
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lakhvir K Assi
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Janet M Lord
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Caroline Gordon
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mike Salmon
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The study of uveitis has been restricted by the difficulty in obtaining sufficient intraocular material from both human disease and experimental models. Recent developments in cytokine and chemokine detection have overcome many of these problems. This review presents a summary of the technologic advances in this area. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in cytokine analysis, in particular multiplexed bead immunoassays, have allowed the measurement of an extensive array of cytokines and chemokines from very small sample volumes. This has revolutionized uveitis research, enabling measurement of a large profile of cytokines and chemokines in intraocular fluid, such as aqueous humour. This allows us to recognize complex patterns of cytokines and chemokines from different forms of uveitis and to examine relationships between different molecules. SUMMARY The spectrum of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines known to be implicated in uveitis has increased over recent years. Many of these molecules have also been found in experimental models of disease and may represent attractive therapeutic targets for the future. With recent advances in cytokine detection, an extension of these techniques with a more detailed analysis of different uveitis conditions may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information for this potentially blinding group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S John Curnow
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, UK.
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Leonardi A, Curnow SJ, Zhan H, Calder VL. Multiple cytokines in human tear specimens in seasonal and chronic allergic eye disease and in conjunctival fibroblast cultures. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:777-84. [PMID: 16776679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several cytokines are involved in the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells in ocular allergic diseases. The purpose of the study was to assay multiple cytokines and chemokines in tears, to compare subgroups of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) with controls, and in culture supernatants to determine whether conjunctival fibroblasts produce some of these cytokines. METHODS Fifty to one hundred microlitre tears were obtained from patients with active seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC; n=12), vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC; n=18), atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC; n=6) and non-atopic controls (n=14). Primary conjunctival fibroblasts grown in vitro were stimulated with IL-4, IL-13 or TNF-alpha for 24 h. Cell-free tear and culture supernatants were assayed for IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, eotaxin, MCP-1 and RANTES using multiplex bead analysis. Induction of chemokine gene expression was determined by PCR. RESULTS IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13, MCP-1 were increased in all tears groups compared with controls, with highly significant correlations between many of these molecules. In addition IL-4, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 were elevated in SAC and VKC, while eotaxin and TNF-alpha were only increased in VKC. IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES and eotaxin were detected from fibroblasts cultures, and were all up-regulated by TNF-alpha. By PCR, fibroblasts expressed MCP-1 transcripts constitutively, whereas IP-10 and Mig were up-regulated by TNF-alpha. CONCLUSIONS Differential cytokine levels support tears as a useful indicator of immune mechanisms occurring during AC. The striking similarities in chemokine profiles between tears and fibroblasts suggest these cells as likely sources of chemokines in tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leonardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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Filer A, Parsonage G, Smith E, Osborne C, Thomas AMC, Curnow SJ, Rainger GE, Raza K, Nash GB, Lord J, Salmon M, Buckley CD. Differential survival of leukocyte subsets mediated by synovial, bone marrow, and skin fibroblasts: site-specific versus activation-dependent survival of T cells and neutrophils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2096-108. [PMID: 16802344 PMCID: PMC3119431 DOI: 10.1002/art.21930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synovial fibroblasts share a number of phenotype markers with fibroblasts derived from bone marrow. In this study we investigated the role of matched fibroblasts obtained from 3 different sources (bone marrow, synovium, and skin) to test the hypothesis that synovial fibroblasts share similarities with bone marrow-derived fibroblasts in terms of their ability to support survival of T cells and neutrophils. METHODS Matched synovial, bone marrow, and skin fibroblasts were established from 8 different patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were undergoing knee or hip surgery. Resting or activated fibroblasts were cocultured with either CD4 T cells or neutrophils, and the degree of leukocyte survival, apoptosis, and proliferation were measured. RESULTS Fibroblasts derived from all 3 sites supported increased survival of CD4 T cells, mediated principally by interferon-beta. However, synovial and bone marrow fibroblasts shared an enhanced site-specific ability to maintain CD4 T cell survival in the absence of proliferation, an effect that was independent of fibroblast activation or proliferation but required direct T cell-fibroblast cell contact. In contrast, fibroblast-mediated neutrophil survival was less efficient, being independent of the site of origin of the fibroblast but dependent on prior fibroblast activation, and mediated solely by soluble factors, principally granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. CONCLUSION These results suggest an important functional role for fibroblasts in the differential accumulation of leukocyte subsets in a variety of tissue microenvironments. The findings also provide a potential explanation for site-specific differences in the pattern of T cell and neutrophil accumulation observed in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Filer
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Greg Parsonage
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emily Smith
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chloe Osborne
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - S. John Curnow
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - G. Ed Rainger
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karim Raza
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gerard B. Nash
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Janet Lord
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mike Salmon
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are essential components of the immune system. They help to maintain immune tolerance by exerting suppressive effects on cells of the adaptive and innate immune system. In the last few years there has been an abundance of papers addressing the suppressive effects of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and their putative role in various experimental disease models and human diseases. Despite the enormous amounts of data on these cells a number of controversial issues still exists. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells were originally described as thymus-derived anergic/suppressive T cells. Recent papers however indicate that these cells might also be generated in the periphery. Due to the thymic development of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells it was thought that these cells were specific for self-antigens. Indeed it was shown that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells could be positively selected upon high affinity interaction with self-antigens. However, evidence is accumulating that these cells might also interact with non-self antigens. Finally, in the literature there is conflicting evidence regarding the role of soluble factors versus cell-contact in the mechanism of suppression. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence supporting these opposing viewpoints and to combine them into a general model for the origin, function and antigen-specificity of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie S Taams
- Dept Immunobiology, King's College London, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Onyimba CU, Vijapurapu N, Curnow SJ, Khosla P, Stewart PM, Murray PI, Walker EA, Rauz S. Characterisation of the prereceptor regulation of glucocorticoids in the anterior segment of the rabbit eye. J Endocrinol 2006; 190:483-93. [PMID: 16899581 DOI: 10.1677/joe.1.06840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The prereceptor regulation of glucocorticoids (GCs) by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 (11beta-HSD1), a bidirectional isozyme that interconverts active (cortisol) and inactive (cortisone) GCs, is an established determinant of GC function in tissues such as liver, adipose and bone. Although the therapeutic use of GCs is abundant in ophthalmic practice, where GC interactions with nuclear receptors modulate gene transcription, the prereceptor regulation of endogenous cortisol is not well described in ocular tissues. Recent descriptive studies have localised 11beta-HSD1 to the human corneal epithelium and non-pigmented epithelium (NPE) of the ciliary body, indicating a link to corneal epithelial physiology and aqueous humour production. In this study, we characterise the functional aspects of the autocrine regulation of GCs in the anterior segment of the rabbit eye. Using our in-house generated primary antibody to human 11beta-HSD1, immunohistochemical analyses were performed on paraffin-embedded sections of whole New Zealand white albino rabbits, (NZWAR) eyes. As in human studies, 11beta-HSD1 was localised to the corneal epithelium and the NPE. No staining was seen in the albino 'pigmented' ciliary epithelium. Specific enzyme assays for oxo-reductase (cortisone-->cortisol) and dehydrogenase (cortisol-->cortisone) activity indicated predominant 11beta-HSD1 oxo-reductase activity from both the intact ciliary body tissue (n=12, median 2.1 pmol/mg per h and range 1.25-2.8 pmol/mg per h; P=0.006) and primary cultures of corneal epithelial cells (n=12, median 3.0 pmol/mg per h and range 1.0-7.4 pmol/mg per h, P=0.008) compared with dehydrogenase activity (median 1.0 pmol/mg per h and range 0.5-2.0 pmol/mg per h; median 0.5 pmol/mg per h and range 0.25-1.9 pmol/mg per h respectively). These findings were supported by expression of 11beta-HSD1 protein as visualised by Western blotting of ciliary body tissue and immunocytochemistry of corneal epithelial cells. Reduction of corneal epithelial cell proliferation was seen after primary cultures were co-incubated with cortisol and cortisone. 11beta-HSD1 activity was not demonstrated in naïve conjunctival fibroblasts or corneal stromal keratocytes. Our results indicate that the distribution of 11beta-HSD1 in the rabbit resembles that of the human eye and activates cortisone to cortisol in both corneal and uveal tissues. The NZWAR provides a suitable in vivo model for the further evaluation of 11beta-HSD1 activity in the eye, especially its role in corneal epithelial and ciliary body physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire U Onyimba
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, UK
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Sauce D, Larsen M, Curnow SJ, Leese AM, Moss PAH, Hislop AD, Salmon M, Rickinson AB. EBV-associated mononucleosis leads to long-term global deficit in T-cell responsiveness to IL-15. Blood 2006; 108:11-8. [PMID: 16543467 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-01-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, interleukin-7 (IL-7) and IL-15 are involved in T-cell homeostasis and the maintenance of immunologic memory. Here, we follow virus-induced responses in infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients from primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection into long-term virus carriage, monitoring IL-7 and IL-15 receptor (IL-R) expression by antibody staining and cytokine responsiveness by STAT5 phosphorylation and in vitro proliferation. Expression of IL-7Ralpha was lost from all CD8+ T cells, including EBV epitope-specific populations, during acute IM. Thereafter, expression recovered quickly on total CD8+ cells but slowly and incompletely on EBV-specific memory cells. Expression of IL-15Ralpha was also lost in acute IM and remained undetectable thereafter not just on EBV-specific CD8+ populations but on the whole peripheral T- and natural killer (NK)-cell pool. This deficit, correlating with defective IL-15 responsiveness in vitro, was consistently observed in patients up to 14 years after IM but not in patients after cytomegalovirus (CMV)-associated mononucleosis, or in healthy EBV carriers with no history of IM, or in EBV-naive individuals. By permanently scarring the immune system, symptomatic primary EBV infection provides a unique cohort of patients through which to study the effects of impaired IL-15 signaling on human lymphocyte functions in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Sauce
- Cancer Research United Kingdom (CRUK) Institute for Cancer Studies and the Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Curnow SJ, Falciani F, Durrani OM, Cheung CMG, Ross EJ, Wloka K, Rauz S, Wallace GR, Salmon M, Murray PI. Multiplex bead immunoassay analysis of aqueous humor reveals distinct cytokine profiles in uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:4251-9. [PMID: 16249505 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To extensively characterize the complex network of cytokines present in uveitis aqueous humor (AqH), and the relationships between cytokines and the cellular infiltrate. METHODS AqH from noninflammatory control subjects and patients with idiopathic, Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis (FHC), and herpes-viral or Behçet's uveitis were analyzed for IL-1beta, -2, -4, -5, -7, -8, -10, -12, -13, -15, TNFalpha, IFNgamma, CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL5 (RANTES), CCL11 (Eotaxin), TGFbeta2, and CXCL12 (SDF-1), using multiplex bead immunoassays. The cellular infiltrate was also determined for each sample. RESULTS Idiopathic uveitis AqH, compared with noninflammatory controls, was characterized by high levels of IL-6, IL-8, CCL2 and IFNgamma, the levels of which correlated with each other. For IL-6 and IL-8 these levels were proportional to the number of neutrophils present. By contrast, the levels of both TGFbeta2 and CXCL12 decreased in idiopathic uveitis AqH with increasing inflammation. Cluster analysis showed a degree of segregation between noninflammatory and idiopathic uveitis AqH. Further examination using random forest analysis yielded a complete distinction between these two groups. The minimum cytokines required for this classification were IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, IL-13, TNFalpha, and IL-2. CONCLUSIONS Application of multiplex bead immunoassays has allowed us to identify distinct patterns of cytokines that relate to both clinical disease and the cellular infiltrates present. Bioinformatics analysis allowed identification of cytokines that differentiate idiopathic uveitis from noninflammatory control AqH and are likely to be important for the pathogenesis of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S John Curnow
- Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, UK.
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Ross EA, Douglas MR, Wong SH, Ross EJ, Curnow SJ, Nash GB, Rainger E, Scheel-Toellner D, Lord JM, Salmon M, Buckley CD. Interaction between integrin alpha9beta1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) inhibits neutrophil apoptosis. Blood 2005; 107:1178-83. [PMID: 16223772 PMCID: PMC3132455 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the prevailing paradigm, neutrophils are short-lived cells that undergo spontaneous apoptosis within 24 hours of their release from the bone marrow. However, neutrophil survival can be significantly prolonged within inflamed tissue by cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and hypoxia. During screening experiments aimed at identifying the effect of the adhesive microenvironment on neutrophil survival, we found that VCAM-1 (CD106) was able to delay both spontaneous and Fas-induced apoptosis. VCAM-1-mediated survival was as efficient as that induced by the cytokine IFN-beta and provided an additive, increased delay in apoptosis when given in combination with IFN-beta. VCAM-1 delivered its antiapoptotic effect through binding the integrin alpha9beta1. The alpha9beta1 signaling pathway shares significant features with the IFN-beta survival signaling pathway, requiring PI3 kinase, NF-kappaB activation, as well as de novo protein synthesis, but the kinetics of NF-kappaB activation by VCAM-1 were slower and more sustained compared with IFN-beta. This study demonstrates a novel functional role for alpha9beta1 in neutrophil biology and suggests that adhesive signaling pathways provide an important extrinsic checkpoint for the resolution of inflammatory responses in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A Ross
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
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40
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Raza K, Falciani F, Curnow SJ, Ross EJ, Lee CY, Akbar AN, Lord JM, Gordon C, Buckley CD, Salmon M. Early rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by a distinct and transient synovial fluid cytokine profile of T cell and stromal cell origin. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R784-95. [PMID: 15987480 PMCID: PMC1175027 DOI: 10.1186/ar1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological processes involved in the initiation of rheumatoid synovitis remain unclear. We undertook the present study to identify immune and stromal processes that are present soon after the clinical onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by assessing a panel of T cell, macrophage, and stromal cell related cytokines and chemokines in the synovial fluid of patients with early synovitis. Synovial fluid was aspirated from inflamed joints of patients with inflammatory arthritis of duration 3 months or less, whose outcomes were subsequently determined by follow up. For comparison, synovial fluid was aspirated from patients with acute crystal arthritis, established RA and osteoarthritis. Rheumatoid factor activity was blocked in the synovial fluid samples, and a panel of 23 cytokines and chemokines measured using a multiplex based system. Patients with early inflammatory arthritis who subsequently developed RA had a distinct but transient synovial fluid cytokine profile. The levels of a range of T cell, macrophage and stromal cell related cytokines (e.g. IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, IL-15, basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor) were significantly elevated in these patients within 3 months after symptom onset, as compared with early arthritis patients who did not develop RA. In addition, this profile was no longer present in established RA. In contrast, patients with non-rheumatoid persistent synovitis exhibited elevated levels of interferon-γ at initiation. Early synovitis destined to develop into RA is thus characterized by a distinct and transient synovial fluid cytokine profile. The cytokines present in the early rheumatoid lesion suggest that this response is likely to influence the microenvironment required for persistent RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Raza
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - S John Curnow
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emma J Ross
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chi-Yeung Lee
- Department of Radiology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - Janet M Lord
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Caroline Gordon
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mike Salmon
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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41
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Filer A, Parsonage G, Thomas A, Curnow S, Akbar A, Salmon M, Buckley C. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:P38. [DOI: 10.1186/ar1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Curnow SJ, Scheel-Toellner D, Jenkinson W, Raza K, Durrani OM, Faint JM, Rauz S, Wloka K, Pilling D, Rose-John S, Buckley CD, Murray PI, Salmon M. Inhibition of T cell apoptosis in the aqueous humor of patients with uveitis by IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor trans-signaling. J Immunol 2004; 173:5290-7. [PMID: 15470075 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.5290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental mechanism of immune privilege in the eye is the induction of T lymphocyte apoptosis. Intraocular inflammation in uveitis implies compromise of immune privilege. This study sought to determine whether apoptosis of T cells is actively inhibited in patients with uveitis and by what pathways this may occur. Apoptotic lymphocytes were found to be absent from aqueous humor (AqH) of virtually all patients with recent-onset uveitis. However, T cells removed from the eye were highly susceptible to both spontaneous and Fas ligand-induced apoptosis in vitro. AqH from patients with uveitis had no modulatory effect on Fas ligand-induced apoptosis, but strongly suppressed survival factor deprivation-induced apoptosis. In contrast, noninflammatory AqH from patients undergoing cataract surgery had no modulatory effects on apoptosis at all. These data suggest that triggering of the Fas pathway is diminished in uveitis, and also that homeostatic resolution through survival factor deprivation-induced apoptosis is inhibited by factors present in AqH. The most widely recognized pathways, common gamma-chain cytokines and type I IFNs, did not contribute to AqH-mediated T cell survival. High levels of both IL-6 and soluble IL-6R were found in AqH. IL-6 alone did not induce T cell survival, because IL-6R expression on T cells in AqH was too low to facilitate signaling. However, combinations of IL-6 and soluble IL-6R were highly effective inhibitors of T cell apoptosis, suggesting that the trans-signaling pathway is likely to be a key mediator of T cell apoptosis inhibition mediated by uveitis AqH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S John Curnow
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, UK.
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Curnow SJ, Wloka K, Faint JM, Amft N, Cheung CMG, Savant V, Lord J, Akbar AN, Buckley CD, Murray PI, Salmon M. Topical glucocorticoid therapy directly induces up-regulation of functional CXCR4 on primed T lymphocytes in the aqueous humor of patients with uveitis. J Immunol 2004; 172:7154-61. [PMID: 15153539 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.7154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the constitutive chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been shown to contribute to the accumulation of leukocytes at sites of chronic inflammation. Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat inflammatory disorders such as uveitis to considerable effect, yet paradoxically have been reported to increase CXCR4 expression in vitro. We show here that ocular lymphocytes isolated from patients with uveitis who had been treated with topical glucocorticoids expressed highly elevated levels of CXCR4. The up-regulation of CXCR4 could be reproduced in vitro by culture of CD4(+) T cells with aqueous humor (AqH), indicating a role for the ocular microenvironment rather than preferential recruitment of CXCR4(+) cells. Untreated uveitis and noninflammatory AqH up-regulated CXCR4 to a limited extent; this was dependent on TGF-beta2. However, the highest levels of CXCR4 both in vivo and in vitro were found in the glucocorticoid-treated patients. Glucocorticoids appeared to be directly responsible for the induction of CXCR4 in treated patients, as the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486 inhibited the in vitro up-regulation by AqH from these patients. Dexamethasone selectively up-regulated CXCR4 in vitro, but not any of a wide range of other chemokine receptors. CXCL12, the ligand for CXCR4, was present in AqH under noninflammatory conditions, but the levels were low in untreated uveitis and undetectable in treated uveitis AqH. The importance of these results for the treatment of HIV patients with glucocorticoids is discussed as well as a role for glucocorticoid-induced CXCR4 up-regulation and CXCL12 down-regulation in controlling the migration of lymphocyte populations, resulting in resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S John Curnow
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The migration and infiltration of cells into the eye whether blood-borne leucocytes, endothelial or epithelial cells occurs in many ocular diseases. Dysregulation of this process is apparent in chronic inflammation, corneal graft rejection, allergic eye disease and other sight-threatening conditions. Under normal and inflammatory conditions, chemokines and their receptors are important contributors to cell migration. To date, 47 chemokines and 19 chemokine receptors have been identified and characterised. In recent years, investigations into the role of chemokines and their receptors in ocular disease have generated an increasing number of publications. In the eye, the best understood action of these molecules has arisen from the study of their ability to control the infiltration of leucocytes in uveitis. However, the involvement of chemokines in angiogenesis in several ocular conditions and in the survival of corneal transplants demonstrates the multifaceted nature of their effects. Interestingly, the constitutive expression of chemokines and their receptors in ocular tissues suggests that certain chemokines have a homeostatic function. In this review, we discuss the nature and function of chemokines in health and disease, and describe the role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of different ocular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Wallace
- The Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, The University of Birmingham, City Hospital, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK.
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Scheel-Toellner D, Wang K, Singh R, Majeed S, Raza K, Curnow SJ, Salmon M, Lord JM. The death-inducing signalling complex is recruited to lipid rafts in Fas-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:876-9. [PMID: 12359234 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Membrane microdomains known as lipid rafts have been shown recently to be involved in Fas signalling and apoptosis in T and B cell lines. Here, we have investigated further the role of lipid rafts in Fas-induced apoptosis in non-transformed human CD4 T cells. We show that Fas-induced apoptosis in CD4 T cells was inhibited by the lipid raft disrupter methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. When lipid rafts were isolated from control and Fas ligand treated cells, we found that a small proportion of Fas was present in the raft fraction in untreated cells and that this was greatly increased upon Fas ligation. The other components of the Death Inducing Signalling Complex (DISC), FADD, and procaspase 8, were also present at higher levels in the raft fraction isolated from Fas ligand treated cells. We conclude that formation of the DISC occurs in lipid rafts and that these membrane microdomains are required for efficient Fas signalling and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scheel-Toellner
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Birmingham University Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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46
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Amft N, Curnow SJ, Scheel-Toellner D, Devadas A, Oates J, Crocker J, Hamburger J, Ainsworth J, Mathews J, Salmon M, Bowman SJ, Buckley CD. Ectopic expression of the B cell-attracting chemokine BCA-1 (CXCL13) on endothelial cells and within lymphoid follicles contributes to the establishment of germinal center-like structures in Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:2633-41. [PMID: 11710719 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2633::aid-art443>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the formation of ectopic germinal center (GC)-like structures in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is associated with the ectopic expression of the constitutive lymphoid tissue-homing chemokines B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1; or, CXCL13) and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1; or, CXCL12). METHODS Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis was used to determine the expression of the constitutive chemokines BCA-1 (CXCL13) and SDF-1 (CXCL12) in salivary glands from 5 SS patients and 3 non-SS patients. In addition, the expression of their respective receptors (CXCR5 and CXCR4) was examined on infiltrating lymphocytes. Human tonsil was used as a positive control for secondary lymphoid tissue. RESULTS BCA-1 (CXCL13) was expressed within lymphoid aggregates in SS, which shared many structural features with GCs in tonsil. BCA-1 (CXCL13) was completely absent in control biopsy samples from patients who did not have SS. High levels of BCA-1 (CXCL13) were also found on endothelial cells in salivary glands from SS patients. Diseased SS tissue was infiltrated by CXCR5-expressing B cells which organized into GC-like clusters. In complete contrast, SDF-1 (CXCL12), a constitutive chemokine involved in leukocyte retention within lymphoid tissue, was expressed by epithelial cells in both diseased and control samples. The chemokine receptor for SDF-1, CXCR4, was expressed on T cells that accumulated in a periductal distribution in diseased tissue. CONCLUSION The ectopic expression of BCA-1 (CXCL13) on endothelial cells and within GC-like structures, together with the strong expression of SDF-1 (CXCL12) on ductal epithelial cells, is a unique feature of inflamed glands in SS. By creating a local microenvironment supportive of focal B cell aggregation and differentiation, with structural features that are remarkably similar to GCs, BCA-1 (CXCL13) and SDF-1 (CXCL12) may contribute to the excessive production of high-affinity, class-switched autoantibodies and to the high incidence of B cell lymphomas classically associated with SS.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokine CXCL13
- Chemokines, CXC/analysis
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/metabolism
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/pathology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Palatine Tonsil/metabolism
- Palatine Tonsil/pathology
- Parotid Gland/metabolism
- Parotid Gland/pathology
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR5
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Salivary Glands, Minor/metabolism
- Salivary Glands, Minor/pathology
- Sjogren's Syndrome/metabolism
- Sjogren's Syndrome/pathology
- Tonsillitis/metabolism
- Tonsillitis/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- N Amft
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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Faint JM, Annels NE, Curnow SJ, Shields P, Pilling D, Hislop AD, Wu L, Akbar AN, Buckley CD, Moss PA, Adams DH, Rickinson AB, Salmon M. Memory T cells constitute a subset of the human CD8+CD45RA+ pool with distinct phenotypic and migratory characteristics. J Immunol 2001; 167:212-20. [PMID: 11418651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Using HLA class I-viral epitope tetramers to monitor herpes virus-specific CD8(+) T cell responses in humans, we have shown that a significant fraction of responding cells revert from a CD45RO(+) to a CD45RA(+) state after priming. All tetramer-binding CD45RA(+) cells, regardless of epitope specificity, expressed a phenotype LFA-1(high)CCR7(low) that was stable for at least 10 years in infectious mononucleosis patients and indefinitely in asymptomatic carriers. CD8(+)CD45RA(+)LFA-1(high) cells were not present in cord blood but in adults account for up to 50% of CD8(+)CD45RA(+) cells. These CD45RA(+)LFA-1(high) cells have significantly shorter telomeres than CD45RA(+)LFA-1(low) cells, suggesting that the latter represent a naive population, while the former are memory cells. CD45RA(+) memory cells are a stable population of noncycling cells, but on stimulation they are potent producers of IFN-gamma, while naive CD8(+) cells produce only IL-2. The chemokine receptor profile and migratory potential of CD45RA(+) memory cells is very similar to CD45RO(+) cells but different to naive CD8 cells. In accord with this, CD45RA(+) memory cells were significantly underrepresented in lymph nodes, but account for virtually all CD8(+)CD45RA(+) T cells in peripheral tissues of the same individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Faint
- University of Birmingham/Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Buckley CD, Amft N, Bradfield PF, Pilling D, Ross E, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Amara A, Curnow SJ, Lord JM, Scheel-Toellner D, Salmon M. Persistent induction of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by TGF-beta 1 on synovial T cells contributes to their accumulation within the rheumatoid synovium. J Immunol 2000; 165:3423-9. [PMID: 10975862 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors determine the distribution of leukocytes within tissues in health and disease. We have studied the role of the constitutive chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand, stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in the perivascular accumulation of T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. We show that synovial T cells, which are primed CD45RO+CD45RBdull cells and consequently not expected to express constitutive chemokine receptors, have high levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Sustained expression of CXCR4 was maintained on synovial T cells by specific factors present within the synovial microenvironment. Extensive screening revealed that TGF-beta isoforms induce the expression of CXCR4 on CD4 T cells in vitro. Depletion studies using synovial fluid confirmed an important role for TGF-beta1 in the induction of CXCR4 expression in vivo. The only known ligand for CXCR4 is SDF-1. We found SDF-1 on synovial endothelial cells and showed that SDF-1 was able to induce strong integrin-mediated adhesion of synovial fluid T cells to fibronectin and ICAM-1, confirming that CXCR4 expressed on synovial T cells was functional. These results suggest that the persistent induction of CXCR4 on synovial T cells by TGF-beta1 leads to their active, SDF-1-mediated retention in a perivascular distribution within the rheumatoid synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Buckley
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical Research Council Center for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom.
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Curnow SJ, Willcox N, Vincent A. Induction of primary immune responses by allogeneic human myoblasts: dissection of the cell types required for proliferation, IFNgamma secretion and cytotoxicity. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 86:53-62. [PMID: 9655472 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) have a limited ability to activate T lymphocytes during normal and auto-immune responses. Myoblasts could play an important role as APC in the etiology of autoimmune myasthenia gravis and polymyositis, as well as during muscle graft rejection. We examined the role of different component cell subsets in the response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to allogeneic myoblasts. Treatment of myoblasts with TNFalpha or IFNgamma led to the expression of a range of immunostimulatory molecules including MHC class I and II, and CD95 (Fas), but not B7 family molecules. Whole PBMC, cultured with allogeneic myoblasts, proliferated, secreted IFNgamma, and were cytotoxic. Proliferation and IFNgamma secretion were largely dependent on the presence of CD4+ lymphocytes, but neither CD4+ nor CD8+ T cells were responsible for cytotoxicity, which was mediated by MHC class II+ non-T mononuclear cells. However, purified CD4+ lymphocytes co-cultured with allogeneic myoblasts required co-stimulation with anti-CD28 antibodies for proliferation and IFNgamma secretion, which only induced a low level of IFNgamma secretion by CD8+ lymphocytes and did not induce cytotoxic function. These results suggest that human myoblasts can act as antigen-presenting cells for naive T lymphocytes, but only with additional co-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Curnow
- Neurosciences Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Beeson D, Bond AP, Corlett L, Curnow SJ, Hill ME, Jacobson LW, MacLennan C, Meager A, Moody AM, Moss P, Nagvekar N, Newsom-Davis J, Pantic N, Roxanis I, Spack EG, Vincent A, Willcox N. Thymus, thymoma, and specific T cells in myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 841:371-87. [PMID: 9668262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Beeson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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