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Fuentes MMPB, Santos AJB, Abreu-Grobois A, Briseño-Dueñas R, Al-Khayat J, Hamza S, Saliba S, Anderson D, Rusenko KW, Mitchell NJ, Gammon M, Bentley BP, Beton D, Booth DTB, Broderick AC, Colman LP, Snape RTE, Calderon-Campuzano MF, Cuevas E, Lopez-Castro MC, Flores-Aguirre CD, Mendez de la Cruz F, Segura-Garcia Y, Ruiz-Garcia A, Fossette S, Gatto CR, Reina RD, Girondot M, Godfrey M, Guzman-Hernandez V, Hart CE, Kaska Y, Lara PH, Marcovaldi MAGD, LeBlanc AM, Rostal D, Liles MJ, Wyneken J, Lolavar A, Williamson SA, Manoharakrishnan M, Pusapati C, Chatting M, Mohd Salleh S, Patricio AR, Regalla A, Restrepo J, Garcia R, Santidrián Tomillo P, Sezgin C, Shanker K, Tapilatu F, Turkozan O, Valverde RA, Williams K, Yilmaz C, Tolen N, Nel R, Tucek J, Legouvello D, Rivas ML, Gaspar C, Touron M, Genet Q, Salmon M, Araujo MR, Freire JB, Castheloge VD, Jesus PR, Ferreira PD, Paladino FV, Montero-Flores D, Sozbilen D, Monsinjon JR. Adaptation of sea turtles to climate warming: Will phenological responses be sufficient to counteract changes in reproductive output? Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e16991. [PMID: 37905464 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Sea turtles are vulnerable to climate change since their reproductive output is influenced by incubating temperatures, with warmer temperatures causing lower hatching success and increased feminization of embryos. Their ability to cope with projected increases in ambient temperatures will depend on their capacity to adapt to shifts in climatic regimes. Here, we assessed the extent to which phenological shifts could mitigate impacts from increases in ambient temperatures (from 1.5 to 3°C in air temperatures and from 1.4 to 2.3°C in sea surface temperatures by 2100 at our sites) on four species of sea turtles, under a "middle of the road" scenario (SSP2-4.5). Sand temperatures at sea turtle nesting sites are projected to increase from 0.58 to 4.17°C by 2100 and expected shifts in nesting of 26-43 days earlier will not be sufficient to maintain current incubation temperatures at 7 (29%) of our sites, hatching success rates at 10 (42%) of our sites, with current trends in hatchling sex ratio being able to be maintained at half of the sites. We also calculated the phenological shifts that would be required (both backward for an earlier shift in nesting and forward for a later shift) to keep up with present-day incubation temperatures, hatching success rates, and sex ratios. The required shifts backward in nesting for incubation temperatures ranged from -20 to -191 days, whereas the required shifts forward ranged from +54 to +180 days. However, for half of the sites, no matter the shift the median incubation temperature will always be warmer than the 75th percentile of current ranges. Given that phenological shifts will not be able to ameliorate predicted changes in temperature, hatching success and sex ratio at most sites, turtles may need to use other adaptive responses and/or there is the need to enhance sea turtle resilience to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M P B Fuentes
- Marine Turtle Research, Ecology, and Conservation Group, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - A J B Santos
- Marine Turtle Research, Ecology, and Conservation Group, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - A Abreu-Grobois
- Unidad Academica Mazatlan, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, UNAM, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - R Briseño-Dueñas
- Unidad Academica Mazatlan, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, UNAM, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - J Al-Khayat
- Environmental Science Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - S Hamza
- Environmental Science Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - S Saliba
- Environmental Science Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - D Anderson
- Gumbo Limbo Nature Center, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - K W Rusenko
- Gumbo Limbo Nature Center, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - N J Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Gammon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - B P Bentley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D Beton
- Society for Protection of Turtles, Gonyeli, Northern Cyprus
| | - D T B Booth
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - A C Broderick
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - L P Colman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - R T E Snape
- Society for Protection of Turtles, Gonyeli, Northern Cyprus
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - M F Calderon-Campuzano
- Programa de Protección y Conservación de Tortugas Marinas, Convenio FONATUR-Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología-UNAM, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - E Cuevas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - M C Lopez-Castro
- Pronatura Península de Yucatán, A. C. Programa para la Conservación de la Tortuga Marina, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - C D Flores-Aguirre
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - F Mendez de la Cruz
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Y Segura-Garcia
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A Ruiz-Garcia
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - S Fossette
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C R Gatto
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - R D Reina
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Girondot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Godfrey
- North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - C E Hart
- Centro de Investigaciones Oceánicas del Mar de Cortés-Gran Acuario de Mazatlán, Mazatlán, Mexico
| | - Y Kaska
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - P H Lara
- Fundação Projeto Tamar, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - A M LeBlanc
- Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - D Rostal
- Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - M J Liles
- Asociacion ProCosta, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - J Wyneken
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - A Lolavar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - S A Williamson
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - M Chatting
- Environmental Science Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Mohd Salleh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - A R Patricio
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Ispa-Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Regalla
- Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Áreas Protegidas, Dr. Alfredo Simão da Silva (IBAP), Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - J Restrepo
- Sea Turtle Conservancy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - R Garcia
- Sea Turtle Conservancy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - C Sezgin
- Sea Turtle Research, Rescue and Rehabilitation Center (DEKAMER), Mugla, Turkey
| | - K Shanker
- Dakshin Foundation, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - F Tapilatu
- Research Center of Pacific Marine Resources-University of Papua (UNIPA), Manokwari, Papua Barat, Indonesia
| | - O Turkozan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - R A Valverde
- Sea Turtle Conservancy, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, USA
| | - K Williams
- Caretta Research Project, Savannah, Georgia, USA
| | - C Yilmaz
- Hakkari University, Vocational School of Health Services, Hakkari, Turkey
| | - N Tolen
- Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - R Nel
- Department of Zoology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - J Tucek
- Department of Zoology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - D Legouvello
- Department of Zoology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - M L Rivas
- Department of Biology, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - C Gaspar
- Te Mana O Te Moana, Moorea-Maiao, French Polynesia
| | - M Touron
- Te Mana O Te Moana, Moorea-Maiao, French Polynesia
| | - Q Genet
- Te Mana O Te Moana, Moorea-Maiao, French Polynesia
| | - M Salmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - M R Araujo
- Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - J B Freire
- Fundação Espírito Santense de Tecnologia-FEST, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - P R Jesus
- Econservation Estudos e Projetos Ambientais, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - P D Ferreira
- Departamento de Gemologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - F V Paladino
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
| | | | - D Sozbilen
- Department of Veterinary, Acıpayam Vocational School, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - J R Monsinjon
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Délégation Océan Indien (DOI), Le Port, La Réunion, France
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Lecardonnel T, Salmon M, Merdy O, Sarzeaud R, Matthew T. Does the inter-osseous membrane fascial dysfunction exist ? An observational study comparing palpation to ultrasound measurements. INT J OSTEOPATH MED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Smith HE, Hoover SR, Salmon M, Seaman H, Coppenrath CM, Hirsch SE, Perrault JR. Impact of the fire ant pesticide AMDRO on loggerhead turtle nest productivity and seafinding orientation. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2020. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fire ants prey on a variety of organisms in the southeastern USA, including the pipped eggs and hatchlings within sea turtle nests. The granular fire ant bait AMDRO® (active ingredient hydramethylnon) is currently used at some rookeries to protect nests, but no studies have been conducted to determine if the pesticide negatively impacts the eggs or the hatchlings. We examined the pesticide’s effect on loggerhead (Caretta caretta) nests at Juno Beach, Florida, USA, specifically targeting how exposure affected hatching success, hatchling emergence success, and the ability of the turtles to orient visually from the nest to the sea. Pesticide granules were placed within a 30 cm diameter circle on the sand directly above the nest during the final 5-10 days of incubation, representative of its typical application at nesting beaches. Cornmeal granules in soybean oil and untreated natural nests served as controls. AMDRO had no significant effect on hatching success or emergence success, nor did it result in any deficiencies in hatchling orientation accuracy. However, the pesticide and cornmeal control attracted other predators (Atlantic ghost crabs and avian species), in addition to fire ants, to the nest site, thus revealing the nest’s location and potentially increasing its vulnerability. Consequently, we suggest that its usage may not be beneficial at sites where predators other than ants are especially abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- HE Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
| | - SR Hoover
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
| | - M Salmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
| | - H Seaman
- Loggerhead Marinelife Center, 14200 U.S. Highway 1, Juno Beach, Florida 33408, USA
| | - CM Coppenrath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
- Loggerhead Marinelife Center, 14200 U.S. Highway 1, Juno Beach, Florida 33408, USA
| | - SE Hirsch
- Loggerhead Marinelife Center, 14200 U.S. Highway 1, Juno Beach, Florida 33408, USA
| | - JR Perrault
- Loggerhead Marinelife Center, 14200 U.S. Highway 1, Juno Beach, Florida 33408, USA
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Lancelot C, Ginglinger J, Hannewald P, Salmon M. 338 In vitro Th-17 inflammatory skin models as a promising tool for psoriasis research and drug development. J Invest Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kerns S, Obrigewitch J, Roth A, Karalis K, Salmon M, Hamilton G, Moisan A. Safety and efficacy profiling of T-cell bispecific antibodies using the intestine-chip. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Lymphopenia is a recognized but poorly studied feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We set out to establish the prevalence and significance of lymphopenia in RA. A group of 66 RA patients was studied for one year. During this time 10 (15%) had persistent lymphopenia (lymphocyte count less than 1.00 X 10(9)/l) without evidence of Felty's syndrome. A separate study of lymphocyte subsets in 13 lymphopenic RA patients showed marked reduction in T-cell numbers with normal circulating B-cell numbers. The numbers of CD4 and CD8 positive T-cells were equally depressed. Lymphopenia may indicate more severe disease. It was not influenced by changes in disease activity or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Symmons
- Rheumatism Research Wing, Medical School, University of Birmingham
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Aziz A, Dar P, Hughes F, Solorzano C, Muller MM, Salmon C, Salmon M, Benfield N. Cassava flour slurry as a low-cost alternative to commercially available gel for obstetrical ultrasound: a blinded non-inferiority trial comparison of image quality. BJOG 2018; 125:1179-1184. [PMID: 29328522 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the quality of ultrasound images obtained with cassava flour slurry (CFS) compared with conventional gel in order to determine objectively whether CFS could be a true low-cost alternative. DESIGN Blinded non-inferiority trial. SETTING Obstetrical ultrasound unit in an academic medical centre. POPULATION OR SAMPLE Women with a singleton pregnancy, undergoing anatomy ultrasounds. METHODS Thirty pregnant women had standard biometry measures obtained with CFS and conventional gel. Images were compared side-by-side in random order by two blinded sonologists and rated for image resolution, detail and total image quality using a 10-cm visual analogue scale. Ratings were compared using paired t-tests. Participant and sonographer experience was measured using five-point Likert scales. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Image resolution, detail, and total image quality. Participant experience of gel regarding irritation, messiness, and ease of removal. RESULTS We found no significant difference between perceived image quality obtained with CFS (mean = 6.2, SD = 1.2) and commercial gel (mean = 6.4, SD = 1.2) [t (28) = -1.1; P = 0.3]. Images were not rated significantly differently for either reviewer in any measure, any standardized image or any view of a specific anatomic structure. All five sonographers rated CFS as easy to obtain clear images and easy for patient and machine cleanup. Only one participant reported itching with CFS. CONCLUSIONS CFS produces comparable image quality to commercial ultrasound gel. The dissemination of these results and the simple CFS recipe could significantly increase access to ultrasound for screening, monitoring and diagnostic purposes in resource-limited settings. FUNDING This study was internally funded by our department. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Low-cost homemade cassava flour slurry creates images equal to commercial ultrasound gel, improving access.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aziz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Dar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - F Hughes
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Solorzano
- Department of Pharmacy, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M M Muller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, HEAL Africa Hospital, Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - C Salmon
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - M Salmon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - N Benfield
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Reising M, Salmon M, Stapleton S. Hawksbill nest site selection affects hatchling survival at a rookery in Antigua, West Indies. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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De Vuyst E, Giltaire S, Lambert de Rouvroit C, Chrétien A, Salmon M, Poumay Y. Les interkeukines-4, -13 et -25 induisent des altérations de barrière similaires à la dermatite atopique dans un épiderme humain reconstruit si celui-ci est préalablement activé. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schumacher J, Schumacher D, Salmon M, Diercke M, Czogiel I, Claus H, Gilsdorf A. Erfolgreiche Gesetzesänderung: Meldedaten werden vom Gesundheitsamt schneller an das Robert Koch-Institut übermittelt. Gesundheitswesen 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1546919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mogilevkina I, Jani P, Aboutanos M, Bedada A, Ajuzieogu O, Nasir A, Muchemwa F, Bekele A, Holmer H, Ddungu R, Singh K, Ingabire J, Swaroop M, Ogundele J, Ajiko M, Bush C, Ajuzieogu O, Malemo K, Pemberton J, Livingston M, Nagengast E, Skelton T, Nsereko E, Razek T, Hackenberg B, Twagirumugabe T, Elobu A, Ajuzieogu O, Allen Ingabire JC, Wandwi W, Mwizerwa O, Abdur-Rahman L, Makama J, Ademola S, Ogundele J, Abdur-Rahman L, Lymburner E, Esau D, Bos C, Bos C, Rothstein D, Nikolaou S, Rajkumar S, Westerholm J, Culp A, Baison G, Ong C, Knapp G, Klimovytskyiy F, Prudnikov Y, Jayaraman S, Mata L, Mora F, Ordóñez C, Pino L, Quiodettis M, Morales. C, Hsiao M, Bakanisi B, Motsumi J, Azzie. G, Achi J, Amucheazi A, Ikeani. C, Abdur-Rahman L, Oyedepo O, Arowona L, Alonge D, Rufai Z, Adeniran J, Abraham M, Olatinwo. A, Tadesse A, Gillies R, Meara J, Liljestrand J, Oyerinde K, Hagander. L, Namuddu R, Nakonde I, Mukasa. R, Marbaniang D, Byiringiro J, Calland J, Petrose R, Jayaraman S, Ntakiyiruta. G, Schuetz S, Iss N, Laguna M, Shapiro M, Gallardo. J, Ifesanya A, Riviello E, Irakiza J, Mvukiyehe J, Maine R, Kim W, Manirakiza F, Reshamwalla S, Mwumvaneza T, Kymanaywa P, Ntakiyiruta G, Kiviri W, Finlayson S, Berry W, Twagirumugabe. T, Amucheazi A, Achi J, Ezike H, Salmon M, Salmon C, Mutendi M, Reynolds. T, Frankfurter C, Cameron B, Poenaru D, D’Cruz J, Pemberton J, Ozgediz D, Poenaru. D, Caterson E, Magee W, Hatcher K, Ramos M, Campbell. A, Nshimyumuremyi I, Livingston P, Zolpys L, Mukwesi C, Uwineza. B, Evans. F, Marquis C, Linois-Davidson C, Ramos M, Campbell A, Resch S, Finlayson S, Howaldt H, Caterson. E, Irakiza J, Mvukiyehe J, Maine R, Bush C, Riviello E, Kim W, Manirakiza F, Reshamwalla S, Mwumvaneza T, Kymanaywa P, Ntakiyiruta G, Kiviri W, Finlayson S, Berry. W, Amucheazi A, Achi J, Ikeani. C, Ssebufu R, Kyamanywa P, Bayisenga J, Bikoroti J, Mazimpaka. D, Mpoki U, Muleshe S, Zwane. S, Calland J, Byiringiro J, Ntakiyiruta. G, Nasir A, Adeniran J, Bamigbola K, Irribhogbe P, Ameh. E, Olawoye O, Iyun A, Micheal A, Oluwatosin. O, Adebayo R, Abdulraheem N, Nasir A, Adeniran. J, Cameron B, Ho P, Blair G, Duffy D, O’Hara N, Ajiko M, Kapoor. V, Westerholm. J, Westerholm. J, Baron E, Herard P, Lassalle X, Teicher. C, Maraka J, Asige E, Owori F, Obaikol. R, Maine R, Nsengiyumva E, Ntakiyiruta G, Mubiligi J, Riviello R, Havugimana. J, Chavarri A, Meara J, Pyda J, Shulman L, Damuse R, Pierre. J, Hoogerboord M, Ernest A, Gesase. A. Abstracts of the 13th Bethune Round Table Conference on International Surgery. May 10-11, 2013. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Can J Surg 2013; 56:S44-52. [PMID: 23883512 DOI: 10.1503/cjs.015713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Salmon M, Carthy RR, Lohmann CMF, Lohmann KJ, Wyneken J. Collecting a sample of loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings before a natural emergence does not reduce nest productivity. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Jones PD, Lister DH, Osborn TJ, Harpham C, Salmon M, Morice CP. Hemispheric and large-scale land-surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Denniston AK, Tomlins P, Williams GP, Kottoor S, Khan I, Oswal K, Salmon M, Wallace GR, Rauz S, Murray PI, Curnow SJ. Aqueous humor suppression of dendritic cell function helps maintain immune regulation in the eye during human uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:888-96. [PMID: 22247464 PMCID: PMC3317427 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Noninfectious uveitis is characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory or immune response in the eye. It is unclear whether this represents a failure of immune privilege or an overwhelming inflammatory drive that has exceeded the capacity of regulatory mechanisms that are still functioning. The authors investigated immune regulation in the human eye during intraocular inflammation (uveitis) and its impact on dendritic cell (DC) function and subsequent T-cell responses. METHODS Myeloid DCs were isolated from the aqueous humor (AqH) and peripheral blood of patients with active uveitis and characterized by flow cytometry. The effect of uveitis AqH was interrogated in an in vitro model of peripheral blood monocyte-derived DCs from healthy controls. RESULTS Myeloid DCs isolated from uveitic AqH were characterized by elevated major histocompatibility complex classes I and II (MHC I/II), but reduced CD86 compared with matched peripheral blood DCs. Exposure of peripheral blood monocyte-derived DCs from healthy controls to the inflammatory AqH supernatant recapitulated this phenotype. Despite interferon gamma (IFNγ)-dependent upregulation of MHC I, inflammatory AqH was overall suppressive to DC function, with reduced CD86 expression and diminished T-cell responses. This suppressive effect was equal to or greater than that induced by noninflammatory AqH, but was glucocorticoid independent (in contrast to noninflammatory AqH). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the ocular microenvironment continues to regulate DC function during uveitis, despite IFNγ-driven upregulation of MHC expression, supporting the hypothesis that immune regulation within the eye is maintained during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair K. Denniston
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Tomlins
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Geraint P. Williams
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sherine Kottoor
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Khan
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kadambari Oswal
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Salmon
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Graham R. Wallace
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saaeha Rauz
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip I. Murray
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S. John Curnow
- From the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
- the Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Whitehead K, Smith C, Delaney S, Curnow S, Salmon M, Hughes J, Chessell I. 107 NEURONE‐GLIA SIGNALLING UNDERLIES SPINAL PRO‐INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE RELEASE EVOKED BY PRIMARY AFFERENT STIMULATION IN THE NEUROPATHIC RAT. Eur J Pain 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1090-3801(09)60110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C.G.S. Smith
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S.A. Delaney
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S.J. Curnow
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - M. Salmon
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - J.P. Hughes
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Ltd., Harlow, United Kingdom
| | - I.P. Chessell
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Ltd., Harlow, United Kingdom
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Yeo L, Toellner KM, Salmon M, Filer A, Buckley CD, Raza K, Scheel-Toellner D. Cytokine mRNA profiling identifies B cells as a major source of RANKL in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70:2022-8. [PMID: 21742639 PMCID: PMC3184241 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2011.153312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a complex cytokine network drives chronic inflammation and joint destruction. So far, few attempts have been made to identify the cellular sources of individual cytokines systematically. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was systematically to assess the cytokine messenger RNA expression profiles in the five largest cell populations in the synovial fluid and peripheral blood of RA patients. To reflect the in vivo situation as closely as possible, the cells were neither cultured nor stimulated ex vivo. Methods Inflammatory cells from 12 RA patients were sorted into CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells, macrophages and neutrophils. mRNA expression for 41 cytokines was determined by real-time PCR using microfluidic cards. Receptor activator nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) (TNFSF11) expression by B cells was further confirmed by flow cytometry and by immunofluorescence staining of frozen sections of synovial tissue from patients with RA. Results The detection of cytokines characteristic for T cells and myeloid cells in the expected populations validated this methodology. Beyond the expected cytokine patterns, novel observations were made. Striking among these was the high expression of mRNA for RANKL in B cells from synovial fluid. This observation was validated at the protein level in synovial tissue and fluid. Conclusions RANKL, the key cytokine driving bone destruction by osteoclast activation, is produced by synovial B cells in RA. This observation is of importance for our understanding of the role of B cells in RA and their therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Yeo
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Lewis F, Mettey A, Anschuetz G, Asbel L, De Los Reyes A, Salmon M. P1-S2.66 Risk assessment in a large cohort of urban public high school students infected with CT or GC: Philadelphia, 2009-2010. Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Yeo L, Schmutz C, Toellner K, Salmon M, Filer AD, Buckley C, Raza K, Scheel-Toellner D. Cytokine mRNA profiling identifies B cells as a major source of RANKL in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.149005.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Denniston AK, Kottoor SH, Khan I, Oswal K, Williams GP, Abbott J, Wallace GR, Salmon M, Rauz S, Murray PI, Curnow SJ. Endogenous Cortisol and TGF-β in Human Aqueous Humor Contribute to Ocular Immune Privilege by Regulating Dendritic Cell Function. J I 2010; 186:305-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Schmutz C, Cartwright A, Williams H, Haworth O, Williams JHH, Filer A, Salmon M, Buckley CD, Middleton J. Monocytes/macrophages express chemokine receptor CCR9 in rheumatoid arthritis and CCL25 stimulates their differentiation. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R161. [PMID: 20738854 PMCID: PMC2945064 DOI: 10.1186/ar3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monocytes/macrophages accumulate in the rheumatoid (RA) synovium where they play a central role in inflammation and joint destruction. Identification of molecules involved in their accumulation and differentiation is important to inform therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the expression and function of chemokine receptor CCR9 in the peripheral blood (PB) and synovium of RA, non-RA patients and healthy volunteers. METHODS CCR9 expression on PB monocytes/macrophages was analysed by flow cytometry and in synovium by immunofluorescence. Chemokine receptor CCR9 mRNA expression was examined in RA and non-RA synovium, monocytes/macrophages from PB and synovial fluid (SF) of RA patients and PB of healthy donors using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Monocyte differentiation and chemotaxis to chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25)/TECK were used to study CCR9 function. RESULTS CCR9 was expressed by PB monocytes/macrophages in RA and healthy donors, and increased in RA. In RA and non-RA synovia, CCR9 co-localised with cluster of differentiation 14+ (CD14+) and cluster of differentiation 68+ (CD68+) macrophages, and was more abundant in RA synovium. CCR9 mRNA was detected in the synovia of all RA patients and in some non-RA controls, and monocytes/macrophages from PB and SF of RA and healthy controls. CCL25 was detected in RA and non-RA synovia where it co-localised with CD14+ and CD68+ cells. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) increased CCR9 expression on human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 monocytic cells. CCL25 induced a stronger monocyte differentiation in RA compared to healthy donors. CCL25 induced significant chemotaxis of PB monocytes but not consistently among individuals. CONCLUSIONS CCR9 expression by monocytes is increased in RA. CCL25 may be involved in the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages particularly in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schmutz
- Leopold Muller Arthritis Research Centre, Keele University, Oswestry, Shropshire, SY10 7AG, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The challenge of global health worker shortages, particularly among nurses, has been the topic of numerous forums over the last several years. Nevertheless, there has been little attention given to the roles of government chief nursing and medical officers as key partners in addressing health worker shortages. This partnership and its potential impact on the adequacy of the global health workforce was the focus of the most recent Global Government Health Partners (GGHP) Forum held in November 2006 in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. This forum was uniquely designed to create a context for government chief nursing officers and chief medical officers to engage in a joint learning and planning experience focused on positioning their leadership to impact health workforce issues. AIM This article describes an 18-month follow-up evaluation of the outcomes of the GGHP. The purpose of the evaluation was to assess the impact of the forum experience on the actions of participants based on the country-level plans they produced at the forum. This important feedback is intended to inform the design of future partnered global forums and gain insights into the utility of forum-based action plans. The evaluation process itself has served as an opportunity for the engagement of university faculty, students and staff in a global service learning experience. CONCLUSION The outcomes of this evaluation indicate that important progress has been made by countries whose leadership was involved in the forum, and was also an important learning activity for those participating in the conduct of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Foster
- Lillian Carter Center for International Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Lee WY, Hampson P, Coulthard L, Ali F, Salmon M, Lord JM, Scheel-Toellner D. Novel antileukemic compound ingenol 3-angelate inhibits T cell apoptosis by activating protein kinase Ctheta. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:23889-98. [PMID: 20472553 PMCID: PMC2911273 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.041962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine-threonine kinases are important regulators of immune cell survival. Ingenol 3-angelate (PEP005) activates a broad range of PKC isoforms and induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells by activating the PKC isoform PKCdelta. We show here that, in contrast to its effect on leukemic cells, PEP005 provides a strong survival signal to resting and activated human T cells. The antiapoptotic effect depends upon the activation of PKC. This PKC isoform is expressed in T cells but is absent in myeloid cells. Further studies of the mechanism involved in this process showed that PEP005 inhibited activated CD8(+) T cell apoptosis through the activation of NFkappaB downstream of PKC, leading to increased expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-x(L). Transfection of CD8(+) T cells with dominant-negative PKC diminished the prosurvival effect of PEP005 significantly. Ectopic expression of PKC in the acute myeloid leukemia cell line NB4 turned their response to PEP005 from an increased to decreased rate of apoptosis. Therefore, in contrast to myeloid leukemia cells, PEP005 provides a strong survival signal to T cells, and the expression of functional PKC influences whether PKC activation leads to an anti- or proapoptotic outcome in the cell types tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yiu Lee
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Whitehead KJ, Smith CGS, Delaney SA, Curnow SJ, Salmon M, Hughes JP, Chessell IP. Dynamic regulation of spinal pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the rat in vivo following peripheral nerve injury. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:569-76. [PMID: 20035858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal release of cytokines may play a critical role in the maladapted nociceptive signaling underlying chronic pain states. In order to investigate this biology, we have developed a novel 'high flux' intrathecal microdialysis approach in combination with multiplex bead-based immunoassay technology to concurrently monitor the spinal release of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha in rats with unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). Intrathecal microdialysis was performed under isoflurane/N(2)O anaesthesia in rats with confirmed mechanical hypersensitivity. In a first study, C-fiber strength electrical stimulation of the operated nerve in neuropathic rats was found to evoke a dramatic increase in IL-1beta efflux ( approximately 15-fold) that was significantly greater than that observed in the sham-operated group. Spinal IL-6 efflux was also responsive to primary afferent stimulation, whereas TNFalpha was not. In a second study, treatment with the glial inhibitor propentofylline for 7days normalized CCI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. In the same animals, this treatment also significantly reduced intrathecal IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha and prevented afferent stimulation-evoked cytokine release of both IL-1beta and IL-6. These results provide support for glia as the source of the majority of intrathecal IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha that accompanies mechanical hypersensitivity in the CCI rat. Moreover, our studies demonstrate the ability of a neurone-glia signaling mechanism to dynamically modulate this release and support a role of spinal IL-1beta in the phasic transmission of abnormal pain signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Whitehead
- Pain Signalling Group, Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Ramos-Ortíz G, Maldonado J, Hernández M, Zolotukhin M, Fomine S, Fröhlich N, Scherf U, Galbrecht F, Preis E, Salmon M, Cárdenas J, Chávez M. Synthesis, characterization and third-order non-linear optical properties of novel fluorene monomers and their cross-conjugated polymers. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shukla S, Lawrence A, Aggarwal A, Naik S, Gullick NJ, Evans HG, Jayaraj D, Kirkham BW, Taams LS, Judah SM, Nixon N, Dawes P, Mattey DL, Yeo L, Schmutz C, Toellner KM, Salmon M, Filer AD, Buckley C, Raza K, Scheel-Toellner D, Hashizume M, Yoshida H, Koike N, Suzuki M, Mihara M, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Metsios GS, Douglas KM, Panoulas VF, Koutedakis Y, Kitas GD, Church LD, Filer AD, Hildago E, Howlett K, Thomas A, Rapecki S, Scheel-Toellner D, Buckley CD, Raza K, Juarez M, Kolasinski J, Govindan J, Quilter A, Williamson L, Collins DA, Price EJ, Gasparyan AY, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Toms TE, Douglas K, Kitas GD, Lachmann HJ, Kuemmerle-Deschner JB, Hachulla E, Hoyer J, Smith J, Leslie K, Kone-Paut I, Braun J, Widmer A, Patel N, Preiss R, Hawkins PN. Cytokines and Inflammatory Mediators [30-39]: 30. The LPS Stimulated Production of Interleukin-10 is not Associated with -819C/T and -592C/A Promoter Polymorphisms in Healthy Indian Subjects. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Curnow SJ, Fairclough M, Schmutz C, Kissane S, Denniston AKO, Nash K, Buckley CD, Lord JM, Salmon M. Distinct types of fibrocyte can differentiate from mononuclear cells in the presence and absence of serum. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9730. [PMID: 20305780 PMCID: PMC2841180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrocytes are bone-marrow derived cells, expressing both haematopoietic and stromal cell markers, which contribute to tissue repair as well as pathological fibrosis. The differentiation of fibrocytes remains poorly characterised and this has limited understanding of their biology and function. In particular two methods are used to generate fibrocytes in vitro that differ fundamentally by the presence or absence of serum. Methodology/Principal Findings We show here that fibrocytes grown in the absence of serum (SF) differentiate more efficiently from peripheral blood mononuclear cells than CD14+ monocytes, and respond to serum by losing their spindle-shaped fibrocyte morphology. Although fibrocytes generated in the presence of serum (SC) express the same range of markers, they differentiate more efficiently from CD14+ monocytes and do not change their morphology in response to serum. Transcriptional analysis revealed that both types of fibrocyte are distinct from each other, fibroblasts and additional monocyte-derived progeny. The gene pathways that differ significantly between SF and SC fibrocytes include those involved in cell migration, immune responses and response to wounding. Conclusions/Significance These data show that SF and SC fibrocytes are distinct but related cell types, and suggest that they will play different roles during tissue repair and fibrosis where changes in serum proteins may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- S John Curnow
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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28
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Booth NJ, McQuaid AJ, Sobande T, Kissane S, Agius E, Jackson SE, Salmon M, Falciani F, Yong K, Rustin MH, Akbar AN, Vukmanovic-Stejic M. Different proliferative potential and migratory characteristics of human CD4+ regulatory T cells that express either CD45RA or CD45RO. J Immunol 2010; 184:4317-26. [PMID: 20231690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although human naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Tregs) may express either CD45RA or CD45RO, we find in agreement with previous reports that the ( approximately 80%) majority of natural Tregs in adults are CD45RO(+). The proportion of CD45RA(+) Tregs decreases, whereas CD45RO(+) Tregs increase significantly with age. Nevertheless, a small proportion of CD45RA(+) Tregs are found even in old (>80 y) adults and a proportion of these express CD31, a marker for recent thymic emigrants. We found that CD45RO(+) Tregs were highly proliferative compared with their CD45RA(+) counterparts. This was due in part to the conversion of CD45RA Tregs to CD45RO expression after activation. Another difference between these two Treg populations was their preferential migration to different tissues in vivo. Whereas CD45RA(+) Tregs were preferentially located in the bone marrow, associated with increased CXCR4 expression, CD45RO(+) Tregs were preferentially located in the skin, and this was associated with their increased expression of CLA and CCR4. Our studies therefore show that proliferation features strongly in maintenance of the adult Treg pool in humans and that the thymus may make a minor contribution to the maintenance of the peripheral pool of these cells, even in older adults. Furthermore, the different tissue compartmentalization of these cells suggests that different Treg niches exist in vivo, which may have important roles for their maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Booth
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Immunology, University College London, London W1T 4JF, United Kingdom
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Salmon M, Hamann M, Wyneken J, Schauble C. Early swimming activity of hatchling flatback sea turtles Natator depressus: a test of the ‘predation risk’ hypothesis. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2009. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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30
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Filer A, Bik M, Parsonage GN, Fitton J, Trebilcock E, Howlett K, Cook M, Raza K, Simmons DL, Thomas AMC, Salmon M, Scheel-Toellner D, Lord JM, Rabinovich GA, Buckley CD. Galectin 3 induces a distinctive pattern of cytokine and chemokine production in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts via selective signaling pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1604-14. [PMID: 19479862 DOI: 10.1002/art.24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High expression of galectin 3 at sites of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) suggests that galectin 3 plays a role in RA pathogenesis. Previous studies have demonstrated the effects of galectins on immune cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages. This study was undertaken to investigate the hypothesis that galectin 3 induces proinflammatory effects in RA by modulating the pattern of cytokine and chemokine production in synovial fibroblasts. METHODS Matched samples of RA synovial and skin fibroblasts were pretreated with galectin 3 or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and the levels of a panel of cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and multiplex assays. Specific inhibitors were used to dissect signaling pathways, which were confirmed by Western blotting and NF-kappaB activation assay. RESULTS Galectin 3 induced secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, CXCL8, and MMP-3 in both synovial and skin fibroblasts. By contrast, galectin 3-induced secretion of TNFalpha, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5 was significantly greater in synovial fibroblasts than in skin fibroblasts. TNFalpha blockade ruled out autocrine TNFalpha-stimulated induction of chemokines. The MAPKs p38, JNK, and ERK were necessary for IL-6 production, but phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) was required for selective CCL5 induction. NF-kappaB activation was required for production of both IL-6 and CCL5. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that galectin 3 promotes proinflammatory cytokine secretion by tissue fibroblasts. However, galectin 3 induces the production of mononuclear cell-recruiting chemokines uniquely from synovial fibroblasts, but not matched skin fibroblasts, via a PI 3-kinase signaling pathway. These data provide further evidence of the role of synovial fibroblasts in regulating the pattern and persistence of the inflammatory infiltrate in RA and suggest a new and important functional consequence of the observed high expression of galectin 3 in the rheumatoid synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Filer
- University of Birmingham, Division of Immunity and Infection, Birmingham, UK.
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Agius E, Lacy KE, Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Jagger AL, Papageorgiou AP, Hall S, Reed JR, Curnow SJ, Fuentes-Duculan J, Buckley CD, Salmon M, Taams LS, Krueger J, Greenwood J, Klein N, Rustin MHA, Akbar AN. Decreased TNF-alpha synthesis by macrophages restricts cutaneous immunosurveillance by memory CD4+ T cells during aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1929-40. [PMID: 19667063 PMCID: PMC2737169 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunity declines during aging, however the mechanisms involved in this decline are not known. In this study, we show that cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to recall antigens are significantly decreased in older individuals. However, this is not related to CC chemokine receptor 4, cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen, or CD11a expression by CD4+ T cells or their physical capacity for migration. Instead, there is defective activation of dermal blood vessels in older subject that results from decreased TNF-α secretion by macrophages. This prevents memory T cell entry into the skin after antigen challenge. However, isolated cutaneous macrophages from these subjects can be induced to secrete TNF-α after stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 or TLR 4 ligands in vitro, indicating that the defect is reversible. The decreased conditioning of tissue microenvironments by macrophage-derived cytokines may therefore lead to defective immunosurveillance by memory T cells. This may be a predisposing factor for the development of malignancy and infection in the skin during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Agius
- Department of Immunology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, W1T 4JF, England, UK
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Chung FC, Pilcher NJ, Salmon M, Wyneken J. Offshore Migratory Activity of Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) Hatchlings, II. Swimming Gaits, Swimming Speed, and Morphological Comparisons. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2009. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-0716.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Chung FC, Pilcher NJ, Salmon M, Wyneken J. Offshore Migratory Activity of Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) Hatchlings, I. Quantitative Analysis of Activity, with Comparisons to Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2009. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-0715.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wong SH, Francis N, Chahal H, Raza K, Salmon M, Scheel-Toellner D, Lord JM. Lactoferrin is a survival factor for neutrophils in rheumatoid synovial fluid. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 48:39-44. [PMID: 19029133 PMCID: PMC2639483 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein that is released from activated neutrophils at sites of inflammation and has anti-microbial as well as anti-inflammatory properties. This study set out to determine whether lactoferrin can delay neutrophil apoptosis and could act as a survival factor for neutrophils in SF. METHODS Human peripheral blood and SF neutrophils were incubated with iron-free lactoferrin and apoptosis determined after 9 h. SF from patients with RA was added to isolated neutrophils, with or without immunodepletion of lactoferrin, and effects on neutrophil apoptosis determined. Levels of lactoferrin in SF were assessed and related to disease duration and markers of disease activity. RESULTS Iron-free lactoferrin significantly delayed apoptosis of peripheral blood neutrophils, in a concentration-dependent manner after 9 h in culture (P < 0.04). Lactoferrin could also delay apoptosis of neutrophils isolated from SF of patients with RA. SF from patients with established RA delayed apoptosis of peripheral blood neutrophils and this effect was significantly reduced by depletion of lactoferrin (P < 0.03). Lactoferrin levels in SF from patients with established RA did not correlate with disease severity, but did correlate with markers of inflammation (CRP) and with the presence of RF. SF from patients with arthritis of <12 weeks duration did not contain significant levels of lactoferrin. CONCLUSION Lactoferrin contributes to extended neutrophil survival in the rheumatoid joint in the established phase of RA but not in very early arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Wong
- Rheumatology Research Group, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, Birmingham University, Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is caused by iterative cycles of tissue injury, inflammation, and repair. Although most causes of acute hepatitis resolve without scarring, chronic hepatitis is associated with persistent inflammation and matrix remodeling, which leads to fibrosis and, eventually, cirrhosis. The mechanisms that govern wound healing involve interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems and stromal cells within a microenvironment composed of cytokines, growth factors, and modified matricellular proteins. The immune system plays a central role in the regulation of fibrosis, tissue repair, and recovery that is vital for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis are inextricably linked and the cellular interactions between immune effector cells, local fibroblasts, and tissue macrophages at sites of scar formation determine the outcome of liver injury and the development of scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Holt
- Honorary Clinical Fellow in Hepatology, Liver Research Group, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham. U.K
| | - Mike Salmon
- Professor of Experimental Rheumatology, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- ARC Professor of Rheumatology, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - David H Adams
- Professor of Hepatology, Liver Research Group, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham. U.K
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Vukmanovic-Stejic M, Agius E, Booth N, Dunne PJ, Lacy KE, Reed JR, Sobande TO, Kissane S, Salmon M, Rustin MH, Akbar AN. The kinetics of CD4+Foxp3+ T cell accumulation during a human cutaneous antigen-specific memory response in vivo. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3639-50. [PMID: 18924611 DOI: 10.1172/jci35834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(hi)Foxp3(+) Tregs (nTregs) are highly proliferative in blood. However, the kinetics of their accumulation and proliferation during a localized antigen-specific T cell response is currently unknown. To explore this, we used a human experimental system whereby tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) was injected into the skin and the local T cell response analyzed over time. The numbers of both CD4(+)Foxp3(-) (memory) and CD4(+)Foxp3(+) (putative nTreg) T cells increased in parallel, with the 2 populations proliferating at the same relative rate. In contrast to CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cell populations, skin CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells expressed typical Treg markers (i.e., they were CD25(hi), CD127(lo), CD27(+), and CD39(+)) and did not synthesize IL-2 or IFN-gamma after restimulation in vitro, indicating that they were not recently activated effector cells. To determine whether CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells in skin could be induced from memory CD4(+) T cells, we expanded skin-derived memory CD4(+) T cells in vitro and anergized them. These cells expressed high levels of CD25 and Foxp3 and suppressed the proliferation of skin-derived responder T cells to PPD challenge. Our data therefore demonstrate that memory and CD4(+) Treg populations are regulated in tandem during a secondary antigenic response. Furthermore, it is possible to isolate effector CD4(+) T cell populations from inflamed tissues and manipulate them to generate Tregs with the potential to suppress inflammatory responses.
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Simon D, Denniston AKO, Tomlins PJ, Wallace GR, Rauz S, Salmon M, Murray PI, Curnow SJ. Soluble gp130, an Antagonist of IL-6 Transsignaling, Is Elevated in Uveitis Aqueous Humor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 49:3988-91. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Simon
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and the2Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Inf
| | - Alastair K. O. Denniston
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and the2Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Inf
| | - Paul J. Tomlins
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Wallace
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and the2Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Inf
| | - Saaeha Rauz
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and the2Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Inf
| | - Mike Salmon
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and the
| | - Philip I. Murray
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S. John Curnow
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and the2Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Inf
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Matharu NM, McGettrick HM, Salmon M, Kissane S, Vohra RK, Rainger G, Nash GB. Inflammatory responses of endothelial cells experiencing reduction in flow after conditioning by shear stress. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:732-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Haworth O, Hardie DL, Burman A, Rainger GE, Eksteen B, Adams DH, Salmon M, Nash GB, Buckley CD. A role for the integrin alpha6beta1 in the differential distribution of CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets within the rheumatoid synovium. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47:1329-34. [PMID: 18635598 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets accumulate in distinct microdomains within the inflamed rheumatoid synovium. The molecular basis for their differential distribution remains unclear. Since chemokines and adhesion molecules play an important role in the positioning of leucocytes at sites of inflammation, we tested the hypothesis that the differential expression and function of chemokine and/or adhesion molecules explains why CD4(+) T cells accumulate within perivascular cuffs, whereas CD8(+) T cells distribute diffusely within the tissue. METHODS Expression of an extensive panel of chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules on matched CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) was analysed by multicolour flow cytometry. Migration assays and flow-based adhesion assays were used to assess the functional consequences of any differences in the expression of chemokine and adhesion receptors. RESULTS CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from PB and SF expressed unique yet consistent patterns of chemokine and adhesion receptors. SF CD8(+) T cells were much less promiscuous in their expression of chemokine receptors than SF CD4(+) T cells. The alpha(6)beta(1) integrin was highly expressed on PB CD4(+) T cells, but not on PB CD8(+) T cells. Laminin, the ligand for alpha(6)beta(1), retained CD4(+) T cells, but less so CD8(+) T cells, within inflamed synovial tissue. CONCLUSION Infiltrating PB CD4(+) T cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, express functional levels of the alpha(6)beta(1) integrin. We propose that this leads to their retention within the rheumatoid synovium in perivascular cuffs, which are defined and delineated by the expression of laminin.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Haworth
- Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Scheel-Toellner D, Raza K, Assi L, Pilling D, Ross EJ, Lee WY, Curnow SJ, Buckley CD, Akbar AN, Lord JM, Salmon M. Differential regulation of nuclear and mitochondrial Bcl-2 in T cell apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 13:109-17. [PMID: 17957472 PMCID: PMC2668593 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activated T cells require anti-apoptotic cytokines for their survival. The anti-apoptotic effects of these factors are mediated by their influence on the balance of expression and localisation of pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. Among the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, the expression level of Bcl-2 itself and its interaction with the pro-apoptotic protein Bim are now regarded as crucial for the regulation of survival in activated T cells. We studied the changes in Bcl-2 levels and its subcellular distribution in relation to mitochondrial depolarisation and caspase activation in survival factor deprived T cells. Intriguingly, the total Bcl-2 level appeared to remain stable, even after caspase 3 activation indicated entry into the execution phase of apoptosis. However, cell fractionation experiments showed that while the dominant nuclear pool of Bcl-2 remained stable during apoptosis, the level of the smaller mitochondrial pool was rapidly downregulated. Signals induced by anti-apoptotic cytokines continuously replenish the mitochondrial pool, but nuclear Bcl-2 is independent of such signals. Mitochondrial Bcl-2 is lost rapidly by a caspase independent mechanism in the absence of survival factors, in contrast only a small proportion of the nuclear pool of Bcl-2 is lost during the execution phase and this loss is a caspase dependent process. We conclude that these two intracellular pools of Bcl-2 are regulated through different mechanisms and only the cytokine-mediated regulation of the mitochondrial pool is relevant to the control of the initiation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Scheel-Toellner
- MRC Centre of Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Parsonage G, Filer A, Bik M, Hardie D, Lax S, Howlett K, Church LD, Raza K, Wong SH, Trebilcock E, Scheel-Toellner D, Salmon M, Lord JM, Buckley CD. Prolonged, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent, neutrophil survival following rheumatoid synovial fibroblast activation by IL-17 and TNFalpha. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R47. [PMID: 18433499 PMCID: PMC2453767 DOI: 10.1186/ar2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A surprising feature of the inflammatory infiltrate in rheumatoid arthritis is the accumulation of neutrophils within synovial fluid and at the pannus cartilage boundary. Recent findings suggest that a distinct subset of IL-17-secreting T-helper cells (TH17 cells) plays a key role in connecting the adaptive and innate arms of the immune response and in regulating neutrophil homeostasis. We therefore tested the hypothesis that synovial fibroblasts bridge the biological responses that connect TH17 cells to neutrophils by producing neutrophil survival factors following their activation with IL-17. METHODS IL-17-expressing cells in the rheumatoid synovium, and IL-17-expressing cells in the peripheral blood, and synovial fluid were examined by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively. Peripheral blood neutrophils were cocultured either with rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASF) or with conditioned medium from RASF that had been pre-exposed to recombinant human IL-17, TNFalpha or a combination of the two cytokines. Neutrophils were harvested and stained with the vital mitochondrial dye 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide before being enumerated by flow cytometry. RESULTS TH17-expressing CD4+ cells were found to accumulate within rheumatoid synovial tissue and in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid. RASF treated with IL-17 and TNFalpha (RASFIL-17/TNF) effectively doubled the functional lifespan of neutrophils in coculture. This was entirely due to soluble factors secreted from the fibroblasts. Specific depletion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor from RASFIL-17/TNF-conditioned medium demonstrated that this cytokine accounted for approximately one-half of the neutrophil survival activity. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and NF-kappaB pathways showed a requirement for both signalling pathways in RASFIL-17/TNF-mediated neutrophil rescue. CONCLUSION The increased number of neutrophils with an extended lifespan found in the rheumatoid synovial microenvironment is partly accounted for by IL-17 and TNFalpha activation of synovial fibroblasts. TH17-expressing T cells within the rheumatoid synovium are likely to contribute significantly to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Parsonage
- Rheumatology Research Group, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Kierstein S, Krytska K, Sharma S, Amrani Y, Salmon M, Panettieri RA, Zangrilli J, Haczku A. Ozone inhalation induces exacerbation of eosinophilic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in allergen-sensitized mice. Allergy 2008; 63:438-46. [PMID: 18315731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone (O(3)) exposure evokes asthma exacerbations by mechanisms that are poorly understood. We used a murine model to characterize the effects of O(3) on allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness and to identify factors that might contribute to the O(3)-induced exacerbation of asthma. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus (Af). A group of sensitized and challenged mice was exposed to 3.0 ppm of O(3) for 2 h and studied 12 h later (96 h after Af challenge). Naive mice and mice exposed to O(3) alone were used as controls. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cellular and cytokine content, lung function [enhanced pause (P(enh))], isometric force generation by tracheal rings and gene and protein expression of Fas and FasL were assessed. Apoptosis of eosinophils was quantified by FACS. RESULTS In sensitized mice allergen challenge induced a significant increase of P(enh) and contractile force in tracheal rings that peaked 24 h after challenge and resolved by 96 h. O(3) inhalation induced an exacerbation of airway hyperresponsiveness accompanied by recurrence of neutrophils and enhancement of eosinophils 96 h after allergen challenge. The combination of allergen and O(3) exposure inhibited Fas and FasL gene and protein expression and eosinophil apoptosis and increased interleukin-5 (IL-5), granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and G-CSF protein levels. CONCLUSIONS O(3) affects airway responsiveness of allergen-primed airways indirectly by increasing viability of eosinophils and eosinophil-mediated pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kierstein
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA
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Pilling D, Buckley CD, Salmon M, Gomer RH. Serum amyloid P and fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: comment on the article by Tennent et al. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 56:4229; author reply 4229-30. [PMID: 18050258 DOI: 10.1002/art.23131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gless JM, Salmon M, Wyneken J. Behavioral responses of juvenile leatherbacks Dermochelys coriacea to lights used in the longline fishery. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2008. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Flavell SJ, Hou TZ, Lax S, Filer AD, Salmon M, Buckley CD. Fibroblasts as novel therapeutic targets in chronic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153 Suppl 1:S241-6. [PMID: 17965753 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic feature of many chronic inflammatory diseases is their persistence and predilection for certain sites. The molecular basis for such tissue tropism and failure of the inflammatory response to resolve has until relative recently remained obscure. Recent studies have strongly implicated fibroblasts as cells which contribute to disease persistence and which help define anatomical location. Therefore fibroblasts make an attractive therapeutic target as they help orchestrate the inflammatory infiltrate. Current anti-inflammatory therapies target immune cells in an attempt to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. However an equally important target is the active induction of pro-resolution programmes responsible for the resolution of inflammation. Fibroblasts are likely to be an important source of these anti-inflammatory mediators. Therapeutic manipulation of fibroblasts and their biologically active products is an emerging concept in treating cancer and is likely to provide a novel method to achieve improved control of chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Flavell
- Rheumatology Research Group, Division of Immunity and Infection, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Plunkett FJ, Franzese O, Finney HM, Fletcher JM, Belaramani LL, Salmon M, Dokal I, Webster D, Lawson ADG, Akbar AN. The loss of telomerase activity in highly differentiated CD8+CD28-CD27- T cells is associated with decreased Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation. J Immunol 2007; 178:7710-9. [PMID: 17548608 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme telomerase is essential for maintaining the replicative capacity of memory T cells. Although CD28 costimulatory signals can up-regulate telomerase activity, human CD8(+) T cells lose CD28 expression after repeated activation. Nevertheless, telomerase is still inducible in CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells. To identify alternative costimulatory pathways that may be involved, we introduced chimeric receptors containing the signaling domains of CD28, CD27, CD137, CD134, and ICOS in series with the CD3 zeta (zeta) chain into primary human CD8(+) T cells. Although CD3 zeta-chain signals alone were ineffective, triggering of all the other constructs induced proliferation and telomerase activity. However, not all CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells could up-regulate this enzyme. The further fractionation of CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells into CD8(+)CD28(-) CD27(+) and CD8(+)CD28(-)CD27(-) subsets showed that the latter had significantly shorter telomeres and extremely poor telomerase activity. The restoration of CD28 signaling in CD8(+)CD28(-)CD27(-) T cells could not reverse the low telomerase activity that was not due to decreased expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase, the enzyme catalytic subunit. Instead, the defect was associated with decreased phosphorylation of the kinase Akt, that phosphorylates human telomerase reverse transcriptase to induce telomerase activity. Furthermore, the defective Akt phosphorylation in these cells was specific for the Ser(473) but not the Thr(308) phosphorylation site of this molecule. Telomerase down-regulation in highly differentiated CD8(+)CD28(-)CD27(-) T cells marks their inexorable progress toward a replicative end stage after activation. This limits the ability of memory CD8(+) T cells to be maintained by continuous proliferation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J Plunkett
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London, United Kingdom
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Lax S, Hou TZ, Jenkinson E, Salmon M, MacFadyen JR, Isacke CM, Anderson G, Cunningham AF, Buckley CD. CD248/Endosialin is dynamically expressed on a subset of stromal cells during lymphoid tissue development, splenic remodeling and repair. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3550-6. [PMID: 17628549 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies of stromal cell populations in lymphoid tissue (LT) have been hampered by a lack of selective markers. Here, we show that CD248 (Endosialin/TEM1) is a stromal marker that is differentially expressed on fibroblasts and pericytes in the thymus, lymph node and spleen. Expression is high during LT development but largely disappears in the adult. CD248 is re-expressed in a Salmonella-induced model of splenic enlargement; peak expression corresponding to the peak of splenic enlargement. These results suggest that CD248 expression helps define a subset of LT stromal cells which play a role in remodelling during tissue development, infection and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân Lax
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Raza K, Scheel-Toellner D, Lee CY, Pilling D, Curnow SJ, Falciani F, Trevino V, Kumar K, Assi LK, Lord JM, Gordon C, Buckley CD, Salmon M. Synovial fluid leukocyte apoptosis is inhibited in patients with very early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R120. [PMID: 16859518 PMCID: PMC1779404 DOI: 10.1186/ar2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial leukocyte apoptosis is inhibited in established rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In contrast, high levels of leukocyte apoptosis are seen in self-limiting crystal arthritis. The phase in the development of RA at which the inhibition of leukocyte apoptosis is first apparent, and the relationship between leukocyte apoptosis in early RA and other early arthritides, has not been defined. We measured synovial fluid leukocyte apoptosis in very early arthritis and related this to clinical outcome. Synovial fluid was obtained at presentation from 81 patients with synovitis of ≤ 3 months duration. The percentages of apoptotic neutrophils and lymphocytes were assessed on cytospin preparations. Patients were assigned to diagnostic groups after 18 months follow-up. The relationship between leukocyte apoptosis and patient outcome was assessed. Patients with early RA had significantly lower levels of neutrophil apoptosis than patients who developed non-RA persistent arthritis and those with a resolving disease course. Similarly, lymphocyte apoptosis was absent in patients with early RA whereas it was seen in patients with other early arthritides. The inhibition of synovial fluid leukocyte apoptosis in the earliest clinically apparent phase of RA distinguishes this from other early arthritides. The mechanisms for this inhibition may relate to the high levels of anti-apoptotic cytokines found in the early rheumatoid joint (e.g. IL-2, IL-4, IL-15 GMCSF, GCSF). It is likely that this process contributes to an accumulation of leukocytes in the early rheumatoid lesion and is involved in the development of the microenvironment required for persistent RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Raza
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dagmar Scheel-Toellner
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chi-Yeung Lee
- Department of Radiology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Darrell Pilling
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - S John Curnow
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Victor Trevino
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kanta Kumar
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lakhvir K Assi
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Janet M Lord
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Caroline Gordon
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mike Salmon
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Filer A, Raza K, Salmon M, Buckley CD. Targeting stromal cells in chronic inflammation. Discov Med 2007; 7:20-6. [PMID: 17343801 PMCID: PMC3160478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Why chronic inflammatory reactions persist in specific sites, such as rheumatoid arthritis in the joints, remains a mystery. Current models of inflammation have concentrated upon the responses of lymphocytes such as B and T cells to specific antigens, and have attempted, often unsuccessfully, to address the causative agent. However recent studies have shown that stromal cells such as macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts play important roles in the switch that turns a spontaneously resolving acute inflammatory response within a tissue into chronic and persistent disease. Therapeutic manipulation of the stromal microenvironment has been particularly effective in treating cancer and is likely to provide novel therapies to achieve improved control of chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Filer
- Rheumatology Research Group, MRC Center for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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